Plate Tectonics Review
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Transcript of Plate Tectonics Review
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Plate Tectonics Review
Chapter 8
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•The ______________ is made of partially melted, “plastic” rock material and plates “float” on it.
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•asthenosphere
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•At subduction boundaries one plate __________________ another plate
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•Subducts/plunges/ sinks below
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•A transform boundary is when ___________.
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•Two plates slide past each other at a fault
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•The East-African Rift/Red Sea are examples of a ___________________
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•Rift valley that formed at a continental-continental divergent boundary
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•Why does magma rise?
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•It is less dense than the surrounding material
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•Some ________________ rocks contain iron-based magnetic minerals that “record” the direction of Earth’s magnetic field when the rock formed.
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•igneous
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•Mid-ocean ridges are broken into sections that are offset from each other by breaks called __________________ that are perpendicular (at right angles) to the ridge and are the source of earthquakes here.
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•Fracture zones
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• In 1912, Alfred Wegener proposed the hypothesis of ______________________, which stated the continents have moved over time.
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•Continental drift
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•As you move out from the center of a mid-ocean ridge, what happens to the temperature of the rock?
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•Hottest rock is at the center, coolest rock is furthest out
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•An example of a (mid-) ocean ridge is _________________.
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•Mid-Atlantic Ridge•East Pacific Rise
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• Plate tectonics provides evidence/an explanation for the location/occurrence of:–1.–2.–3.
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–1. volcanoes–2. earthquakes–3. the formation of new crust (sea floor)
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•When Earth’s magnetic field “matches” up with the geographic poles is known as _______________ polarity–Ex. magnetic north & geographic
north match up and magnetic south & geographic south match up
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•normal
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•A ________________ is the border between 2 diverging plates.
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•Rift valley
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•As you move out from the center of the mid-ocean ridge, what happens to the age of the rocks?
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•They go from younger to older
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• Label the layers…
12
3
4
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•Convergent boundaries are when 2 plates ___________________
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•Move towards each other
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•Name the 3 ways that plates can move in relation to one another
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• Away from each other (divergent plate boundary)• Towards each other (convergent
plate boundary)• Slide past each other (transform
plate boundary)
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•An example of a deep-sea trench is the ____________ trench
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•Marianas•Peru-Chile•Tonga•Aleutian
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•When Earth’s magnetic field does not “match” up with the geographic poles is known as _______________ polarity–Ex. magnetic north & geographic
south match up and magnetic south & geographic north match up
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•Reversed
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•The ___________ is made up of the crust & uppermost mantle and is broken into “plates”
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•lithosphere
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•What are 3 features/effects found at oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries.–1.–2.–3.
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–1. trenches–2. volcanic island arcs (on the overriding plate)–3. earthquakes (shallow to very deep)
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•What is the Ring of Fire?
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•A ring of many active volcanoes around the Pacific plate’s boundaries
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•(Mid-) ocean ridges form at ___________ plate boundaries
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•Oceanic-oceanic divergent
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• Some of the observations that support the hypothesis of continental drift are:–1.–2.–3.–4.
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–1. shape of continents (“puzzle fit”)–2. fossils–3. distinctive rock formations–4. climate change evidence (ex.
coal deposits)
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•At a continental-continental divergent boundary, a ________ forms.
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•Rift Valley forms
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•Magnetic properties & ages of igneous rocks on the ocean floor provide evidence for ___________
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•The theory of plate tectonics
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• Two other causes of plate movement aside from convection cells in the asthenosphere (mantle) are ______________________ & _______________________
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• ridge push (rising magma pushing the plates outward), & slab pull (cooling, sinking material pulls the plates down).
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•How do volcanoes at subduction boundaries erupt?•Why?
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•Violent, explosive eruptions•b/c silica-rich magma
which is thick & gooey (hard for gases to escape)
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•The center of the mid-ocean ridge shows the ________________ orientation (direction) of Earth’s magnetic field
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•current
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•What kind of boundary is at the Pacific Plate and the Phillippine plate?
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•(oceanic-contienental) convergent/subduction boundary
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•A volcanic island chain formed due to subduction is _______.
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•The Mariana Islands•Aleutian Islands
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•As molten rock rises up between oceanic plates, the plates __________________
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•Spread apart
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•Most volcanoes and earthquakes mark the location of _________
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•Plate boundaries
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•A long chain of gently-erupting volcanic “mountains” on the ocean floor with a deep rift in the center is called a _____________________
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•(mid-) ocean ridge
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•What are the two major types of convergent boundaries?
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•Subduction and collision
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•How do volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges erupt?•Why?
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•Gentle, oozing eruptions• b/c magma is silica-poor, which makes it thin & runny (gases escape easily)
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•What are 3 features of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?–1.–2.–3.
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–1. trenches (near the coast)–2. volcanic mountains along the coast of the (overriding) continental plate–3. earthquakes
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•__________________ commonly occur along transform plate boundaries.
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•Earthquakes
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•When two continental plates collide, what happens?
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•Mountains form & continents can fuse
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•_________________ is the theory that describes the formation, movements, and interactions of Earth’s lithospheric plates.
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•Plate tectonics
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•Why does one plate subduct below another?
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•b/c the subducting plate is more dense
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•The San Andreas Fault is an example of a __________________ plate boundary.
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•transform
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•________________ in the asthenosphere (mantle) cause hot magma to rise and cool magma to sink, allowing for plate movement.
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•Convection currents
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•The Himalaya Mountains formed at what type of boundary?
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•Continental-continental convergent (collision) boundary
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•Magnetic reversals are formed in a __________ image on opposite sides of the ridge
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•mirror