Plug Load Monitoring

8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring

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Plug Load MonitoEmbedded

SupSrik


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Motivation

Detailed and accurate energy accounting is becoming a

critical importance

Plug loads account for a major share of total power con

in both domestic and work environments

Managing plugloads can be a very e!ective tool fo

managers "#M$ to reduce energy usage during Demand

events&


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'hallenges

(wo key challenges to consider plugloads for dem

response are

Energy accounting

Energy Management

#oth the factors are more challenging due to following

(hese loads are decentrali*ed

+t is not immediately known what these loads are


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,hat is Plug Load

A Plug load is the energy consumed by any elect

device that-s plugged into a socket

Plug loads account for nearly ./0 of electricity u

o1ces and much of this energy is wasted&


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2ey components in a Plug Load Monitoring Syste

Smart Energy Meters "SEMs$ +nstantaneous power consumption readings

,ireless interface

%emote actuation abilities

,ireless Ad3oc network architecture Scalable

Secure

Energy e1cient

#ase Stations4,S5 routers Acts as a master in the ,S5 architecture

+nterface between the SEMs and the load monitoring server Load Monitoring server

'ontinuous logging of power readings from SEMs

Database of power consumption history

Automatic handling of demand response events

End user interface Easy and intuitive interface

%eal time tracking of individual plug loads Manual remote actuation interface


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Smart Energy Meter design6 7oltage sense circuitry "Easy part$&

7oltage divider circuitry to tap directly from line voltage&

'urrent sense circuitry "Di1cult part$& Shunt resistor&

'urrent transformers&

3all e!ect sensors&

Energy measurement Dedicated energy metering +'s like ADE889:; ADE8898; M'P:


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7oltage sense circuitry

7oltage can be easily sensed by directly tapping

phase wire with the help of a simple voltage divicircuit&

L@ADPhase

5eutral

AD'4Energymetering +'

7

7B

%

%BSampledvoltage v

C77BC 2 Line 7oltage


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'urrent Sense 'ircuitry =sing Shunt %esistance

=sing 'urrent transformer

=sing 3all e!ect sensor

L@AD%sh

AD'4Energymetering +'

Sample'urren

77B

C77BC 2 'urrent drawn

Phase

5eutral


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Energy measurement

=sing dedicated energy metering +'s like ADE 889: andfrom Analog Devices and M'P:


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Power supply; Actuation and ,ireless +nterfac

Plug load monitoring devices are generally designed to powered from the line power directly

'hoice of power supply circuit closely depends upon theof voltage and current sense circuitry

Step down transformers are generally used when current tranor hall e!ect sensors are used

Direct recti>cation techniGue is preferred when shunt resistan

Actuation generally involves an electromechanical or so

relay; controlled by one FP+@ pin of the M'=& (he choicdepends upon parameters like etent of electrical isolatlifetime and switching speeds

(he choice of wireless interface is almost always ?ig#eeits proven performance and e1ciency in wireless sensonetwork technologies


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,ireless Ad3oc network architectur

Plug loads are spatially distributed in a decentra

way Scalability and network reliability are key aspect

'alls for a Ad3oc network architecture that can such decentrali*ed deployments and have su1credundancies to ensure against disruptions in ne

+f area of deployment is large multihop routing isdesign choice

#aseStatio


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#ase Stations

#ase Stations act as network coordinator for the

the node (he base station is responsible for routing

communication messages to and from the backebuilding management server

#ase stations are hence eGuipped with multiple

communication interfaces&

#aseStation

+nternet

E therne t4 ,i > , i

> 4 E t h e

r n e t 4 F

P % S

H#ee


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Load Monitoring Server

(he base stations will forward live data feeds fro

to a Load Monitoring Server (he server maintains a database of past consum

history of each node

Simple applications daemons running in the servrespond to critical demandresponse events by s

proper actuation commands to the SEMs Servers should also authenticate users; and give

access to SEMs which are registered to them formonitoring and controlling purposes


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End user interface

(he user interface design should be intuitive and

=ser accessibility is a major concern and hence interface is generally implemented as a web inte

=sing the user interface; users should get seamlsecure access to their registered SEMs and viewlive status besides accessing the energy consum

history and remote control their SEMs&


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'ase Study +

Managing Plug-Loads for Demand Response

Buildings

- University of California, San Diego (he proposed system consists of these following

A ,ireless smart energy meter with actuation capabilities

?ig#ee I based wireless network infrastructure

Demand %esponse Server


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Smart Energy Meter

SEM node comprises >ve components

7oltage and current circuitry

Energy measurement unit

Power supply

,ireless %adio

%elay for switching loads on or o!


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,ireless Data 'ollection5etwork (he network architecture is tiered with SEMs sending data

to base stations which relays the information to the D%S&

SEMs eGuipped with ?ig#ee +nterface

#ase Stations is eGuipped with both ?ig#ee and Ethernet

interface

A number of security protocols like AES; trust centre

authentication and key establishment ensure messages

and nodes are authenticated


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Demand %esponse Server

(he D%S collects the energy data from the base

and stores it in a database& (he database record

energy measurements as well as metadata abou

SEMs&

D%S has a webbased interface for both enduse My dashboard"users can add their energy meter to th

and view them$

#uilding management"Administrative interface allows

all the connected meters$


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=sage Models

(here are several methods that #Ms can use

to enact D% events& Direct actuation

(he device parameters allow #Ms to send a singlecommand to all the SEMs for actuation based on devicetype or priority levels etc

(urning o! a device inconveniences users who might bepresent in the D% event

(urning o! all the devices might cause an unwantedspike; especially if there are many devices

=sing @ccupancy +nformation incorporating information from occupancy sensors to

augment our demand response load shedding system&

%esulwith p

Priority


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Snaps of the working model

"a$ Plug based meter "b$ (he ''B9:/based wirelessmodule

"c$ #ase station an


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'ase Study ++

Design and mplementation of a !igh-"idelit

Metering $etwor%

- University of California, Ber%eley (he proposed system consists of these following

Acme nodes with dedicated energy metering +'

5etwork with +PvJ stack on every node and edge router

Acme Application


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A'ME 5@DE

An integrated; small formfactor device with energy

metering; control; and networking in one package

(he A'me node supports a set of sampling and cont

operations such as readKenergy"$; switch"state$; and

report"ipKaddr; rate$

An Acme node consists of following components

currenttovoltage conversion; energy metering; A'4D' po

supply; microcontroller with radio; and solid state A' relay


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A'ME 5E(,@%2

Adhoc +EEE /B&9&. network layer that provideconnectivity

(he network provides connectivity between the nodes and other networks using a dualinterface

Sensor nodes are connected to routers& Acme nodes are the senLinuclass devices&

%outing)provide reliable; multihop communication

within the subnet of A'me nodes&Edge %outer)

provide good network coverage and reliability&

(he edge routers also act as an +nternet routerfor

the subnet assigned to the A'me network& (ransport)

blip on the A'me nodes provides ('P and =DPas


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A'ME APPL+'A(+@5 (+E% (he A'me application consists of a web frontend; a databas

end; and a daemon process& A'ME 5odes are typically con>gured to report energy readin

per minute via =DP to simple Python application daemon run

server&

(he Daemon parses the =DP packets and inserts relevant da

database

#ased on this data =sage pro>les are monitored on cloud&


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'onclusion

(here are multiple ways to reduce plug loads; ra

from purchase of energy e1cient eGuipment to

employee awareness about turning o! devices w

in use&

Managing plug loads is a Guick; coste!ective wasave on energy costs and to boost your bottom


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ueries and suggestions

Plug Load Monitoring

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