Plate tectonics, earthquakes, and the structure of the earth
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Transcript of Plate tectonics, earthquakes, and the structure of the earth
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PLATE TECTONICS, EARTHQUAKES, AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
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GOALS FOR THE LECTURE• Students will write and discuss various ideas
related to the physical structure of the Earth (9C, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10E, 10F)
• Students will write and discuss ideas related to plate tectonics, as well as follow its progression through history(10D)
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WHY DOES THE EARTH LOOK LIKE THIS?• Where did the tectonic plates come from?• They came from the ancient land masses the used
to cover the Earth
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HISTORY• Has the Earth always looked like this?• What did the Earth look like in the past?
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HISTORY• What name do we give this place?• Pangea
• When was this?• 200 million years ago (mya)
• Before there was Pangea, the Earth looked even less like it does today
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HISTORY• About 160 mya, Pangea began to break apart.• Laurasia and Gondwanaland were the dominant
land features.
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HISTORY• About 120 mya, Laurasia and
Gondwanaland began to break apart. • Continents we might recognize were the
result.
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HISTORY• 80 mya, Madagascar breaks off from India
as India begins its race across the Indian Ocean.
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HISTORY• 40 mya, Inland seas in the North American
Plate and Asian plates drained and India began to push up the Himalayan mountains.
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TODAY
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FOSSIL EVIDENCE• Organisms have left fossil evidence of their
existence on continents across oceans. • Originally thought to be caused by
organisms traveling across the ocean on “Rafts.”
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FOSSIL EVIDENCE• Other theories suggested organisms crossed
over land bridges that were once exposed.
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FOSSIL EVIDENCE• A 3rd theory surfaced known as Island
stepping stones.
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EVIDENCE THAT THIS IS WHAT REALLY HAPPENED…
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CONTINENTAL DRIFT• Alfred Wegener publishes The Origin of
Continents and Oceans in 1915.• Proposes that the continents were once all
part of a large landmass called Pangea, and then drifted apart.
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CONTINENTAL DRIFT• This idea matured into our current theories
of Plate Tectonics• The surface of the earth is divided into
about 20 plates.
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PLATE TECTONICS• All plates contain both continental and
oceanic crust.• This is a major departure from continental
drift.
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THE THEORY• Plates are rigid structures and will always
move as a distinct unit.• The distance between two points on a tectonic
plate will always be the same
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LITHOSPHERE• The layer of solid rock that surrounds the
Earth and a thin layer of molten rock beneath it.
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ASTHENOSPHERE• The molten rock beneath the lithosphere.
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WHERE DO THINGS CHANGE?• At the boundaries between plates.• 3 categories
• Divergent• Convergent• Transform
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DIVERGENT
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WAIT NO…
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DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES• Occur at oceanic spreading centers,
typically called “Mid-Ocean Ridges”• 2 “Plates” are being pulled apart by magma
from underneath that is pushing upwards• Process known as Seafloor Spreading
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CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES• 3 classifications of Convergent Boundaries• Oceanic-Continental• Oceanic-Oceanic• Continental-Continental
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CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES• Subduction Zone(vocabulary)- the place
where one tectonic plate rides up over another and causes it to be pushed down and recycled (melted)
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CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES• Oceanic-Continental• Result in the formation of Volcanic Arcs along the
boundary
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CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES• Oceanic-Oceanic• Result in the formation of Island Arcs• Chains of volcanic islands that form along oceanic
plate boundaries
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CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES• Oceanic-Oceanic boundaries will also result
in the formation of Trenches• These are places where the ocean is deeper
than the surrounding area due to subduction.
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CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES• Continental-Continental• Result in the formation of mountain ranges
made from deformed (squeezed) native rock
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CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES
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TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES• Plates move in opposing directions on either
side of the boundary.