(Plenary Presentation) Genetic Rewilding€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - (Plenary Presentation)...
Transcript of (Plenary Presentation) Genetic Rewilding€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - (Plenary Presentation)...
Genetic Rewilding :how connectivity can rescue small populations
Sarah W. FitzpatrickKellogg Biological StationDepartment of Integrative BiologyMichigan State University
• geographic distribution
• range size
• population dynamics
• evolutionary trajectory of species
Why does connectivity matter?
Connectivity shapes biodiversity patterns through gene flow
Dispersal patterns of ancient humans out of Africa
- Gene flow can decrease fitness
- Gene flow can increase fitness
Why does gene flow matter for conservation?
fitness = a measure of reproductive success
- Gene flow can decrease fitness
- Gene flow can increase fitness
Why does gene flow matter for conservation?
- Gene flow can decrease fitness
- Gene flow can increase fitness
high lowfitness
gene flow
Why does gene flow matter for conservation?
- Gene flow can decrease fitness
- Gene flow can increase fitness
high lowfitness
gene flow
Why does gene flow matter for conservation?
- Gene flow can decrease fitness
- Gene flow can increase fitness
high lowfitness
Why does gene flow matter for conservation?
- Gene flow can decrease fitness
- Gene flow can increase fitness
Why does gene flow matter for conservation?
- Gene flow can decrease fitness
- Gene flow can increase fitness
fitness
gene flow
high low
Why does gene flow matter for conservation?
- Gene flow can decrease fitness
- Gene flow can increase fitness
fitnesshigh low
Why does gene flow matter for conservation?
- Gene flow can decrease fitness
- Gene flow can increase fitness
fitnesshigh low
• increase genetic variation• facilitate local adaptation• rescue small populations
Why does gene flow matter for conservation?
• risks of inbreeding depression
• reduced adaptive potential
• little buffer to withstand environmental disturbance
Cheetah Scrub mint Bighorn sheepDevil’s hole pupfish
Problems with small populations
historical range (green)current range (red)
habitat loss
severe population declines
signs of inbreeding depression• 49 % of male panther’s suffered
from cryptorchidism (undescended testes)
• kinked tail phenotype
Johnson et al 2010 Science
population size increasedgenetic diversity increased
Genetic rescue: increase in population growth by more than the demographic contribution of immigrants
1. Effects of a rapidly changing landscape
on natural patterns of connectivity
in a threatened fish
Rest of talk
1. Effects of a rapidly changing landscape
on natural patterns of connectivity
in a threatened fish
Rest of talk
2. Genetic rescue in guppies:
a model system for evolution,
conservation, and education
1. Effects of a rapidly changing landscape
on natural patterns of connectivity
in a threatened fish
Rest of talk
2. Genetic rescue in guppies:
a model system for evolution,
conservation, and education
COLORADO
FTN02
FTN03
BSY04
RCR05
RCR07
AFT09
AFT10
AFT11
AFT12AFT13
Arkansas River
Fountain Creek
Rush Creek
Big Sandy Creek
PerennialIntermittent
0 5 10 20 30 40 miles
RCR06
HGP08
FTN01
perennialintermittent
more than 5 darters
5 darters or less
2010 Arkansas darter sampling
COLORADO
FTN02
FTN03
BSY04
RCR05
RCR07
AFT09
AFT10
AFT11
AFT12AFT13
Arkansas River
Fountain Creek
Rush Creek
Big Sandy Creek
PerennialIntermittent
0 5 10 20 30 40 miles
RCR06
HGP08
FTN01
perennialintermittent
Totals• 12 sites
• 614 darterssampled
• genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci
2010 Arkansas darter sampling
more than 5 darters
5 darters or less
COLORADO
FTN02
FTN03
BSY04
RCR05
RCR07
AFT09
AFT10
AFT11
AFT12AFT13
Arkansas River
Fountain Creek
Rush Creek
Big Sandy Creek
PerennialIntermittent
0 5 10 20 30 40 miles
RCR06
HGP08
FTN01
perennialintermittent
Totals• 12 sites
• 614 darterssampled
• genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci
2010 Arkansas darter sampling
more than 5 darters
5 darters or less
FTN02
FTN03
BSY04
RCR05
RCR07
AFT09
AFT10
AFT11
AFT12AFT13
Arkansas River
Fountain Creek
Rush Creek
Big Sandy Creek
PerennialIntermittent
0 5 10 20 30 40 miles
RCR06
HGP08
FTN01
Fitzpatrick, S.W., H. Crockett, W.C. Funk (2014) Conservation Genetics.
Low genetic diversity within sites & connectivity among sites
Fitzpatrick, S.W., H. Crockett, W.C. Funk (2014) Conservation Genetics.
How does the landscape affect connectivity?
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
log Stream Distance
Mantel’s r: 0.656p-value: 0.001
Fst
overall distance
stream distance (km)
gene
tic d
ista
nce
Fitzpatrick, S.W., H. Crockett, W.C. Funk (2014) Conservation Genetics.
Stream distance lowers connectivity
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
log Stream Distance
Mantel’s r: 0.656p-value: 0.001
Fst
overall distance
stream distance (km)
gene
tic d
ista
nce
Fitzpatrick, S.W., H. Crockett, W.C. Funk (2014) Conservation Genetics.
Intermittency acts as a barrier to gene flow
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
log Stream Distance
Mantel’s r: 0.656p-value: 0.001
Fst
overall distance % intermittency
log Stream Distance % intermittencyFs
tstream distance (km)
gene
tic d
ista
nce
% intermittencyge
netic
dis
tanc
e
Fitzpatrick, S.W., H. Crockett, W.C. Funk (2014) Conservation Genetics.
Intermittency acts as a barrier to gene flow
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
log Stream Distance
Mantel’s r: 0.656p-value: 0.001
Fst
overall distance % intermittency
log Stream Distance % intermittency
Fst
Fst
photo credit: Kurt Fausch
FTN02
FTN03
BSY04
RCR05
RCR07
AFT09
AFT10
AFT11
AFT12AFT13
Arkansas River
Fountain Creek
Rush Creek
Big Sandy Creek
PerennialIntermittent
0 5 10 20 30 40 miles
RCR06
HGP08
FTN01
How should isolated, threatened populations be managed?
1. Effects of a rapidly changing landscape
on natural patterns of connectivity
in a threatened fish
Rest of talk
2. Genetic rescue in guppies:
a model system for evolution,
conservation, and education
“The island of Trinidad formed the natural laboratory for the present work”
- Caryl Haskins
Venezuela
Venezuela
“The island of Trinidad formed the natural laboratory for the present work”
- Caryl Haskins
Venezuela
“The island of Trinidad formed the natural laboratory for the present work”
- Caryl Haskins
Low Mid High
LowHigh
Low predation
• small headwater populations
• isolated from gene flow
• good proxy for threatened species
Ne = 3
Ne = 2
Ne = 928
12 microsatellite lociInitial divergence between native and source populations
Ne = 3
Ne = 2
Ne = 928
12 microsatellite loci
male body shape & size traits
Initial divergence between native and source populations
2 streams29 months9,590 guppies25,581 captures
photo: Andrés Lopez-Sepulcre
“Counting fish is like counting trees…except they are invisible and they keep moving.”-John Shepard
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2009
upstreamintroduction
2010 2011
mark-recapture
begins
num
ber o
f cap
ture
s CaigualTaylor
Changes in population size following gene flow
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2009
upstreamintroduction
2010 2011
mark-recapture
begins
num
ber o
f cap
ture
sChanges in population size following gene flow
CaigualTaylor
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2009
upstreamintroduction
2010 2011
mark-recapture
begins
num
ber o
f cap
ture
sChanges in population size following gene flow
CaigualTaylor
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2009
upstreamintroduction
2010 2011
mark-recapture
begins
num
ber o
f cap
ture
sChanges in population size following gene flow
CaigualTaylor
end of wet season 1
end of wet season 2
end of wet season 3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2009
upstreamintroduction
2010 2011
mark-recapture
begins
num
ber o
f cap
ture
s CaigualTaylor
Genetic rescue: increase in population growth by more than the demographic contribution of immigrants
Fitzpatrick et al. (2016) Evolutionary Applications
Estimating individual fitness with wild pedigrees
Lifetime reproductive success = 4
fitness = a measure of reproductive success
Hybrid index = 0“pure native”
Estimating individual fitness with wild pedigrees
Lifetime reproductive success = 4
TAKE HOME: gene flow from a divergent source caused genetic rescue in two wild populations of guppies
• introduced population came from the same drainage
Important considerations
reduced chance ofnegative impacts of gene flow!
When will genetic rescue be useful in conservation?
Ozark Hellbender Channel Island fox Blue shiner
FL Scrub Jay
…that can be manipulated for managing microevolution in the face of climate change and
altered patterns of connectivity.
Gene flow plays an important, evolutionary role…
Thank you!
Funding American Society of Icthyology
& HerpetologyAmerican Society of NaturalistsColorado State UniversityKellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityNational Science FoundationNational GeographicSociety for the Study of
Evolution
CollaboratorsLisa AngeloniLarissa BaileyHarry CrockettChris FunkCameron GhalamborCorey HandelsmanJohn KronenbergerAndrés Lopez-SepulcreDavid ReznickJulian Torres-Dowdall
Funk-Hoke LabUndergraduate assistants
Jill GerberichBrie NixonSamantha Coisman