Plant reproduction
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Transcript of Plant reproduction
![Page 1: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Plant ReproductionClick to Enter
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Instructions
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• Work your way through the presentation by clicking on the background to move to the next page or to activate an animation. The mouse icon will indicate that a click will activate an animation or require buttons to be pressed in the quizzes.
• You can navigate around the presentation by using the arrow links that appear when you place your cursor on the lower left hand part of the screen.
• Some slides have embedded movies which will start when you click on the image. The video camera symbol tells you when a movie is available. There is sound so you may want to wear headphones if people are working near you.
• You can return to the home page by clicking on the clickbiology icon.
• At the end of the module there is a test that will provide a results page which you will print off and hand in to your teacher.
• The speaker symbol means that there are some audio explanation available for the slide
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![Page 3: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
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Plant Reproduction Home Page
Flower structure
Pollination
Fruit development
Seed dispersal
Germination
Test
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Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Click image to view a video on plant reproduction
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url:http://vimeo.com/1594037?pg=embed&sec=1594037
![Page 6: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
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Flower structure
stigma
style
ovary
ovule
carpel
anther
filament
stamen
petal
sepal
receptaclepeduncle
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
![Page 7: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
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Structure and function of the flower
stigma
style
ovary
ovule
carpel
anther
filament
stamen
petal
sepal
receptaclepeduncle
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
![Page 8: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
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Flower Structure Quiz
• What is the name of the structure labelled X in the diagram?
sepal
stamen
peduncle
carpel
X
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
![Page 9: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
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Flower Structure Quiz
• Where is pollen made?
stigma
sepal
anther
ovary
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
![Page 10: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
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Flower Structure Quiz
• Where is the ovule found in a flower?
petals
style
nectary
ovary
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
![Page 11: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
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Flower Structure Quiz
• Which parts of the flower are labelled below:
X = filament, Y = anther
X
YX = stigma, Y = style
X = anther, Y = filament
X = style, Y = stigma
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Pollination
The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete)
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
• This is an example of cross-pollination as the pollen travels from one flower to a different flower. This is desirable in plants as it promotes variation.
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Pollen can be carried between flowers by insects or by wind
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract insects to them to enable transfer of pollen
Sticky stigma to collect pollen Brightly
coloured petals
nectar and a scent present
Pollen has barbs for hooking onto insect fur
Anthers positioned to rub pollen onto insects
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure because they do not have to attract insects to them but do need to be exposed to the wind.
Petals are small and green as there is no need to attract insects
Stigma are feathery to catch pollen carried on wind
Anthers are exposed to the wind so that pollen can easily be blown away
Pollen grains are very small and light. They occur in very large numbers
No scent or nectary
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls from the anther onto the stigma of the same flower
• Self-pollination is not desirable as it reduces variation
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either having stigma above stamen or…
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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…by having stamen and stigma mature at different times.
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Click on the icons below to view the summary videos on pollination
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Pollination (9 minutes)
Insect pollination (1 minute)
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ3J4UWwd2Q
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge3EM8AERV0
![Page 21: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
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Pollination Quiz
• Pollination is the transfer from….?
the stigma to anther
style to stamen
anther to stigma
ovule to filament
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Pollination Quiz
• The two mechanisms for pollination are?
Wind and water
Insect and water
Insect and wind
Wind and birds
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Pollination Quiz
• Cross-pollination…
Increases variation
Decreases variation
Is only performed by wind
Is only performed by insects
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Pollination Quiz
• Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by…
Having feathery stigmas
Having a nectary
Having bright petals and a scent
Having sticky stigmas
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Fertilisation and Fruit Development
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the pollen grain down through the style to the ovule
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
stigma
style
ovary
ovule
carpel
Note: Petals not shown in order to simplify diagram
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Fertilisation occurs when the male gamete fuses with the ovule (the female gamete)
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Watch this short introductory video to review fertilisation (1 minute)
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVhH2GPlckE
![Page 29: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
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Seed Dispersal
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Watch the video on seed dispersal (lasts just under 10 minutes)
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOM
![Page 31: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
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After fertilisation the petals, stamen and sepals fall off.The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilised egg inside develops into an embryo plant.
Testa: tough seed coat
Micropyle:Hole made by pollen tube
Embryo plant
Cotyledon:Food store
Plumule:Embryo shoot
Radicle:Embryo root
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes dormant because metabolic reactions stop.The ovary develops to become a fruit.
seedFleshy wall of the ovary(yes, you are eating an adapted ovary when youcrunch into an apple!
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Seeds need to be dispersed away from the parent plant in order to reduce competition for space, light, nutrients and water.
• Seeds can be dispersed by:
• Wind
• Water
• Mechanical
• Animals
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Seed dispersal quiz
• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture
mechanical
wind
animal
water
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
![Page 35: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
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Seed dispersal quiz
• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture
water
animal
wind
mechanical
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
![Page 36: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
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Seed dispersal quiz
• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture
wind
mechanical
animal
water
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
![Page 37: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
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Seed dispersal quiz
• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture
mechanical
animal
wind
water
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
![Page 38: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
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Germination
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Water enters the seed through the micropyle and activates enzymes.
The water also softens the testa to allow it to split.
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
The seed contains the embryo plant and cotyledons (starch stores)
Plumule(embryo shoot)
Radicle(embryo root)
Micropyle
Testa
Cotyledon
![Page 40: Plant reproduction](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062419/55a61f8e1a28ab0c658b46e4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
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Enzymes are used in seed germination
starch
embryo plant
amylasesecreted
maltose
absorbed
The enzymes break starch down into maltose and then glucose. The glucose is used in respiration to provide energy for growth
Plumule
RadicleThis is the first part to grow out of the
seed as it needs to absorb more water
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
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Whilst germinating the plant uses food stores in the cotyledon to provide energy for growth
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
light
soil
germination
Plant growth and development
The seedling can now photosynthesise and make its own food
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Changes in dry mass of the germinating seed:
Seed loses weight as it uses up starch stores in the cotyledons as the seedling cannot photosynthesise yet
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Days
Dry mass/g
Dry mass is the mass of solid matter with all water removed
Weight increases as the seedling can photosynthesise and plant grows
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Conditions required for germination
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
4oCA
moist moist moist moistdry
WarmB
WarmC
WarmD
WarmE
Oxygen present
Oxygen present
Oxygen present
Oxygen present
No oxygen
No lightPyrogallol (absorbs oxygen)
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