Platforms for Gateways 1 - UC3M · Home Automation: A definition The ... zProgram home...

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Communication platformsCommunication platformsfor industrial and for industrial and residential gateways (I)residential gateways (I)

Prof. Dr. Ralf E.D. SeepoldProf. Dr. Ralf E.D. Seepold

DepartamentoDepartamento de de IngenierIngenierííaa TelemTelemááticaticaUniversidad Carlos III de MadridUniversidad Carlos III de [email protected]@uc3m.es

Ralf E.D. Seepold 2

Outline

Home and industrial NetworkingPowerlinePhonelineWirelessOthers

Service platforms

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Home Automation: A definition

The automatic operation or control of equipment, a process, or a system without conscious thought. [Fow78]

[Fow78]Fowler, F.G. and Fowler. H.W., Oxford Concise Dictionary, 6th ed, Clarendon Press, Oxford,1978.

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Smart Home: A definition

Home or building [Red01]Usually a new oneEquipped with structured wiringEnable remote control or programme an array of electronic devices via commands

[Red01]Vendela Redriksson, “Smart home or building”, http://whatis.techtarget.com, 2001.

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Application areas

CommunicationEntertainmentSecurityConvenienceInformation systemsEtc.

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Smart Home: Applications

ExamplesPhone to arm home securityControl temperatureSwitch appliances on/offControl lightningProgram home theatre/entertainment system… and many more

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Push for Home Networking

Rapid growth in multiple-PC household penetrationPC penetration exceeds 50% in US householdsMulti-PC/household growth (U.S.): 15M (1998) to 26M (2003) *

Increasing Internet usageNearly 90% of PC households will be online by 2001Internet usage growth (U.S.): 20% (1997) to 47% (2001) **

Broadband Internet accessBroadband penetration growth (U.S.): less than 1M (1998) to more than 15M (2002) ***% Penetration of online households (U.S.): increases from 2% (1998) to 26% (2002) ***

* - Dataquest, ** - Yankee Group, *** - Forrester Research

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Residential gateways (US)

Significant growing will heavily depend on successful standardisation in the medium term

4,470.802,974.80 971.7 363 43.8 Total

3,263.701,903.90 408.1 54.5 4.4 Multifunctional gateway

44.759.5 58.3 36.3 4.4 Home Automation gateway

268.2119 19.4 0 0 Entertainment gateway

894.2892.5 485.9 272.3 35 Data gateway

2004e2003e 2002e 2001e 2000e in ‘000s of units

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Applications Driving Home Networking

Source: Cahners In-Stat Group

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Bandwidth Requirements

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Home Automation/Network Standards and Specs

Alliances and Working Groups [Hom03a]22 entries

Proprietary6 entries

Only a few of them can survive!

[Hom03a]Home Toys. Standard List, http://www.hometoys.com/resources.htm , 2003.


Standardisation (I)

One relevant sector-crossing and platform-independent concept: Open Services Gateway Initiative (OSGi) [Wes01]Several industry-specific consortia implemented

ConstructionConsumer electronicsTelecomsUtilitiesMobile telephony… some of them being broad (like HomePNA or HomePlug) or other being narrow (like CABA), i.e. control of heating systems.

[Wes01]N. Loeken, W. Fickus et al., “Services Gateway Software”, WestLB Panmure, Market Analysis, March 2001.

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Standardisation (II)

Regional standards (some examples)US■ X10, CEBus (Powerline), Smarthome, LON

Europe■ EHS, EIB, Batibus

Japan■ HBS, TRON

Media-related standardsEthernet (PC)IEEE1394 Multimedia …


Summary of standards

Protocol Powerline Phone/bus Wireless Others WebpageCEBus X www.cebus.orgBatibus/BCI; Konnex X www.batibus.com; www.konnex.orgEHS; Konnex X X X www.ehsa.com; www.konnex.orgEIBA; Konnex X X www.eiba.org; www.konnex.orgFirewire (IEEE1394) X standards.ieee.orgHiperLAN2 X www.hiperlan2.comHomePlug X www.homeplug.orgHomePNA X www.homepna.orgIEEE802.11x X standards.ieee.org; www.ieee802.orgLonTalk X X X X www.echelon.comUSB X www.usb.orgX10 X www.x10.org

Jini X X X X www.jini.orgUPnP X X X www.upnp.org

HAVi X www.havi.orgMHP X www.mhp.orgOSGi X X X X www.osgi.org

Physical media

Higher level types of home networking platforms

Discovery protocols

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Technical overview

Media/HighMedia810/100WLssBluetooth

Low/IncreasingUnder dev.--54, 25-500mWLssIEEE802.11

Medium / LowMedia2560.00005PowerlineX10

Dep. on mediaMedia /Low32000.039-2.5Todos + radioLonworks

HighGood5010 (payload), 300mCable TelefHomePNA

HighMedia / Low-14PowerlineHomePlug

HighMedia-54WLssHipherlan2

HighMedia1275/30, 480 (V2.0)TP/USBUSB/2.0

HighMedia / Low64/10244.5/72, 3200 (V1394b)UTPIEEE1394

HighMedia---10/100/1000UTO/FOEthernet

Dep. on mediaHigh647702.4, 600m/ 0.0096, 1000m/ 0.0192

Powerline/TP/WirelessEIB

Dep. on mediaHigh68x10152.4/ 0.06-1.0, 300-1000m/ 100m0.0096, 100m/?

Powerline/ TP/ Wirelesss/ IrDa

EHS

HighMedia76804800TPBCI

Dep. on mediaLow65535Only US 0.01, 300/0.0096, 100m only US

Powerline/ TP/ wireless

CEBus

SecurityCost/CapacityNº DeviceMbit/s / Distance [m]Media TxTechnology


Market acceptance

Source: Dataquest

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Powerline

Devices that can be connected directly into the main power supplyUsing of standard wiringA computer need to be attached to the line to monitor the devicesX10 for example has chips placed in the devices and bypass dedicated computersAdvantages

Easily availableCheap

Weak pointsInterferencePower cutsNot reliable


Phoneline/BuslineSeparated 12V twisted pair cableRuns in parallel to traditionally cablesIndependent of conventional mains borne power suppliesDevices can be configured to adhere to stricter operational parametersStandard defined by Konnex (www.konnex.org)

Ease the combination of different busline protocolsEnable the integration of non-busline devices (cf. expensive buslinedevices)

AdvantagesMost effectiveMost reliable (proven in large buildings and factories)two.-way protocol enable self-monitoring

Weak pointsSmall number of device providersHigh price

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Wireless

Become more popular

AdvantagesNo wires, no modificationCan compliment wired network

Weak pointsRelatively expensiveLess reliableInterferenceShort rangeCan be corrupted by breaking the system’s codeNarrowband interface


Details: PowerlineX10

Home automation industry standardGroup belongs to the pioneers in the areaStarted in late 70s by Pico ElectronicsVery popular in the USMany products availableCheap devices (e.g. lamp control for 13€)Rely on powerline

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X10

Limited number of devices16 devices in 16 different house codes

No security or encryptionLimited stability of powerline connectionsNo plug&play of devices


X10: Signal transmission

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X10: Signal transmission (cont.)

Transmitted pulses have a duration of 1msReceiver open a receive window of 0.6msTransmission start point is achieved by transmitting at least 6 leading clear zero crossings


X10: Device

Each device has a house code4 bit nibble (letter from ‘A' to ‘P’)

and unit codeNumerical code from 1 to 16

Redundancy: each data frame is transmitted twiceTransfer requires different labels or addressesand commands – time consuming

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X10: Transmission duration


X10: Summary

Most popular standard in the US100 million products have been sold between 1978-20001 sec transmission time for a byte with 50Hz power system (slow)Unreliable transmission – no error checking/correctionTwo way communication (e.g. device reply that switch is on or off)Devices act as slaves and initiate no own transmissions

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Other powerline examples

Internet ADSL to a single PC via the power supplyHome networking via power sockets & Internet ADSL for multiple PCs via the power supplyHome networking via power sockets &Internet ADSL for multiple PCs via the power supplyHome networking via power sockets & Internet ISDN for multiple PCs via the power supplyInternet ADSL gaming console applicationInternet ADSL SetTopBox application

Source: Develo


Phoneline: For example with LonWorks

Standard for home, industry and aircraft control and data networksStandard defined by Echelon for LON (Local Operating Network)Central unit is a NeuronChipLonTalk Network based on that technologyLimited capability for data transfer but can run over powerline, wireless etc.

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ISO/OSI Model functions

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical1

2

3

4

5

6

7 Application Program

Data Interpretation

Remote Actions

End-to-End Reliability

Target Addressing

Media Access and Framing

Physical Access

Standard Objects&types, ConfigurationProperties, Filetransfer,Netw. Services

Network Variables, Application-message, Remote data

Communication, Remote Proc. CallLink recovery

End-to-End Ack, Service type, Recogn. of packets

Unicast & Multicast, target addressing,Routing of messages

Framing, Data encoding, CRC, Collision Detection, Media access

media specific detailsTransceiver Type, phys. Connection

OSI Level Function Services


LonTalk: Protocol

Provides a common applications frameworkUsing Standard Network Variable Types (SNVTs); defined in each nodeLinks are allowed between inputs and outputs of the same typeObject-oriented approach to product development

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LonTalk: Protocol (cont.)

Node programs may write new values into one of its outputsNew values is propagated across the network to all nodes with input network variables connected to this outputConnections are defined during installationSNVTs enable compatibility between product from different manufactures


LonTalk: Protocol (cont.)

Example SNVTsVariable Type UnitsTemperature Degrees CelsiusRelative Humidity PercentDevice State BooleanDay of Week Enumerated List (Mon-Sun)

Each node has a 48-bit unique ID assigned during manufacture

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Addressing and data capacity of the application layer

Network hierarchieDOMAIN – identifies a sub-system as a open madia for large installationsSUBNET – subconjunto de un dominio; enrutado basado en subredesNODE – identifies a sub-node or sub-net

AddressingUNICAST (Sub-net/Node) – sends message to a nodeMULTICAST (Grupo) – sends message to a group of nodes■ Efficient use of the bandwidth■ Group members can be in any part of the network■ One node may talk to 15 nodes in parallel■ Complex service support for ACKs

BROADCAST – send messages to a sub-net or domain


Examples from our cooperation partner: TLON GmbH

Process industryCatering industry

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THEN Dying Machine


Automated Function

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Special Product DevelopementHardware


THENin Schwäbish Hall

Machine in CHINA

Machine in US

Machine in IndiaINTERNET

TLON Projects

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Infranet-Restaurant


Transport und VerkehrZweckgebäude

WohngebäudeIndustrie

Infranet Valley

INTERNET

-Optima-Recaro

-Bausparkasse-DIAK-Solpark-Schulen (St.Michael)-Behörden

-Bahnhof SHA-Tankstellen-Autowerkstatt-Stadtbus-Flugplatz

Stadtwerke-Strom-Gas-Wasser

- Freizeit & Restaurant & Hotel- Kantinen , Schwimmbäder

WAP-HandyBrowser

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Wireless: IEEE 802.x

Very popular in home and office environment [IEE03]Several enhancements available 802.11a – 802.11g802.11 standard first ratified in July 1997

802.3 LAN emulation3 PHY’s were specified for 1 & 2 Mbps■ FHSS – Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum■ DSSS – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum■ Infrared

Two High Rate PHY’s ratified in September 1999802.11a 6 to 54Mbps in the 5GHz band■ OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex

802.11b 5.5 and 11Mbps in the 2.4GHz band[IEE03]IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee, http://www.ieee802.org/, http://www.ieee802.org/11/ , 2003.


Evolution

801.11b: A solid base• Wi-Fi: >95% of WLAN market in 2002 • Installed base of 60 to 70 million radios by end of 2003• Future systems need to remain backwards compatible to 802.11b

802.11b

802.11g802.11g: High speed & high range• OFDM data rates up to 54 Mbps• >50% range advantage over 802.11a• Global standard• Mandatory backward compatibility w/802.11b

802.11a802.11a: High speed w/ more channels• OFDM data rates up to 54 Mbps• 8 to 12 non-overlapping channels vs 3 for 802.11b/g• Not a global standard• Not backward compatible with 802.11b Missing Link

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Combined a + g (+b) Technology: Bridges The Compatibility Gap

802.11b

802.11g

Dual Band 802.11a+g (+b)• Operates in both 2.4 and 5GHz bands• Compliant to 802.11b, g, a standards• Backwards compatible to legacy 802.11b systems • Opens the possibility for users to easily connect to

any existing or future 802.11 network

802.11a+g

802.11a


Protocol layers in 802

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Others

BluetoothInfraredEthernetUSBFirewireJiniUPnP


Outline

Home and industrial NetworkingPowerlinePhonelineWirelessOthers

Service platformsOpen Service Gateway Initiative (OSGi) Others

Platforms for Gateways 1 - UC3M · Home Automation: A definition The ... zProgram home...

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