Plant science & Biotechnology Objective: Summarize the chemical physical needs of plants of optimal...

Plant science & Plant science & BiotechnologyBiotechnology

Objective: Summarize the chemical Objective: Summarize the chemical physical needs of plants of optimal physical needs of plants of optimal

growth.growth.

Chemical Needs of PlantsChemical Needs of Plants

Macronutrients needed for plant growth and Macronutrients needed for plant growth and developmentdevelopment

Nitrogen- encourages green color and vegetative growth Nitrogen- encourages green color and vegetative growth in plants.in plants.

Phosphorus- encourages flowering and root growth, Phosphorus- encourages flowering and root growth, necessary for reproduction and photosynthesisnecessary for reproduction and photosynthesis

Potassium- important for the development of fruit and Potassium- important for the development of fruit and preparation of plants for winterpreparation of plants for winter

Activates enzymes, and is more important in osmosis.Activates enzymes, and is more important in osmosis.


Micronutrients or trace Elements Needed by Micronutrients or trace Elements Needed by PlantsPlants Calcium, Molybdenum, Sulfur, Iron, Magnesium, Calcium, Molybdenum, Sulfur, Iron, Magnesium,

Boron, Zinc, ect.Boron, Zinc, ect. Perform a variety of functions in plants- only small Perform a variety of functions in plants- only small

amounts are needed, but plants will die in their amounts are needed, but plants will die in their absenceabsence


Hormones- chemical substances that control Hormones- chemical substances that control physiological responses, including shoot and physiological responses, including shoot and root growth.root growth. Examples:Examples:

Auxins- Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)-Auxins- Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)- Promotes the formation of adventitious root growth in stem cuttings.Promotes the formation of adventitious root growth in stem cuttings.

Cytokinins- Promotes adventitious shoot growth & elongationCytokinins- Promotes adventitious shoot growth & elongation Gibberrellins- Breaks seed dormancy, stimulates floweringGibberrellins- Breaks seed dormancy, stimulates flowering

Physical Needs of PlantsPhysical Needs of Plants

Water (H2O)Water (H2O) Responsible for the transfer of nutrients, Responsible for the transfer of nutrients,

maintenance of temperature, preservation of maintenance of temperature, preservation of turbidity, and necessary to carry out turbidity, and necessary to carry out photosynthesis in plants.photosynthesis in plants.

Absorbed by tiny root hairs scattered throughout Absorbed by tiny root hairs scattered throughout the rootsthe roots

Large trees can absorb hundreds of gallons each day.


Sunlight- absorbed by chlorophyll found in the chloroplasts of the leaves and stems of plants. Provides an unlimited source of energy for plants. Blue & red light spectrums are the most important in

photosynthesis. Green light is reflected by chlorophyll, thus of little

use for energy. High levels of ultraviolet light damage or destroy plant

tissue


Oxygen(O2)-Oxygen(O2)- plants need oxygen to produce energy and for plants need oxygen to produce energy and for the movement of nutrients through the plantthe movement of nutrients through the plant

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)-Carbon Dioxide (CO2)- absorbed by plants for use in the absorbed by plants for use in the process of photosynthesisprocess of photosynthesis

Plant Science and Plant Science and BiotechnologyBiotechnology

Recognize how plants respond to Recognize how plants respond to environmental stimulienvironmental stimuli

Factors affecting food ProductionFactors affecting food Production

Photoperiod-The amount of time a plant is exposed to Photoperiod-The amount of time a plant is exposed to

adequate light energyadequate light energy. . Even momentary disruptions of photoperiod can throw off Even momentary disruptions of photoperiod can throw off

the light cycle requirements of a plantthe light cycle requirements of a plant

Photointensity- The spectrum and strength of the light Photointensity- The spectrum and strength of the light to which a plant is exposed.to which a plant is exposed. Too much light can be a bad thing and burns plants, while Too much light can be a bad thing and burns plants, while

too little decreases food production.too little decreases food production.

Factors affecting food ProductionFactors affecting food Production

CO2 Levels- needed for photosynthesis, like CO2 Levels- needed for photosynthesis, like oxygen for humans, often the limiting factor in oxygen for humans, often the limiting factor in food production.food production. Special generators are used to raise carbon dioxide Special generators are used to raise carbon dioxide

levels in some production greenhouses.levels in some production greenhouses.

Factors affecting Plant Growth & Factors affecting Plant Growth & ReproductionReproduction

Oxygen- Oxygen- prolonged exposure of the roots of most plants to prolonged exposure of the roots of most plants to

stagnant water will eventually “suffocate” the stagnant water will eventually “suffocate” the plant, limit nutrient intake and stop production of plant, limit nutrient intake and stop production of new plants.new plants.


Nutrients-Nutrients- Both macronutrients and micronutrients are needed Both macronutrients and micronutrients are needed

for plant growth and reproduction in various levels for plant growth and reproduction in various levels throughout the year.throughout the year.

Excessive amounts of any nutrient can burn plants, Excessive amounts of any nutrient can burn plants, destroy cells, or prevent the absorption of other destroy cells, or prevent the absorption of other nutrients.nutrients.


Geotropism- The directional growth of plant Geotropism- The directional growth of plant roots and stems in response to the force of roots and stems in response to the force of gravity.gravity.

Phototropism- The growth or response of a Phototropism- The growth or response of a plant to varying light levels.plant to varying light levels.

Plant science & Plant science & biotechnologybiotechnology

UNIT EUNIT E

Objective: Explain the fundamentals Objective: Explain the fundamentals of plant disease and infestationof plant disease and infestation

Intro to biotechnologyIntro to biotechnology

Fungal DiseasesFungal Diseases Can affect any part of a plant- break down plant Can affect any part of a plant- break down plant

tissue.tissue. Easily spread by contract or spores.Easily spread by contract or spores. Often caused from the application of water on leaves Often caused from the application of water on leaves

with little airflowwith little airflow


Bacterial infectionBacterial infection Often occurs in the form of blightOften occurs in the form of blight

Contaminated irrigation equipment is often a cause for Contaminated irrigation equipment is often a cause for the spread.the spread.

Contaminated soil can also carry bacterial pathogens.Contaminated soil can also carry bacterial pathogens.


Insect PestsInsect Pests Three main types based on Mouth partsThree main types based on Mouth parts

Sucking- damage plants by sucking juices from stems Sucking- damage plants by sucking juices from stems and leaves.and leaves.

Ex- Aphids, whiteflies, spider mites & mealy bugsEx- Aphids, whiteflies, spider mites & mealy bugs

PiercingPiercing Ex- leaf bugs & stinkbugsEx- leaf bugs & stinkbugs

ChewingChewing Ex- grasshoppers, beetle larva, cicadasEx- grasshoppers, beetle larva, cicadas


Japanese beetle larva and other grubs eat roots, Japanese beetle larva and other grubs eat roots, while adult insects and moth larva while adult insects and moth larva (caterpillars/ worms in order lepidoptera) feed (caterpillars/ worms in order lepidoptera) feed on foliage.on foliage.

Plant science& Plant science& biotechnologybiotechnology

Unit EUnit EObjective: Outline biological, chemical and Objective: Outline biological, chemical and

physical methods of plant pest physical methods of plant pest management.management.

Integrated Pest managementIntegrated Pest management

Program of observation and calculation used to Program of observation and calculation used to maximize pest control while minimizing both damage maximize pest control while minimizing both damage and the use of harmful compounds and procedures.and the use of harmful compounds and procedures. Limit pesticide damage to the environment.Limit pesticide damage to the environment.

Scouting is critical, as observation allows treatment to Scouting is critical, as observation allows treatment to proceed prior to a full blown infestation.proceed prior to a full blown infestation. Increase the effectiveness of all types of controls- Increase the effectiveness of all types of controls-

particularly non chemical treatments.particularly non chemical treatments.

Biological ControlsBiological Controls

Utilize naturally occurring compounds and substances Utilize naturally occurring compounds and substances to control plant pathogensto control plant pathogens

Often more expensive, difficult to find, and requiring Often more expensive, difficult to find, and requiring more frequent application than chemical methods.more frequent application than chemical methods.

Increase the value of crops when utilized in place of Increase the value of crops when utilized in place of

chemicals.chemicals.

Chemical ControlsChemical Controls

Center on the use of pesticides, specifically Center on the use of pesticides, specifically herbicides, insecticides, miticides and fungicides used herbicides, insecticides, miticides and fungicides used

to kill pant peststo kill pant pests

Most current insecticides are Organophosphate chemicals Most current insecticides are Organophosphate chemicals that attack the nervous system of insectsthat attack the nervous system of insects

These chemicals quickly degrade preventing environmental These chemicals quickly degrade preventing environmental buildup and transfer. (common to former pesticides like DDT)buildup and transfer. (common to former pesticides like DDT)

Chemical ControlsChemical Controls

Chemicals are synthetically manufactured in a variety Chemicals are synthetically manufactured in a variety of forms.of forms. Common forms dust, wettable powder, granular, liquid, Common forms dust, wettable powder, granular, liquid,

foam.foam. Systemic pesticides enter the plant, and are transferred to Systemic pesticides enter the plant, and are transferred to

nearly all plant tissue.nearly all plant tissue. Usually kill either by contact or digestion.Usually kill either by contact or digestion.

Ex- Malathion, Sevin Dust, Roundup, ectEx- Malathion, Sevin Dust, Roundup, ect

Physical controlsPhysical controls

hand removal, destruction or capturehand removal, destruction or capture Often the most cost effective and environmentally friendly, Often the most cost effective and environmentally friendly,

but labor intensive and slowbut labor intensive and slow

TrapsTraps

Cost effective and environmentally friendly.Cost effective and environmentally friendly. Must be carefully monitored and instituted early to be Must be carefully monitored and instituted early to be

effectiveeffective EX-EX-

Yellow sticky cards used to capture whiteflies and other Yellow sticky cards used to capture whiteflies and other small insects in a greenhouse.small insects in a greenhouse.

Japanese Beetle traps used pheromones (scented Japanese Beetle traps used pheromones (scented reproductive hormones) to capture adult beetles.reproductive hormones) to capture adult beetles.

Plant science & Plant science & BiotechnologyBiotechnology

Objective: Discuss the development Objective: Discuss the development and utilization of virus, herbicide, and and utilization of virus, herbicide, and

insect resistant crops.insect resistant crops.

Biotechnology and Plant pest controlBiotechnology and Plant pest control

Creating Resistant plantsCreating Resistant plants Recombinant DNA can be used to create a resistant variety Recombinant DNA can be used to create a resistant variety

of nearly any type of plant, IF AN EDFFECTIVE GENE of nearly any type of plant, IF AN EDFFECTIVE GENE FOR RESISTANCE IS KNOWNFOR RESISTANCE IS KNOWN

The most effective method has been inserting gene The most effective method has been inserting gene sequences from other resistant organisms into a DNA of sequences from other resistant organisms into a DNA of the target organism.the target organism.

The Bt gene & Bt cropsThe Bt gene & Bt crops

The Bt gene is used to provide plants with systemic The Bt gene is used to provide plants with systemic resistance to chewing insects responsible for resistance to chewing insects responsible for damaging leaf tissuedamaging leaf tissue

Functions by causing plants to produce to toxin, Functions by causing plants to produce to toxin, harmless to most organisms, but deadly to insect harmless to most organisms, but deadly to insect pestspests

Causes internal bleeding in insect digestive systems.Causes internal bleeding in insect digestive systems.

Herbicide Resistant PlantsHerbicide Resistant Plants

Plants that are not affected by the use of Plants that are not affected by the use of certain systemic herbicides.certain systemic herbicides.

Allow production agriculturalists to apply Allow production agriculturalists to apply pesticides more effectively, killing weeds pesticides more effectively, killing weeds without damaging plants.without damaging plants.

Virus Resistant PlantsVirus Resistant Plants

Few instances of successful implementation Few instances of successful implementation Usually functions by creating a protein coat Usually functions by creating a protein coat

around entire virus molecules.around entire virus molecules. Prevent virus molecules from parasitizing normal cellsPrevent virus molecules from parasitizing normal cells


Objective: Apply proper experimental Objective: Apply proper experimental design techniques related to field plot design techniques related to field plot

design and managementdesign and management

Approval of field trials for Approval of field trials for transgenic Organismstransgenic Organisms

Should be sought from APHISShould be sought from APHIS Most often requires a significant amount of information Most often requires a significant amount of information

produced from controlled trials in a contained environment.produced from controlled trials in a contained environment. A plan for the trial, including practices to prevent the A plan for the trial, including practices to prevent the

spread of genes from the organism must also be developedspread of genes from the organism must also be developed

Agencies involved in the regulation and monitoring Agencies involved in the regulation and monitoring of transgenic organism fields trials include the of transgenic organism fields trials include the USDA, EPA, & APHISUSDA, EPA, & APHIS The FDA regulates GMO’s used in foods, but do no play The FDA regulates GMO’s used in foods, but do no play

any role in field trials .any role in field trials .

Implementing integrated Pest Implementing integrated Pest managementmanagement

GuidelinesGuidelines Plans should include as little dependence on Plans should include as little dependence on

harmful chemicals as possible.harmful chemicals as possible. IPM does however utilize some chemicals, sometimes IPM does however utilize some chemicals, sometimes

quite often.quite often. Biological and physical means of control are Biological and physical means of control are

preferred.preferred.

Implementing integrated Pest Implementing integrated Pest managementmanagement

Utilize VARYING & RESPONESIVE Utilize VARYING & RESPONESIVE methods of controlmethods of control Most important part of IPM behind scouting, helps Most important part of IPM behind scouting, helps

to insure that the overuse of one method of control to insure that the overuse of one method of control does not produce insect resistancedoes not produce insect resistance

One reason for the use of buffer zones around Bt crops, One reason for the use of buffer zones around Bt crops, so that resistant insects will breed with non resistant so that resistant insects will breed with non resistant insects, preventing the development of resistant strains.insects, preventing the development of resistant strains.


Objective: Demonstrate proper Objective: Demonstrate proper techniques in the micropropagation of techniques in the micropropagation of

various plant tissuevarious plant tissue

Selection Material for cultureSelection Material for culture

Selecting MaterialSelecting Material Only healthy actively growing material should be Only healthy actively growing material should be

selected for use in tissue cultureselected for use in tissue culture Meristimatic tissue from growth points and stem tips Meristimatic tissue from growth points and stem tips

seems to work particularly well in small amountsseems to work particularly well in small amounts Material should also be hardy/ resistant to decay, Material should also be hardy/ resistant to decay,

easy to manipulate and easily sterilized in solution.easy to manipulate and easily sterilized in solution.

Selection Material for cultureSelection Material for culture

Sterilizing materialSterilizing material Prior to use in tissue culture, all plant material Prior to use in tissue culture, all plant material

must be sterilized.must be sterilized. The most common means is to:The most common means is to:

Rinse plant material in sterile water for several seconds.Rinse plant material in sterile water for several seconds. Swirl plant material in a solution of diluted household Swirl plant material in a solution of diluted household

bleach for a number of minutes.bleach for a number of minutes. Remove plant material from bleach solution (under an Remove plant material from bleach solution (under an

active flowhood) and rinse several times with sterile active flowhood) and rinse several times with sterile water.water.

Culturing Plant MaterialCulturing Plant Material

Steps in the culturing ProcessSteps in the culturing Process Prepare the agar media for use to be remelted in it Prepare the agar media for use to be remelted in it

container if shape has been compromised,container if shape has been compromised, Agar media should only be mixed and exposed to Agar media should only be mixed and exposed to

air under an active flowhood to prevent bacterial air under an active flowhood to prevent bacterial contamination.contamination.

Place tissue on the mediaPlace tissue on the media

Place tissue firmly on agar media. In most cases, Place tissue firmly on agar media. In most cases, slightly one edge of the tissue to insure adequate slightly one edge of the tissue to insure adequate contact with the agar, and limit movement.contact with the agar, and limit movement.

Tissue may be placed relatively close on agar, as shot Tissue may be placed relatively close on agar, as shot and root development will be compact.and root development will be compact.

Place tissue on the mediaPlace tissue on the media

POLARITY MUST BE MAINTAINED FOR POLARITY MUST BE MAINTAINED FOR SHOOTS, SCALES & OTHER CUTTINGS.SHOOTS, SCALES & OTHER CUTTINGS. Placing some plant material in media upside down will Placing some plant material in media upside down will

prevent the formation of either shoots or roots.prevent the formation of either shoots or roots.

Immediately following tissue placement all Immediately following tissue placement all containers should be tightly sealed with the seal containers should be tightly sealed with the seal wrapped in perifilm decreased any risk of airborne wrapped in perifilm decreased any risk of airborne contamination.contamination.

Transfer of tissueTransfer of tissue

After successful development of roots & or shoots, After successful development of roots & or shoots, plantlets must be divided and with redistributed to plantlets must be divided and with redistributed to new gels, or planted and placed in a controlled new gels, or planted and placed in a controlled environment for hardening off.environment for hardening off.

Most often plant material is encouraged to form Most often plant material is encouraged to form shoots prior to the formation of roots.shoots prior to the formation of roots. Agar high in cytokinins is used to promote shoot growth.Agar high in cytokinins is used to promote shoot growth. Agar high in auxins is used to promote shoot root.Agar high in auxins is used to promote shoot root.

Transfer of tissueTransfer of tissue

Tissue should be carefully separate using a sharp Tissue should be carefully separate using a sharp sterile scalpel to cut apart shoots on a sterol petri dish sterile scalpel to cut apart shoots on a sterol petri dish under an active flowhood.under an active flowhood.

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