Plate 7, Hydrogeologic Cross Sections, Groundwater Atlas ... · H Crow River, South Fork Crow...
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1050 1000 1150 1100 1250 1200 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 D’ 1050 1000 1150 1100 1250 1200 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 Elevation (feet) D Washington Creek Jewis Creek Long Lake Maynard Lake Chicken Lake Big Swan Lake CSAH24 US12 CSAH1 CSAH32 CSAH34 MN15 CSAH14 MN22 CSAH4 MN4 Litchfield scs gt4 sct pu gt5 sct pu hwt wrs ss ss wrt scs hs hwt wte hwt sc mls mls hs ss scs mlt mlt mls gs4 ms hs ss1 sct hs vs gs5 mt gs5 nt nt gs5 sct wrs gt4 sct pu Ka Kd Kd Kd hs wrs 1050 1025 1150 1100 1075 1175 1125 p_u 8.94 21.1 5.82 11.2 3.3 23.1 2.19 4.54 13 15.0 248 701 116 146 324 172 sc sc sc 10.2* 12.7 1050 1000 1150 1100 1200 950 900 850 800 750 700 C’ 1050 1000 1150 1100 1200 950 900 850 800 750 700 Elevation (feet) C MN4 MN15 MN24 MN22 CSAH34 CSAH31 CSAH27 CSAH14 CSAH25 Mud Lake Madsen State Wildlife Management Area Kingston Crow River Grove Creek Bale Creek Jewis Creek nt mls hwt scs nt ss hwt sct pu mlt scs ss hs sc sct gt4 mt scs sct wrs gs5 mlt nt mls nt mls sct hwt sct mls hs nt ss sct hs ss hwt ss wrt mls hs sc mlt scs hwt pu Ka Kd Kd 1075 1100 1025 1050 1125 p_u 5.73 6.68 31.3 6.93 53.9 4.96 17.9 2.87 11.3 180 284 369 102 123 137 sc 6.90* 11.2* 1050 1000 1150 1100 1250 1200 950 900 850 800 750 Elevation (feet) 1050 1000 1150 1100 1250 1200 950 900 850 800 750 B’ B Clearwater River Crow River Clearwater River Clearwater River Whitney Lake Clear Lake Lake Betsy CSAH17 CSAH25 CSAH34 CSAH2 MN15 MN22 MN4 CSAH30 nt nt mlt vt hs nt mlt mlt ss hwt wrs hs scs gs5 sct sct sct mls mt vs wrt hs gt4 ss gs5 ms hwt ss wrt gt5 hs gt4 nt wrt sct mls gs4 sct ss1 scs wrs hs nt wrs wte hs pu wrt ss mls mls pu mlt hwt hs nt pu hwt wrs hwt mlt scs pu Kd Kd Kd mlt ss 1175 1150 1125 1050 1125 1075 1100 p_u 10.3 17.0 6.27 6.95 2.71 203 221 171 255 272 124 211 5.14 1.59 sc sc sc 15.3 9.51* 550 1050 1000 1150 1100 1250 1200 950 900 850 800 750 A’ 1050 1000 1150 1100 1250 1200 950 900 850 800 750 Elevation (feet) A MN22 CSAH30 MN4 CSAH25 MN55 CSAH20 CSAH2 Eden Valley Clearwater River Lake Koronis scs scs sct sct nt wrt hwt pu hs mls wrs hs wes sct nt nt wrt hwt pu Kd Kd pu scs wrs wte ss nt hwt ss hs vs mlt mlt mlt wrt hwt 1125 1100 1150 1125 1150 1125 1150 1150 p_u 5.41 25.3 486 244 334 126 129 sc 8.71* 9.82* 151* 12.5* *aquitard Aquifers and aquitards grouped by stragraphy Surficial sand and gravel Buried aquifers and aquitards Bedrock Dakota Formaon Cretaceous undifferenated CROSS SECTION EXPLANATION Quaternary unconsolidated sediment Interpreted trium age is indicated by the background color. See Figure 5 in the report for geologic unit correlaon. nt* ms mt* hs hwt* scs sct* mls mlt* gs4 gt4* gs5 gt5* wrs wrt* wes wte* vs vt* pu ss1 sc* ss Precambrian crystalline p_u Ka Kd ) 7 T. 117 N. 24 22 ¤ 12 ) 4 ) 4 ) 55 22 ) ) ) 15 ) ) 15 ) 55 Dassel Greenleaf Litchfield Rosendale Cosmos Cedar Mills Grove City Kingston Forest City Eden Valley Watkins Darwin 94°22'30" W. 45°7'30" N. 45° N. 45°15' N. 94°37'30" W. 94°45' W. 94°30' W. T. 118 N. T. 119 N. T. 120 N. T. 121 N. R. 32 W. R. 31 W. R. 30 W. R. 29 W. B’ B B’ B C’ C C’ C D’ D D’ D E’ E E’ E F’ F G’ G H’ A’ A A’ A H 1 0 1 2 3 4 SCALE 1:400 000 1012 4567 KILOMETERS 3 5 MILES Symbols Well used to generate cross secon N Part B line of cross secon shown on this plate A A’ Part B line of cross secon shown on Plate 8 E E’ Part A line of cross secon A A’ LOCATION DIAGRAM Quaternary aquitards Grouped by texture ranging from highest to lowest sand content indicang relave hydraulic conducvity. Geologic unit code Percent sand mt, hwt, wrt nt, mlt, wte sct, gt4, gt5, vt >50% and ≤60% >40% and ≤50% >30% and ≤40% Trium age Darker color in small vercal rectangle (well screen symbol) indicates trium age of water sampled in well. Lighter color indicates interpreted age of water in aquifer. Mixed: water is a mixture of recent and vintage waters (greater than 1 TU to less than 8 TU). Well not sampled for trium. Vintage: water entered the ground before 1953 (less than or equal to 1 TU). Recent: water entered the ground since about 1953 (8 to 15 trium units [TU]). 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 MILES 1 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 3 9 KILOMETERS SCALE 1:100 000 VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X 50 Groundwater sample with evaporave signature E Groundwater condions Symbols and labels Land or bedrock surface General groundwater flow direcon Geologic contact Approximate equipotenal contour; contour interval 25 feet 1100 Water table Chloride: if shown, concentraon is ≥5 ppm. (* naturally elevated) 12.7 Nitrate: if shown, concentraon is ≥1 ppm. 5.14 Arsenic: if shown, concentraon is ≥2 ppb. 23.1 Manganese: if shown, concentraon is ≥100 ppb. Carbon-14 ( 14 C): esmated groundwater residence me in years. 550 146 Groundwater moves from an overlying buried aquifer to an underlying buried aquifer. Water from the surface moves through a thin layer of overlying fine-grained material to an underlying aquifer. Groundwater discharges to a surface-water body. Groundwater flowpath is unknown. Groundwater flows laterally. Groundwater Atlas of Meeker County County Atlas Series C-35, Part B Plate 7 of 8 Hydrogeologic Cross Secons A–Aʹ through D–Dʹ To accompany atlas Report and Plates 6 and 8. Hydrogeologic Cross Secons By Randy J. Bradt 2019 Buried sand aquifers are listed in each secon from the surface down to include the deepest buried sand aquifer that may have detectable trium. Addional aquifers discussed include those with relevant carbon-14 residence me. Cross Secon A–Aʹ A total of 8 wells were sampled for trium along this cross secon from wells ranging in depth from 62 to 203 feet. The ss aquifer deposits occur at scaered locaons on top of the nt aquitard with the most extensive deposits located near Eden Valley. Recent trium-age water was mapped in this aquifer. The hs aquifer buried sands were mostly mapped as mixed trium-age water. One excepon is from a well on the south shore of Lake Koronis where water may recharge from upgradient vintage trium-age water entering from the southwest. The scs aquifers were mostly mapped as vintage trium-age water. Groundwater is generally moving vercally downward at most locaons. Excepons are as follows. Mixed trium-age water was found on the southwest shores of Lake Koronis where there is over 70 feet of overlying aquitard. Trium was not expected and the source is unknown. Other areas are near Lake Koronis and MN 4 where overlying aquifers (ss and hs) enhance recharge rates to the scs aquifer. Another is on the far eastern side of the county and west of Clearwater River, where the overlying aquitards are thin. Just east of Eden Valley there is a slight upward gradient where groundwater converges. Surficial (ss) and buried (hs) sands overlie the scs aquifer and there is minimal aquitard confinement. Mixed trium-age water was expected at this locaon yet one sample had vintage trium-age water. This is likely due to the upward groundwater flow that limits or prevents the downward migraon of mixed and recent trium-age water. The mls aquifers were mapped as vintage trium-age water. However, a sample collected east of MN 4 had mixed trium-age water, with no known source. The presence of trium is inconsistent with the polluon sensivity and could not be explained by lateral recharge from adjacent higher sensivity locaons. Cross Secon B–Bʹ A total of 10 wells were sampled for trium along this cross secon from wells ranging in depth from 54 to 237 feet. The ss aquifer deposits occur at scaered locaons on top of the nt aquitard with the most extensive deposits located between MN 22 and CSAH 34. Recent trium-age water was mapped in this aquifer. The hs aquifer buried sands were mapped as mixed trium- age water. Most recharge is through thin overlying aquitards, including several locaons where overlying surficial sands enhance recharge to these shallow buried sands. The best example is just east of MN 22. A sample collected from a 54-foot-deep well on the far eastern poron of the cross secon was found to have mixed trium, anthropogenic chloride, and elevated nitrate. The scs aquifer varies between vintage and mixed trium- age water, with mixed showing up in locaons where the overlying aquitards are thin or where overlying surficial (ss) or buried (hs) sands enhance groundwater recharge. Samples with elevated trium concentraons from areas with very low polluon sensivity suggests that this buried aquifer is beer connected to the surface than indicated by currently available informaon, or that the well condion may be providing a pathway for water from other sources to enter the well. The mls aquifer is typically well protected and mapped as vintage trium-age water. Slightly east of CSAH 34 a sample had a carbon-14 residence me of over 550 years. Mixed trium-age water was mapped between MN 22 and CSAH 34, where the hwt aquitard is absent and there are locaons where the sct aquitard is quite thin. Porons of the aquifer are overlain by a thick surficial sand aquifer (ss) and a buried sand aquifer (hs). Another area is just east of MN 15 in the far eastern poron of the county. There the overlying shallow buried hs aquifer is thick and extends to depths where it intercepts the deeper mls aquifer. Cross Secon C–Cʹ A total of 11 wells were sampled for trium along this cross secon from wells ranging in depth from 49 to 198 feet. The ss aquifer deposits occur at scaered locaons on top of the nt aquitard. Recent trium-age water is mapped in this aquifer. The hs aquifer is typically protected west of CSAH 34 where it was mapped as vintage trium-age water. The excepon is where the Grove Creek channel cuts through the nt aquitard and surficial sand is in direct communicaon with the buried hs aquifer. East of CSAH 34 the nt aquitard thickness is variable and occasionally thin to absent. Surficial sand aquifers are oſten located above or in direct connecon to the hs aquifers. Both of these factors contribute to enhanced recharge rates and mixed trium-age water. In the scs aquifer west of CSAH 14, the overlying thick aquitards effecvely restrict groundwater movement so vintage trium-age water was mapped. East of CSAH 14 overlying aquitard thickness varies and may be thin to absent. Mixed trium-age water was mapped where overlying surficial (ss) and buried (hs) sands allow water to recharge more quickly and to greater depths. The mls aquifer is typically protected. This aquifer was mapped as vintage trium-age water. However, east of Kingston, a poron of the mls aquifer is overlain by a surficial sand aquifer (ss) and a thick buried sand aquifer (hs). Addionally, the hwt aquitard is absent and the sct and nt aquitards are thin. Mixed trium-age water may be present in porons of this aquifer. A sample collected just east of Kingston at a locaon where the aquifer is beer protected had a low mixed trium age. The source is unknown, and the low level is not sufficient to change the vintage designaon of the aquifer. Cross Secon D–Dʹ A total of 11 wells were sampled for trium along this cross secon from wells ranging from 56 to 278 feet deep. The ss aquifer deposits occur at scaered locaons on top of the nt aquitard with the most extensive and thickest deposits located between Jewis Creek and CSAH 14 in the middle of the cross secon. Recent trium-age water was mapped in this aquifer. Recent trium-age water was collected from a sample in the city of Litchfield at a locaon where the sand is thick, there is a buried lacustrine aquitard within the aquifer, and the well is pumping water from beneath the aquitard. This aquitard is mapped as laterally disconnuous so recharge is likely travelling laterally to the well beneath the lacustrine aquitard. The ms aquifer immediately underlies the nt aquitard in two locaons east of CSAH 4. Mixed trium-age water was expected for both aquifers since they are both mapped with higher polluon sensivity. However, the vintage trium- age water sampled near CSAH 4 may indicate that weaker flow gradients or more competent aquitards limit recharge in this locaon. The hs aquifer was mapped as mixed trium-age water in most locaons. Vintage trium-age water was mapped in a few locaons near Litchfield and another just west of CSAH 24 where there is sufficient overlying nt aquitard thickness. The scs aquifer is mostly well protected so vintage trium- age water was mapped. Excepons include one sample collected just east of MN 4 that had a mixed trium-age result. The presence of trium was not expected so the scs aquifer may be beer connected to the overlying and less protected hs aquifer than is suggested in the cross secon. A second mixed trium-age sample is located just east of Maynard Lake. The overlying hs aquifer enhances recharge to the western poron of the scs aquifer. A third sample was from a 156-foot-deep well near Litchfield. The low mixed trium value was insufficient to change the mapped vintage trium age. This well is also a high-capacity well where heavy pumping might have induced recharge to greater depths. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources County Atlas Program mndnr.gov/groundwatermapping This map was compiled and generated in a geographic informaon system. Digital data products are available from the DNR County Atlas Program at mndnr.gov/groundwatermapping. This map was prepared from publicly available informaon. Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the factual data on which this map interpretaon is based. However, the DNR does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, or any implied uses of these data. Users may wish to verify crical informaon; sources include both the references in the report and informaon on file in the offices of the Minnesota Geological Survey and the DNR. Every effort has been made to ensure the interpretaon shown conforms to sound geologic and cartographic principles. This map should not be used to establish legal tle, boundaries, or locaons of improvements. Base modified from Minnesota Geological Survey, Meeker County Geologic Atlas, Part A, 2015. Universal Transverse Mercator projecon, zone 15N, North American Datum of 1983. North American Vercal Datum of 1988. 500 Lafayee Road St. Paul, MN 55155-4025 888-646-6367 or 651-296-6157 mndnr.gov This informaon is available in alternave format on request. The Minnesota DNR prohibits discriminaon in its programs and services based on race, color, creed, religion, naonal origin, sex, public assistance status, age, sexual orientaon, or disability. Persons with disabilies may request reasonable modificaons to access or parcipate in DNR programs and services by contacng the DNR ADA Title II Coordinator at info.dnr@state. mn.us or 651-259-6157. Discriminaon inquiries should be sent to Minnesota DNR, 500 Lafayee Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4049; or Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20240. © 2019, State of Minnesota, Department of Natural Resources and the Regents of the University of Minnesota Prepared and published with the support of the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund and the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment
Transcript of Plate 7, Hydrogeologic Cross Sections, Groundwater Atlas ... · H Crow River, South Fork Crow...
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Groundwater sample with evaporative signatureE
*aquitard
Aquifers and aquitards grouped by stratigraphy
Quaternary aquitards
Grouped by texture ranging from highest to lowest sand content indicating relative hydraulic conductivity.
Surficial sand and gravel
Buried aquifers and aquitards
Geologic unit code Percent sand
Bedrock Dakota Formation
Cretaceous undifferentiated
mt, hwt, wrt
nt, mlt, wte
sct, gt4, gt5, vt
>50% and ≤60%
>40% and ≤50%
>30% and ≤40%
Groundwater conditions
Symbols and labels
Land or bedrock surface
General groundwater flow direction
Geologic contact
Approximate equipotential contour; contour interval 25 feet
1100
Water table
Tritium age
Darker color in small vertical rectangle (well screen symbol) indicates tritium age of water sampled in well. Lighter color indicates interpreted age of water in aquifer.
Mixed: water is a mixture of recent and vintage waters (greater than 1 TU to less than 8 TU).
Well not sampled for tritium.
Vintage: water entered the ground before 1953 (less than or equal to 1 TU).
Recent: water entered the ground since about 1953 (8 to 15 tritium units [TU]).
CROSS SECTION EXPLANATION
Quaternary unconsolidated sedimentInterpreted tritium age is indicated by the background color. See Figure 5 in the report for geologic unit correlation.
Chloride: if shown, concentration is ≥5 ppm.(* naturally elevated)
12.7
Nitrate: if shown, concentration is ≥1 ppm.5.14
Arsenic: if shown, concentration is ≥2 ppb.23.1
Manganese: if shown, concentration is ≥100 ppb.
Carbon-14 (14C): estimated groundwater residence time in years.
550
146
nt*
ms
mt*
hs
hwt*
scs
sct*
mls
mlt*
gs4
gt4*
gs5
gt5*
wrs
wrt*
wes
wte*
vs
vt*
pu
ss1
sc*
ss
Groundwater moves from an overlying buried aquifer to an underlying buried aquifer.
Water from the surface moves through a thin layer of overlying fine-grained material to an underlying aquifer.
Groundwater discharges to a surface-water body.
Groundwater flowpath is unknown.
Groundwater flows laterally.
Precambrian crystallinep_u
Ka
Kd
)
7T. 117 N.
24
22
¤12
)4
)4
)55
22)
)
)15
))15
)55
Dassel
Greenleaf
Litchfield
Rosendale
CosmosCedar Mills
GroveCity
KingstonForest City
Eden Valley
Watkins
Darwin
94°22'30" W.
45°7'30" N.
45° N.
45°15' N.
94°37'30" W.94°45' W.
94°30' W.
T. 118 N.
T. 119 N.
T. 120 N.
T. 121 N.
R. 32 W. R. 31 W.
R. 30 W. R. 29 W.
B’BB’B
C’C
C’CD’D
D’D
E’E
E’E
F’F
G’G
H’
A’A A’A
H
1 0 1 2 3 4
SCALE 1:400 000
1 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 KILOMETERS3
5 MILES
Symbols
Well used to generate cross section
N
Part B line of cross section shown on this plateA A’
Part B line of cross section shown on Plate 8E E’
Part A line of cross sectionA A’
LOCATION DIAGRAM
Groundwater sample with evaporative signatureE
*aquitard
Aquifers and aquitards grouped by stratigraphy
Quaternary aquitards
Grouped by texture ranging from highest to lowest sand content indicating relative hydraulic conductivity.
Surficial sand and gravel
Buried aquifers and aquitards
Geologic unit code Percent sand
Bedrock Dakota Formation
Cretaceous undifferentiated
mt, hwt, wrt
nt, mlt, wte
sct, gt4, gt5, vt
>50% and ≤60%
>40% and ≤50%
>30% and ≤40%
Groundwater conditions
Symbols and labels
Land or bedrock surface
General groundwater flow direction
Geologic contact
Approximate equipotential contour; contour interval 25 feet
1100
Water table
Tritium age
Darker color in small vertical rectangle (well screen symbol) indicates tritium age of water sampled in well. Lighter color indicates interpreted age of water in aquifer.
Mixed: water is a mixture of recent and vintage waters (greater than 1 TU to less than 8 TU).
Well not sampled for tritium.
Vintage: water entered the ground before 1953 (less than or equal to 1 TU).
Recent: water entered the ground since about 1953 (8 to 15 tritium units [TU]).
CROSS SECTION EXPLANATION
Quaternary unconsolidated sedimentInterpreted tritium age is indicated by the background color. See Figure 5 in the report for geologic unit correlation.
Chloride: if shown, concentration is ≥5 ppm.(* naturally elevated)
12.7
Nitrate: if shown, concentration is ≥1 ppm.5.14
Arsenic: if shown, concentration is ≥2 ppb.23.1
Manganese: if shown, concentration is ≥100 ppb.
Carbon-14 (14C): estimated groundwater residence time in years.
550
146
nt*
ms
mt*
hs
hwt*
scs
sct*
mls
mlt*
gs4
gt4*
gs5
gt5*
wrs
wrt*
wes
wte*
vs
vt*
pu
ss1
sc*
ss
Groundwater moves from an overlying buried aquifer to an underlying buried aquifer.
Water from the surface moves through a thin layer of overlying fine-grained material to an underlying aquifer.
Groundwater discharges to a surface-water body.
Groundwater flowpath is unknown.
Groundwater flows laterally.
Precambrian crystallinep_u
Ka
Kd
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 MILES
1 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 83 9 KILOMETERS
SCALE 1:100 000VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X 50
Groundwater sample with evaporative signatureE
*aquitard
Aquifers and aquitards grouped by stratigraphy
Quaternary aquitards
Grouped by texture ranging from highest to lowest sand content indicating relative hydraulic conductivity.
Surficial sand and gravel
Buried aquifers and aquitards
Geologic unit code Percent sand
Bedrock Dakota Formation
Cretaceous undifferentiated
mt, hwt, wrt
nt, mlt, wte
sct, gt4, gt5, vt
>50% and ≤60%
>40% and ≤50%
>30% and ≤40%
Groundwater conditions
Symbols and labels
Land or bedrock surface
General groundwater flow direction
Geologic contact
Approximate equipotential contour; contour interval 25 feet
1100
Water table
Tritium age
Darker color in small vertical rectangle (well screen symbol) indicates tritium age of water sampled in well. Lighter color indicates interpreted age of water in aquifer.
Mixed: water is a mixture of recent and vintage waters (greater than 1 TU to less than 8 TU).
Well not sampled for tritium.
Vintage: water entered the ground before 1953 (less than or equal to 1 TU).
Recent: water entered the ground since about 1953 (8 to 15 tritium units [TU]).
CROSS SECTION EXPLANATION
Quaternary unconsolidated sedimentInterpreted tritium age is indicated by the background color. See Figure 5 in the report for geologic unit correlation.
Chloride: if shown, concentration is ≥5 ppm.(* naturally elevated)
12.7
Nitrate: if shown, concentration is ≥1 ppm.5.14
Arsenic: if shown, concentration is ≥2 ppb.23.1
Manganese: if shown, concentration is ≥100 ppb.
Carbon-14 (14C): estimated groundwater residence time in years.
550
146
nt*
ms
mt*
hs
hwt*
scs
sct*
mls
mlt*
gs4
gt4*
gs5
gt5*
wrs
wrt*
wes
wte*
vs
vt*
pu
ss1
sc*
ss
Groundwater moves from an overlying buried aquifer to an underlying buried aquifer.
Water from the surface moves through a thin layer of overlying fine-grained material to an underlying aquifer.
Groundwater discharges to a surface-water body.
Groundwater flowpath is unknown.
Groundwater flows laterally.
Precambrian crystallinep_u
Ka
Kd
Groundwater Atlas of Meeker CountyCounty Atlas Series C-35, Part B
Plate 7 of 8Hydrogeologic Cross Sections
A–Aʹ through D–Dʹ
To accompany atlas Report and Plates 6 and 8.
Hydrogeologic Cross Sections
By Randy J. Bradt
2019
Buried sand aquifers are listed in each section from the surface down to include the deepest buried sand aquifer that may have detectable tritium. Additional aquifers discussed include those with relevant carbon-14 residence time.
Cross Section A–AʹA total of 8 wells were sampled for tritium along this cross section from wells ranging in depth from 62 to 203 feet.
The ss aquifer deposits occur at scattered locations on top of the nt aquitard with the most extensive deposits located near Eden Valley. Recent tritium-age water was mapped in this aquifer.
The hs aquifer buried sands were mostly mapped as mixed tritium-age water. One exception is from a well on the south shore of Lake Koronis where water may recharge from upgradient vintage tritium-age water entering from the southwest.
The scs aquifers were mostly mapped as vintage tritium-age water. Groundwater is generally moving vertically downward at most locations.
Exceptions are as follows. Mixed tritium-age water was found on the southwest shores of Lake Koronis where there is over 70 feet of overlying aquitard. Tritium was not expected and the source is unknown. Other areas are near Lake Koronis and MN 4 where overlying aquifers (ss and hs) enhance recharge rates to the scs aquifer. Another is on the far eastern side of the county and west of Clearwater River, where the overlying aquitards are thin.
Just east of Eden Valley there is a slight upward gradient where groundwater converges. Surficial (ss) and buried (hs) sands overlie the scs aquifer and there is minimal aquitard confinement. Mixed tritium-age water was expected at this location yet one sample had vintage tritium-age water. This is likely due to the upward groundwater flow that limits or prevents the downward migration of mixed and recent tritium-age water.
The mls aquifers were mapped as vintage tritium-age water. However, a sample collected east of MN 4 had mixed tritium-age water, with no known source. The presence of tritium is inconsistent with the pollution sensitivity and could not be explained by lateral recharge from adjacent higher sensitivity locations.
Cross Section B–BʹA total of 10 wells were sampled for tritium along this cross section from wells ranging in depth from 54 to 237 feet.
The ss aquifer deposits occur at scattered locations on top of the nt aquitard with the most extensive deposits located between MN 22 and CSAH 34. Recent tritium-age water was mapped in this aquifer.
The hs aquifer buried sands were mapped as mixed tritium-age water. Most recharge is through thin overlying aquitards, including several locations where overlying surficial sands enhance recharge to these shallow buried sands. The best example is just east of MN 22. A sample collected from a 54-foot-deep well on the far eastern portion of the cross section was found to have mixed tritium, anthropogenic chloride, and elevated nitrate.
The scs aquifer varies between vintage and mixed tritium-age water, with mixed showing up in locations where the overlying aquitards are thin or where overlying surficial (ss) or buried (hs) sands enhance groundwater recharge. Samples with elevated tritium concentrations from areas with very low pollution sensitivity suggests that this buried aquifer is better connected to the surface than indicated by currently available information, or that the well condition may be providing a pathway for water from other sources to enter the well.
The mls aquifer is typically well protected and mapped as vintage tritium-age water. Slightly east of CSAH 34 a sample had a carbon-14 residence time of over 550 years.
Mixed tritium-age water was mapped between MN 22 and CSAH 34, where the hwt aquitard is absent and there are locations where the sct aquitard is quite thin. Portions of the aquifer are overlain by a thick surficial sand aquifer (ss) and a buried sand aquifer (hs). Another area is just east of MN 15 in the far eastern portion of the county. There the overlying shallow buried hs aquifer is thick and extends to depths where it intercepts the deeper mls aquifer.
Cross Section C–CʹA total of 11 wells were sampled for tritium along this cross section from wells ranging in depth from 49 to 198 feet.
The ss aquifer deposits occur at scattered locations on top of the nt aquitard. Recent tritium-age water is mapped in this aquifer.
The hs aquifer is typically protected west of CSAH 34 where it was mapped as vintage tritium-age water. The exception is where the Grove Creek channel cuts through the nt aquitard and surficial sand is in direct communication with the buried hs aquifer.
East of CSAH 34 the nt aquitard thickness is variable and occasionally thin to absent. Surficial sand aquifers are often located above or in direct connection to the hs aquifers. Both of these factors contribute to enhanced recharge rates and mixed tritium-age water.
In the scs aquifer west of CSAH 14, the overlying thick aquitards effectively restrict groundwater movement so vintage tritium-age water was mapped.
East of CSAH 14 overlying aquitard thickness varies and may be thin to absent. Mixed tritium-age water was mapped where overlying surficial (ss) and buried (hs) sands allow water to recharge more quickly and to greater depths.
The mls aquifer is typically protected. This aquifer was mapped as vintage tritium-age water.
However, east of Kingston, a portion of the mls aquifer is overlain by a surficial sand aquifer (ss) and a thick buried sand aquifer (hs). Additionally, the hwt aquitard is absent and the sct and nt aquitards are thin. Mixed tritium-age water may be present in portions of this aquifer. A sample collected just east of Kingston at a location where the aquifer is better protected had a low mixed tritium age. The source is unknown, and the low level is not sufficient to change the vintage designation of the aquifer.
Cross Section D–DʹA total of 11 wells were sampled for tritium along this cross section from wells ranging from 56 to 278 feet deep.
The ss aquifer deposits occur at scattered locations on top of the nt aquitard with the most extensive and thickest deposits located between Jewitts Creek and CSAH 14 in the middle of the cross section. Recent tritium-age water was mapped in this aquifer. Recent tritium-age water was collected from a sample in the city of Litchfield at a location where the sand is thick, there is a buried lacustrine aquitard within the aquifer, and the well is pumping water from beneath the aquitard. This aquitard is mapped as laterally discontinuous so recharge is likely travelling laterally to the well beneath the lacustrine aquitard.
The ms aquifer immediately underlies the nt aquitard in two locations east of CSAH 4. Mixed tritium-age water was expected for both aquifers since they are both mapped with higher pollution sensitivity. However, the vintage tritium-age water sampled near CSAH 4 may indicate that weaker flow gradients or more competent aquitards limit recharge in this location.
The hs aquifer was mapped as mixed tritium-age water in most locations. Vintage tritium-age water was mapped in a few locations near Litchfield and another just west of CSAH 24 where there is sufficient overlying nt aquitard thickness.
The scs aquifer is mostly well protected so vintage tritium-age water was mapped. Exceptions include one sample collected just east of MN 4 that had a mixed tritium-age result. The presence of tritium was not expected so the scs aquifer may be better connected to the overlying and less protected hs aquifer than is suggested in the cross section. A second mixed tritium-age sample is located just east of Maynard Lake. The overlying hs aquifer enhances recharge to the western portion of the scs aquifer. A third sample was from a 156-foot-deep well near Litchfield. The low mixed tritium value was insufficient to change the mapped vintage tritium age. This well is also a high-capacity well where heavy pumping might have induced recharge to greater depths.
Minnesota Department of Natural ResourcesCounty Atlas Program mndnr.gov/groundwatermapping
This map was compiled and generated in a geographic information system. Digital data products are available from the DNR County Atlas Program at mndnr.gov/groundwatermapping.
This map was prepared from publicly available information. Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the factual data on which this map interpretation is based. However, the DNR does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, or any implied uses of these data. Users may wish to verify critical information; sources include both the references in the report and information on file in the offices of the Minnesota Geological Survey and the DNR. Every effort has been made to ensure the interpretation shown conforms to sound geologic and cartographic principles. This map should not be used to establish legal title, boundaries, or locations of improvements.
Base modified from Minnesota Geological Survey, Meeker County Geologic Atlas, Part A, 2015.
Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 15N, North American Datum of 1983. North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
500 Lafayette Road St. Paul, MN 55155-4025 888-646-6367 or 651-296-6157 mndnr.gov
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© 2019, State of Minnesota, Department of Natural Resources and the Regents of the University of Minnesota
Prepared and published with the support of the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund and the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment
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