Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1

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Autodesk Plant 2012Instructor WorkbookUnit 1: The Elements of Process Piping Design

ContentsContents ............................................................................................................................ 1 Preface .............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 1 – The Elements of Process Piping Design .......................................................... 4

Lesson 1 - A Brief History of Pipe ................................................................................. 4 Pipe Composition ..................................................................................................... 4 Pipe Sizes ................................................................................................................ 5 Pipe Connections ..................................................................................................... 7

Assessment 1-1 ........................................................................................................ 8 Lesson 2 - Piping Components ..................................................................................... 9

Fittings ...................................................................................................................... 9 Flanges................................................................................................................... 14 Valves..................................................................................................................... 16

Assessment 1-2 ...................................................................................................... 25 Lesson 3 - Instrumentation ......................................................................................... 26

Process Variables .................................................................................................. 26 Instrument Functions .............................................................................................. 26 Instrument Tags ..................................................................................................... 28 Signal Types ........................................................................................................... 30

Assessment 1-3 ...................................................................................................... 30 Lesson 4 – Piping Specifications ................................................................................ 32

Exercise 1.1 – Creating a New Piping Specification ............................................... 34 Exercise 1.2 – Adding Components to a Spec ....................................................... 34 Student Exercise 1.3 .............................................................................................. 35 Exercise 1.4 – Setting Part Use Priority ................................................................. 35 Student Exercise 1.5 .............................................................................................. 35 Student Exercise 1.6 .............................................................................................. 36 Student Exercise 1.7 .............................................................................................. 36 Exercise 1.8 – Editing a Piping Spec ...................................................................... 37



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Assessment 1-4 ...................................................................................................... 37 Appendix A – Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................ 39 Appendix B - Fitting Dimensions ................................................................................. 41

Elbows and Caps ................................................................................................... 41 Tees and Reducers ................................................................................................ 42 Socketweld Fittings ................................................................................................ 44 Flanges................................................................................................................... 45



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PrefaceThis curriculum is intended to cover the introductory knowledge needed to begin a

successful career in process piping design using the AutoCAD 2012 Plant software. Upon

finishing this course, the student will have been exposed to the fundamental concepts

which are the basis for piping design including:

Piping specification editing with AutoCAD Spec Editor, Intelligent P&ID drafting with AutoCAD P&ID,

3D modeling of pipe and equipment with AutoCAD Plant 3D,

Isometric and orthographic drawing generation with AutoCAD Plant 3D,

Report Generation with AutoCAD Plant Report Creator

The course is divided into six units. Each unit will introduce a series of new concepts

pertaining to process piping design. The units are divided into lessons, each building

upon previous lessons and culminating with a set of review questions. In lessons where

the AutoCAD Plant software is used, the student will be required to complete certain

exercises. The exercises will help reinforce the concepts presented in the lesson and

allow the student to develop their skills and proficiency in the AutoCAD Plant software.

Student exercises have minimal guidance; requiring the student to synthesize whatthey’ve learned in the class and through other resources (internet, help files, etc.).

This course is accompanied by a P3D_Training project dataset. Be sure to have it

installed on the student’s computer to facilitate working with exercises and tutorials.

Autodesk software commands used in this course will be indicated in bold italicized text

(example: File → Print means select the Print command from the File pull-down menu).

Disclaimer : Although this text summarizes various engineering principles for the student

designer, always refer to the applicable engineering codes, manufacturer’s technical

information, and company standards when applying the knowledge gained in this course.

The information provided herein is for educational purposes only and should not be

substituted for actual engineering practices. Any product or company names referenced

in this material are for demonstrative purposes only and do not represent or imply anendorsement or recommendation by the author or Autodesk, Inc.

About the Author: Joel C. Harris attended California Institute of Technology. He has

been teaching AutoCAD in various capacities since 1986. Having worked as an

AutoCAD third-party developer, AutoCAD reseller and instructor at Bellingham Technical

College, he has experienced the CAD business from many sides. Currently, he has over

20 years of experience in piping design and as a plant design software administrator. He

is a member of the “Krusty Krew” that participates in the plant design community at

www.DaveTyner.com. He lives in Washington State with his wife Cynthia and two

children.

Technical Editor: Charles A. Terranova started piping design in 1974 and has

designed, checked or managed oil and gas projects for most of the major oil companies.

He has designed piping for the pulp and paper and power industries as well as created

and maintained new piping design standards, procedures, and guidelines for a major

engineering firm from 1987 to present. He has developed entry level and advanced piping

design classes which he has taught since 1988. Currently, he holds the positions of

piping design group supervisor, training, and quality coordinator, and piping standards

and procedures coordinator.

http://www.davetyner.com/





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Unit 1 – The Elements of ProcessPiping DesignSince early agricultural civilizations invented methods to irrigate their crops, directing and

controlling the movement of fluids has been an important field of engineering. Today,

modern technology has allowed the automation of very sophisticated processes – many of

which we encounter in our daily lives. From the gasoline in our cars to the silicone chips in

our computers; from the catsup on our hamburgers to the hydroelectric power that

energizes our homes; process piping plays a key role in the industries that bring us these

products.

A process is defined as a continuous operation or series of actions directed to produce an

end result. Manufacturing processes need piping systems to create the fluid products as

well as to perform utility functions like cooling or heating or to power hydraulic and

pneumatic operations.

Lesson 1 - A Brief History of PipePipe has evolved from the rough clay and wooden plumbing that served early man into

many different types of pipe that are available to modern designers. Depending upon the

intended application, pipe can be made from different materials with different properties.

In this unit, we will talk about the various properties of pipe, piping components and fluids

– the latter being comprised of gases, liquids, mixed phases, slurries and powders.

Anything that can “flow” can be considered as a fluid where piping design is concerned.

Pipe Composition

Cast iron pipe is probably considered to be the predecessor to all modern industrial

piping. It is easy to manufacture, had reasonable corrosive resistance and is capable of

withstanding average working pressures. However, it was brittle, inflexible and weak

under tension. With the invention of the steam engine in the late 1600’s, engineers

required stronger materials like copper and steel to contain the higher pressures and

temperatures. Eventually carbon steel piping (iron mixed with certain percentages of

other elements like carbon and manganese) was developed as a reliable standard for

many industrial piping requirements. Carbon steel is strong, ductile, weldable and usually

Figure 1-1. Boiler designs like

this one from the early 1800’s

helped develop the standards

upon which modern pipingsystems are based.



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less expensive than other metals. Also very important is that it can handle temperatures

up to 500°F before its strength starts to deteriorate.

By varying the ratios of different elements in the manufacturing process, different alloys of

steel became available that had metallurgical properties that suited different

environmental conditions. They developed low-temperature carbon steel for cold fluids or

environments, chrome alloys for high temperature applications, stainless steel for

corrosion resistance. Engineers eventually developed pipe from non-metallic materials like

plastic or glass-lined pipe for fluids that may react chemically with steel pipe.

The need for standardization of material alloys in the railroad industry prompted the

formation of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in 1898. Each

metallurgical composition - defined by the percentage of various elements in the alloy –

was assigned an alphanumeric name, The ASTM system for grading material is used to

specify the composition of piping components today. For example, to build a piping

system using a common specification and grade of carbon steel, the engineer would order

ASTM specification A106 Grade B (commonly indicated as A106-B) pipe. The table

below shows some common specifications and grades for typical piping components.

Table 1-1. Common ASTM Specifications and Grades of Piping Components

Pipe Buttweld Fittings Flanges

Carbon Steel (CS) A106-B, A53-B A234-WPB A105

Low Temp CS (LTCS) A333-6 A420-WPL6 A350-LF2

316 Stainless Steel (SS) A312-TP316 A403-WP316 A182-F316

Pipe Sizes

The importance of standardization of pipe sizes is immediately obvious, not only as it

applies to the designer but as it benefits the manufacturer and process facility as well.

Standard nominal imperial sizes (called “nominal pipe size” or NPS) are different fromstandard nominal metric sizes (called “Diametre Nominal” or DN ) but the actual outer

dimensions for imperial and metric pipe are the same. This allows for piping to be

connected regardless of what system of units it was designed under. The American

National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

(ASME) set the standards for imperial pipe sizes and dimensions used in the United

States, while the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets the standard for

metric pipe sizes. Table 1-2 below shows the correlation between standard pipe sizes in

these two systems for ½” to 24”. The remainder of this text will be based upon imperial

dimensions.

Regardless of the system of units, there are two key dimensions that are standardized in

pipe: the outer diameter (OD) and the wall thickness. The actual pipe OD always

corresponds to a nominal pipe size (NPS) – but is not always equivalent. Let’s look at 10”

NPS pipe as an example: At one time, 10” pipe referred to pipe whose inner diameter was

roughly equal to 10” and whose wall thickness was appropriate for the weaker

metallurgies of the day – roughly equivalent to STD wall thickness pipe today. As newer

and stronger materials were developed it was necessary to maintain compatibility with

older piping. To do this, the pipe OD was kept the same yet the pipe inner diameter (ID)

was allowed to vary depending upon the wall thickness. The wall thickness requirements

would then vary depending upon the material used, pressures and temperatures involved,



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corrosion allowances and so forth. We will talk more about pipe wall thicknesses later in

this section.

Consequently, the result of all of this is that what we call 10” NPS pipe today actually has

an outer diameter of 10.75”. Pipe with an NPS of 14” or lar ger has an equivalent pipe OD,

while for 12” NPS and less the pipe OD is larger than the NPS.

Table 1-2. Standard Imperial and Metric Piping Sizes (per ASME 36.10M)

Imperial NPS

(in)

Actual Pipe OD

(in/mm)

Metric DN

(mm)

½” 0.840/21.34 15

¾” 1.050/26.67 20

1” 1.315/33.40 25

1 ¼” 1.660/42.16 32

1 ½” 1.900/48.26 40

2” 2.375/60.33 50

2 ½” 2.875/73.02 65

3” 3.500/88.90 80

3 ½” 4.000/101.60 90

4” 4.500/114.30 1004 ½” 5.000/127.00 115

5” 5.563/141.30 125

6” 6.625/168.27 150

8” 8.625/219.08 200

10” 10.75/273.05 250

12” 12.75/323.85 300

14” 14.00/355.60 350

16” 16.00/406.40 400

18” 18.00/457.20 450

20 20.00/508.00 500

22 22.00/558.80 550

24 24.00/609.60 600

Although the table above shows the standard sizes defined by ANSI and ISO, not all of

those sizes are commonly used in all industries. For example: in petrochemical plants the

sizes 1 ¼”,2 ½”, 3 ½”, 5” and 22” piping are rarely used.

Pipe wall thicknesses were first standardized for cast iron pipe as the following (in order of

increasing thickness): Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS) and Double Extra Strong

(XXS). Later, a system of pipe schedules was developed that added more wall thickness

options but also overlapped the existing system. This numeric system included the

following designations (in order of increasing thickness): SCH 5, SCH 10, SCH 20, SCH

30, SCH 40, SCH 60, SCH 80, SCH 100, SCH 120, SCH 140 and SCH 160. An example

of the “overlap” of the two systems is that STD and SCH 40 wall thicknesses are the samefor 1/8” through 10” pipe. The table below shows the wall thicknesses for ½” through 24”

pipe (uncommon sizes and wall thicknesses omitted). In the adjacent shaded columns the

numbers are duplicated due to the two overlapping systems of wall thickness standards.

Note: A dash (-) indicates that there is no wall thickness for that size/standard

combination.



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Table 1-3. Standard Piping Wall Thicknesses in inches (per ASME 36.10M)

SCH

10

SCH

20

SCH

40

STD SCH

80

SCH

XS

SCH

120

SCH

160

XXS

½” 0.083 - 0.109 0.109 0.147 0.147 - - 0.294

¾” 0.083 - 0.113 0.113 0.154 0.154 - - 0.308

1” 0.109 - 0.133 0.133 0.179 0.179 - - 0.3581 ¼” 0.109 - 0.140 0.140 0.191 0.191 - - 0.382

1 ½” 0.109 - 0.145 0.145 0.200 0.200 - - 0.400

2” 0.109 - 0.154 0.154 0.218 0.218 - 0.343 0.436

3” 0.120 - 0.216 0.216 0.300 0.300 - 0.438 0.600

4” 0.120 - 0.237 0.237 0.337 0.337 0.437 0.531 0.674

6” 0.134 - 0.280 0.280 0.432 0.432 0.562 0.718 0.864

8” 0.148 0.25 0.322 0.322 0.500 0.500 0.718 0.906 0.875

10” 0.165 0.25 0.365 0.365 0.593 0.500 0.843 1.125 1.000

12” 0.180 0.25 0.406 0.375 0.687 0.500 1.000 1.312 1.000

14” 0.250 0.312 0.437 0.375 0.750 0.500 1.093 1.406 -

16” 0.250 0.312 0.500 0.375 0.843 0.500 1.218 1.593 -

18” 0.250 0.312 0.562 0.375 0.937 0.500 1.375 1.781 -

20” 0.250 0.375 0.593 0.375 1.031 0.500 1.500 1.968 -

24” 0.250 0.375 0.687 0.375 1.218 0.500 1.812 2.343 -

To calculate a pipe ID, simply subtract twice the wall thickness from the pipe OD. Here

are the steps to find the ID of 4” STD pipe:

Use Table 1-2 to find the OD of 4” NPS pipe (answer=4.500”)

Use Table 1-3 to find the wall thickness for 4” STD pipe (answer=0.237”)

The ID is 4.5” – 2 x (0.237”) = 4.026”

Pipe Connections

Beside the pipe itself, other components – or fittings – are required to create a piping

system. Connecting pipe to other pipe or fittings is done in a number of different manners.

Each type of connection has strengths and weaknesses and is intended to be used under

certain design conditions.

The first type of pipe connection is the buttweld . Buttwelded components are simply

“butted up” end to end and joined with a bevel weld. The pipe ends that are to be welded

must be prepared by beveling the ends of the pipe. Buttweld fittings come from the

manufacturer with beveled ends. For economic and strength reasons, 2” (NPS) and

larger pipe (referred to as “large bore” piping) and fittings are usually connected using a

buttwelded joint. The common abbreviation for buttweld is BW.

Socketweld (SW) connections are just that: pipe is inserted into the socket of a fitting and

welded with a fillet weld at the outside end of the socket. Threaded (THD) fittings have aninternal thread in the socket and the pipe is externally threaded to match. To make the

connection, the pipe is threaded into the fitting. This is a common joint used in residential

plumbing. Both socketweld and threaded connections are typically used with 1 ½” NPS

and smaller piping (i.e. “small bore” piping), although there are exceptions to this: e.g.

some water systems use galvanized threaded pipe and fittings up to 12” NPS. SW and

THD connections require the pairing of male and female components to make the joint –

pipe is always the male component. Most (but not all) SW and THD fittings are female so

that they can connect to pipe.



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Figure 1-2. Three Basic Piping Connections

Assessment 1-1

1. A process is defined as a cont inuo us operat ion or ser ies of act ions directed to

produce an end result.

2. Name one possible metal alloy used for pipe in a high temperature service.

Chrome Al loys

3. Name one material that could be used for piping a chemical that reacts with steel

pipe. Either Plast ic Pipe or Glass Lined Pipe

4. Name one material specification and grade for carbon steel pipe. Either ASTM A106 Grade B or ASTM A53 Grade B

5. Name two organizations responsible for specifying standard pipe sizes and

dimensions. Two o f these: ANSI, ASME and ISO

6. What is the actual OD of 3” NPS pipe? 3.5” What is the equivalent metric DN?

80mm

7. Which 12” NPS pipe has a thicker pipe wall: SCH 40 or STD? SCH 40 is 0.406”

while STD is only 0.375”

8. What is the ID (in inches) of a 2” SCH XS pipe? 1.939” = 2.375” – (2 x 0 .218”)

9. Name three types of pipe connections (include their full name and abbreviation).

Buttw eld (BW), Sock etweld (SW) and Threaded (THD)

10. Is socketweld piping typically large bore or small bore? Small bore



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Lesson 2 - Piping ComponentsPipe - which usually comes in straight lengths of 20 feet – is not enough to build a piping

system by itself. Over the years, fittings and valves have been created to satisfy the

needs of most design configurations, and those that are not available “off the shelf” are

fabricated as needed. Fittings can be as simple as those that allow the piping system to

change direction or size and as complex as those connecting to instrumentation for

measuring flow rates through the pipe.

Dimensions for pipe, fittings, flanges and valves have been standardized in the United

States by ASME. ASME standards mandate pressure/temperature ratings, tolerances,

dimensions, markings and material requirements for various piping components.

Table 1-4. A Few Important ASME Piping Standards

ASME Standard Number ASME Standard Description

B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

B16.9 Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings

B16.10 Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves

B16.11 Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-welding and Threaded

B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

Fittings

Buttweld fittings typically have their wall thicknesses specified to match the pipe they are

welded to, i.e. a 2” SCH XS pipe will almost always be buttwelded to a 2” SCH XS fitting.

This avoids any internal ledges that may disrupt fluid flow or cause increased corrosion at

the weld joint. Socketweld and threaded fittings are not designated with a wall thickness

but rather a pressure rating. The most common pressure ratings for small-bore steel

fittings are 2000#, 3000#, 6000# and 9000#. Table 1-5 shows the correlation of these

fitting classes to the equivalent pipe wall thickness.

Table 1-5. Small-Bore Fittings to Pipe Wall Thickness

Fitting Rating Socketweld Pipe Threaded Pipe

2000# - SCH XS

3000# SCH XS SCH 160

6000# SCH 160 SCH XXS

9000# SCH XXS -

As the table indicates, the higher the pressure rating of the fitting the thicker the

compatible pipe needs to be to maintain the integrity of the piping system. Also, notice

that threaded pipe requires an even thicker wall thickness than socketweld pipe due to the

removal of material from the pipe during the threading process.

Although there are many more types of fittings than are listed here, the following are the

basic fitting types used in industrial process piping. Each fitting description is followed by

a picture of that fitting as it is modeled in the AutoCAD Plant 3D software.



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Elbows - Elbows are the most common of fittings and are used to change direction,

typically 90° or 45°. Elbows are named by their angle of direction change and, in the case

of buttweld elbows, their radius. For example, a 90° Long Radius Elbow , or 90 LR Ell,

r efers to a fitting that changes the centerline direction by 90 degrees and has a “long

radius”, i.e. the centerline radius is equal to 1.5 times the nominal pipe diameter. For

example, a 4” long radius 90° elbow has a centerline radius of 6”.

Figure 1-3. 90° LR BW Elbow and 45° BW Elbow

A 90° SR Ell is a fitting which changes the centerline direction by 90 degrees and has a

“short radius” – a centerline radius which is equal to the nominal pipe size. A short radius

elbow is used where a long radius elbow will not fit. The downside to short radius elbows

is their increased flow resistance compared to 90 LR degree ells. This resistance can

cause pressure drops in the fluid flow that might be detrimental to the process.

The 45° Ell is an elbow that changes direction by 45 degrees and has the radius of a long

radius elbow. There are no standard short radius elbows unless someone cuts one from

a 90° SR Ell. When a change of direction other than 90° or 45° is required then a trimmed

ell is cut from 90° LR Ell to the required angle.

If a larger radius bend is required (to reduce flow restrictions, turbulence or pipe stresses)

a pipe bend can be used in place of an elbow. These are fabricated from straight pieces

of pipe placed in a pipe bender. The radius is specified in number of diameters “D”,

referring to the nominal pipe diameter. A 10” 5D pipe bend has a radius of 50” (5x10”).

Socketweld and threaded elbows do not have a long or short radius designation; however

they do come in 90 and 45 degree types. Another type of SW or THD ell is the street ell; it

is a 90 degree elbow with one male and one female end.

Less common but very useful in a tight situation is the reducing elbow. It changes

direction by 90 degrees and also reduces in pipe size. This single fitting does the job of two fittings in much less space.

Tees – Tees allow piping to branch at right angles to the piping centerline. A straight tee

creates a branch that is the same size as the main piping run, while a reducing tee

creates a smaller diameter branch.



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Figure 1-4. Straight BW Tee and Reducing BW Tee

Reducers - The function of reducers is to change the pipe size for buttwelded piping.

There are two types: concentric and eccentric . Concentric reducers change the pipe size

while maintaining a straight centerline. Eccentric reducers offset the centerline so that the

designer can maintain the same bottom (or top) of pipe. If an eccentric reducer has its flat

side down (referred to as “bottom flat”) it allows the pipe to rest on steel supports at a

same height even after the change in size. Reducers are described by their two sizes

(larger size first) and then the type: e.g. a 6”x4” concentric reducer.

To calculate the difference in pipe centerline offset that an eccentric reducer creates, you

need to find half the difference between the two pipe sizes’ outer diameters. For example,

a 10”x6” eccentric reducer has a centerline offset of (10.75” – 6.625”)/2 = 2.0625”.

Figure 1-5. Concentric and Eccentric Reducers

Swages - A swage, or swage nipple, is a reducing fitting like a reducer but it can have

different end connections and is limited to sizes 6” and under. Possible end types for a

swage are: beveled (for BW connections), plain (for SW) and THD. The SW and THD

ends of a swage are male, so they cannot connect directly to pipe. Instead a coupling or

other female fitting, flange or valve is connected to it.

Figure 1-6. Concentric and Eccentric Swages



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Caps - A cap is used to seal off the end of the pipe in a manner that is both strong and

functionally permanent. It is often used to terminate a main pipe line (also known as a

header ) that serves multiple branches.

Figure 1-7. BW Cap

Crosses - These fittings provide two concentric branches perpendicular to the pipe

centerline, like the shape of an “X”. Due to their higher cost to manufacture, they are not

commonly used in piping systems.

Figure 1-8. SW Cross

Returns - 180° returns create a reversal of direction and are shaped like a “U”. The long

radius returns are similar dimensionally to two 90° long radius elbows welded end to end,

and as such are not commonly used.

Figure 1-9. 180° LR Return



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Laterals - Laterals are a type of branch fitting much like a tee except that the branch

comes off of the main pipe centerline at a 45° angle. Also like tees, there are both straight

laterals and reducing laterals available for the designer to use. A lateral allows the

designer to create a branch that has less flow resistance than a tee, which is important in

process plant safety or emergency relief piping systems.

Figure 1-10. 45° BW Lateral

Reinforced Branch Fittings –

Often referred to by the Bonney Forge trade name “Olet”,this is a family of weld-on branch outlet fittings. A hole is typically tapped into the side of

the pipe and then a reinforced branch fitting is welded onto this location. This fitting

provides a structurally reinforced branch connection with various end configurations for

connecting the branch pipe: buttweld, socketweld, threaded or flanged. The corresponding

trade names for these types are weldolet , sockolet , thredolet and flanget .

Figure 1-11. Sockolet, Weldolet and Nipolet (on pipe)

Couplings - A coupling is a sleeve that connects two pipes. It can be internally threaded

to accept threaded pipe or have two smooth sockets for plain pipe. It is typically used for

SW or THD piping only.

Figure 1-12. Socketweld Coupling



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Unions - A union is a special type of connection typically used in small-bore piping thatprovides a threaded connection between two pipes, neither of which can be turned. Itconsists of three pieces: two threaded hubs, each welded to one of the pipes, and athreaded centerpiece that draws the two hubs together.

Figure 1-13. Socketweld Union

Plug –

These fittings are either SW or THD and so exactly as their name implies: theyplug or terminate the end of an open female fitting on small-bore piping.

Figure 1-14. Socketweld Plug

Flanges

Flanges provide a bolted connection in situations where:

Components require removal for service,

Components cannot be welded,

Sections of piping need to be quickly installed, removed or replaced.

Flanges are usually welded or threaded to adjacent pipe and connected with a series of

bolts. Circular gaskets provide a leak-proof seal between the flange “faces”, or sealing

surfaces.



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Figure 1-15. Some Flange Types

Weldneck Flanges – Weldneck (WN) flanges are the most commonly used flanges in

many industrial applications. They are distinguished by the tapered hub or “neck” that

extends from the flange down to where the pipe is to be attached. This taper makes the

flange an integral part of the piping, allowing it to withstand repeated bending.

Slip-On Flanges – Slip-On (SO) flanges are also very popular due to their lower initial

cost (but roughly equal installed cost) than weldneck flanges. The flange is slipped over

the pipe and two welds are made: one inside the flange and one outside the pipe. Slip-on

flanges are sometimes used to connect to equipment nozzles because of the ability to

make slight adjustments for proper fit-up.

Lap-Joint Flanges – Lap-joint (LJ) flanges are economical in situations where the pipe

material is costly since only the stub end needs to be the same metallurgy as the pipe.

The flange itself can be less expensive carbon steel. The flared, machined edge of the

stub end slides through the lap-joint flange and provides the raised face for gasket

sealing. These are also known as “Van Stone” flanges.

Socketweld Flanges – Socketweld (SW) flanges have a socket to receive the connecting

pipe and are fillet welded to the pipe around the end of the socket. They are typically

used in small-bore piping and are capable of withstanding high pressures.

Threaded Flanges – These flanges are threaded (THD) onto the end of the connecting

pipe. They are usually used on small bore piping in lower pressure services along with

threaded fittings and pipe.

Blind Flanges –

Blind flanges are a solid disc with bolt holes that are used to seal off aflanged connection. They provide a bolted connection in situations where a future

connection or access to the piping for inspection (or otherwise) is required.

Flange Facings – Flanges typically have one of three common facing types: Raised Face

(RF), Ring-Type Joint (RTJ), Flat Face (FF). RTJ flanges are typically used in higher

pressure services and FF used for lower pressure services. Raised face flanges have a

circular, machined raised face: 1/16” high for 150# and 300# classes and ¼” for higher

pressure classes. The gasket seals against this face which is completely within the flange

bolt circle. Flat face flanges do not have a raised face and the gasket covers the entire



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flange diameter beyond the bolt circle. Ring-type joint flanges are much like raised face

flanges except that they have a groove machined into the raised face. A soft metal ring

gasket will sit in the grooves of mating flanges to provide a high pressure seal. The

groove helps keep the gasket in place against the force of high pressure fluids and gases.

Figure 1-16. Flange Facings

Flanges are specified by the designer providing the following information:

type of flange (weldneck, socketweld, etc.)

flange facing (FF, RF or RTJ)

pressure class (typically 150#, 300#, 600#, 900#, 1500# or 2500#) standard (e.g. ASME B16.5)

material specification and grade (e.g. ASTM A105)

Wall thickness (in the case of weldneck and lap-joint flanges only since they

connect to the pipe with a buttweld joint)

Figure 1-17. Gasket Seal between Flanges

Valves

The purpose of valves in a piping system is to control the flow of fluid. Whether this

means starting/stopping flow, reducing/ increasing flow, or redirecting flow, valves areimportant components in process piping.

Because of the many possible piping applications, there are literally thousands of different

types of valves available. Luckily, most valve designs fall into just a few major categories:

Block (On/Off) Valves – Gate, Ball, Plug

Regulating/Throttling Valves –Globe, Butterfly and Needle

Check Valves

Pressure Relief and Safety Valves

Control Valves



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The primary internal parts (called valve trim) that can be found in most valves are:

The disc , ball , plug or gate that moves to control the flow;

The seat which it seals against;

The stem that connects the moving part to the operator .

These parts are contained in the valve body and bonnet . The body is either flanged, BW,

SW or THD to connect to the piping system.

The end-to-end dimensions of most valves are standardized by various specifications (i.e.

ASME B16.10) - but this does not apply to all valves. Moreover, there are other valve

features whose dimensions are not standardized and are of equal if not more importance

to the designer. Specifically, these are the height and diameter (or length) of the operator

(handwheel, lever or gear) that turns the valve. Since the piping designer is concerned

with incorporating operability and safety into the piping design, the location and orientation

of valve operators should be determined early in the layout. A good designer also

remembers to model valves and their operators with correct dimensions. Ultimately, the

only reliable source for valve dimensions is the manufacturer’s catalog.

Various manufacturers specialize in different types of valves for different services. Since

the fluids in a process can vary greatly in pressure, temperature, acidity and other

chemical qualities, selecting the appropriate valve is important. This task is usually left to

the mechanical or piping engineer, who works with the client and the manufacturer to

select the proper valve for the designer to use. Often, a client may already have

determined which valves are acceptable for certain services in their facility. These

approved valves will be completely listed in their piping specifications – something you will

learn more about later in this unit.



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Figure 1-18. Valve Types

Since valve layout in the piping system is a key concern of the designer, here are some

things to consider:

How often is the valve operated? If the answer is “frequently” than it should be

easily accessible from grade or a platform. If putting the valve in such a location

is not possible, then propose the use of a chain operator (for locations 8’-0” or

more above grade or platform) or a remote motor operator.

Is the valve easy to turn? If a valve wrench (or “cheater”) is necessary to turn it

then the designer needs to leave room around the handwheel for the use of such

a tool. Otherwise a gear operator may be specified to supply to additional torque

required to turn the valve.

Does the valve have frequent or special maintenance requirements? Make sure

you have taken into account the space needed for bringing in small lifts to

remove large valves or their operators.

Always locate control valves near grade or platform (typically with their centerline

1’-6” to 2’-0” above the floor).

Remember ergonomics! Try to place handwheels at a height that they can be

turned without exertion or stretching. Use handwheel extensions if necessary.



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As mentioned at the beginning of this section, valves can have different end types but

they can also have different pressure ratings. If the valve is flanged, the ratings and

facings will match those of flanges (i.e. 150# RF). If SW or THD, the valves will have

ratings depending upon their body strength. For forged carbon steel valves ratings like

800#, 1500#, 2500#, and up are used. For cast bronze valves, ratings of 200# and 400#

are common.

Gate Valve –

This is the most commonly used valve in the petrochemical processindustry. The valve operates by turning a handwheel multiple times, which lifts a gate to

allow fluids to pass. Turning the handwheel the opposite direction pushes the gate down

until it seals against the seats and closes the valve. It is considered a block valve since it

works best in the fully opened or closed position. Some smaller bore gate valves can be

used as throttling valves by virtue of internal guides or split-wedge gates.

Figure 1-19. Gate Valves

Ball Valve – A ball valve has a rotating ball with a hole in the center of it which allows the

fluid to pass through when turned inline with the direction of flow. When the operator isturned 90° to the flow, the ball blocks the fluid. These are called quarter-turn valves since

that is how much the operator must rotate to go from fully closed to fully open. They are

typically used as block valves due to the limited control available with only a quarter-turn.



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Figure 1-20. Ball Valve in the Closed Position

Plug Valve –

Much like a ball valve except the part which controls flow is shaped like acylinder (sometimes tapered). Because of a tendency to bind, some plug valve designs

incorporate a lubrication system. Other plug valves have multiple ports so that flow can be

directed to more than one outlet in addition to being blocked. Single-port plug valves are

quarter-turn block valves.

Figure 1-21. Lubricated Plug Valve

Globe Valve – Globe valves are the most common regulating valve types, especially up

to about 6”; above that gate or butterfly valves may be used to regulate instead. They are

also the most common type of valve used for control valve bypasses. They operate by

turning the handwheel multiple turns, which lowers a rounded disc against the seat. They

are called globe valves since the body tends to be round, due to the direction of the

internal ports which direct the fluid flow against the disc.



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Figure 1-22. Globe Valve

Butterfly Valve – This quarter-turn valve is the simplest in concept: the stem is attached

to a disc which rotates to either block flow or allow fluid to pass it. Wafer butterfly valves

are thin in profile and are bolted directly between two flanges, with the valve cradled within

the bolt circle. Lug butterfly valves are also thin, but have threaded lugs for the flange

bolts to thread into. The disc will actually extend into the connected flanges when these

types of valves are in the open position.

Figure 1-23. Butterfly Valve

Needle Valve – These small-bore valves are used for precise control due to the fine

threading of the stem and the relatively large seat area. They operate like a globe valve

but utilize a pointed conical “needle” sealing against a seat to control flow.



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Figure 1-24. Needle Valve

Check Valve – The purpose of the check valve is to keep fluids flowing in one direction.

Different types of check valves use different internal mechanisms - whether it is a hinged

flapper (called a swing check) or a piston or ball held against a seat by spring tension

(called a lift check) - the function is the same: to prevent backflow. Because gravity plays

a role in the function of many types of check valves, the designer must pay attention to the

valve installation orientation. For example, lift checks should be installed in the horizontal

while swing checks may be installed in the vertical direction only when flow is going

upward. Also, pulsating flow can damage swing check valves and can create a high

volume rattle that will draw unwanted attention to your piping design.

Figure 1-25. Swing Check Valve

Pressure Relief and Safety Valves – The importance of having safety factors in your

piping design can never be overstated. The pressures, temperatures and chemicals

involved in some industrial processes can pose dangerous hazards. To avert unexpected

piping and equipment failures due to process upsets, designers and engineers implement

reliable and often redundant safety devices. Two such devices are the pressure relief

valve and safety valve. These valves open when a pre-determined pressure is reached



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within the piping system, allowing the fluid to be “released” to another system for

containment or disposal. Although protecting the piping and equipment is critical, these

valves also protect the most important component of your process facility – the human

operator. Safety valves are designed for gases and vapors which can expand quickly

when higher temperatures are present. Pressure relief valves are designed for liquid use,

while a third type, the safety-relief valve, can protect systems containing both gases and

liquids. There is also another class of relief valves which protect piping and equipment

from high pressures: the thermal relief valve. It opens if a certain pressure is reached dueto temperature increases in the fluid.

Since process facilities must regularly perform maintenance on these valves, they usually

have a number of design elements that need to be remembered:

Safety or relief valves should be installed in parallel pairs, called “sparing”, to

give the system redundant protection should one of the valves fail;

The designer should locate a block valve on the inlet and outlet and install a

bypass line. This allows the safety or relief valve to be removed for maintenance

or repair;

If the outlet block valve is a gate valve it should have its valve stem rotated

horizontally so that - in the rare event that it should corrode - the gate will not

drop into the seat and close the valve. This would prevent the safety or relief

valve from functioning properly;

The inlet and outlet block valves should be installed in the open position and

have a metal lock or tie strap (called a car-seal ) installed on the handwheel. This

is intended to prevent anyone from accidentally closing the valves, thus

compromising the safety of the piping system.

Pressure relief and safety valves are not selected by the piping designer but by

either the process, mechanical or instrumentation engineers. The valves typically

get assigned a unigue tag or number and have a clearly marked set pressure.

Safety and relief valves are always part of a facility’s safety management

program, continuously being tested and maintained.

Figure 1-26. Safety Valve and Pressure Relief Valve



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Control Valves – Since industrial piping requires constant monitoring and adjustment of

the process conditions to achieve the best resulting product, a special type of valve called

a control valve is used. In reality, control valves are just a regular valve with the

handwheel or lever replaced with a pneumatic, hydraulic or electrically-controlled valve

actuator . The function of the control valve (i.e. to block or throttle flow) will determine

which type of valve is used. For better control, most control valves are at least one sizesmaller than the piping they are connected to.

Figure 1-27. Globe Control Valve (Courtesy Metso)

One of the most important design considerations for control valve layout is the orientation

of the actuator. Since the size and configuration of the actuator can vary greatly, the

control valve piping may require a well thought-out design. Control valves almost always

have block valves up and downstream as well as a valved bypass line. If the control valve

needs servicing, the bypass valve can be manually operated while the control valve is

removed and repaired or replaced.

The control valve is one part of what is called an instrument control loop. A control loop

starts with some sort of automated instrument monitoring a particular process condition.

Then some other type of instrument or computer program will evaluate the valuesreturned and then make a decision whether to open or close a valve with the intention of

changing the value. Finally, a signal is sent to the control valve actuator which changes

the valve position. This cycle continues constantly making minor adjustments to flow as

required. An example loop would be where a temperature element detects that a process

fluid is too hot so it tells the cooling water control valve to open wider. This provides more

cooling water to the heat exchanger which is cooling the process fluid upstream of the

temperature element. We will discuss control loops more in-depth in the next lesson.



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Since the control valve is part of an instrument control loop, it is usually selected and

ordered by the instrumentation engineer. The piping designer will receive a specification

sheet with the critical end-to-end and actuator dimensions from the instrument engineer.

Assessment 1-2

1. Which ASME standard could you reference to find dimensions for a buttwelded

long radius 90 degree elbow? ASME B16.9 Factory -Made Wro ugh t Steel

But twelding Fit t ings

2. What is the centerline radius of a 10” LR 90 Ell? 15” For a 6” SR 90 Ell? 6”

3. Which fitting would you use to reduce the pipe size while maintaining the same

centerline for large bore piping? Concentr ic Reducer For small bore piping?

Concentr ic Swage

4. Name two fittings used to create a branch connection. Any two of these: Tee,

Reducing Tee, Cross, Lateral , Reinforced B ranch Fit t ing, Weldolet ,

Sockolet , Thredolet , Flanget or Nipolet

5. Name two fittings to terminate or close off the end of a piping system. Two of

these: Cap, Plug or Bl in d Flange

6. What is the name of the component which maintains the seal between two

flanges?Gasket

7. Describe a situation where you might use a lap joint flange instead of a weldneck

or slip-on flange. When the pipe mater ia l is cost ly you c an use the lap joint

f lange and only the stub end has to match the pipe metal ; the f lange can be

less expensive carbon s teel.

8. Name two types of small bore flanges. Any two of these: Socketweld,

Threaded, Weldneck or B l ind

9. Which flange type is used to seal off or terminate a flanged connection? Bl ind

Flange

10 . Name the primary three flange facing types. Flat Face (FF), Rais ed Face (RF)

and Ring-Type Joint (RTJ)

11. Which flange facing type uses a soft metal ring to maintain the seal between

flanges? Ring-Type Joint (RTJ)

12. Approved valves for use at a client’s facility will be completely listed in the Piping

Specif icat ions.

13. Name four parts of a gate valve. Any four of these: Gate, Seat Rings, Body ,

Stem, Handw heel, Yoke, Gland, Gland Bolt , Bon net , Bonnet B olt , Disc

14. What type of valve is commonly used in a control valve bypass? Globe Valve

15. What type of butterfly valve has a body that fits inside the bolt circle between two

flanges? Wafer Butterf ly

16. What type of valve is used to prevent backflow? Check Valve

17. Name two types of valves that protect a piping system from overpressure. Any

two o f these: Pressu re Relief Valve, Safety Valve, or Therm al Relief Valve

18. True or False: A control valve is basically a regular valve with a remotelycontrolled actuator. True

19. What is one of the most important design considerations when laying out a

control valve? The or ientat ion of the actuator



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Lesson 3 - InstrumentationThere is a separate discipline of engineering and design specifically dedicated to

instrumentation and control systems. Nevertheless, the piping designer must have a

working knowledge of the basic instrument types, their functions and design

considerations for installation, operation and maintenance.

Process Variables

Properties of fluids vary throughout a process, and only some are important with regards

to the process itself. With modern instrumentation there are sensors available to measure

virtually any industrial process variable. Monitoring the process fluid and making control

decisions based upon these readings are just one role of instrumentation. In this lesson,

we will introduce the main classes of instruments involved in process piping.

The first part of instrument classification deals with process variables. The most common

process variables are:

Pressure

Temperature

Flow rate

Level, as in a tank

As in any process, the quantities and values of certain variables are critical to controlling

the quality of the final product. For example, without maintaining specified temperatures

or pressures certain chemical reactions will not occur while others that you are trying to

prevent will. Table 1-6 (later in this lesson) lists some of the important process variables

that define the major classes of instruments. As a piping designer, you will learn to

recognize different types of control loops as they are presented to you on schematic

diagrams and then be able to turn them into 3D designs.

Instrument Functions

Instruments can perform a various number of tasks (refer to table 1-6). Some are

considered passive due to the fact that the control loop does not go “full circle” by directly

affecting the process. For example, a high pressure alarm would detect a pressure abovea preset level and make a loud siren or buzzing sound. It is expected that a human

operator will then perform some task to complete the loop, since the instrument did not

automatically open or close a valve. If this instrument were an active one it might control

a valve depending upon pressures it detected.

One of the roles that the piping designer plays with regards to instrumentation is locating

the process piping connection for the instrument. A few instruments strap onto the

outside of the pipe but most use a branch connection (tee, olet, etc.) that is usually

threaded or flanged to allow contact with the process fluid and removal of the instrument

for maintenance. Also, for the instrument to function properly there are a few important

design considerations at the piping interface for each of the major types of instruments.

Pressure – A pressure tap is usually a ½” THD connection to piping. There is usually a

shutoff, or instrument root valve before the pressure instrument connection. This allows

isolation of the instrument for removal. Pressure taps should be in straight runs of pipe if

possible to give better readings.

Temperature – Temperature instrument connections, often called thermowells, are

typically threaded or flanged. Most temperature element probes are inserted into the

thermowell, which extends into pipe or vessel to ensure accurate readings. For pipe, the

probe typically is inserted about 1/3 to 1/2 the pipe diameter into the pipe. If the pipe



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diameter is too small (typically under 6”) the thermowell may have to be located on an

elbow or in a short section of larger pipe diameter with reducers on either side.

Figure 1-28. Thermowells

Flow – There are many types of flow measuring instruments; some have probes that

extend into the pipe to measure flow. Others, like orifice meters, operate by placing a

restriction (usually a plate with a drilled center hole) between two orifice flanges in the line

and measuring the pressure difference up and downstream of the restriction . The

relationship between pressure and flow, as well as the low cost and high-reliability of this

type of flow instrument makes it the most common. Orifice flange dimensions are defined

by ANSI B16.36 and come in rating classes 300# and higher. The orifice flange

dimensions are generally the same as regular weldneck flanges except in the smaller

sizes where the orifice flange thickness is greater to allow for the orifice taps.

Figure 1-29. Orifice Flange Set

To avoid turbulence, the piping designer must provide a certain amount straight piping

before and after an orifice meter for it to read accurately. This “meter run” length depends

upon the ratio of the restriction hole size to the pipe ID and the number of piping

directional changes before and after the run. Typically the straight run requirements can

range from 5 to 30 times the NPS upstream of the meter and about 3 to 5 times the NPS

length downstream.



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As an example, let’s calculate the amount of straight 6” pipe required on either side of a

meter that needs 30 pipe diameters upstream and 5 downstream.

Upstream straight run = 30 x 6” = 15’-0”

Downstream straight run = 5 x 6” = 2’-6”

Figure 1-30. Meter Run Lengths for Single-Plane Piping

Because orifice meter runs can be quite long, the piping designer typically locates them in

an elevated pipe rack to minimize obstructions at grade. The designer needs to ensure

there is sufficient space to the side and above the orifice meter for instrument tubing

connections and transmitter.

Level – Liquid level measurement can be done via differential pressure taps or, more

commonly, with a level float. The level instrument could be mechanically connected to the

float or it might detect the float location magnetically. A sight glass is a clear vertical

column (usually glass in a steel case) that allows the operator to see the level of the liquid.

Figure 1-31. Magnetic Float Sight Glass

Often this type of instrument is part of a level bridle; a piping configuration that connects to

vessel or tank nozzles at different elevations (see Figure 1-31). The bridle usually has a

vent on top (a valve, blind flange or THD plug) as well as a drain. In a magnetic float sight

glass the process fluid remains safely in the bridle piping along with a magnetic float that

causes an adjacent level indicator to rise and fall.

It is the piping designer’s responsibility to design the level bridles from the equipment

nozzle to where the level instrument connects. In the cases where the level bridle is part

of the level instrument, piping designers may still have to provide vent or drain piping

connections. Although this varies among companies, it is usually true that the piping

design department is responsible for providing all piping up to the instrument including any

auxiliary piping required for its installation and safe operation.

Instrument Tags

Since there are a myriad of possible instrument types, the Instrument Society of America

(ISA) and ANSI have developed a standard for naming instruments that includes



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categorizing all of the possible permutations of process variables and instrument

functions. This standard is called the ANSI/ISA S5.1-1984 (R 1992) "Instrumentation

symbols and identification" standard. Other standards, for example the Process Industry

Practices (PIP) standard PIC001, “Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Documentation

Criteria”, use basically the same system of instrument tagging with a couple of additions.

Table 1-6. ANSI/ISA S5.1 Standard Instrumentation Identification

Process Variable

(First Letter)

Optional

ProcessVariable

Modifier (NextLetter)

Instrument Function (At least one of the letters below)

Passive or ReadoutFunction

(Next Letter)

Output Function (Next

Letter)

OptionalModifier Function

(Next

A - Analysis D - Differential A - Alarm B - User's choice B - User'sB - Burner,combustion

F - Ratio

(fraction)

B - User's choice C - Control H - High

C - User's choice J - Scan E - Sensor

(primary element)

K - Control Station L - Low

D - User's choice K - Time rate of

change

G- Glass, viewing

device

N- User's choice M - Middle,

intermediateE - Voltage M - Momentary I - Indication S - Switch N- User's

F - Flow rate Q - Integrate,

totalizer

L - Light T - Transmit U -

Multifunction

G- User's choice S - Safety N- User's choice U - Multifunction X -H - Hand X - X-axis O- Orifice,

restriction

V - Valve, damper,

louver

I - Current(electrical)

Y - Y-axis P - Point (test

connection)

X - Unclassified

J - Power Z - Z-axis R - Record Y - Relay, compute,

convert

K - Time, timeschedule

U - Multifunction Z - Driver, actuator

L - Level W - WellM- User's choice X - UnclassifiedN- User's choice

O- User's choice

P - Pressure,vacuum

Q - Quantity

R - Radiation

S - Speed,frequency

T - Temperature

U - Multivariable

V - Vibration,

mechanicalanalyses

W - Weight, force

X - Unclassified

Y - Event, state or presence

Z - Position,dimension

For example, a pressure differential instrument would have an identification tag that would

begin with the letters “PD”.



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A process facility will have many distinct piping systems, each with its own series of

instrument control loops. To keep the instrument tags unique, it is common practice for a

complete instrument tag to have a numeric prefix or suffix. The prefix is usually for

different parts of the facility of process. For example, in process unit numbered “10” in a

facility, the instrument tags will begin with the number 10 (e.g. 10-TI for a temperature

indicator in unit 10). This helps to help distinguish them from the instruments in other

units.

Finally, each control loop will get its own numeric suffix based upon a system usually

determined by the client or facility. In the simplest case, the first control loop would begin

with the number “001”. If this was a temperature control loop in unit 10 the entire loop

would be tagged as 10-T-001. This temperature control loop might be comprised of the

following instruments: an indicator (gauge), a transmitter, a controller and a valve. The

complete identification tags for the instruments in this loop would be:

Temperature Indicator: 10-TI-001

Temperature Transmitter: 10-TT-001

Temperature Controller: 10-TC-001

Temperature Control Valve: 10-TV-001

The instrument tags will appear on any document or location where the instrument is

referenced. This includes all drawings, maintenance files, reports, etc. The tag also

appears on wiring panels, operator control panels and on the instruments themselves.

Signal Types

In order to communicate between each other, instruments use different types of signals:

Pneumatic (compressed air)

Electric

Hydraulic

Mechanical

Software (binary data)

For a control loop to function properly, instruments that are compatible in their signal typesare typically used. However, there are also signal converters for those cases where

instruments send/receive different signal types. All of this will be determined by the

instrumentation and control systems engineers and shown on the Piping and

Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) which we will learn more about in a later unit.

If an instrument send or receives a pneumatic signal, there will need to be an instrument

air supply nearby to provide dry, compressed air. Making sure such a header is nearby

with valved branch connections for the pneumatic instruments is the piping designer’s

responsibility.

Assessment 1-3

1. Name the four most common process variables that can be measured by

instrumentation. Pressure, Temperature, Flow and Level

2. What size and end type is a typical pressure instrument connection? ½”

Threaded

3. Where would you typically find a longer length of straight pipe: upstream or

downstream of an orifice meter? Upstream – as many as 30 pipe diameters

4. What process variable does a sight glass measure? Level A thermowell?

Temperature



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5. What is the national standard that defines instrument classification? Either the

ANSI/ISA S5.1-1984 (R 1992) " Instrum entat ion sy mb ols and id entif icat io n"

standard or the Process Industry Practices (PIP) standard PIC001, “Piping

and Inst rumentat ion Diagram Documentat ion Cr iteria”

6. What are the instrument tag letters for the following instrument types:

a. Pressure Differential Transmitter PDT

b. Hand Valve HV

c. Temperature Alarm (High) TAH d. Pressure Safety Valve PSV

7. Name 5 types of instrument signals. Pneum atic, Electric, Hydrau lic,

Mechanical and Sof tware



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Lesson 4 – Piping SpecificationsEarlier in this unit we talked about ASTM material specifications for pipe and fittings. We

also talked about ASME specifications for valve dimensions. There is another type of

specification that is used by facilities and engineering firms to design process piping

systems: the piping specification, or pipe spec for short. The piping specification is

essentially a list of acceptable piping components for a particular process fluid. The

piping specification will define:

Operating pressure and temperature ranges that the specification covers,

Pipe and fitting wall thickness and schedules,

The types of fittings allowed,

The end connections allowed (i.e. SW, THD, BW, etc.) by size range,

Valve metallurgy, types and ratings allowed,

Flange types and ratings allowed

Insulation and coating requirements

Additionally, the piping specification will define any special fabrication, welding,

examination, testing, inspection and installation requirements. The piping specification

may refer to other facility specifications or details, but it is remains the definitive document

for selecting the components for piping system.

Here’s a typical scenario for the piping designer: a process facility requires a new design

for a proposed utility air system in a plant that is being modified. The designer will

reference the facility service index : a list of the process fluids (services) with respective

operating conditions and the name of the corresponding piping specification. An example

service index for a fictitious company is shown below:

Table 1-7. Process Service Index for Aperture Chemicals

Commodity Pressure (psig) Temperature (°F) Piping Specification

WATER 100 Ambient UW1

STEAM 275 410 US3

AIR 100 Ambient UA1

AIR 250 Ambient UA2

WHITE GOO 300 90 GW

BLUE GOO 250 70 GB

ORANGE GOO 300 -100 GO

The service index table shows that for 100 psig air service the piping specification UA1

should be used. Next, the piping designer looks through the company’s piping

specification documents to find the UA1 piping spec. The UA1 spec may look something

like this:



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Piping Specification: UA1Service: Utility Air Pressure: 100 psigTemperature: 100° MaxCorrosion Allowance: 0.00”

COMPONENT RATING DESCRIPTIONPipe

½” to 1 ½” SCH XS PIPE, SEAMLESS, XS, PE, ASTM A106 Gr B GALV2” to 24” STD PIPE, SEAMLESS, STD, BE, ASTM A106 Gr BFittings½” to 1 ½” 300# ELBOW 90, 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3“ “ ELBOW 45, 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3“ “ CAP, 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3“ “ COUPLING, STRAIGHT, 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME

B16.3“ SOLID PLUG, ROUND HEAD, MPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11“ 300# TEE , 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3¾”x½” to 1 ½”x1 ¼” TEE (RED), 300 LB, FPT, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3¾”x½” to 1 ½”x1 ¼” “ SWAGE (CONC), TBE, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3¾”x½” to 1 ½”x1 ¼” “ SWAGE (ECC), TBE, ASTM A197 GALV ASME B16.3

2” to 24” STD ELL 90 LR, BW, STD ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9“ “ ELL 45 LR, BW, STD ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9“ “ CAP, BW ASTM A234-WPB ASME B16.9“ “ TEE, BW ASTM A234-WPB ASME B16.93”x2” to 24”x22” “ TEE, REDUCING BW ASTM A234-WPB ASME B16.93”x2” to 24”x22” “ REDUCER, CONC ASTM A234-WPB ASME B16.93”x2” to 24”x22” “ REDUCER, ECC ASTM A234-WPB ASME B16.9

Valves½” to 1 ½” 400# Ball Valve, Reduced Bore, 400 LB, FPT, API 607½” to 1 ½” 200# Check Valve, Swing, 200 LB, FPT, API 603

2” to 24” 150# Gate Valve, Double Disc, 150 LB, RF, ASME B16.102” to 24” 150# Check Valve, Swing, 150 LB, RF, ASME B16.10

Flanges½” to 1 ½” 150# FLANGE THD, 150 LB, RF, ASTM A105 ASME B16.52” to 24” “ FLANGE WN, 150 LB, RF, STD BORE ASTM A105 ASME B16.5½” to 24” “ FLANGE BLIND, 150 LB, RF, ASTM A105 ASME B16.5

Gaskets½” to 24” 150# GASKET, SWG, 1/8" THK, RF, 150 LB, ASME B16.20

Bolts½” to 2/4” 150# BOLT SET, RF, 150 LB, STUD BOLT ASTM A193 Gr B7 W/2 HVY

HEX NUTS ASTM A194 Gr 2H

Notice how the piping specification’s components are grouped by part categories (i.e.

pipe is listed together, small bore fittings are listed together, etc.). This is a common

practice and makes the pipe spec easier to read. Also, it makes sense for the fittings

within a certain size range to have similar material and wall thickness. Finally, all of the

components necessary to make a complete connection are included in the piping

specification; if flanges are specified then it follows that gaskets and bolts would also be

included.

Although the descriptions may seem a little cryptic at first, there is a logical sequence to

the string of abbreviations. The syntax, or grammatical rules, for piping specification

descriptions varies among industries and companies but with practice and familiarity



AUTODESK CURRICULUM

34

become much easier to understand. The key is to have just enough information in the

part description to be able to order it and nothing more.

Figure 1-32. Piping Specification Description Syntax Example

In the UA1 piping specification example on the previous page, some abbreviations you

are already familiar with (BW, RF, THD, etc.), however some may be new to you.

Appendix A is a short list of common abbreviations and acronyms used in process piping

design documents. Note that some terms are interchangeable (e.g. MPTXMPT and TBE

mean “male pipe thread x male pipe thread” and “threaded both ends”, respectively). To

make efficient use of space on engineering drawings and documents, it is conventional touse abbreviations and acronyms that are understood to the reader.

Exercise 1.1 – Creating a New Piping Specification

AutoCAD Plant 3D is spec-driven design software; the designer can select only those

components allowed by the current piping specification. The software ships with dozens

of pre-defined piping specifications, with many more available for download in Plant 3D

Content Packs on Autodesk’s Plant Exchange site.

(Website address: http://autocad.autodesk.com/?nd=plant_home)

To create new piping specifications for AutoCAD Plant 3D, you can use the existing

catalogs that come installed with the software. Catalogs are databases of piping

components that include descriptions, dimensions and other defining data used by thePlant 3D software. Usually these catalogs are named after the source of the part

information (e.g. the ASME Pipes and Fittings catalog installed with AutoCAD Plant 3D

contains just what it says). While building a particular piping specification, you will likely

open multiple catalogs to select from them the items that you need for your spec. If an

item that you need is not in an existing catalog you can either add it or even create an

entire new catalog. The AutoCAD Plant 3D Spec Editor is the software that you would

use for all of the above tasks.

In this exercise you will learn how to:

Open AutoCAD Plant 3D Spec Editor 2012

Create a new piping specification CS150_Train in your P3D_Training project

Video Tutorial 1.1 – Creating a New Piping Specification (click to view)

Tutorial 1.1.mp4

The spec CS150_Train is now ready to be populated with piping components from the

catalogs.

Exercise 1.2 – Adding Components to a Spec


Learn where the installed AutoCAD Plant 3D catalogs reside

http://autocad.autodesk.com/?nd=plant_home



http://c/Users/t_harrj/Documents/P3D%20Curriculum/Unit%201/Tutorial%201.1.mp4






AUTODESK CURRICULUM

35

Open the training project catalog: ASME Pipes and Fittings Catalog-Training

Filter the catalog view to help in searching for components

Select pipe components from the catalog and insert them into your spec

Save the updated spec to your project

Video Tutorial 1.2 - Adding Components to a Spec (click to view)

Tutorial 1.2.mp4

Student Exercise 1.3

Add the following 2” to 12” fittings to the CS150_Train spec:

ELL 90 LR, BW, STD ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9

ELL 45 LR, BW, STD ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9

TEE, BW, STD ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9

Tips:

Set the size range in the Common filters to select only the 2” through 12”

components from the catalog. Also use the Fittings Part category .

Exercise 1.4 –

Setting Part Use Priority After you added the two sets of elbows to the spec in the previous exercise, you may have

noticed that a yellow warning icon appeared in the Part Use Priority column next to these

parts. This indicates that similar part families are assigned for the same sizes in the spec.

The part-use priority designates which parts to use by default when routing in an AutoCAD

Plant 3D model.

For example, if you have both SW and WN flanges in your spec, you can assign the WN

flanges priority. When you route pipe in the 3D model, the WN flange is used by default.

To use an SW flange instead, you can substitute the flange. You can also place the SW

flange from a tool palette or the Spec Viewer.


Recognize size conflicts in part use priority within a piping specification

Set part use priority for similar part families in a spec

Mark these size conflicts as resolved

Video Tutorial 1.4 – Setting Part Use Priority (click to view)

Tutorial 1.4.mp4


Add the following reducing fittings to the CS150_Train spec - note that the main sizes will

be from 3” to 12” and the reducing sizes will be from 2” to 10”:

REDUCER (CONC), BW, STD, ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9

REDUCER (ECC), BW, STD, ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9

TEE (RED), BW, STD, ASTM A234 Gr WPB ASME B16.9

Tips:

Use filters on the main and reducing sizes if necessary

Resolve part use priority conflicts so that the concentric reducer has priority over

the eccentric reducer and the straight tee has priority over the reducing tee.









AUTODESK CURRICULUM

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Continue building the piping spec CS150_Train by adding the following items in the sizes

shown from the ASME Pipes and Fittings Catalog-Training :

Main Size

Range

Reducing

Size Range

Part Description and Material Code

2” – 12” BOLT SET, RF, 150 LB, STUD BOLT ASTM A193 Gr B7

2” – 12” BOLT SET, RF, 300 LB, STUD BOLT ASTM A193 Gr B7

2” – 12” GASKET, SWG, 1/8" THK, RF, 150 LB, ASME B16.20

2” – 12” GASKET, SWG, 1/8" THK, RF, 300 LB, ASME B16.20

2” – 12” CAP, BW, STD, ASME B16.9 ASTM A234 Gr WPB

2” – 12” FLANGE WN, 150 LB, RF, STD BORE ASTM A105 ASME B16.5

2” – 12” FLANGE WN, 300 LB, RF, STD BORE ASTM A105 ASME B16.5

3” – 12” 2” – 8” WELDOLET, BW, STD, A105 MSS-SP-97

½” – 1 ½” ELL 45, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11

½” – 1 ½” ELL 90, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11

½” – 1 ½” TEE, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11

¾” – 1 ½” ½” – 1 ¼” TEE (RED), 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11

½” – 1 ½” COUPLING, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11

½” – 1 ½” UNION, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 MSS-SP-83

½” – 1 ½” CAP, 3000 LB, FPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11

½” – 1 ½” PLUG, HEX HEAD, MPT, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11

2” – 12” ½” – 1 ½” SOCKOLET, 3000 LB, BWXSW, ASTM A105 ASME B16.11

½” – 1 ½” PIPE, SEAMLESS, XS, PE, ASTM A106 Gr B GALV

Tips:

All components except the gaskets are carbon steel (CS).

Since this is a 150# piping spec, those items take priority over 300# items.

Look in the Miscellaneous Part category for caps and plugs.

Couplings take priority over unions.


Finish building the piping spec CS150_Train by adding the following carbon steel valves in

the sizes shown from the \AutoCAD Plant 3D 2012 Content\CPak ASME\ASME Valves

Catalog :

Main Size

Range

Reducing

Size Range

Part Description and Material Code

½” – 1 ½” Check Valve, Lift, Regular Port, 800 LB, SW, ASME B16.10

2” – 12” Check Valve, Swing, 150 LB, RF, ASME B16.10

½” – 1 ½” Gate Valve, Reduced Port, 800 LB, SW, ASME B16.10

2” – 12” Gate Valve, Conduit, 150 LB, RF, ASME B16.10

2” – 12” Globe Valve, 150 LB, RF, ASME B16.10

2” – 12” Control Valve, Ball, 300 LB, RF, ISA 75.08.02



AUTODESK CURRICULUM

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Tips:

All valves are carbon steel (CS) – we will not specify the material code.

Part use priority for valves: Gate, Globe, Check and then Control valves.

Exercise 1.8 – Editing a Piping Spec

Either in the process of creating a spec or during use, the designer may need to change

the content of a piping spec. Changing the descriptions of parts, their material codes or

deleting unnecessary sizes will require some knowledge of the editing features of the

AutoCAD Plant 3D Spec Editor.


Select parts from a piping specification for editing

Change a part description

Change a material code

Delete unnecessary sizes

Video Tutorial 1.8 – Setting Part Use Priority (click to view)

Tutorial 1.8.mp4

Assessment 1-4

1. List 5 different types of information that may be listed in a piping specification.

Any f ive o f these: operat ing pressures and temperatures, pipe and f i t t ing

schedules, end types, al lowable f i t t ings, metallurgy, f lange types and

rat ings, special fabr icat ion, welding, examinat ion, test ing, inspect ion,

instal lation, insulat ion and coat ing requirements

2. True or False: You will never find valves listed in a piping specification. False

3. A facility Service Index is a list of the process fluids with respective operating

conditions and the name of the corresponding piping specification

4. AutoCAD Plant 3D is a Spec-dr iven design software; the designer can select

only those components allowed by the current piping specification.

5. Using AutoCAD Plant 3D Spec Editor to create specs, parts are found usingfilters and copied from what? A Catalog

6. Using the ASME Pipes and Fittings Catalog-Training and the ASME Valves

Catalog create the UA1 utility air piping spec at the beginning of this lesson. The

part use priority rules will be the same as the CS150_Train spec (with the

additional note that ball valves take priority over check valves). Use the File →

Print command to print your completed spec. Inst ructor : Compare the

students pr inted spec to the one below:






AUTODESK CURRICULUM

38

Autodesk [and other products] are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., and/or its subsidiariesand/or affiliates in the USA and/or other countries. All other brand names, product names, or trademarks belong totheir respective holders. Autodesk reserves the right to alter product and services offerings, and specifications andpricing at any time without notice, and is not responsible for typographical or graphical errors that may appear in thisdocument.

© 2011 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.



AUTODESK CURRICULUM

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Appendix A – Abbreviations and Acronyms

ANSI American National Standards Institute

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

ATM Atmosphere

BBE Beveled both ends

BL Battery limit

BLE Beveled large end

BOE Beveled one end

BOM Bill of materialsBOP Bottom of pipe

BSE Beveled small end

BV Beveled

BW Buttweld

BYP Bypass

C Centigrade

CFM Cubic feet per minute

CI Cast iron

CL Center line

CONC Concentric

CONN Connection

CR Chromium

CS Carbon steel

CSC Car-seal closed (see lock closed)

CSO Car-seal open (see lock open)

CTR Center

CU Cubic

DES Design

DIA Diameter

DWG Drawing

E East

ECC Eccentric

EFW Electric fusion welded

ELL Elbow

F Fahrenheit

FC Fail closed

FF Flat face (for flanges); full face (for gaskets)

FLG Flange

FO Fail open

FOB Flat on bottom (for eccentric reducers or swages)

FOF Face of flangeFOT Flat on top (for eccentric reducers or swages)

FP Full port (for valves)

FPS Feet per second

FPT Female pipe thread

FRP Fiberglass reinforced pipe

FS Forged steel

FSW Female socketweld

GAL Gallon

GALV Galvanized

GO Gear operator

GPH Gallons per hour

GPM Gallons per minute

H Horizontal

HC Hose connection

HDR Header

HEX HexagonalHP High pressure

IAS Instrument air supply

ID Inside diameter

ISO Isometric; International Organization for Standardization

LC Lock closed (see car-seal closed)

LO Lock open (see car-seal open); lube oil

LP Low pressure

LR Long radius

MAX Maximum

MI Malleable iron

MIN Minimum

MPT Male pipe thread



AUTODESK CURRICULUM

40

MSW Male socketweld

MTO Material take-off

MW Manway

N North

NC Normally closed

NI Nickel

NNF Normally no flow

NO Normally open

NOZ Nozzle

NPSH Net positive suction head

NPT National pipe thread

OD Outside diameter

OS&Y Outside stem and yoke

OVHD Overhead

PBE Plain both ends

PE Plain end

P&ID Process/Piping and Instrumentation diagram

PLE Plain large end

POE Plain one end

PS Pipe support

PSE Plain small end

PSI Pound per square inch (pressure)

PSIA Pound per square inch (absolute)

PSIG Pound per square inch (gauge)

RED Reducing

REQD RequiredRF Raised face

RJ Ring joint (see RTJ)

RP Reduced port

RPM Revolutions per minute

RTJ Ring-type joint (see RJ)

S South

SC Sample connection

SCH Schedule

SCRD Screwed (see THD)

SG Specific gravity

SMLS Seamless

SO Slip on (for flanges), Steam out

SR Short radius

SS Stainless steel

STM Steam

STD StandardSTR Straight

SW Socketweld

SWG Swage

T&C Threaded and coupled (for pipe)

TBE Threaded both ends

THD Threaded (see SCRD)

TL Tangent line

TLE Threaded large end

TOE threaded one end

TSE threaded small end

T/T Tangent to tangent

TYP Typical

UG Underground

V Vertical

W West

W/ WithWN Weldneck

WO Wrench operator

W/O Without

WT Weight; Wall thickness

XS Extra-strong

XXS Double extra-strong



AUTODESK CURRICULUM

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Appendix B - Fitting Dimensions

Elbows and Caps

Imperial Units

Metric Units

NominalPipe Size

A B K D V E F (mm) G

mm mm mm mm mm mm ASA MSS mm

13 38.1 15.9 47.6 25.4 76.2 50.8 34.9

19 38.1 11.1 42.9 25.4 76.2 50.8 42.9

25 38.1 22.2 55.6 25.4 41.3 38.1 101.6 50.8 50.8

32 47.6 25.4 69.9 31.8 52.4 38.1 101.6 50.8 63.5

38 57.2 28.6 82.6 38.1 61.9 38.1 101.6 50.8 73.0

51 76.2 34.9 106.4 50.8 81.0 38.1 152.4 63.5 92.1

64 95.3 44.5 131.8 63.5 100.0 38.1 152.4 63.5 104.8

76 114.3 50.8 158.8 76.2 120.7 50.8 152.4 63.5 127.0

89 133.4 57.2 184.2 88.9 139.7 63.5 152.4 76.2 139.7

102 152.4 63.5 209.6 101.6 158.8 63.5 152.4 76.2 157.2

127 190.5 79.4 261.9 127.0 196.9 76.2 203.2 76.2 185.7

152 228.6 95.3 312.7 152.4 236.5 88.9 203.2 88.9 215.9

203 304.8 127.0 414.3 203.2 312.7 101.6 203.2 101.6 269.9

254 381.0 158.8 517.5 254.0 390.5 127.0 254.0 127.0 323.9

305 457.2 190.5 619.1 304.8 466.7 152.4 254.0 152.4 381.0

356 533.4 222.3 711.2 355.6 533.4 165.1 304.8 412.8

406 609.6 254.0 812.8 406.4 609.6 177.8 304.8 469.9

457 685.8 285.8 914.4 457.2 685.8 203.2 304.8 533.4

508 762.0 317.5 1016.0 508.0 762.0 228.6 304.8 584.2

610 914.4 381.0 1219.2 609.6 914.4 266.7 304.8 692.2

NominalPipe Size

A B K D V E F (IN) G

IN IN IN IN IN IN ASA MSS IN

1/2 1 1/2 5/8 1 7/8 1 3 2 1 3/8

3/4 1 1/2 7/16 1 11/16 1 3 2 1 11/16

1 1 1/2 7/8 2 3/16 1 1 5/8 1 1/2 4 2 2

1 1/4 1 7/8 1 2 3/4 1 1/4 2 1/16 1 1/2 4 2 2 1/2

1 1/2 2 1/4 1 1/8 3 1/4 1 1/2 2 7/16 1 1/2 4 2 2 7/8

2 3 1 3/8 4 3/16 2 3 3/16 1 1/2 6 2 1/2 3 5/8

2 1/2 3 3/4 1 3/4 5 3/16 2 1/2 3 15/16 1 1/2 6 2 1/2 4 1/83 4 1/2 2 6 1/4 3 4 3/4 2 6 2 1/2 5

3 1/2 5 1/4 2 1/4 7 1/4 3 1/2 5 1/2 2 1/2 6 3 5 1/2

4 6 2 1/2 8 1/4 4 6 1/4 2 1/2 6 3 6 3/16

5 7 1/2 3 1/8 10 5/16 5 7 3/4 3 8 3 7 5/16

6 9 3 3/4 12 5/16 6 9 5/16 3 1/2 8 3 1/2 8 1/2

8 12 5 16 5/16 8 12 5/16 4 8 4 10 5/8

10 15 6 1/4 20 3/8 10 15 3/8 5 10 5 12 3/4

12 18 7 1/2 24 3/8 12 18 3/8 6 10 6 15

14 21 8 3/4 28 14 21 6 1/2 12 16 1/4

16 24 10 32 16 24 7 12 18 1/2

18 27 11 1/4 36 18 27 8 12 21

20 30 12 1/2 40 20 30 9 12 23

24 36 15 48 24 36 10 1/2 12 27 1/4



AUTODESK CURRICULUM

42

Tees and Reducers

Imperial Units

Nom. Nom. Nom. Nom.

Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H

Size Size Size Size

IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN

3/4 3/41

1/8 3 1/2 3 1/23

3/4 10 108

1/2 20 20 15

3/4 1/21

1/81

1/81

1/2 | 33

3/43

5/8 4 | 88

1/2 8 7 | 18 15141/2 20

1 11

1/2 | 2 1/23

3/43

1/2 4 | 68

1/27

5/8 7 | 16 15 14 20

1 3/41

1/21

1/2 2 | 23

3/43

1/4 4 | 58

1/27

1/2 7 | 14 15 14 20

1 1/21

1/21

1/2 2 3 1/2 1 1/23

3/43

1/8 4 10 48

1/27

1/4 7 | 12 15135/8 20

1 1/4 1 1/41

7/8 4 44

1/8 12 12 10 | 10 15131/8 20

| 11

7/81

7/8 2 | 3 1/24

1/8 4 4 | 10 109

1/2 8 20 8 15123/4 20

| 3/41

7/81

7/8 2 | 34

1/83

7/8 4 | 8 10 9 8 24 24 17

1 1/4 1/21

7/81

7/8 2 | 2 1/24

1/83

3/4 4 | 6 108

5/8 8 | 20 17 17 20

1 1/2 1 1/22

1/4 | 24

1/83

1/2 4 12 5 108

1/2 8 | 18 17161/2 20

| 1 1/42

1/42

1/42

1/2 4 1 1/24

1/83

3/8 4 14 14 11 | 16 17 16 20

| 12

1/42

1/42

1/2 5 54

7/8 | 12 11105/8 13 | 14 17 16 20

| 3/42

1/42

1/42

1/2 | 44

7/84

5/8 5 | 10 11101/8 13 | 12 17

155/8 20

1 1/2 1/2 21/4 21/4 21/2 | 3 1/2 47/8 41/2 5 | 8 11 93/4 13 24 10 17 151/8 20

2 22

1/2 | 34

7/84

3/8 5 14 6 119

3/8 13

| 1 1/22

1/22

3/8 3 | 2 1/24

7/84

1/4 5 16 16 12

| 1 1/42

1/22

1/4 3 5 24

7/84

1/8 5 | 14 12 12 14

| 12

1/2 2 3 6 65

5/8 | 12 12115/8 14

2 3/42

1/21

3/4 3 | 55

5/85

3/85

1/2 | 10 12111/8 14

2 1/2 2 1/2 3 | 45

5/85

1/85

1/2 | 8 12103/4 14

| 2 32

3/43

1/2 | 3 1/25

5/8 55

1/2 16 6 12103/8 14

| 1 1/2 32

5/83

1/2 | 35

5/84

7/85

1/2 18 18131/2

| 1 1/4 32

1/23

1/2 6 2 1/25

5/84

3/45

1/2 | 16131/2 13 15

2 1/2 1 32

1/43

1/2 8 8 7 | 14131/2 13 15

3 33

3/8 | 6 76

5/8 6 | 12131/2

125/8 15

| 2 1/23

3/83

1/43

1/2 | 5 76

3/8 6 | 10131/2

121/8 15

| 23

3/8 33

1/2 | 4 76

1/8 6 18 8131/2

113/4 15

| 1 1/23

3/82

7/83

1/2 8 3 1/2 7 6 6

3 1 1/43

3/82

3/43

1/2



AUTODESK CURRICULUM

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Tees and Reducers (cont)

Metric Units

Nom. Nom. Nom. Nom.

Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H Pipe Outlet C M H

Size Size Size Size

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

19 19 29 89 89 95 254 254 216 508 508 381

19 13 29 29 38 | 76 95 92 102 | 203 216 203 178 | 457 381 368 508

25 25 38 | 64 95 89 102 | 152 216 194 178 | 406 381 356 508

25 19 38 38 51 | 51 95 83 102 | 127 216 191 178 | 356 381 356 508

25 13 38 38 51 89 38 95 79 102 254 102 216 184 178 | 305 381 346 508

32 32 48 102 102 105 305 305 254 | 254 381 333 508

| 25 48 48 51 | 89 105 102 102 | 254 254 241 203 508 203 381 324 508

| 19 48 48 51 | 76 105 98 102 | 203 254 229 203 610 610 432

32 13 48 48 51 | 64 105 95 102 | 152 254 219 203 | 508 432 432 508

38 38 57 | 51 105 89 102 305 127 254 216 203 | 457 432 419 508

| 32 57 57 64 102 38 105 86 102 356 356 279 | 406 432 406 508

| 25 57 57 64 127 127 124 | 305 279 270 330 | 356 432 406 508

| 19 57 57 64 | 102 124 117 127 | 254 279 257 330 | 305 432 397 508

38 13 57 57 64 | 89 124 114 127 | 203 279 248 330 610 254 432 384 508

51 51 64 | 76 124 111 127 356 152 279 238 330

| 38 64 60 76 | 64 124 108 127 406 406 305

| 32 64 57 76 127 51 124 105 127 | 356 305 305 356

| 25 64 51 76 152 152 143 | 305 305 295 356

51 19 64 44 76 | 127 143 137 140 | 254 305 283 356

64 64 76 | 102 143 130 140 | 203 305 273 356

| 51 76 70 89 | 89 143 127 140 406 152 305 264 356

| 38 76 67 89 | 76 143 124 140 457 457 343

| 32 76 64 89 152 64 143 121 140 | 406 343 330 381

64 25 76 57 89 203 203 178 | 356 343 330 381

76 76 86 | 152 178 168 152 | 305 343 321 381

| 64 86 83 89 | 127 178 162 152 | 254 343 308 381

| 51 86 76 89 | 102 178 156 152 457 203 343 298 381

| 38 86 73 89 203 89 178 152 152

76 32 86 70 89



AUTODESK CURRICULUM

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Socketweld Fittings

Imperial Units

Metric Units

3000#

SIZE A B C D E F G H J K

1/2 1 1/8 1 5/16 7/8 2 1/8 2 3/16 1 3/8 1 1/4 1/2 7/16 1/2

3/4 1 5/16 1 1/2 1 2 5/16 2 9/16 1 1/2 1 1/2 9/16 1/2 9/16

1 1 1/2 1 13/16 1 1/8 2 1/2 2 15/16 1 3/4 1 3/4 5/8 9/16 5/8

1 1/2 2 2 9/16 1 3/8 3 1/8 3 11/16 2 2 1/2 3/4 5/8 3/4

2 2 3/8 3 1 11/16 3 1/2 4 9/16 2 1/2 3 7/8 11/16 7/8

2 1/2 3 1/4 3 5/8 2 1/16 4 5/8 5 1/4 2 1/2 3 5/8 1 3/8 15/16 7/8

6000#


1/2 1 5/16 1 1/2 1 2 7/8 2 13/16 1 3/8 1 1/2 11/16 5/8 1/2

3/4 1 1/2 1 13/16 1 1/8 3 3/8 3 1/8 1 1/2 1 3/4 3/4 11/16 9/16

1 1 3/4 2 3/16 1 5/16 3 5/8 3 13/16 1 3/4 2 1/4 7/8 13/16 5/8

1 1/2 2 3/8 3 1 11/16 4 1/5 4 3/4 2 3 1 1/8 1 1/8 3/4

2 2 1/2 3 5/16 1 3/4 4 5/8 5 1/4 2 1/2 3 5/8 1 7/8 7/8

2 1/2 3 1/4 4 2 1/16 - - 2 1/2 4 1/4 1 1/2 1 1/16 7/8

3000#


13 28.6 33.3 22.2 54 55.6 34.9 31.8 12.7 11.1 12.7

19 33.3 38.1 25.4 58.7 65.1 38.1 38.1 14.3 12.7 14.3

25 38.1 46 28.6 63.5 74.6 44.5 44.5 15.9 14.3 15.9

38 50.8 65.1 34.9 79.4 93.7 50.8 63.5 19.1 15.9 19.1

51 60.3 76.2 42.9 88.9 115.9 63.5 76.2 22.2 17.5 22.2

64 82.6 92.1 52.4 117.5 133.4 63.5 92.1 34.9 23.8 22.2

6000#


13 33.3 38.1 25.4 73 71.4 34.9 38.1 17.5 15.9 12.7

19 38.1 46 28.6 85.7 79.4 38.1 44.5 19.1 17.5 14.325 44.5 55.6 33.3 92.1 96.8 44.5 57.2 22.2 20.6 15.9

38 60.3 76.2 42.9 106.7 120.7 50.8 76.2 28.6 28.6 19.1

51 63.5 84.1 44.5 117.5 133.4 63.5 92.1 25.4 22.2 22.2

64 82.6 101.6 52.4 - - 63.5 108 38.1 27 22.2



AUTODESK CURRICULUM

45

Flanges

Imperial Units

150 LB. FLANGES - INCHES

Nom. Y No. &

Pipe O C Weld Slip on Lap Bolt Size of

Size INCHES INCHES Neck Thrd. Joint Circle Holes

1/2 3 1/2 7/16 1 7/8 5/8 5/8 2 3/8 4 - 5/8

3/4 3 7/8 1/2 2 1/16 5/8 5/8 2 3/4 4 - 5/8

1 4 1/4 9/16 2 3/16 11/16 11/16 3 1/8 4 - 5/8

1 1/4 4 5/8 5/8 2 1/4 13/16 13/16 3 1/2 4 - 5/8

1 1/2 5 11/16 2 7/16 7/8 7/8 3 7/8 4 - 5/8

2 6 3/4 2 1/2 1 1 4 3/4 4-3/4

2 1/2 7 7/8 2 3/4 1 1/8 1 1/8 5 1/2 4-3/4

3 7 1/2 15/16 2 3/4 1 3/16 1 3/16 6 4-3/4

3 1/2 8 1/2 15/16 2 13/16 1 1/4 1 1/4 7 8-3/4

4 9 15/16 3 1 5/16 1 5/16 7 1/2 8-3/4

5 10 15/16 3 1/2 1 7/16 1 7/16 8 1/2 8-7/8

6 11 1 3 1/2 1 9/16 1 9/16 9 1/2 8-7/8

8 13 1/2 1 1/8 4 1 3/4 1 3/4 11 3/4 8-7/8

10 16 1 3/16 4 1 15/16 1 15/16 14 1/4 12-1

12 19 1 1/4 4 1/2 2 3/16 2 3/16 17 12-1

14 21 1 3/8 5 2 1/4 3 1/8 18 3/4 12-1 1/8

16 23 1/2 1 7/16 5 2 1/2 3 7/16 21 1/4 16-1 1/8

18 25 1 9/16 5 1/2 2 11/16 3 13/16 22 3/4 16-1 1/4

20 27 1/2 1 11/16 5 11/16 2 7/8 4 1/16 25 20-1 1/4

24 32 1 7/8 6 3 1/4 4 3/8 29 1/2 20-1 3/8

Metric Units

150 LB. FLANGES - MILLIMETERS

Nom. Y No. &


Size mm mm Neck Thrd. Joint Circle Holes

12.70 89 11 48 16 16 60 4 - 16

19.05 98 13 52 16 16 70 4 - 16

25.40 108 14 56 17 17 79 4 - 16

31.75 117 16 57 21 21 89 4 - 16

38.10 127 17 62 22 22 98 4 - 16

50.80 152 19 64 25 25 121 4-19

63.50 178 22 70 29 29 140 4-19

76.20 191 24 70 30 30 152 4-19

88.90 216 24 71 32 32 178 8-19

101.60 229 24 76 33 33 191 8-19127.00 254 24 89 37 37 216 8-22

152.40 279 25 89 40 40 241 8-22

203.20 343 29 102 44 44 298 8-22

254.00 406 30 102 49 49 362 12-25

304.80 483 32 114 56 56 432 12-25

355.60 533 35 127 57 79 476 12-29

406.40 597 37 127 64 87 540 16-29

457.20 635 40 140 68 97 578 16-32

508.00 699 43 144 73 103 635 20-32

609.60 813 48 152 83 111 749 20-35



AUTODESK CURRICULUM

Flanges (cont)

Imperial Units

300 LB. FLANGES - INCHES

Nom. Y No. &


Size INCHES INCHES Neck Thrd. Joint Circle Holes

1/2 3 3/4 9/16 2 1/16 7/8 7/8 2 5/8 4 - 5/8

3/4 4 5/8 5/8 2 1/4 1 1 3 1/4 4 - 3/4

1 4 7/8 11/16 2 7/16 1 1/16 1 1/16 3 1/2 4 - 3/4

1 1/4 5 1/4 3/4 2 9/16 1 1/16 1 1/16 3 7/8 4 - 3/4

1 1/2 6 1/8 13/16 2 11/16 1 3/16 1 3/16 4 1/2 4 -7/8

2 6 1/2 7/8 2 3/4 1 5/16 1 5/16 5 8-3/4

2 1/2 7 1/2 1 3 1 1/2 1 1/2 5 7/8 8-7/8

3 8 1/4 1 1/8 3 1/8 1 11/16 1 11/16 6 5/8 8-7/8

3 1/2 9 1 3/16 3 3/16 1 3/4 1 3/4 7 1/4 8-7/84 10 1 1/4 3 3/8 1 7/8 1 7/8 7 7/8 8-7/8

5 11 1 3/8 3 7/8 2 2 9 1/4 8-7/8

6 12 1/2 1 7/16 3 7/8 2 1/16 2 1/16 10 5/8 12-7/8

8 15 1 5/8 4 3/8 2 7/16 2 7/16 13 12-1

10 17 1/2 1 7/8 4 5/8 2 5/8 3 3/4 15 1/4 16-1 1/8

12 20 1/2 2 5 1/8 2 7/8 4 17 3/4 16-1 1/4

14 23 2 1/8 5 5/8 3 4 3/8 20 1/4 20-1 1/4

16 25 1/2 2 1/4 5 3/4 3 1/4 4 3/4 22 1/2 20-1 3/8

18 28 2 3/8 6 1/4 3 1/2 5 1/8 24 3/4 24-1 3/8

20 30 1/2 2 1/2 6 3/8 3 3/4 5 1/2 27 24-1 3/8

24 36 2 3/4 6 5/8 4 3/16 6 32 24-1 5/8

Metric Units

300 LB. FLANGES - MILLIMETERS

Nom. Y No. &


Size mm mm Neck Thrd. Joint Circle Holes

12.70 95 14 52 22 22 67 4 - 16

19.05 117 16 57 25 25 83 4 - 19

25.40 124 17 62 27 27 89 4 - 19

31.75 133 19 65 27 27 98 4 - 19

38.10 156 21 68 30 30 114 4 -22

50.80 165 22 70 33 33 127 8-19

63.50 191 25 76 38 38 149 8-22

76.20 210 29 79 43 43 168 8-22

88.90 229 30 81 44 44 184 8-22

101.60 254 32 86 48 48 200 8-22

127.00 279 35 98 51 51 235 8-22

152.40 318 37 98 52 52 270 12-22

203.20 381 41 111 62 62 330 12-25

254.00 445 48 117 67 95 387 16-29

304.80 521 51 130 73 102 451 16-32

355.60 584 54 143 76 111 514 20-32

406 40 648 57 146 83 121 572 20 35

Plant Curriculum Instructor Unit 1

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