Plant Classification Notes · 2/10/2014 · water & nutrient conducting systems ... AP Biology...
Transcript of Plant Classification Notes · 2/10/2014 · water & nutrient conducting systems ... AP Biology...
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AP Biology 2007-2008
DomainEubacteria
DomainArchaea
DomainEukarya
Common ancestor
Kingdom: PlantsDomain Eukarya
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Evolution of Land Plants 500 mya land plants evolved
special adaptations for life on dry land protection from drying = desiccationwaxy cuticle
gas exchange (through cuticle)stomates
water & nutrient conducting systems from roots/soil to leavesxylem & phloem
protection for embryoseeds
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Plant Diversity
Bryophytesnon-vascularland plants
Pteridophytesseedless
vascular plants
Gymnospermpollen &
“naked” seeds
Angiospermflowers & fruit
pollen & seeds
vascular system = water conduction
mosses fernsconifers
flowering plants
colonization of land
Tracheophytes
xylem cells = tracheidsAncestral Protist
flowers
monocot1 seed leaf
dicot2 seed leaves
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Animal vs. Plant life cycle
diploidmulticellular
individual2n
diploidmulticellularsporophyte
2n
haploidmulticellulargametophyte
1n
haploidunicellulargametes
1n
gametes1n
Animal Plant
alternation of generations
meiosis
fertilization
mitosis
mitosismitosis
fertilization
mitosis
no multicellularhaploid
meiosis
spores1nzygote 2n
zygote 2n
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diploidhaploid
Bryophytes: 1st land plants
Where mustmosses live?
Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts vascular system? No! non-vascular no water transport system no true roots
dominant stage? haploid gametophyte stage reduced, dependent sporophyte fuzzy moss plant you are familiar
with is haploid reproduction? swimming sperm flagellated
spores sprout to form gametophyte
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Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts
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Peat Bog“Peat Moss”
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Pteridophytes: 1st vascular plants diploid
haploid
Pteridophytes: ferns vascular system? Yes! vascular water transport system xylem, phloem, roots, leaves
dominant stage? diploid sporophyte stage fragile, independent
gametophyte (prothallus) reproduction? swimming sperm flagellated
spores sprout to form
gametophyte
Where mustferns live?
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Pteridophytes: FernsSelaginella Psilotum
Horsetails Ferns AP Biology
Alternation of generations Fern gametophyte (1n)
homospory: male & female gamete production on same plant
archegonia
antheridia
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diploid
Alternation of generations
haploid
produces male & female gametes
archegonia
antheridiaAP Biology
Early Pteridophytes: Tree Ferns
Carboniferous forest – 290-350 myaForests of seedless plants decayed into deposits of coal & oil
Fossil fuels…I get it!
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Pteridophytes: Tree fernsfrondsfrondsfiddleheadsfiddleheads
With frondslike these who needs enemies!
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Gymnosperm: conifers vascular system? Yes! vascular xylem, phloem, roots, leaves
dominant stage? diploid sporophyte stage reduced (microscopic) gametophyte reduction of gametophyte protects delicate egg &
embryo in protective sporophyteprotected from drought & UV radiation
heterospory: male vs. female gametophytes reproduction? seedsnaked seeds (no fruit)
pollen contain male gametophyte
First seed plants: Gymnosperm
Where canconifers live?
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Early Gymnosperm: ginkgo
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Early Gymnosperm: cycads
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Gymnosperm: conifers
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Cones & naked seeds
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male
female
male (pollen) cones
female cones
sporangium & pollen
pine embryo AP Biology
First flowering plants Angiosperm: flowering plants
vascular system? Yes! vascular
dominant stage? diploid sporophytestage reduced (microscopic) gametophyte
protects egg & embryo heterospory: male vs. female gametophytes
reproduction? flower
◆sexual selection: attract pollinators seeds inside fruit
◆sexual selection: attract seed spreaders pollen
contain male gametophyte
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Angiosperm: flowering plants
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pollengrains
new sporophytein seed (diploid)
ovary sac
3n endosperm
2n zygote
doublefertilization
female gametophyte =ovary sac (haploid)
male gametophyte =pollen grain (haploid)
sperm nuclei travel down pollen tube
2n embryo
polarnuclei
eggcell
Angiosperm life cycle
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Anther
FilamentStamen
StigmaStyleOvary
Carpel
Sepal
Petal
Ovule
sepalspetals
Flower Modified shoot with 4 rings
of modified leaves sepals petals stamens male
carpel / pistil female stamens
carpel
adaptations through mutations AP Biology
Identify the flower structures…
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Flower variations
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Co-evolution: flowers & pollinators
How a bee sees a flower…insects see UV light = a bulls-eye to the nectar
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Angiosperm: fruiting plants
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Other fruits…
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Seed & Plant embryo Seed offers…
protection for embryo
stored nutrients for growth of embryo
seed coat
endosperm(3n)
cotyledons
embryo (2n)
cotyledons = “seed” leaves,first leaves of new plantcotyledons = “seed” leaves,first leaves of new plant AP Biology
Monocots & dicots Angiosperm are divide into 2 classes
dicots (eudicot) 2 cotyledons (seed leaves) leaves with network of veins woody plants, trees, shrubs, beans
monocots 1 cotyledon leaves with parallel veins grasses, palms, lilies
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Any Questions??