Plant Phlya using Spores for Dispersal...
Transcript of Plant Phlya using Spores for Dispersal...
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Plant Phlya
using
Spores
for
Dispersal
&
Dormancy
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Tracheophytes = Vascular plants Presence of xylem & phloem
Spore producers and seed producing phyla
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Vascular Plants = Tracheophytes
• Vascular tissue
• 4 Organs
• Waxy cuticle
• Stomata with guard cells
• good control of water balance
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Vascular tissue: Xylem & Phloem
Vascular Bundle = “Veins” Xylem: carries water & minerals
(roots to shoots)
Cells:
Tracheids – long & narrow
Phloem: transports sugar (leaves to roots & reproductive organs)
Cells:
Sieve tubes – carry sugar
Companion cells – load sugar
into sieve cells Xylem Phloem
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4 Organs of the
Vascular Plant Body
Shoots: above ground (3 organs) 1. Leaves - Photosynthesis
2. Stems - Support & transport
3. Reproductive organs
- Gamete or spore production
4. Roots: below ground (1 organ) - Anchorage
- Absorption
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Vascular spore producering phyla
Lycophyta: Club mosses & Spike mosses
Pterophyta: Ferns & “Fern Allies”
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Phylum: Lycophyta
Lycophytes / Lycopods = Club & Spike “mosses”
• Looks like big moss or small fern
• Sporophyte is dominant
• plant < 1 foot tall
• Small leaves (microphylls) with
unbranched vein
• Spiral arrangement on stem
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Sporophyte
• Strobilis
at the stem tip
• Sporangia on
upper side of leaf
produce spores
• Small monoecious gametophyte
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• Live in moist places
• shady understory of forest
Lycophytes
Lycopodium sp. = Club moss Selaginella sp. = Spike moss
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Vascular Spore producers
phylum: Pterophyta (Pteridiophyta)
Ferns & Horsetails
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Ferns
Fiddleheads
Fronds
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Frond = Leaf
Pinna = Leaflet
Rhizome =
Underground
Stem
Clumping
or
Spreading
Rhizomes
Fern Sprophyte
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Sporangia located on underside of leaf
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Sorus (sori) = group of sporangia
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Sorus may or may not have protective tissue
(indusium) covering sporangia
Indusium
Naked sporangia
Sporangium
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• Size & shape of frond (blade & petiole)
• Size, shape and location of sori
• Round, oblong or linear
• On blade, along margin
• Presence or absence of indusium
• How many time pinnate is the frond?
Information needed for fern identification
3x pinnate Pinnatifid 1x pinnate 2x pinnate
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Fern Gametophyte
Antheridia
(sperm)
Archegonia
(eggs)
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Sporophyte stage is dominant in tracheophytes
Gametophyte is small & free-living
Sperm swim to egg
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“Fern Allies” (old phylum: Sphenophyta)
today: part of Pterophyta
Horsetails
&
Scouring rushes
1 extant genus:
Equisetum
Horsetails have whorls of branches Scouring rushes do not
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Live in moist soils
• River & stream banks
• Wet meadows
• Seep zones in forests
Rhizomes:
underground stems
True roots from
rhizomes at nodes
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Horsetails & Scouring rushes Pterophyta
• Ribbed photosynthetic stem
• Hollow at internodes
• Horsetails have branches
• Scouring rushes don’t
• Very reduced leaves
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Horestails & Scouring rushes (phylum : Pterophyta)
Strobilis
at the stem tip
produces
spores
inside of
sporangia
strobilis
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Ancient Lycophyta & Pterophyta
Carboniferous period: 350 mya
Fossils formed coal beds