Please press “1” to test your transmitter.
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Please press “1” to test your transmitter. 1 2 3 4 5 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% :10 0 of 250 Review for Midterm I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 11 0 11 1 11 2 11 3 11 4 11 5 11 6 11 7 11 8 11 9 12 0 12 1 12 2 12 3 12 4 12 5 12 6 12 7 12 8 12 9 13 0 13 1 13 2 13 3 13 4 13 5 13 6 13 7 13 8 13 9 14 0 14 1 14 2 14 3 14 4 14 5 14 6 14 7 14 8 14 9 15 0 15 1 15 2 15 3 15 4 15 5 15 6 15 7 15 8 15 9 16 0 16 1 16 2 16 3 16 4 16 5 16 6 16 7 16 8 16 9 17 0 17 1 17 2 17 3 17 4 17 5 17 6 17 7 17 8 17 9 18 0 18 1 18 2 18 3 18 4 18 5 18 6 18 7 18 8 18 9 19 0 19 1 19 2 19 3 19 4 19 5 19 6 19 7 19 8 19 9 20 0 20 1 20 2 20 3 20 4 20 5 20 6 20 7 20 8 20 9 21 0 21 1 21 2 21 3 21 4 21 5 21 6 21 7 21 8 21 9 22 0
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Review for Midterm I. Please press “1” to test your transmitter. 1 2 3 4 5. :10. 0 of 250. Within 100 AU from the sun, we find …. Only the terrestrial planets The terrestrial planets and the asteroids All (terrestrial and Jovian) planets - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Please press “1” to test your transmitter.
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Review for Midterm I
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Within 100 AU from the sun,
we find …
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1. Only the terrestrial planets2. The terrestrial planets and the
asteroids3. All (terrestrial and Jovian) planets4. The entire solar system, including
the Oort Cloud5. The entire solar system, plus several
neighboring stars.
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Approx. 100 AU
The Solar System
Which of the following is the largest system?
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1. A supercluster2. The solar system3. Jupiter4. The Milky Way5. The Local Group
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Clusters of galaxies are grouped into superclusters.Superclusters form filaments and walls around voids.
The Universe on Very Large Scales
8.45*106 equals
845000000
84500000
8450000
845000 1 AU
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1. 845,000,0002. 84,500,0003. 8,450,0004. 845,0005. 1 AU
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Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are collectively
called the …
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1. Marsian Planets2. Terrestrial Planets3. Near-Sun Planets4. Outer Planets5. Minor Planets
Two Kinds of PlanetsPlanets of our solar system can be divided into
two very different kinds:
Terrestrial (earthlike) planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets: Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
What is unusual about Venus’
orbit or rotation?
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1. It rotates clockwise, opposite to all other planets.
2. It rotates counterclockwise.3. It orbits around the sun clockwise.4. It is inclined against the ecliptic by
10o.5. 1. and 3.
Retrograde rotation Tipped over by more than 900
Mercury and Pluto: Unusually highly inclined orbits
Planetary Orbits and Rotation
From Houston, TX (latitude +30o), you see the celestial North pole
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1. 30o above the southern horizon2. 60o above the northern horizon3. 30o above the northern horizon4. 60o above the northern horizon5. At the zenith.
Athens, OH: l ≈ 390
HorizonNorth
Celestial North Pole
390
South
510
Celestial Equator
Horizon
How is the wobbling (26,000 year) motion of the
Earth’s axis called?
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1. Terrestrial Tumbling2. Epicycle3. Procession4. Topping5. Precession
Precession
Gravity is pulling on a slanted top. => Wobbling around the vertical.
The Sun’s gravity is doing the same to the Earth.
The resulting “wobbling” of the Earth’s axis of rotation around the vertical to the
Ecliptic takes about 26,000 years and is called precession.
The sidereal orbital period of the moon is the time it takes for
the moon to …
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1. Orbit once around the sun.2. Rotate once around its axis, relative to the Earth.3. Orbit once around the Earth, back to the same
lunar phase.4. Orbit once around the Earth, back to the same
position with respect to the distant (fixed) stars.5. Orbit once around the center of the Milky Way.
The Phases of the Moon
• The Moon orbits Earth in a sidereal period of 27.32
days.
27.32 days
EarthMoon
Fixed direction in space
The Phases of the Moon
• The moon’s synodic period (to reach the same
position relative to the sun) is 29.53 days (~ 1
month).
Fixed direction in space
Earth
Moon
Earth orbits around Sun => Direction toward Sun changes!
29.53 days
Spring tides occur at the
time of …
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1. Spring.2. Noon and Midnight.3. Full and New Moon.4. First and last quarter moon.5. 2. and 3.
Spring and Neap TidesThe Sun is also producing tidal effects, about half as strong as the Moon.• Near Full and New Moon, those two effects add up to cause spring tides• Near first and third quarter, the two effects work at a right angle w.r.t. each other, causing neap tides.
Spring tides
Neap tides
An annular solar eclipse
happens when …
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1. The Earth is at perihelion and the moon is at perigee.2. The Earth is at aphelion and the moon is at perigee.3. The Earth is at perihelion and the moon is at apogee.4. The Earth is at aphelion and the moon is at apogee.5. Every solar eclipse is annular.
Earth’s and Moon’s orbits are slightly elliptical:
Sun
Earth
Moon
(Eccentricities greatly exaggerated!)
Perihelion = position closest to the sun
Aphelion = position furthest away from the sun
Perigee = position closest to Earth
Apogee = position furthest away from Earth
Annular Solar EclipsesThe angular sizes of the Moon and
the Sun vary, depending on
their distance from Earth.
When the Earth is near perihelion, and the Moon is near apogee, we see an annular solar eclipse.
Perigee Apogee Perihelion Aphelion
Ptolemy’s model of the “Universe” …
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1. Was heliocentric.2. Was geocentric.3. Contained epicycles.4. Described the planetary orbits as ellipses.5. 2. and 3.6. 1. and 4.
• Ptolemy: Geocentric model, including epicycles
1. Imperfect, changeable Earth,2. Perfect Heavens (described by spheres)
Central guiding principles:
