Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom Major CharacteristicsMajor Characteristics

EukaryoticEukaryotic multi-celledmulti-celled usually greenusually green autotrophic living autotrophic living

organismsorganisms Roots, stems, Roots, stems,

leavesleaves

Main divisionsMain divisions Non -vascular Non -vascular

No tube-like structures No tube-like structures that carry water & that carry water & nutrientsnutrients

All are seedlessAll are seedless ExamplesExamples

HornwortHornwort LiverwortLiverwort mossesmosses

Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom

Non-vascular – simplest of plantsNon-vascular – simplest of plantsThreadlike structures called Threadlike structures called rhizoidsrhizoids

anchor plants where they growanchor plants where they growReproduce through Reproduce through spores spores

Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction Mosses – grow in shallow soil including Mosses – grow in shallow soil including

rocks and tree bases rocks and tree bases

Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom Vascular --tVascular --tube-like structures are ube-like structures are

presentpresentSeedlessSeedless

Reproduces by sporesReproduces by spores Examples – club mosses, horsetails, ferns Examples – club mosses, horsetails, ferns

SeedSeed (fertilized embryo) (fertilized embryo)Examples – conifers, flowering plantsExamples – conifers, flowering plants

Two types of _______ PlantsTwo types of _______ Plants

Angiosperms Gymnosperms

__________ plants _______ bearing plants

Also called conifers

SEED

flowering cone

Flowering plants

Woody ______ -woody

Oak tree

magnolia

Maple tree

H______ tree

Iris, Rose

Sun______, dandelion

Honeysuckle

T____, lily

(Herbaceous) non

ickory

flower

ulip

Two Types of Seed PlantsTwo Types of Seed Plants

Cone bearing plants

P_____ tree

________ tree

Juniper tree

____wood tree

Often a Christmas tree

Eastern Red Cedar

spruce

ine

Red

Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom Seed Plants Seed Plants

Basic featuresBasic features LeavesLeaves – – produceproduce food food

where photosynthesis occurswhere photosynthesis occurs StemStem – – transferstransfers water & nutrients water & nutrients

throughout the plantthroughout the plant RootsRoots

anchorsanchors plant into the ground plant into the ground absorbsabsorbs water & other substances from water & other substances from

the soilthe soil StoresStores food – carrots, beets, potatoes food – carrots, beets, potatoes

Plant KingdomPlant KingdomSeed Plants Seed Plants Vascular tissueVascular tissue

Xylem – transports waterXylem – transports water Phloem – transports Phloem – transports foodfood (sugar) (sugar) Cambium – produces new vascular tissue Cambium – produces new vascular tissue

(in some plants)(in some plants)

Angiosperms - flowering plantsAngiosperms - flowering plants Cotyledon – food storage inside a seedCotyledon – food storage inside a seed Monocot – one cotyledonMonocot – one cotyledon Dicot – two cotyledonDicot – two cotyledon

STOP HERESTOP HERE

Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom

MonocotsMonocots Flower parts in Flower parts in

multiples of 3multiples of 3 Leaves usually Leaves usually

narrownarrow Vascular bundles Vascular bundles

show up as parallel show up as parallel veins in leavesveins in leaves

Corn, rice, wheat, Corn, rice, wheat, bananas, pineapplebananas, pineapple

DicotsDicots Flower parts in Flower parts in

multiples of 4 or 5multiples of 4 or 5 Leaves usually wideLeaves usually wide Vascular bundles are Vascular bundles are

a network of veins in a network of veins in the leafthe leaf

Beans, peas, Beans, peas, peanuts, apples, peanuts, apples, orangesoranges

Recognizing monocots and dicots – look at p 260Recognizing monocots and dicots – look at p 260

In Case You Missed It!In Case You Missed It! Anatomy of a flowering plantAnatomy of a flowering plant

Identify each structureIdentify each structure Describe the function of each structureDescribe the function of each structure

Plant ReproductionPlant Reproduction Vascular vs. non-vascularVascular vs. non-vascular

Spore or seedSpore or seed

Seed plant reproductionSeed plant reproduction Angiosperm vs. gymnospermAngiosperm vs. gymnosperm

Be able to explainBe able to explain

In Case You Missed It!In Case You Missed It! IdentificationIdentification Be able to identify a plant as:Be able to identify a plant as:

Vascular or non –vascularVascular or non –vascular Reproduction methodReproduction method

Seed or sporeSeed or spore Covered seed or naked seedCovered seed or naked seed

Angiosperm or gymnospermAngiosperm or gymnosperm Woody or non-woodyWoody or non-woody Monocot or dicotMonocot or dicot Identify a lichen and explain what it isIdentify a lichen and explain what it is

No Warm-up today!No Warm-up today!

Turn in your [IN] to a blank pageTurn in your [IN] to a blank page Put today’s datePut today’s date Title the page as follows:Title the page as follows:

PLANT PROCESSESPLANT PROCESSES

Plant AnatomyPlant Anatomy StructureStructure and Function and Function

(layer 6)(layer 6)

Roots -- anchors plant in soil, absorbs Roots -- anchors plant in soil, absorbs nutrients and water from the soil for nutrients and water from the soil for plant use (see overhead).plant use (see overhead).

(layer 5)(layer 5)

Stem – carries nutrients from roots to Stem – carries nutrients from roots to leaves, gives support to the plantleaves, gives support to the plant

Plant AnatomyPlant Anatomy StructureStructure and Function and Function

(layer 4 or 5)(layer 4 or 5)

Leaves – carries out photosynthesis, Leaves – carries out photosynthesis, contains stomata that control contains stomata that control movement of gases in and out of movement of gases in and out of leaves.leaves.

Plant AnatomyPlant Anatomy StructureStructure and Function and Function

(layer 3)(layer 3)

Sepals – small, leaflets that support the Sepals – small, leaflets that support the flower.flower.

Petals – leaflike structure that contains Petals – leaflike structure that contains pistil & stamen. Often brightly colored pistil & stamen. Often brightly colored to attract insects & birds.to attract insects & birds.

Plant AnatomyPlant Anatomy StructureStructure and Function and Function

(layer 1 or 2)(layer 1 or 2)

Pistil – female reproductive system Pistil – female reproductive system (includes ovule-egg), receives pollen (includes ovule-egg), receives pollen from stamen so egg can be fertilized.from stamen so egg can be fertilized.

Stamen – male reproductive system, Stamen – male reproductive system, produces pollen grains to fertilize the produces pollen grains to fertilize the ovule.ovule.

Movement of materialsMovement of materials Water movesWater moves

Into roots (Into roots (from the soil)from the soil) Through stem to rest of plantThrough stem to rest of plant

Leaves exchange gases with atmosphereLeaves exchange gases with atmosphere Ex. Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vaporEx. Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapor

Leaf structure & functionLeaf structure & function Upper & lower epidermis (layer)Upper & lower epidermis (layer) Waxy cuticle covers the epidermisWaxy cuticle covers the epidermis Stomata – underside of leafStomata – underside of leaf

Act as doorways for gasesAct as doorways for gases

Movement of materialsMovement of materials

Leaf structure (cont.)Leaf structure (cont.) Inside leafInside leaf Spongy & palisade layerSpongy & palisade layer

Most space filled w/ COMost space filled w/ CO22 & H & H220 vapor0 vapor

Most food produced in palisade layerMost food produced in palisade layer

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2yields

Reactants Products

Chloroplast & PigmentsChloroplast & Pigments Leaves contain green structures called Leaves contain green structures called

chloroplastschloroplasts Chloroplasts contain green pigment – Chloroplasts contain green pigment –

chlorophyllchlorophyll

Pigment reflects a part of visible spectrumPigment reflects a part of visible spectrum Plants reflect chlorophyll Plants reflect chlorophyll

This is why they look greenThis is why they look green

Plant food-making process occurs in the Plant food-making process occurs in the chloroplastschloroplasts

Plant cells have green oval-shaped organelles called chloroplast. Chloroplast contain a compound called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll traps energy from the sun to make glucose. Chlorophyll gives the plant its green color.

Microscopic view of chloroplast.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Process where a plant’s chlorophyll traps Process where a plant’s chlorophyll traps

sun’s light energy & sugars are producedsun’s light energy & sugars are produced Besides light, this process needs:Besides light, this process needs:

Carbon dioxide COCarbon dioxide CO22

Water HWater H22OO

[page 308, figure 5][page 308, figure 5] Light-dependant reactionsLight-dependant reactions Needs light to occurNeeds light to occur Chlorophyll traps lightChlorophyll traps light

Light Dependent Light Dependent (cont.)(cont.) Light energy splits water molecules into Light energy splits water molecules into

oxygen & hydrogenoxygen & hydrogen Oxygen leaves plantOxygen leaves plant Hydrogen used for photosynthesisHydrogen used for photosynthesis

Light-independent reactionsLight-independent reactions Does Does notnot need light to occur need light to occur Trapped energy combines carbon dioxide Trapped energy combines carbon dioxide

& hydrogen to make glucose& hydrogen to make glucose Excess glucose may be stored as starch:Excess glucose may be stored as starch:

Carrots, potatoes, beets, onions, etc.Carrots, potatoes, beets, onions, etc.

ImportanceImportance 11stst Produces foodProduces food Directly or indirectly provide food for Directly or indirectly provide food for

nearly all organismsnearly all organisms 22ndnd Remove CORemove CO22 from atmosphere from atmosphere

Adds oxygen (OAdds oxygen (O22) to atmosphere) to atmosphere

RespirationRespiration Chemical reactions that break down food Chemical reactions that break down food

molecules & release energymolecules & release energy

This is how living things This is how living things includingincluding plants turn plants turn food into energy.food into energy.

Occurs in the mitochondria of cellsOccurs in the mitochondria of cells Raw materials: CRaw materials: C66 H H1212 O O66 (glucose), (glucose),

O O22 (oxygen) (oxygen)

Products: COProducts: CO22, H, H220, 0, energyenergy