Plate Tectonics · 2015. 5. 9. · Lesson 5 - Theory of Plate Tectonics ... This circular motion...

North American Plate

Pacific Plate

Eurasian Plate

Arabian Plate

African Plate

South American Plate

Paci�c Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

NazcaPlate

CocosPlate

Continentalcrust

Oceanic crust

Lithosphere

Convergent boundary

Convergent boundary

Transformboundary

Divergentboundaries

LithosphereSubduction zonePlate Tectonics

Learning Guide

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Table of ContentsLesson 1 - Earth’s Interior .......................................................................................................... 2Pause & Review - Earth’s Interior............................................................................................. 4Lesson 2 - Heat Transfer & Convection Currents ................................................................... 5Lesson 3 - Continental Drift ....................................................................................................... 7Pause & Review - Continental Drift ......................................................................................... 8Lesson 4 - Sea-Floor Spreading ................................................................................................. 9Lesson 5 - Theory of Plate Tectonics ........................................................................................11Pause & Review - Theory of Plate Tectonics ......................................................................... 14Lab Investigation - Tectonic Plate Boundaries ...................................................................... 15Key Vocabulary Terms .............................................................................................................. 18Vocabulary Review ................................................................................................................... 21Assessment Review .................................................................................................................. 24Assessment ................................................................................................................................. 26Assessment Key ......................................................................................................................... 28NGSS Correlations .................................................................................................................... 29

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Earth’s InteriorSeismograms and Earth’s Structure Scientists use machines called seismographs to study seismic waves caused by earthquakes. Data gathered from seismograms has provided a relatively detailed picture of Earth’s interior structure.

Lesson 1

seismograph

seismogramP wave

S-P interval

Time

S wave

Surface wave

seismicwaves

Layers of the Earth The Earth is composed of three main layers—the crust, mantle and core. These layers vary in composition, size, temperature and pressure.

The Earth’s Crust The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth and is 5 to 70 kilometers thick. There are two different types of crust—oceanic and continental.

crust5-70 km thick

mantle2,867 km thick

outer core2,266 km thick

inner core1,216 km thick

The Earth’s CoreThe core is the densest layer of the Earth and is composed of nickel and iron. It is divided into a liquid outer core and a solid inner core.

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Oceanic crust is primarily composed of basalt that forms when magma pours out from the mantle onto the ocean floor. Oceanic crust is denser, but also thinner than continental crust.

ContinentalcrustOceanic crust

magma

basalt graniteg

The Earth’s Mantle The mantle is found below the crust and is approximately 3,000 kilometers thick. The mantle is made of solid, hot rock. The uppermost layer of the mantle and the crust make up what is known as the lithosphere.

The asthenosphere is found below the lithosphere and is called the upper mantle. It is made up of hotter, weaker rock. The lower mantle called the mesosphere is a thick layer of strong, solid rock.

Continental crust forms the landmasses called continents. This crust layer is composed of rocks such as granite. It is less dense, but thicker than oceanic crust.

weak, hot rock

strong, solid rockMesosphere

Continentalcrust

Upper mantle

Oceanic crust

incr

easi

ng t

empe

ratu

res

magma

Lithosphere

Asthenosphere

Lowermantle


Pause and ReviewLabel and describe each of the Earth’s layers.


Heat Transfer & Convection CurrentsTypes of Heat TransferThere are three types of heat transfer. Radiation is heat transferred through space. Conduction is heat transferred within a material, and convection is heat transferred by the movement of liquids.

Lesson 2

hot liquid rises

cooled liquid falls

What Causes Convection? Convection is caused when a fluid has differences in temperature and density. When a liquid becomes cooler, its particles move more slowly and the liquid becomes denser.

radiation conduction convection

Hot Mantle Rises/ Cool Mantle SinksIn the Earth, the mantle is the hottest near the core and cooler near the crust. Because it has a lower density, the hot mantle material near the core starts to rise toward the crust.

As the mantle rises, it also cools. When it cools, it becomes denser and then descends back towards the center of the Earth.

Mantle Convection CurrentsThis circular motion creates convection currents. Convection currents in the mantle cause the crust to move over Earth’s surface.

outer core

inner core

crust

convectioncurrents

mantle


Core Convection CurrentsThere are also convection currents in the outer core. These currents contribute to the Earth’s magnetic field.

outer core

MagneticNorth

MagneticSouth

North Pole

South Pole

Heat Transfer & Convection Currents


ASIA

INDIA

ANTARCTICA

AUSTRALIA

AFRICA

NORTHAMERICA

SOUTHAMERICA

Present day

LAURASIA

GONDWANA

180 million years ago


ASIA

INDIA

ANTARCTICA

AUSTRALIA

AFRICA

NORTHAMERICA

SOUTHAMERICA

Continental DriftWhat Is the Continental Drift Theory?In the early 1900s a scientist named Alfred Wegener proposed the Continental Drift theory, which suggests that the continents were once together as a single landmass that broke up and drifted apart over millions of years. Wegener based his theory on the observation that the boundaries of the continents appear to look like pieces of a large puzzle. Studies of fossils and glacial striations in rocks on different continents also supported continental drift.




PangaeaAccording to the Continental Drift theory, all of the continents once formed a large, single landmass called Pangaea. We now know that Pangaea existed 245 million years ago, when dinosaurs were roaming the Earth.

Laurasia and GondwanaAbout 180 million years ago, Pangaea began to split into two smaller continents called Laurasia and Gondwana.

Modern ContinentsApproximately 65 million years ago, these two landmasses had broken apart to form the modern continents.

Theory HistoryThe continental drift theory was an accepted part of geology for about 50 years until it was replaced by the more complete theory of plate tectonics.


P

A

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G

A

E

A

Lesson 3


Pause and ReviewContinental Drift theory suggested that the continents were once together as a single landmass that broke up and drifted apart over millions of years. Label the landmasses on each globe. Date the globes.

millions of years ago____________ million years ago

____________ million years ago

____________ million years ago



Sea-Floor SpreadingMid-Ocean RidgesIn the middle of the Atlantic ocean is a submerged mountain range called a mid-ocean ridge. It is part of a worldwide system of mid-ocean ridges formed by sea-floor spreading.

How Sea-Floor Spreading Occurs Sea-floor spreading occurs when two tectonic plates pull away from each other, and a crack forms in the ocean floor. Magma from the Earth’s mantle pours onto the ocean floor through the crack and creates new oceanic crust.

Mid-Atlantic ridge

ocean ridges

continentalcrust

oceaniccrust

magma

tectonic platetectonic plate ocean

Lesson 4


New & Old Oceanic CrustA mid-ocean ridge is formed along the crack where magma is emerging. As the sea floor spreads, new oceanic crust pushes the older crust away from the ridge.

Sea-floor spreading is part of the Plate Tectonics theory. In the Atlantic, the plates move away from the mid-ocean ridge at a rate of about one centimeter per year. As the sea floor spreads, the Earth’s crust is changing and moving the continents as well.

magma

ocean �oorerupting magma (lava)

magma

ocean �oor

oldercrust

oldercrustyounger crustyounger crust

North American Plate

Pacific Plate

Eurasian Plate

Arabian Plate

African Plate

South American Plate

Paci�c Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

NazcaPlate

CocosPlate

OceOcOOOcO1 cm1 cm

Mid-AtlanticRidge

Ocean Ridge System

Sea-Floor Spreading


Theory of Plate TectonicsLesson 5

Continentalcrust

Upper mantle

Oceanic crust

magma

Lithosphere(tectonic plate)

Asthenosphere

mantleouter core

inner core

crust

mantle

plate

What Is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?The Theory of Plate Tectonics was proposed in the 1960s. It states that the lithosphere is broken into pieces called tectonic plates that are moving on top of the upper mantle. The plates carry both the continents and the ocean floors.

Continentalcrust

Oceanic crust

rift valley

magma

mountainrange

Lithosphere

Convergent boundary

Convergent boundary

Transformboundary

Divergentboundaries

Lithosphere

trench

trenchmid-ocean ridge

Subduction zone

Tectonic Plates in MotionAccording to the theory, the tectonic plates are in motion due to the movement of convection currents in the mantle.

Tectonic Plate BoundariesThe tectonic plates move against each other at their boundaries, resulting in intense geologic activity, such as volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain formation. There are three types of plate boundaries—divergent, convergent and transform.


Divergent Plate BoundariesNew crust is created at divergent boundaries, where two plates are moving apart. This type of boundary creates mid-ocean ridges in the oceanic crust and rift valleys on land.

rift valley

Divergentboundaries

Lithosphere

mid-ocean ridge

sea �oorspreading

rift valley

rift valley

Divergentboundaries

Lithosphere

mid-ocean ridge

sea �oorspreading

Convergent Plate BoundariesConvergent boundaries, where two plates are moving together, can occur between an oceanic and continental plate, two oceanic plates or two continental plates.

Continentalcrust

Oceanic crust

magma

mountainrange

Lithosphere

Convergent boundary

Convergent boundary

Convergent boundary

Lithosphere

trench

trench

Subduction zone

oceanic platesoceanic &

continental plates continental plates

Theory of Plate Tectonics


Subduction ZoneA subduction zone occurs when a dense oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle below another plate. Over time, the subducted crust melts in the mantle. This geologic activity creates volcanic islands in the oceans and volcanic arcs on land.

trench

volcano

ContinentalplateOceanic plate

mantle

magma

Subduction zone

mountainrange

Continentalcrust

Lithosphere

Convergent boundary

Mountain Range FormationSubduction does not occur at the convergent boundary of two continental plates. Instead, the crust is pushed upward and mountain ranges are formed.

Transform BoundaryA transform boundary occurs when plates slide past

each other, such as the San Andreas fault in California. These boundaries are called conservative because

plate material is neither created nor destroyed.

Continentalcrust

Lithosphere

Transformboundary


Pause and ReviewCreate a concept map that includes the different types of tectonic plate boundaries and the associated geologic formations.


Lab Investigation - Tectonic Plate BoundariesIn this virtual investigation, you will explore the geologic activities and formations that occur at the boundaries of moving tectonic plates.

Study the images. Identify each type of tectonic plate boundary. Complete the labels. Describe what you see happening during each time period.

1000 Years 10,000 Years 1 Million Years 10 Million Years

plate

mantle mantle

hightemperatures

mantle mantlemantle

trench

volcanoes

trench

volcano

trench

plate


plate

mantle mantle

hightemperatures

mantle mantlemantle

trench

volcanoes

trench

volcano

trench

plate


plate

mantle mantle

hightemperatures

mantle mantlemantle

trench

volcanoes

trench

volcano

trench

plate


plate

mantle mantle

hightemperatures

mantle mantlemantle

trench

volcanoes

trench

volcano

trench

plate

Type of Plate Boundary ___________________________________________________

Description of Events

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

1,000 years

1 million years

10,000 years

10 million years


Lab Investigation - Tectonic Plate Boundaries

1000 Years 10,000 Years 100,000 Years 1 Million Years 10 Million Years

plate plate


plate plate 1000 Years 10,000 Years 100,000 Years 1 Million Years 10 Million Years

plate plate


plate plate



________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

1,000 years 10,000 years

10 million years1 million years



plate plate


plate plate


plate plate


plate plate



________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

1,000 years

1 million years

10,000 years

10 million years


Key Vocabulary Termsasthenosphere the weaker, upper portion of the Earth’s mantle

conduction the transfer of heat energy within a material due to temperature gradients

Continentalcrust

continental crust the Earth’s outer layer of rock that composes the continents

continental drift an early theory that the continents float on the mantle and have moved relative to one another over geologic time

convection the transfer of heat energy from the movement of currents

convection currents circular motions in the Earth’s mantle caused by the rising and falling of mantle material that is undergoing changes in temperature and density

Tectonicplate

Tectonicplate

Lithosphere

Convergent boundaryconvergent

boundary a boundary where two tectonic plates move toward each other

Crust

Mantle

Outer core

Inner core

core the dense innermost layer of the Earth composed of nickel and iron

Crust

Mantle

Outer core

Inner core

crust the thin outermost layer of the Earth composed of oceanic and continental crust

rift valley

Divergentboundaryvolcano

chaindivergent boundary a boundary where two tectonic plates move away from each other

Continentalcrust

Upper mantle

Oceanic crust

magma

Lowermantle


Continentalcrust

Upper mantle

Oceaniccrust

Gondwana the Southern continental mass formed when Pangaea broke apart approximately 180 million years ago

Laurasia the Northern continental mass formed when Pangaea broke apart approximately 180 million years ago

Crust

Mantle

Outer core

Inner core

lithosphere the combination of the crust and the rigid, uppermost mantle that moves as a unit; divided into tectonic plates

mantle the middle layer of the Earth found between the crust and the core; composed of hot solid rock

mesosphere the lower mantle layer composed of a thick layer of strong solid rock

mid-ocean ridge the underwater mountain chain down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean basin that was formed by sea-floor spreading

oceanic crust the Earth’s outer layer of rock which composes the ocean’s floor

Pangaea the large, single continental landmass that formed approximately 245 million years ago

plate tectonics theory the theory that the uppermost part of the Earth’s mantle and the crust are divided into geologic plates that move relative to one another over time

radiation heat that is transferred through space

Continentalcrust

Upper mantle

Oceanic crust

magma

Lowermantle

Continentalcrust

Upper mantle

Oceanic crust

magma

Lowermantle


trench

volcano

ContinentalplateOceanic plate

Mantle

magma

Subduction zone

Continentalcrust

Lithosphere

Transformboundary

magma

ocean �oorerupting magma (lava)

sea-floor spreading the geologic process where two oceanic plates pull away from each other

seismograph a machine that measures the strength and arrival times of seismic waves from an earthquake

subduction the process of an oceanic tectonic plate moving under another tectonic plate

tectonic plates individual pieces of the Earth’s lithosphere that move relative to one another

transform boundary a boundary where two tectonic plates slide past one another, often causing earthquakes

Key Vocabulary Terms


Vocabulary Reviewasthenosphere ______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

conduction _________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

continental crust ____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

continental drift _____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

convection __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

convection currents __________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

convergent boundary ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

core ________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

crust _______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

divergent boundary __________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________


Gondwana _________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Laurasia ____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

lithosphere _________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

mantle _____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

mesosphere _________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

mid-ocean ridge _____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

oceanic crust ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Pangaea ____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

plate tectonics theory ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

radiation ___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Review


sea-floor spreading __________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

seismograph ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

subduction _________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

tectonic plates _______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

transform boundary _________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Review


Assessment Review1. Briefly describe the three major layers of the Earth’s interior.

crust: ____________________________________________________________________________

mantle: __________________________________________________________________________

core: ____________________________________________________________________________

2. List and define three types of heat transfer.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

3. How are convection currents created in the Earth’s mantle?

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

4. What evidence was used to support Wegener’s theory of continental drift?

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

5. Describe the tectonics plate theory

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

6. List and describe the three types of plate boundaries.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________


7. Draw and label a simple illustration of sea-floor spreading.

8. Draw and label a simple illustration of a subduction zone that occurs when an oceanic plate is pushed into the mantle below another plate.

9. Name and explain at least two specific examples of geologic formations or activities which are a result of tectonic plate movement.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________


Assessment

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8


9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16


Assessment Key

1. C

2. B

3. D

4. A

5. B

6. D

7. C

8. C

9. D

10. B

11. C

12. C

13. D

14. True

15. A - divergent, B - transform, C - convergent

16. A - sea-floor spreading, B - subduction zone, C - fault


NGSS Correlations TITLE MS-ESS2.

PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION MS-ESS2.DCI.

ELEMENT ESS2.B:

INDICATOR ESS2.B:1.

STRAND NGSS.MS-ESS.

TITLE MS-ESS2.

PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION MS-ESS2-2.


STRAND NGSS.MS-ESS.

TITLE MS-ESS2.


ELEMENT ESS1.C:

INDICATOR ESS1.C:1.

STRAND NGSS.MS-ESS.

TITLE MS-ESS2.


ELEMENT ESS2.A:

INDICATOR ESS2.A:1.

INDICATOR ESS2.A:2.

STRAND NGSS.MS-ESS.

TITLE MS-ESS2.


ELEMENT ESS2.B:

INDICATOR ESS2.B:1.

STRAND NGSS.MS-ESS.

TITLE MS-ESS2.



STRAND NGSS.MS-ESS.

TITLE MS-ESS2.


ELEMENT ESS1.C:

Disciplinary Core Ideas

The History of Planet Earth

EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE

Earth’s Systems - Students who demonstrate understanding can:

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scales.Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE





Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions

Maps of ancient land and water patterns, based on investigations of rocks and fossils, make clear how Earth’s plates have moved great distances, collided, and spread apart. (MS-ESS2-3)

Grade: 8 - Adopted 2013




Earth’s Materials and Systems

All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet’s systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth’s hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth’s materials and living organisms. (MS-ESS2-1)

The planet’s systems interact over scales that range from microscopic to global in size, and they operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions have shaped Earth’s history and will determine its future. (MS-ESS2-2)

Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE




Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean sea floor at ridges and destroy old sea floor at trenches. (HS.ESS1.C GBE) (secondary to MS-ESS2-3)



Grade: 7 - Adopted 2013EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE


Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scales.



Middle School (Grades 6, 7, 8)States: Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Comprehensive)

Plate Tectonics Multimedia Lesson


NGSS Correlations

INDICATOR ESS1.C:1.

STRAND NGSS.MS-ESS.

TITLE MS-ESS2.


ELEMENT ESS2.A:

INDICATOR ESS2.A:1.

INDICATOR ESS2.A:2.

STRAND NGSS.MS-ESS.

TITLE MS-ESS2.


ELEMENT ESS2.B:

INDICATOR ESS2.B:1.

STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS.

TITLE HS-ESS1.

PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION HS-ESS1.DCI.

ELEMENT ESS1.C:

INDICATOR ESS1.C:2.

STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS.

TITLE HS-ESS1.


ELEMENT ESS2.B:

INDICATOR ESS2.B:1.

STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS.

TITLE HS-ESS2.

PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION HS-ESS2-1.

PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION HS-ESS2-3.

STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS.

TITLE HS-ESS2.


ELEMENT ESS2.A:



Earth Materials and Systems

Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for understanding its geologic history. (ESS2.B Grade 8 GBE) (secondary to HS-ESS1-5)EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE


Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface processes operate at different spatial and temporal scales to form continental and ocean-floor features.Develop a model based on evidence of Earth’s interior to describe the cycling of matter by thermal convection.EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE


Although active geologic processes, such as plate tectonics and erosion, have destroyed or altered most of the very early rock record on Earth, other objects in the solar system, such as lunar rocks, asteroids, and meteorites, have changed little over billions of years. Studying these objects can provide information about Earth’s formation and early history. (HS-ESS1-6)


Earth’s Place in the Universe - Students who demonstrate understanding can:





Grade: 9 - Adopted 2013EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE

Earth’s Place in the Universe - Students who demonstrate understanding can:


Earth’s Materials and Systems

All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet’s systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth’s hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth’s materials and living organisms. (MS-ESS2-1)

The planet’s systems interact over scales that range from microscopic to global in size, and they operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions have shaped Earth’s history and will determine its future. (MS-ESS2-2)EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE



Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean sea floor at ridges and destroy old sea floor at trenches. (HS.ESS1.C GBE) (secondary to MS-ESS2-3)




INDICATOR ESS2.A:2.

STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS.

TITLE HS-ESS2.


ELEMENT ESS2.B:

INDICATOR ESS2.B:1.

INDICATOR ESS2.B:2.

STRAND NGSS.HS-ESS.

TITLE HS-ESS2.


ELEMENT PS4.A:

INDICATOR PS4.A:1.

STRAND NGSS.MS-PS.

TITLE MS-PS1.

PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION MS-PS1-1.



STRAND NGSS.MS-PS.

TITLE MS-PS1.

PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION / FOUNDATION MS-PS1.DCI.

ELEMENT PS1.A:

INDICATOR PS1.A:1.

INDICATOR PS1.A:2.

Structure and Properties of Matter

Substances are made from different types of atoms, which combine with one another in various ways. Atoms form molecules that range in size from two to thousands of atoms. (MS-PS1-1)Each pure substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it. (MS-PS1-2), (MS-PS1-3)

Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Matter and Its Interactions - Students who demonstrate understanding can:


Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Comprehensive)

ScienceGrade: 6 - Adopted 2013

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Matter and Its Interactions - Students who demonstrate understanding can:


Wave Properties

Geologists use seismic waves and their reflection at interfaces between layers to probe structures deep in the planet. (secondary to HS-ESS2-3)

Properties and States of Matter Multimedia Lesson (18)



The radioactive decay of unstable isotopes continually generates new energy within Earth’s crust and mantle, providing the primary source of the heat that drives mantle convection. Plate tectonics can be viewed as the surface expression of mantle convection. (HS-ESS2-3)Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for understanding its geologic history. Plate movements are responsible for most continental and ocean-floor features and for the distribution of most rocks and minerals within Earth’s crust. (ESS2.B Grade 8 GBE) (HS-ESS2-1)



Evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle and crust. Motions of the mantle and its plates occur primarily through thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the outward flow of energy from Earth’s interior and gravitational movement of denser materials toward the interior. (HS-ESS2-3)



High School (Grade 9)States: Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Comprehensive)

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Plate TectonicsLearning Guide

About the Learning Guide Series...Each comprehensive student learning guide listed below, includes self-directed readings, easy-to-follow illustrated explanations, guiding questions, inquiry-based activities, a lab investigation, key vocabulary review and assessment review questions, along with a post-test.

Titles in the Series Include:Life Science:

1. All About Cells2. Osmosis and Diffusion: Cell Transport3. Mitosis: Cell Growth and Division4. Photosynthesis and Respiration5. Six Kingdoms of Life6. Protists: Pond Microlife7. Food Chains and Webs8. Meiosis9. Chromosomes, Genes and DNA10. Genetics: The Study of Heredity

Human Biology:1. Moving and Controlling the Body2. Providing Fuel and Protection3. Maintaining Life – Protection, Reproduction & Cooperation

Earth Science:1. Our Solar System2. The Sun-Earth-Moon System3. Plate Tectonics4. Earthquakes5. Earth’s Atmosphere and Weather6. Earth’s Climate7. Minerals8. Rocks9. Volcanoes10. Earth’s Surface

Physical Science:1. Properties and States of Matter2. Atoms and Chemical Bonding3. Elements and the Periodic Table4. Chemical Reactions5. Forces and Motion 6. Electricity and Magnetism7. Energy: Forms and Changes 8. Work, Power and Simple Machines9. All About Sound10. All About Light

14-6823\|xiBAHBDy01972lz[ Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.© Copyright NewPath Learning

Plate Tectonics · 2015. 5. 9. · Lesson 5 - Theory of Plate Tectonics ... This circular motion...

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