Plant Growth & Development€¦ · Stages of Plant Growth •Juvenile •When the plant first...
Transcript of Plant Growth & Development€¦ · Stages of Plant Growth •Juvenile •When the plant first...
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Plant Growth & Development
By: Johnny M. Jessup
Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor
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Introduction
• There are 7 plant processes that effect growth which are…. • Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Absorption
• Transpiration
• Translocation
• Reproduction
• Osmosis
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Photosynthesis
• Process by which green plants manufacture food.
• The beginning of the food chain for all living things on earth.
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Photosynthesis
• Carbon dioxide and water are combined in the presence of light to make sugar and oxygen.
• The Formula is….
6CO2 + 6H2O + 672Kcal C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Dioxide Water Light Glucose Sugar Oxygen
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Respiration
• The process through which plant leaves, stems, and roots consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
• Plants produce much more oxygen through photosynthesis then they use through respiration.
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Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
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Absorption
• The process by which plant roots take in water, air, & nutrients and conduct them to the stem.
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Transpiration
• The process by which plants roots lose water from leaves and stems through evaporation.
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Translocation
• The process by which food and nutrients are moved within a plant from one plant part to another.
• Water and minerals move from the roots up to the leaves and food moves from the leaves down to the roots.
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Translocation
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Reproduction
• The plant process that increases plant numbers, usually from seeds.
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Asexual Propagation
• Budding
• Grafting
• Layering
• Stem Cuttings
• ETC
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Asexual Propagation
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Osmosis
1. The process by which minerals enter the plant through cell walls.
2. The process by which water enters the plant through cell walls.
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Photoperiodism
• The response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles.
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Photoperiodism
• Short day plants require long nights to flower.
• Examples are poinsettia and azalea.
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Photoperiodism
• Long day plants require short nights to flower.
• Examples are African violets and spinach.
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Phototropism
• The tendency for plants to grow toward a light source
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Moisture
• 90% of plant tissue is made of mostly water.
• Water carries nutrients throughout the plant
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Plant Processes
• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Absorption
• Transpiration
• Translocation
• Reproduction
• Osmosis
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Stages of Plant Growth
• Juvenile • When the plant first starts to grow from a
seed.
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Stages of Plant Growth
• Vegetative • The second stage of growth that begins
after the plant begins photosynthesis and actively grows leaves, stems, and roots prior to flowering
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Stages of Plant Growth
• Reproductive • When plant produces flowers, seeds, and
fruits.
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Stages of Plant Growth
• Dormant • When plant rests or grows very little if any.
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Hardiness Zones
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Hardiness Zones
• North Carolina • Zones 6 to 8
• Plants are categorized by zones based on the average minimum temperature • Zone 6
• -10 to 0 degrees F
• Zone 7 • 0 to 10 degrees F
• Charlotte and Raleigh
• Zone 8 • 10 to 20 degrees F
• Havelock
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Plant Cell Growth
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Plant Cells
• Are the basic unit of life.
• Nucleus and a mass of protoplasm contained with a plasma membrane.
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Nucleus
• Location of the plant’s genetic and hereditary make-up.
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Protoplasm
• The living matter of the cell.
• The gel matrix inside the cell.
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Plasma Membrane
• Surrounds protoplasm and allows for exchange of nutrients and gases into and out of the cell.
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Cell Wall
• The rigid structure that provides support for the cell and thus the whole plant.
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Other Cell Structures
• Chloroplasts
• Vacuole
• Plastids
• Mitochondrion
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The Plant Cell
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Plant Tissue
• A group of cells with similar origin and function.
• Classified according to their….
• Origin
• Structure
• Physiology
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Origin & Function
• Meristematic
• Near the tip of stems and roots where cell division and enlargement occur.
• Vascular Cambium
• Increase growth in diameter of stems.
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Structure
• Simple
• Usually one type of cell.
• Complex
• Several types of cells.
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Simple Tissues
• Epidermal
• One-cell thick, outer layer, protects, prevents water loss.
• Sclerenchyma
• Have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to give strength and support to plant structures.
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Complex Tissues
• Collenchyma
• Have thick cell walls that strengthen and support plant structures.
• Parenchyma
• Fleshy part of plant that stores water and nutrients.
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The Asexual Cycle - Vegetative
• Vegetative
• Growth and development of buds, roots, leaves, and stems.
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The Asexual Cycle - Vegetative
• Cell elongation
• Stage when cells enlarge.
• Cell differentiation
• Stage when cells specialize.
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The Asexual Cycle - Reproductive
• Reproductive or flowering
• Plant develops flower buds that will develop into….
• Flowers
• Fruits
• Seeds
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Growth Hormones
• Plants produce chemical substances called hormones that inhibit or promote growth.
• Common plant hormones are…. • Inhibitors
• Cytokinins
• Gibberellins
• Auxins
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Inhibitors
• Hasten fruit ripening, inhibit or restrain seed germination and stem elongation. STOP
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Cytokinins
• Hormones that work with auxins to stimulate cell division.
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Gibberellins
• Hormones that stimulate cell elongation, premature flowering, and breaking of dormancy.
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Auxins
• Hormones that speed plant growth by stimulating cell enlargement.
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Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature, & Nutrients on Plants
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Light
• Necessary because of photosynthesis.
• Photoperiodism
• The response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles.
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Light
• Insufficient light causes long, slender, spindly stems.
• Excessive light causes plants to dry out faster.
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Moisture
• Needed in large amounts because plants tissues are mostly water and….
• Water carries the nutrients.
• Turgid
• When a plant is swollen or filled with moisture.
• Wilted
• When a plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture.
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Moisture
• Too much water causes small root systems and drowning.
• Which is the result of air spaces in soil being filled with water.
• Too little water causes wilting and stunted growth.
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Temperature
• Needs vary depending on types of plants.
• Either too high or too low will have adverse effects.
vs.
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Nutrients
• Essential for optimum plant conditions.
• Have little effect on seed germination.
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Combined Effect of Light, Moisture, Temperature, & Nutrients
• Ideal quantities and quality will give optimum plant growth.
• Each has an effect on the other factors.
• Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant growth causes diseases to be more severe in their damages to plants.
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Designed By:
• Johnny M. Jessup, FFA Advisor
• Hobbton High School