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![Page 1: Plate Tectonics. Early Observations Mapmakers Noticed the apparent fit of the continents on either side of the Atlantic Ocean.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051104/5a4d1b627f8b9ab0599ae14d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plate Tectonics
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Early ObservationsMapmakers
Noticed the apparent fit of the continents on either side of the Atlantic Ocean
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Alfred WegenerFirst proposed Continental Drift in 1912Also proposed there had been a super-continent and super-sea
Pangaea and Panthalassa• Pangaea “All The Earth” - Greek
Broke apart 200 m.y.a.Evidence to support theory
Rock FormationsFossilsAncient Climatic
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Evidence From Rock FormationsFracturing of large geologic structures
Mountain ranges• Rocks from Appalachian Mountains in
U.S., England, and EuropeAge and rock types matched on separate continents
Rocks in South America and Africa
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Evidence From Rock Formations
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Evidence From FossilsSame fossils found on many continentsKannemeyerid and Labyrinthodont
Land-dwelling animalsCould not swim great distances between continents
MesosaurusAquatic, but fresh water
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Evidence From Fossils
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Ancient Climatic EvidenceCoal
Forms from dead plant on swampy landDeposits found in Antarctica• Antarctica once had a warm climate
GlaciersGlacial deposits found in Africa, India, Australia, & South America Once were located near the south pole
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Ancient Climatic Evidence
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Ancient Climatic Evidence
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Continental Drift
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Reasons Wegener’s Theory Was Not Accepted
Could not explain what caused the continents to move
What force is great enough to move the land?
Could not explain how the continents could move
Are they just plowing through the stationary ocean floor?
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Exploring the Ocean FloorMajor strides in technology enabled scientists to map the ocean floor
Sonar• Used to locate submarines in WWII• Also could tell the depth of the ocean
Earthquake activityEarth’s magnetic field
Theory of Plate Tectonics 1967 Proved Wegener’s Theory
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Earth’s Layers
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Shield Volcanoes
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Composite Volcanoes
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Composite Volcanoes
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Earthquakes
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TsunamiSeismic Sea Wave
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TsunamiUSGS EarthquakeVideoBefore and after
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Andes Mountains
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Himalayan Mountains
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East African Rift Valley
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Transform Boundary
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Transform Boundary
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Plate BoundariesOceanic-Oceanic DivergentOceanic-Oceanic ConvergentOceanic-Continental ConvergentContinental -Continental ConvergentTransformMid-Continent Rifting
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Oceanic-Oceanic Divergent Boundary
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Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundary
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Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundary
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Continental-Continental Convergent Boundary
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Transform Boundary
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Mid-Continent Rifting
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Plate BoundariesVisualizations
Transform, Divergent, and O-C ConvergentC-C Convergent
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Convection Currents
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Convection CurrentsVisualization
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Hawaiian IslandsKauai volcanoes are inactive
No longer above hot spot
KilaueaWorlds most active volcanoSits above hot spot
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Hawaiian Islands
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Hawaiian IslandsMid-Plate Volcanism Visualization
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Yellowstone Caldera
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Plate MotionsBreakup of PangaeaFuture predictions
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