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Transcript of pleasure of exterior space usage ın samatya
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Title:Residents Attitudes and Pleasure Towards Outdoor Space Usage of Samatyas Entertainment
Centers.
Keywords: pleasure, attitude, exterior space usage, Samatya Sqaure
H1: Social status of the residents are effective on the formation of their satisfaction and attitudes
towards outdoor space usage of restaurants at Samatya Square.
1.Introduction
1.1 The aim of the research
1.2 Hypothesis
1.3 Significance
2. Residents Position in Touristic Places
2.1 Sustainable Tourism Planning Theory
2.1.a Residents Participation to Tourism Development
2.1.b Factors thatDetermine Residents Attitudes and Social Status Theory
2.2 Tourism Development at Samatya
2.2.a Samatya
2.2.b Current Tourism Activities at Samatya
2.2.c Outdoor Space Usage and ResidentsAttitudes at Samatya
3. Methodology
3.1 Results and Discussion
4. Conclusion
5. References
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1. Introduction
Local communities are known as the key stakeholders in leisure and tourism management.
Tourism has to be managed with the help and interest of all stakeholders in a given territory with a
focus on local inhabitants (Guyer and Pollard, 1997). Considering the importance of residents who
have a key role in tourism, many studies have been carried out by researchers in developed countriesabout local community perceptions toward tourism. But unfortunately, hardly any work has been
devoted to examine residents attitudes on touristic places from the view of architecture.
This research aims to seek about the residents attitudes and pleasure about the touristic
entertainment areas, specifically the outdoor spaces of these places at Samatya Square. Since Samatya
includes both a residential and a touristic character, it is quite appropriate to adopt this topic into the
site. Samatya Square is a lively touristic place with its taverns and restaurants that open to the square.
At that point the spatial condition of the outdoor space usage of entertainment places play an important
role for this research with its interface character that creates a tension between tourists and locals.
With no difference from other touristic places, at Samatya Square, increasing number of taverns and
entertainment venues are arranged according to the tourists demands. Activites and organizations are
made by local administrations and Samatya is planned to be open to the global tourism market with
big investments.
At that transformation period, a sensitivenees about the locals perception is very necessary for
a balanced and sustainable development process. This research aims to step in to seek residents
attitudes towards outdoor space usage of entertainment areas and determine their pleasure criterias for
further plannings about tourism development at Samatya.
1.1 The aim of the research
The research studies about the residents position in the touristic places. The main idea on
which the research is constructed is that the local peoples attitudes are essential as well as tourists for
a healthy and sustainable tourism development. So, the research aims to find out what criterias are
effective that shape the residents attitudes and satisfaction about the outdoor space usage of
restaurants at Samatya.
1.2 Significance
What is significant for a sustainable tourism is a balanced development process that is
sensitive to residents pleasure as well as tourists demands. The participation of the residents to
social, economic and cultural life at touristic places is essential for the permanence of the place as a
focal touristic region. This research plays a significant role for future tourism plannings conducted by
local administrations by exposing the underlying reasons that residents feel uncomfortable or
displeased. Besides, the research can lead further detailed researches about residents attitudes at
touristic places.
The research contains four parts. In the second part of the research, literature review and main
theories on which the research is based will be presented about pleasure and residents position. Thethird section will explain the methods of the site work, data collection procedures, participants and
evaluation methods. In the fourth and the last part, findings will be evaluated and drawn a conclusion.
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1.3 Hypothesis
The research raises the assumption that the social status of the residents is the determinant
factor for the formation of their satisfaction and attitudes towards outdoor space usage of restaurants at
Samatya Square.
H1:Social status of residents are effective on the formation of their attitudes and satisfaction towards
outdoor space usage of restaurants at Samatya.
H0:Social status of residents are not effective on the formation of their attitudes and satisfaction
towards outdoor space usage of restaurants at Samatya.
In order to test this main hypothesis, 8 different variables for pleasure and attitude; and 3 different
variables for social status is determined. These variables are listed like following:
Variables about social status are determined based on the social status theory of Michelson (1970) that
he categorizes social status under three factors which are salary, education and occupation. Thevaribles for pleasure and attitude of residents are determined based on the social exchange theory that
categorizes the impacts of tourism under social, economic and environmental aspects.
2. Residents Position in Touristic Places
2.1 Sustainable Tourism Planning Theory
Tourism is often characterized by haphazard development that generates unevenly distributed
benefits. Such circumstances apply especially to rural communities, in which few residents stand to
benefit directly from tourism. Many communities experience economic leakages, in which most of the
profits from tourism leave the community. This outflow occurs mainly because those who have
decision-making authority over tourism development reside outside the community. This situation can
lead to the eventual deterioration and abandonment of tourism destination sites, leaving the local
people worse off than before tourism development began (Mitchell and Reid 2000).
According to the sustainable tourism theory, in order to minimize the threats of the developing
tourism, there is a need for dialogue, cooperation, and collaboration among the various stakeholders
involved (Aas et al., 2005). Arrangements about touristic places are being performed without a
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sensitiveness about habitants comfort. Instead, tourist pleasure is the only issue to be focused by
investors. Habitants attitudes are generally left outside of this development process.
Extrem examples of this situtation can be seen in the unhealthy and ubalanced transformationprocess of a place that exceeds without any attendence of local habitants. Loss of community identity
and local culture often occurs when a high growth rate with poor planning and growth management
are combined. (Rosenow and Pulsifer, 1979) Therefore, development and the transformation periods
should be definetely planned taking account of habitants attitudes as well as tourist pleasure. The
sresidents involvement must be included in any sustainable tourism plan in order to reduce conflict
(Byrd 2007).
Menningg (1995) noted development of sustainable tourism in a community is not simply a
matter of matching product supply with tourist demand. Local acceptibilty must also be considered. As
Richardson and Long (1991) argued, residents leisure needs and wants must take precedence over
development for tourists. Concern with residents desires is obviously necessary to maintain support
for tourism given their permanent status within the community.
2.1.aResidents Participation to Tourism Development
Tourism development should consult the participation of local groups and their opinions.
Dijanira Rojer states that one important step towards achieving sustainable tourism is a plan and the
inclusion of the different stakeholders in the tourism development.(2009) On the other hand McCool
and Moisey indicates that the level of resident participation in tourism management varies in different
countries. Compared with many developed countries, local residents in many third world countries do
not have the opportunities to share in the decision making process of tourism development.(2001)
Mowforth and Munt have discussed and provided vast evidence on how local communities in third
world countries have been exploited. Little control is given to them to steer the direction of tourism
development in their region. Their views are rarely heard. (2003)
The issue of residents perception, attitude or pleasure has been studied by many disciplines.
Many of them deal with the problem within a more general framework than this research aims to do.
Most of the researchers handle the residents attitudes issue towards tourism case as a general mean.
This research seks to find out more specific evidences about spatial attitudes in architectural field.
Anyway a general look to the literature about the subject will be essential to understand the issue. As
an overall framework, many authors have suggested that attitudes tend to fall into three basic
categories; economic, sociocultural and environmental. Other types of attitudes such as support foradditional tourism, perceptions of personal benefit from tourism and other varibles have also been
considered.
2.1.b Factors thatDetermine Residents Attitudes and Social Status Theory
As discussed above, it is important to understand local residents attitudes toward tourism
development in order to plan and develop tourism in a sustainable manner. Accordingly, local
residents attitudes toward tourism have been widely examined in the literature. Harrill (2004) outlined
three types of factors that influence attitudes toward tourism development: sociocultural factors,
environmental (spatial) factors, and economic factors.
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Early studies of resident attitudes often rested on the ontological perspective that communities
are relatively homogeneous places whose residents either generally support or do not support tourism.
It did not take long for researchers to determine that there is often great heterogeneity within
communities and as a result great variety in attitudes about tourism development (Snaith and Haley,
1999; Mason and Cheyne, 2000; Iroegbu and Chen, 2001/10) In fact some groups of residents may
find more in common with other residents in neighbouring communities than within their own. Forexample, Iroegbu and Chen (2001) found that male, college educated, urban residents who made more
than 25000 dollars per year were most likely to support for tourism development, regardless of region
of residence in Virginia. Snaith and Haley (1999) found a great deal of variation in support for tourism
development within an historic community in England. In general, those who are not economically
tied to tourism view it more negatively than those who are; those who own their own homes view
tourism development more negatively than those who rent; and those who live far from the city center
are more likely view tourism development more negatively than those who live in town. In other
words, persona characteristics have some effect on the respndents view of tourism development,
perhaps due to the myriad ways in which people with different personal characteristics experience the
impact of tourism. Similarly, Smith and Krannich (1998) found that residents in tourism-dependentcommunties prefer less tourism development and perceive more negative tourism-related impacts than
residets in less tourism-dependent communities.
As obviously seen, attitudes and pleasure criterias vary acording to residents personal
conditions as well as socicultural, economic and spatial conditions. A number of studies based on
social exchange theory have verified a relationship about the attitudes towards tourism. For example,
structural equation models have verified a reationship between support for tourism development and
economic involvement, ecocentric attitudes, residents perceptions about impacts, the state of the
economy, how far residents live from the tourist activities. (Gursoy et al., 2002) According to the
social exchange theory, attitudes and pleasure levels are measured under the categories which are
social, economic and environmental aspects.
The research aims to seek the social factors that affect the attitude and pleasure level of
residents. For an overall framework for the topic, social status theories are also significant to
investigate. In sociology or anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige attached to
one's position in society (one's social position). In pre-modern societies, status differentiation is widely
varied. In some cases it can be quite rigid and class based, such as with the Indian caste system. In
other cases, status exists without class and/or informally, as is true with some Hunter-
Gatherer societies such as the Khoisan, and some Indigenous Australian societies. The German
sociologist Max Weber developed a theory proposing that stratification is based on three factors that
have become known as "the three p's of stratification": property, prestige and power. He claimedthat social stratification is a result of the interaction of wealth, prestige and power. Mitchells social
status theory is intimate to Webers and it classifies the social statue under the categories which are
salary, education and occupation. This theory which the research is based on provides clear and
explicit data in order to measure the social status.
2.2 Tourism Development at Samatya
2.2.a Samatya
Samatya locates at the seaside of Fatih county where the old Byzantine walls end. Samatya is a
very old settlement of Istanbul where Muslim, Armenian and Christian people live together in apeaceful neighborhood with an intricate cultural mosaic. It is known that Samatya Region is as old as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-Gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-Gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoisanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoisanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-Gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-Gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology -
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the city itself. In the period of Byzantine Emperor I. Theodosius, Samatya existed as a small village far
from the old city. Samatya conserve its character and identity with its non-Muslim residents even after
the Fatih Sultan Mehmet conquered Istanbul. Once upon a time 'Little Paris' so-called Samatya is a
place that serves a delightful life with its taverns, casinos, fishermen, delicatessen, sport activities and
boat trips along coast in summer times. This lively and multicultural life gradually perished after the
big migrations at 6th-7th of September 1950. Since then, Samatya has been living with its newhabitants immigrated from the east part of Turkey with a few Armenian and Christian families left. In
the present day we cannot say it lost all its identity and soul. The region sustain its existence with an
increasing number of taverns, fishermen culture and surviving authenticity as a tourisric destination.
2.2.b Current Tourism Activities at Samatya
Samatya has been a touristically attractive district with its multicultural and identical character
since hundreds of years. Samatya did not lose all its identity and cultural mosaic however, it has been
damaged seriously since the unfortunate migration movements at history. But nowadays, it tries to
create new touristic attractions as well as to sustain its historical and cultural context. With the studies
conducted by local administrations, Samatya has been entering a new transformation period focusing
on the touristical investments and activites. TURAD plays an important role that undertakes this
transformation and healing studies. TURAD prepared a project that aims to vitalize Samatyas tourism
potential to appeal both local and foreign tourists. With the scope of this project, studies about the
outdoor spaces play a huge role. At first stage, a logo was designed to be used at the outdoor spaces
like tents, shopwindows etc. Afterwards, the tableclothes and tables were renewed, the equipments
used for service are renewed, the facades that looks through the square was painted and repaired, the
outdoor spaces of the retaurants were taken under a regular control. Besides them, a new city image of
Samatya that highlighted the fish and rak culture was strengthened by the arranged activites and
advertisements, music festivals were organized and service trainings were given to the personal
working at restaurants. These attempts improves the existing tourism potential of Samatya. Theincreasing number of taverns and incoming tourists are the vast evidences of this touristic
transformation and healing process.
2.2.c Outdoor Space Usage at Samatya and ResidentsAttitudes at Samatya
In touristic centers of the city, outdoor spaces play an important role in displaying an attractive
touristic image and a social atmosphere. Because it is the interface that tourists confront and start to
perceive the place at first step. The identitiy, sociabilty and the quality of a place reveals itself by this
interface. Therefore, outdoor space usage comes into prominence and becomes a dominant component
of a touristic place. So long as the global tourism evolves, touristic places start to invest in outdoor
arrangements and designs in order to attract more tourists. Physical arrangements of the place and
presentation of the service are tried to be improved to enhance the touristic character and the quality of
the place.
Outdoor space usage is also a very critical issue for Samatya as a fast growing touristical
region. Samatya Square, which is very dominant among touristical attractions at Samatya, is full of
recreational areas devoted to tourists like taverns, restaurants, etc. There are a few grocery shops and a
pet shop that looks towards the square. Rest of all the shops that locate at ground floor are functioned
as touristical entrtainment areas. There are 14 fish restaurants with music, 8 meat restaurants and 5
mixed restaurants that locate at the square. All the facilities use their outdoor patios with tables and
chairs. These outdoor spaces creates a lively image especially at nights with its lights, musics and
crowd. The restaurants serve at day times too. For Samatya, the outdoor spaces of restaurants are
dominant factors that shape and effect the character of the whole square with their proximity andvisual relation to daily life and pedesterian roads.
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The outdoor spaces that are devoted to the touristical use, is a very dominant element for the
visual, social and cultural characteristic of the square indeed. The square is the place where all
Samatyas daily life is passing within it and where the residents of Samatya use it densely in a day.But, a remarkable part of the sqaure is excluded from the residents use because of their touristicalvalue. At this situation, the relationship between the residents and the outside spaces of restaurants
comes into prominence. The question remark rises from this tension. The research is situated at this
tension point and asks if the residents are pleased and satisfied about these outside spaces that they are
excluded from. Further questions try to find out that what factors are effective on the pleasant and
satisfaction level of residents towards these outdoor spaces. The research aims to investigate the
relationship between the social status of the residents and the satisfaction and attitudes of them
towards outdoor spaces of restaurants at Samatya Square.
3. Methods
The aim of the research is to investigate if there is a relationship between residents socialstatus and their satisfaction and attitudes towards outdoor space usage at Samatya Sqaure. The main
source of information for this quantitative study is questionnaries with Samatya residents. Before
preparing the questionnaires, literature review about the topic was done and main theories about thesubjects was investigated. The number of participants are 40. The participants were selected randomly
and were approached by asking them if they had a few minutes to fill the questionnaries about
Samatya.
The questions are categorized under two topics. At the first part, the demographic questions
were prepared. At the second part, questions that investigate the residents satisfaction and attitudeswere prepared by using a 5 point Likert Scale Method.
The independent variable of this hypothesis is the social status and the dependent variable of
the hypothesis is residents pleasure and attitudes towards outdoor space usage of restaurants. 8
different variables for pleasure and attitude; and 3 different variables for social status is determined.
Variables about social status are determined based on the social status theory of Michelson (1970) that
he categorizes social status under three factors which are salary, education and occupation. The
varibles for pleasure and attitude of residents are determined based on the social exchange theory that
categorizes the impacts of tourism under social, economic and environmental aspects. The variables
are tested by crosstabs and Chi-square analyzes with the help of the SPSS Inc Software.
Demographic data that is used for the research is given in the following chart. These data are
categorized under the categories that are age, gender, occupation, education and salary.
(demografik datalar belirt, bulgular zerinde konu)
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At this part of the research, the relationship between the factors that constitute social status
and each variables of residents pleasure and attitude will be analyzed one-to-one. The factors that
generate social status will be examined if they create any difference on each variable of
residentspleasure and attitude.
*Pearson Chi-Square x2: ... p: ... p: 0,05 (salary-privacy)
*Pearson Chi-Square x2: ... p: ... p: 0,05 (education-privacy)
*Pearson Chi-Square x2: ... p: ... p: 0,05 (occupation-privacy)
1. paragraf (yerel sakinlerin, restoranlarn d mekan kullanmna ve mahremiyete kar
tutumlarnn / geliregre nasl deitiini yzdeler zerinden belirt / bulgular zerinde kunu)
chi-squaresonucunda edindiin rakam sonucunda gelir ve mahremiyete kar taknlan tutum
arasnda biriliki olup olmadn syle.
2. paragraf (yerel sakinlerin, restoranlarn d mekan kullanmna ve mahremiyete kar
tutumlarnn / eitimegre nasl deitiini yzdeler zerinden belirt / bulgular zerinde kunu)
chi-squaresonucunda edindiin rakam sonucunda eitim ve mahremiyete kar taknlan tutum
arasnda birilikiolup olmadn syle
3. paragraf (yerel sakinlerin, restoranlarn d mekan kullanmna ve mahremiyete kar
tutumlarnn / mesleegre nasl deitiini yzdeler zerinden belirt / bulgular zerinde kunu)
chi-squaresonucunda edindiin rakam sonucunda meslek ve mahremiyete kar taknlan tutum
arasnda birilikiolup olmadn syle
Bu yntemi kalan 7 alt hipotez (kullanc tutum ve memluniyetleri) iin ayr ayr yap!
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(yerel sakinlerin,restoranlarnd mekan kullanmna vesesekar tutumlarnn :gelire/eitime/mesleegre nasldeitii)
(yerel sakinlerin, restoranlarn d mekan kullanmna ve kalabalakar tutumlarnn :gelire/eitime/mesleegre nasl
deitii)
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(yerel sakinlerin, restoranlarn d mekanlarndaki masa sandelye younluuna ve yayageiinekartutumlarnn :
gelire/eitime/mesleegre nasl deitii)
(yerel sakinlerin, restoranlarn d mekan dzenlemelrineve tarihi dokuyakartutumlarnn :gelire/eitime/meslee gre
nasl deitii)
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(yerel sakinlerin, restoranlarn d mekan kullanmnavemeydandaki ekonomik canllakartutumlarnn :
gelire/eitime/mesleegre nasl deitii)
(yerel sakinlerin, restoranlarn d mekan tasarmlarna kar memluniyetinin :gelire/eitime/mesleegre nasl deitii)
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(yerel sakinlerin, samatya meydannn elence amal kullanmasn kar memluniyetinin :gelire/eitime/meslee gre
nasl deitii)
Bu tabloda: herbir kullanc tutum ve memluniyetinin, sosyal staty oluturan faktrlerle
(gelir,eitim,meslek)olan ilikileri toplu olarak gsterilecektir.(chi-square sonular dogrultusunda)
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6. References
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Kansas City, Montana
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3.Byrd, E.T., (2007) Stakeholders in Sustainable Tourism Development and their roles: Applying
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policies, p.58
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