Plant Structure, Growth, and Development · 2016. 7. 11. · 1 Chapter 35 Plant Structure, Growth,...
Transcript of Plant Structure, Growth, and Development · 2016. 7. 11. · 1 Chapter 35 Plant Structure, Growth,...
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Chapter35
PlantStructure,Growth,andDevelopment
BIOL223
BasicPlantPhylogeny
Monocot/DicotAngiosperms
• Floweringplants
• Monocotyledon
• Oneseedleaf
• Grasses,Orchids,Bamboo
• FlowerpetalsinthreesormulHplesofthree
• Leafveinsparallel
• Dicotyledon
• Twoseedleaves
• Allotherfloweringplants
• Flowerpartsinfoursorfives
• LeafveinsreHculate
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Hierarchyoforgans,Hssues,andcells• PlantshaveHssuesandorganstoo
TheThreeBasicPlantOrgans• Variablemorphologyofvascularplants
• ReflectstheirevoluHonasorganisms
• thatdrawnutrientsfrombelowgroundandaboveground
• SeenintheiradaptaHonsofspecializedstructuresforthesepurposes
• Leavesforlight
• Stomataforair
• Rootsforwaterandminerals
TheThreeBasicPlantOrgansReproductive shoot (flower)
Apical bud
Node Internode
Apical bud
Shoot system
Vegetative shoot
Leaf Blade Petiole
Axillary bud
Stem
Taproot
Lateral branch roots
Root system
• Threebasicorgansevolved:
• Roots,stems,andleaves
• MadeofthethreeHssuetypes–(Whatarethey?)
• organizedintotwoorgansystems
• Rootsystem
• reliesonsugarproducedbyphotosynthesisintheshootsystem
• Shootsystem
• reliesonwaterandmineralsabsorbedbytherootsystem
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Roots
• Roots
• MulHcellularorganswith
importantfuncHons:
• Anchoring
• AbsorbHon
• mineralsandwater
• Storage
• organicnutrients
• Taprootsystem
• onemainverHcalroot
• givesrisetolateralroots
• orbranchroots
• Fibrousrootsystem
• Seedlessvascularplants(ferns)andmonocots
• thinlateralroots
• nomaincentralverHcalroot
• Adven88ousroots
• arisefromstemsorleaves
Roots
• Roothairs
• Tinybranchesnearendof
roots
• Microscopicout-foldingof
individualcells
• PrimarylocaHonofwaterand
mineralabsorpHon
• Increasedsurfacearea
Roots
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Prop roots
“Strangling” aerial roots
Storage roots
Buttress roots
Pneumatophores
ModifiedRoots
Stems
• stem(partofshootsystem)
• organconsisHngof
• Nodes
• leafaWachmentpoints
• LocaHonofaxillary
buds
• Internodes
• Stemsegments
betweennodes
• Axillarybud
• potenHaltoformalateralshoot,or
branch
• Apicalbudorterminalbud
• nearshootHp
• causeselongaHonofayoung
shoot
• Apicaldominance
• helpstomaintaindormancyinmost
axillarybuds
Stems
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Rhizomes
Bulbs
Storage leaves
Stem Stolons
Stolon
Tubers
Modified Stems
Leaves
• Leaf
• MainphotosyntheHcorganofmost
vascularplants
• Generallyconsistof
• FlaWenedblade
• Pe8ole
• Leafstalkwhichjoinsthe
leaftoanodeofthestem
• Branchesintoveins
(a) Simple leaf
Compound leaf
(b)
Doubly compound leaf
(c)
Petiole Axillary bud
Leaflet
Petiole Axillary bud
Leaflet Petiole Axillary bud
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Tendrils
Spines
Storage leaves
Reproductive leaves
Bracts
Modified Leaves
Dermal,Vascular,andGroundTissues
• Eachplantorganhas3typesofHssues
• dermal,vascular,andgroundHssues
• Eachofthesethreecategoriesformsa8ssuesystem
Dermal tissue
Ground tissue Vascular
tissue
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• Dermal8ssuesystem
• Epidermis
• non-woodyplants
• Andyoungshootsofwoodyplants
• barrierofHghtlypackedcells
• Cu8cle
• WaxycoaHng
• helpspreventwaterlossfromtheepidermis
• Periderm
• WoodyplantprotecHveHssues
• replacetheepidermisinolderregionsofstemsandroots
DermalTissueSystem
DermalTissueModificaHons• Trichomes
• outgrowthsoftheshootepidermis
• helpwithinsectdefense
• Reduceairflow
• Vascular8ssuesystem
• long-distancetransport
• betweenrootsandshoots
• XylemandPhloem
• TwovascularHssues
• Xylem
• Water/dissolvedmineralsupwardfromrootstoshoots
• Phloem
• organicnutrientsfromwheretheyaremadetowheretheyareneeded
VascularTissueSystem
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• Stele
• BundleofvascularHssueofastem
orroot
• Vascularcylinder
• Singlecentralbundleof
angiospermsrootstele
• Vascularbundles
• Stelaofstemsandleaves
• Smallclustersofxylemandphloem
VascularTissueSystem