PLATE TECTONICS: The Unifying Theory of Geology. JIGSAW-LIKE FIT OF CONTINENTS Has been described...
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Transcript of PLATE TECTONICS: The Unifying Theory of Geology. JIGSAW-LIKE FIT OF CONTINENTS Has been described...
PLATE TECTONICS: The Unifying Theory of Geology
JIGSAW-LIKE FIT OF CONTINENTS
Has been described since 1600’s
Alfred Wegener – Austrian Meteorologist
Wegener thought that the continents were once all together in a single super-continent that he named Pangaea.
Pangaea subsequently broke apart and the continents “drifted” into today’s positions
Pangaea
EVIDENCE FROM
GLACIERS
Other Climate Evidence
EVIDENCE FROM FOSSILS
EVIDENCE FROM GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES
CONTINUITY OF MOUNTAIN BELTS ACROSS CONTINENTS
As if one had torn a piece of newspaper in half – Could you read the lines if the pieces were put back together?
To discover how Plate Tectonics works we must study the Earth using several fundamental physical principles & properties:
1) Seismic Waves2) Gravity3) Isostacy4) Magnetism
1) SEISMIC WAVES & EARTHQUAKES
1) SEISMIC WAVES & EARTHQUAKES
a) Apply a force (Stress)b) Material Deforms (Accumulates Strain)c) Material Ruptures d) Returns to original shape around the fracture (Elastic Rebound)
a) Fracture about which the two sides move is called a Fault.b) Elastic Rebound releases energy waves called Seismic
Waves or Earthquake Waves.c) Seismic Waves propagate through rocks and cause
them to “shake”, producing Earthquakes.
HOW DO WE STUDY SEISMIC WAVES ?
A Seismograph
Seismogram
There are different types of Seismic Waves!
1) P-Waves: Compression Wavesfastest waves, arrive at a seismograph station first.Cause compression – expansion in rocks.
2) S-Waves: Shear Wavessecond highest velocity, arrive at seismograph second.Cause shear – rocks move at right angle to direction of wave propagation .
3) Surface Waves: Complex motionsSlowest waves, arrive at a seismograph station last.Create rolling motions, causing the most shaking
Seismic WaveMotions:
1) P- Waves
Seismic WaveMotions:
2) S- Waves