Plastic Pipe Facts
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Third Party Sources
The Life-Cycle of
Polyethylene, M.
Rozental, Suez
Environnement, 2009.
Impact of Chlorine
Dioxide on the
Microstructure of
Polyethylene Pipes:
Study of a Crack
Network", DeVilliers
et al., Veolia
Environnement, 2009.
The Effects of
Chlorinated Water on
Polyethylene Pipes",
Eng, J. et al, Cytec
Industries, 2011.
Oxidative Degradation
of High DensityPolyethylene Pipes
from Exposure to
Drinking Water
Disinfectants", Duvall,
Edwards, Engineering
Systems, Inc., 2009.
Evaluating theCompatibility of
Chemical Disinfectants
Some Plastics Can Be Adversely Affected by Drinking Water Disinfectants
R e se a r ch h a s Es t a b l i sh e d t h a t C omm o n D r i n k i n g W a t e r D i si n f e c t a n t s D e g r a d e P o ly e t h y l e n e
( H DPE & MDPE) P i p e : Research dating back to the 1950's documents oxidation of polyethylene
polymers1,2,3It is understood that the amount and type of oxidants, that are added to disinfect drinking
water, attack polyethylene pipes and can cause premature aging and failure. Reports of HDPE water
pipe failures have linked the failures to oxidative degradation. The two largest water utilities in the world,
Veolia Environnement and Suez Environnement experienced a rash of HDPE service line failures which
were initially thought to be ductile in nature (warmer soils can soften plastic pipe causing bursts). Uponcloser examination the failures were brittle in nature indicating chemically induced embrittlement.
Veolia and Suez spent millions of dollars and eventually built a pressure testing laboratory that could
simultaneously test approximately 400 samples under various pressures, temperatures and disinfectant
regimes. They also exhumed over 200 samples of in-service HDPE pipe from around the world (including
North America). Analysis of the laboratory testing and subsequent correlation with the forensic
examination of field samples has been published in respected peer review journals.4,5,6,7Veolia's and
Suez's findings are consistent with others in the world of polymer research. It is now readily accepted thatHDPE pipes are subject to degradation and therefore pose a threat for possible premature failure in water
disinfectant environments particularly in warmer environments. 8,9,10,11,12,26
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with Plastic Pipe
Materials Used for
Potable Water
Distribution", Carollo
Engineers, 2008.
Advantages of PVC
Chemical Resistance
for Pressure Pipes",
Fumire, J., PVC 4
Pipes, 2008
Long Term
Performance of
Polyolefins in Different
Environments
Including Chlorinated
Water: Antioxidant
Consumption and
Migration and Polymer
Degradation",Lundback, M., KTH
Fibre and Polymer
Technology, 2005.
Failed HDPE Water Line, France Suez
Environnement 2009
6 Failed HDPE Water Line, USA Duvall, Edwards
2010
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Edwards, et al. Failure Analysis of Polypropylene Used in Hot Water Environments Effect of Different
Stabilizer Systems, ANTEC 2007.
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Choi, et al.Modeling Stress Corrosion Cracking in Plastic Pipes,ASCE Pipelines 2008.
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Rozental-Evesque, et al.A Reliable Bench Testing for Benchmarking Oxidation Resistance of
Polyethylene in Disinfected Water Environments, Plastic Pipes XIV, 2008.
Further Forensic Analysis of Field Exhumed Pipe in the United States (US) Has Confirmed HDPE
Pipe Oxidation: In 2007, Jana Laboratories (Toronto) published a paper for the ANTEC plastics
conference that examined a number of exhumed HDPE pipe samples and reported, ..it would appear that
the failures are generally consistent with the Mode 3 Oxidative Initiation-Mechanical Propagation type of
failure.15
In 2009, Engineering Systems Inc., led by Dr. Donald Duvall (a noted polymer expert andformer technical manager of one of the largest HDPE pipe manufacturers) conducted a study that
examined over 50 HDPE pipe samples from 13 US water utilities which found varying degrees of oxidation
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induced degradation in the samples (23 were from failure sites).13, 14Failures which are suspected to be
related to oxidation have occurred and continue to occur across the US. Las Vegas Valley Water District is
in the process of replacing 86,000 HDPE service lines due to pre-mature aging and failure.16
HDPE
service line failures in cities such as Mesquite, NV; Pomona, CA; Henderson, NV; Bakersfield, CA; Maui,
HI; Hamilton, OH; Laughlin, NV; HB & TS, TN have all been linked to oxidative aging in potable waterservice.13,14
Scott, Charles, Forecasting Pipe Replacements Using Weibull Analysis, Society for Maintenance and
Reliability, Annual Meeting, 2007.
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Service Temperature and Type of Disinfectant Influence the Degradation Phenomenon:The
problem of oxidative degradation in HDPE pipes has been particularly severe in areas with higher water
temperatures that use either chlorine dioxide disinfectant or chlorine (hypo-chlorite) disinfectant.6
Accordingly, some HDPE pipe manufacturers have modified their warranties to limit coverage in oxidative
environments.17The Australian trade association, PIPA (Plastics Industry Pipe Association of Australia),
printed an advisory in 2010 that stated, Especially at service temperatures above 20C, chlorine dioxide
will shorten the service life of polyethylene pipes. For this reason chlorine dioxide water disinfection
should not be used with polyethylene, polypropylene or polybutylene (i.e. polyolefin) pipes.18
Duvall, et al. Oxidative Degradation of High Density Polyethylene Pipes from Exposure to Drinking Water
Disinfectants, 2009.
Appropriate Design Guidance is Lacking, but Needed: There is a real need for practical,
quantitative guidelines for prospective HDPE pipe users and their design engineers. Outside of some very
general warnings, the only guidance currently being provided by the manufacturers of HDPE pipes is in
the form of very general chemical compatibility charts that do not consider pressurized environments or
long term exposure and express only vague warnings on unspecified pressure reduction or service life
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Duvall, et al. Oxidative Degradation of High Density Polyethylene Pipes from Exposure to Drinking
Water Disinfectants, 2009.
13.
Duvall, D.E., Edwards, D.B. Forensic Analysis of Oxidation Embrittlement in Failed HDPE Potable
Water Pipes, American Society of Civil Engineers, Pipelinesproceedings 2010
14.
Chung, et al.An Examination of the Relative Impact of Common Potable Water Disinfectants
(Chlorine, Chloramines and Chlorine Dioxide)on Plastic Piping System Components, ANTEC 2007.
15.
Scott, Charles, Forecasting Pipe Replacements Using Weibull Analysis, Society for Maintenance and
Reliability Professionals, 15th Annual Conference, Louisville, KY, 2007.
16.
Charter Plastics, 50 Year Limited Warranty PE 3408, PE 3608 and PE 4710 Potable Water Pipe,
4/21/11
17.
Plastics Industry Pipe Association of Australia Limited (PIPA) Chlorine Dioxide Disinfectant for
Drinking Water Effect on Pipe and Seal Materials July 2010
18.
Carollo Engineers, Evaluating the Compatibility of Chemical Disinfectants with Plastic Pipe Materials
Used for Potable Water Distribution Technical Memorandum, August 2008.
19.
Performance Pipe (website), Who says HDPE isnt tough Enough to handle chlorine?20.
Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP , Performance Pipe Field Handbook, June 2012.21.
Plastics Pipe Institute, Technical Note 19, Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastic Piping Materials,
2007.
22.
JANA Laboratories, Technical Report, Impact of Potable Water Disinfectants on PE Pipe, June 2010.23.
Edwards, et al. Failure Analysis of Polypropylene Used in a Hot Water Environment Effect of DifferentStabilizer Systems, ANTEC 2007.
24.
Cox vs. Shell Oil Company (Polybutylene Pipe) 11/17/1995 Date of Settlement25.
Cytec Industries, "The Effects of Chorinated Water on Polyethylene Pipes", Plastics Engineering,
October 2011.
26.
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