Plant Diversity and Characteristics LAB

7/30/2019 Plant Diversity and Characteristics LAB

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Plant Diversity and

Characteristics

Chapters 20-22


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Plant life began in the water and became adapted to land.

Plants have adaptations that allow them to live on land.A cuticle is a waxy, waterproof layer that allows plants to retain

moisture.Stomata are tiny holes in the cuticle that can open and close to allow airand water to move in and out of leaf (transpiration).

Guard cells surround each stomata. Stomata open and close whenguard cells change shape. When stomata are open, water evaporatesand gas exchanges. Stomata close at night and when plant loses toomuch water.

Kingdom PlantaePhotosynthetic eukaryotes

Autotrophs

Contains chlorophyll and chloroplast

Use starch and glucose as foodCell walls with cellulose

Multicellular

stomata

guard cells stomata


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Leaves absorb light and carry out photosynthesis.

The blade is usually broad and flat.

collects sunlight for photosynthesis

connects to the stem by a petiole Plants can respond to light, touch, gravity,

and seasonal changes

Phototropism is the tendency of a plant togrow toward light.

blade

petiole

Leaves have many adaptations.For extreme temperatures, example: pine needles

For getting food, example: Venus flytrap

For aquatic environments, example: water lily

For water loss, example: cactus spines


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Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil.

support the plant

absorb, transport, and store nutrients

root hairs help absorption

There are 2 main types of roots.Fibrous root systems have fine

branches.

Taproot systems have one mainroot. Examples: Radish and Carrot

Fibrous root Taproot


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Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. Stems have many functions.

support leaves and flowers

house most of the vascular system

store water

grow underground for glucose storage

form new plants

Tree rings help determine the age of a tree.

What is a vascular system? A vascular systemtransports water, minerals and sugars from the

roots to the leaves and vice versa.

2 networks of hollow tubes makeup the vascular

system:

1. Xylem transports water and minerals from

roots to the leaves

2. Phloem transports photosynthetic products

from leaves to roots

Cactus

Potato tubers

Strawberry stolons


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Mosses and their relatives are seedless

nonvascular plants.

Nonvascular plants growclose to the ground toabsorb water and nutrients.

Seedless plants rely on free-

standing water forreproduction.


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Club mosses and ferns are seedless

vascular plants. A vascular system allows club mosses and ferns to grow

higher off the ground.

Both need free-standing water for reproduction.

not true mosses

oldest living group of

vascular plants


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Seed plants include Gymnosperms (cone-bearing

plants) and Angiosperms (flowering plants).

Seed plants have several advantages over their seedlessancestors.

can reproduce without free-standing water, via pollination

pollination occurswhen pollen meetsfemale plantparts

seeds nourish and

protect plant embryo seeds allow plants to

disperse to newplaces


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Pollen grains allow for reproduction without free-standing water.

A seed is a storage device for a plant embryo.

seed coats protect embryos from drying wind and sunlight

-animals feed on pollen or nectar

-pollen is spread from plant to

plant in process.

-pollen can be carried by wind or

animals to female structures


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Plant life cycles alternate between

producing spores and gametes.

A two-phase life cycle is called alternation of generations.

haploid phase

diploid phase

alternates betweenthe two

fertilization

meiosis

SPOROPHYTE

PHASE

GAMETOPHYTE

PHASE


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Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit.

most gymnosperms are cone-bearing

and evergreen. the cone is reproductive structure of

most gymnosperms.

pollen is produced

in male cones.

eggs are produced in female cones.

seeds develop on scales of female

cones.

includes pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and

juniper


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Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit.

A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms.

A fruit is a ripened mature ovary of a flower. It surrounds and protects seeds.

Fruit allows for efficient seed dispersal because sweet aromas attract animals. Seedsget dispersed in feces.


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sepal

Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers.

Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves. Sepals and petals are

modified leaves.

Sepals are outermostlayer that protectsdeveloping flower

Petals can help to attractanimal pollinators withcolor

petal


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A stamen is the male structure of the flower.

1. Anther- top of stamen, releases pollen

2. Filament- stalk attaching anther to stem

stamen

filament anther


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arpel style

stigma

ovary

The innermost layer of a flower is the female carpel.

stigma is sticky top of pistil for pollen to be deposited

style is tube leading from stigma to ovary

ovary contains ovule, where eggs are found

Ovule will become seeds if fertilized

The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.


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Seeds disperse and begin to grow when conditions are favorable.

Animals, wind, and water can spread seeds.

Seeds dispersed by animalscan have nutritious fruits or

fruits that cling.

Seeds dispersed by wind can have wing- or parachute-

like fruits.

Seeds dispersed by water can have fruits that float.


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Seeds begin to grow when environmental

conditions are favorable.

Seed dormancy is a state in which the embryohas stopped growing. Dormancy may end when

conditions are favorable.

While dormant, embryo canwithstand extreme conditions.


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Germination begins the growth of an embryo into a seedling.

Once photosynthesis begins, the plant is called a seedling.


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Plants can produce genetic clones of themselves through asexual reproduction. Plants

can reproduce asexually with stems, leaves, or roots.

Regeneration is one type of asexualreproduction.

plants grow a new individual from fragmentof parent

occurs when piece of a stem, leaf, or rootfalls off parent plant

Vegetative

reproduction is

another type of

asexualreproduction.

Stems, leaves, or

roots attached to

parent plant

produce newindividual.

Humans can produce plants with

desirable traits using vegetative

propagation. Cutting of leaves or

stems may grow new roots.


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Botanists classify flowering plants into

two groups based on seed type.

1. Monocots have a single cotyledon (seed leaf).

leaf veins usually parallel

flower parts usually in multiples of 3

bundles of vascular tissue scattered in stem


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2. Dicots have two cotyledons (seed leaves).

leaf veins usually netlike flower parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5

bundles of vascular tissue in rings in stem


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Flowering plants are also categorized by

stem type and lifespan.

Stem type can be woody or herbaceous.

Wood is a fibrousmaterial made up of

dead cells. Wood has high

concentrations oflignin and cellulose.

Stems are rigid.

Herbaceous plants do not

produce wood.

Iris

Oak


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Annuals mature anddie in one year.

There are 3 types of plant life spans

Perennials live more

than two years.

Biennials take two

years to compete

life cycle.


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Plants and other organisms can share amutualistic relationship.

a mutualism is an interaction in which two speciesbenefit

plant roots and certain fungi and bacteria flowering plants and their animal pollinators


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Plants have adaptations that prevent animals from

eating them.

defensive chemicals

spines and thorns


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Humans rely on plants in many ways.

Agriculture provides stable food supplies for people in

permanent settlements. Botany is the study of plants.

People started planting for harvest about 10,000 years ago.

wild species tamed through artificial

selection

farming requires people to stay in one

place


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Plant products are important economic resources.

Plant products have been traded for thousands of years.

spices commonly used as currency in Middle Ages

Plant products contribute to economy on a global scale today.

grains, coffee, sugar, cotton, forest products

billions of dollars of plant products traded each year


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Plant compounds are essential to modern medicine.

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their

effects on the body. Many drugs are derived from plants.

Salicin from willow trees is used in aspirin.

Alkaloids are potent plant chemicals that containnitrogen.

Alkaloids such as taxol have anti-cancer properties. Some medical research focuses on properties of

plant compounds.

studies plants used medicinally in traditionalcultures

develop synthetic drugs based on plant compounds

Plant Diversity and Characteristics LAB

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