PLANT BIODIVERSITY REPORT CEPF27 - BirdLife · Threats as a Roadmap to Conserve Eastern Afromontane...

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PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE LAND LAND LAND LAND

FOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIAFOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIAFOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIAFOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIA

Samora A. MacriceSamora A. MacriceSamora A. MacriceSamora A. Macrice (PhD)(PhD)(PhD)(PhD) FORCONSULTFORCONSULTFORCONSULTFORCONSULT

2012012012017777

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report presents empirical findings from ecological surveys carried out to document plant biodiversity of six village forests potential for establishment of Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) between 2015 and 2016 in Ludewa, Njombe Tanzania. Ludewa District was not covered by Participatory Forest Management (PFM) and only about 20% of natural forests are formally protected in the District. Forests of Ludewa provide wood and non-wood products, act as water catchment areas and provide a wide range of cultural and recreational benefits. However, they are currently managed under village governments which lack effective management plans and relevant information on their natural capital. Knowledge on plant biodiversity in natural forests is important for CBFM establishment and sustainable biodiversity conservation and protection. The findings in this report are based on 83 randomly selected plots of 10 x 10 m each in six village forests (i.e. Mawengi, Masimavalafu, Iwela, Mvava, Kimelembe and Nkomang’ombe) of dry miombo woodlands. Data was summarized and analysis of biodiversity indices i.e. abundance, richness, diversity, density, basal area and carbon stocks was computed in MS Excel. Overall results show that a total of 221 plant species and 51 families were registered from all the forests. The overall single most frequent plant species was Brachystegia spiciformis. Nkomang’ombe forest had the highest plant species richness (91 species) and 26 families while Iwela forest had the lowest richness of 38 species and 21 families. In terms of species diversity Masimavalafu forest had the highest Shannon-Wiener species diversity (H´=2.38) while Iwela had the least (1.17). Iwela forest had the overall highest stem density (3211 stems/ha) while Mvava forest had the least (382). Mvava forest had the highest basal area of individual species with 3344 cm2/ha while Litumbi had the least with 120 cm2/ha. Impatiens gomphophylla (Balsaminaceae) and Duosperma trachyphyllum (Acanthaceae) are endangered species (according to IUCN) recorded in the area. Duosperma livingstoniense (Acanthaceae) a vulnerable species and Pterocarpus angolensis (Leguminosae) a near threatened species were also recorded in the forests. In addition, two national concern species i.e. Osyris lanceolata (Rubiaceae) and Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae) were also recorded in Ludewa. This demonstrates clearly a significant role played by miombo woodlands under local communities’ management in supporting important biodiversity. It is therefore recommended that current and future improved management strategies in village forest reserves consider CBFM as a viable option for sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation in Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot and beyond.

Keywords:Keywords:Keywords:Keywords: Participatory forest management; joint forest management; sustainable forest management; community based conservation; village forest reserve; biodiversity; miombo; diversity; richness; density; carbon; basal area; importance value index; national concern species; trigger species

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was funded by Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) through “Mapping

of the Remaining Un-protected Natural Forests and Assessment of their Resources and

Threats as a Roadmap to Conserve Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot in

Ludewa, Tanzania” project (CEPF GEM Number 65709). The author is deeply indebted

for their financial support. Besides, this research work would not have been completed

without the technical inputs of Dr Neduvoto P. Mollel from the Arusha National

Herbarium of Tanzania and Mr Canisius J. Kayombo from the Forestry Training Institute

in botanical identification. The author would like to thank very much Sokoine University

of Agriculture (SUA) for granting permission to travel and be away from the work

station. Regional and Natural Resource Office gave permission to work in the forests.

District Administrative Officers for Ludewa and District Natural Resource Officers

provided logistical support. Gumbo Mvanda, Gilbert Ngailo, Lucas Makonobe, Dennis P.

Mollel, Aggrey Uwiso, Obote Msemakweli and George Bulenga helped with the

fieldwork. Paul Lyimo helped with data entry, coding and analysis. Village Governments

and Village Natural Resource Committee members for Mawengi, Masimavalafu, Iwela,

Mvava, Kimelembe and Nkomang’ombe provide local knowledge, access to the forests

and helped with data collection. Sternson D. Mwakidunda and Kassim B. Urasa drove

tirelessly and carefully for thousands of Kilometers but without a single accident in rough

roads of Ludewa, Njombe Tanzania. Thank you all!!

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TABLE OF CONTENTABLE OF CONTENTABLE OF CONTENTABLE OF CONTENTTTTSSSS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ v

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. vi

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................ vii

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................................... 3

2.1 Study site ............................................................................................................. 3

2.2 Plant biodiversity sampling ................................................................................... 4

2.3 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................. 5

3. RESULTS .................................................................................................................... 6

3.1. Overall plant community structure for the six forests ................................................ 6

3.2. Mvava Forest Reserve, Mvava Village ..................................................................... 8

3.3 Litumbi Forest Reserve, Mawengi Village ................................................................. 10

3.4 Litwang’ata Forest Reserve, Nkomang’ombe Village ............................................. 11

3.5 Kimelembe Forest Reserve, Kimelembe Village ........................................................ 13

3.6 Intake Forest Reserve, Masimavalafu Village ............................................................ 15

3.7 Iwela Forest Reserve, Iwela Village ......................................................................... 17

3. BRIEF DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 19

APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 22

APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAGE

FORESTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIA .................................................................. 24

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LIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Plant community structure in six Village Forest Reserves of

Ludewa Njombe Tanzania. (n = 83)…………………………………………

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Table 2: Abundance of woody plant species in Mvava Forest Reserve,

Ludewa Tanzania.......................................................................................

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Table 3: Stem density, basal area, important value index and carbon stocks

of Mvava Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania………………………………….

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Table 4: Abundance of tree species in Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa

Tanzania…………………………………………………………………………

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Table 5: Stem density and basal area of Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa

Tanzania………………………………………………………………………….

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Table 6: Abundance of tree species in Litwang’ata Forest Reserve, Ludewa

Tanzania ………………………………………………………………………...

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Table 7: Stem density, basal area and carbon stocks of Litwang’ata Forest

Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania…………………………………………………….

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Table 8: Abundance of tree species in Kimelembe Forest Reserve, Ludewa

Tanzania………………………………………………………………………....

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Table 9: Stem density and basal area in Kimelembe Forest Reserve,

Ludewa Tanzania……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Table 10: Abundance of tree species in the Intake Forest Reserve, Ludewa

Tanzania………………………………………………………………………...

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Table 11: Stem density and basal area of Intake Forest Reserve, Ludewa

Tanzania………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Table 12: Abundance of tree species in Iwela Forest Reserve, Ludewa

Tanzania……………………………………………………………………….....

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Table 13: Stem density and basal area of Iwela Forest Reserve, Ludewa

Tanzania………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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LIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The location of study forests in Ludewa, Njombe, southern-highlands Tanzania………………………………………………………………

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Figure 2. Summary of stand variables in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania…………………………………………………………………………

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Figure 3. Summary of stocking in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania... 7

LIST OF LIST OF LIST OF LIST OF APPENDICESAPPENDICESAPPENDICESAPPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 22

APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAGE

FORESTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIA ............................................................. 24

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

CBC Community Based Conservation

CBFM Community Based Forest Management

VNRC Village Natural Resource Committee

CEPF Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund

lVI Importance Value Index

NTFPs Non Timber Forest Products

PF Private Forest

PFM Participatory Forest Management

TFS Tanzania Forest Service

URT United Republic of Tanzania

WCS Wildlife Conservation Society

JFM Joint Forest Management

TFP Tanzania Forest Policy

FA Forest Act

VLFRs Village Land Forest Reserves

DBH Diameter at Breast Height

VFR Village Forest Reserves

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

LUP Land use plan

MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification

SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture

FORCONSULT Forest Consulting Unit at the College of Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism at SUA

REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks

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1.1.1.1. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Natural forests form significant portion of land cover and accommodate particularly rich

flora and fauna in Tanzania. Tanzania has a total land area of 94.5 million hectares, with

a tropical climate and 10 ecological zones with different physiographic zones and

complex topography. About 48 million hectares of Tanzania land is covered by forests

and woodlands which is about 55% of the total country land area (MNRT 2015). Out of

this total area, almost two thirds consists of woodlands on public lands which lack

proper management. Public lands are under enormous pressure from expansion of

agricultural activities, livestock grazing, fires and other human activities. About 13 million

hectares of this total forest area have been gazetted as forest reserves. Over 80,000 ha of

the gazetted area are under plantation forests and about 1.6 million hectares are under

water catchment management. These forests provide wood and non-wood products, act

as water catchment areas, habitats for wildlife and provide a wide range of cultural and

recreational benefits, genetic resources and water catchment (Dykstra and Enrich 1992).

They are also an important economic base for the country's development. There is

increasing interest in their biodiversity, dynamics and contribution to rural livelihoods

and climate change mitigation and adaptation through emerging opportunities such as

green economy and the Reduced Emissions from Forest Degradation and Deforestation

(REDD+). Unfortunately, most of these forests lack effective management plans and

relevant information on their natural capital and hence unprotected and degraded.

Presence of effective management plans and information on natural capital facilitates

development of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) especially through Participatory

Forest Management (PFM). Participatory forest management is in two approaches

namely Joint Forest Management (JFM) and Community Forest Based Management

(CBFM). The premise of PFM is to reverse the loss of forests and biodiversity through the

involvement of stakeholders, incorporation of local knowledge, lower management costs

and ensure equitable distribution of benefits (Kleemeier et al. 2000). In JFM the

government is the owner of forests and communities are only involved in management.

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This approach is designed for management of central and local government forest

reserves and management responsibilities and revenues are shared between local

communities and the respective government. On the other hand, in CBFM, local

communities are the owners and managers of the forests. In this approach the

management is practiced in forests or woodland under village governments. The revised

Tanzania Forest Policy (TFP) and Forest Act (FA) both recognise community participation

as the key to sustainable development of forest reserves (URT, 1998).

Ludewa natural forests are important and are composed of mainly miombo woodlands

which constitute a large part of the African continent covering 2.4 million km2 of

southern, central and eastern Africa (Chidumayo & Gumbo 2010; Dewees et al. 2011). In

Tanzania, miombo woodlands are largely distributed in the southern and western part of

the country. Miombo woodlands cover about 90 % (374,356 km2) of the forested land

in Tanzania (URT 1998). Thus miombo represents a significant vegetation cover in

Tanzania and are dominated by the genera Brachystegia and Julbernardia, as elsewhere

in southern East and Central Africa. Miombo are strongly influenced by frequent fires and

anthropogenic disturbances (Tarimo et al. 2015). The soils underlying miombo are

generally well drained, highly leached, and low in plant-available nutrients.

Unfortunately, despite the great potential of these forests most of them are not protected

recalling for urgent intervention particularly by creating win-win situation by addressing

the livelihoods needs of local communities and contribute to conservation as well as

improve governance of forests by making it more democratic and accountable system.

There are some empirical evidence of positive outcomes whereby forests have recovered

and their conditions and maintenance improved through CBFM in Tanzania and

elsewhere in the world (Blomley 2008).

Establishment of CBFM takes several steps and processes including setting/marking

boundaries, carrying out biological resource assessment, management plan development

and participatory community training. This work form part and contribute to the overall

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goal of bringing six community forest reserves (i.e. Mawengi, Masimavalafu, Iwela,

Mvava, Kimelembe and Nkomang’ombe) under CBFM by surveying and documenting

plant biodiversity in Ludewa. It is part of the larger project with overall objective of

Mapping the Remaining Un-protected Natural Forests and Assessment of their Resources

and Threats as a Roadmap to Conserve Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot in

Ludewa, Tanzania. It is anticipated that this work will facilitate establishment and

promotion of community based conservation (CBC) approaches and protection of

biodiversity in the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot and beyond.

2.2.2.2. MATMATMATMATERIALS AND METHODSERIALS AND METHODSERIALS AND METHODSERIALS AND METHODS

2.12.12.12.1 Study siteStudy siteStudy siteStudy site

This study was conducted in Ludewa District, located in the Njombe region, southern-

highlands of Tanzania (Fig. 1). Ludewa covers approximately 8,397 km2 of which 6,325

km2 is land surface and 2072 km2 water area. The area experiences mild climate, and is

generally warm and temperate. The study forests are located within 34° 34' ' ' ' – 34° 58’ E

and 9° 52’ – 10° 16’ S. The average temperature is 19.2˚C and receives an average annual

rainfall of 1215 mm. The population of Ludewa was estimated to be 133,218 in 2012

(National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania). Ethnic groups include Wapangwa, Wakisi and

Wamanda and their main economic activities include agriculture, livestock keeping and

fisheries particularly at the shores of Lake Nyasa. Ludewa has a total of 465,030 ha of

arable land of which only 52,400 ha is under crop cultivation. Main cultivated food

crops include maize, paddy, Irish and sweet potatoes while cash crops are coffee,

pyrethrum and sunflower. Ludewa has a total forest area of 30,596 ha of which only

10,760 ha (35%) are reserved forests. There are 76 villages which are all reported to

have been surveyed and demarcated but the district is yet to have its land use plan. On

the other hand only 4 villages i.e. Lwilo, Nkomang’ombe, Kimelembe and Milo out of

the 76 villages have Village Land Use Plans. All (i.e. Litumbi, Intake, Iwela, Mvava,

Kimelembe and Litwang’ata) studied forests are under Village Governments.

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Figure Figure Figure Figure 2222:::: The location of study forests in Ludewa, Njombe, southern-highlands

Tanzania.

2.22.22.22.2 Plant biodiversityPlant biodiversityPlant biodiversityPlant biodiversity samplingsamplingsamplingsampling

To investigate plant biological resources a nested sampling design was adopted whereby

83 plots of 10 x 10 m were selected randomly in different village forest reserves to study

distribution, abundance, richness, diversity, density, basal area and carbon of trees

between 2015 and 2016. In the same plots, 3 quadrats of 1 x 1 m were randomly laid out

to investigate herbaceous vegetation (grasses and herbs) in each plot. Regenerants were

also identified, counted and recorded in the 10 x 10 m plot. Diameter at Breast Height

(DBH) was measured using a caliper for all stems with DBH ≥ 5cm in plots. For woody

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species plant frequency and species identities were recorded in each plot. For non woody

plant species, plant cover (in percentages) was estimated visually in quadrat by three

persons and the average was taken as the true cover. Taxonomy of herbaceous plants

follows: Haines and Lye (1983), Polhill (1988) and Beentje and Ghazanfar (2010). Plots

were positioned at least 450 m apart and their geographic locations recorded using a

standardized hand-held GPS (Garmin Map76cx). Elevation was taken at the centre of

plot using the GPS. Plant species were identified in the field to species level, and

unidentifiable plants were collected, pressed and sent to Arusha National Herbarium of

Tanzania for identification. In addition, collected voucher specimens for all species

encountered in the field for identify confirmation were later deposited at the same

herbarium. To obtain plant trigger species IUCN website

(http://www.iucnredlist.org/details) was consulted for all plant species. Moreover, other

potential trigger species were identified based on population trends, distribution and size

from existing literature.

2.32.32.32.3 Statistical analysisStatistical analysisStatistical analysisStatistical analysis

Plant species richness was determined by the total number of species occurring in a plot.

Density was calculated as stems per hectare. The allometric model for Chamshama et al.,

2004 (i.e. Biomass=0.0625*DBH^2.553) was employed to compute biomass. Biomass

was then multiplied by 0.5 to obtain carbon stocks for tree species. The Shannon-Wiener

index of diversity (H') for trees was computed following Kindt and Coe (2005). The

Shannon-Wiener index of diversity was selected because it combines species richness and

evenness and is less affected by sample size compared to other indices (e.g. Simpsons)

(Krebs, 1989). The species Importance Value Index (lVI) was calculated from the sum of

relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance as explained by Kent and

Coker (1992). Abundance was computed as the total number of individuals for woody

plants while for non woody plants it was the sum of cover/percentages. For non woody

species the relative cover (%) of individual species was then calculated based on the total

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cover, ranked and the most frequent species identified. Basal area (g) was computed

based on the following formula (g)= (PI()DBH^2/4)/plot are(ha).

3333.... RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS

3.1. Overall3.1. Overall3.1. Overall3.1. Overall plant communityplant communityplant communityplant community structurestructurestructurestructure for the six forestsfor the six forestsfor the six forestsfor the six forests

Overall, we recorded 221 plant species from 51 families in six Village Forest Reserves of

Ludewa. Litwang’ata forest had the highest plant species richness (91 species) and 26

families while Iwela forest had the lowest richness of 38 species and 21 families (Table 1;

Figure 2).

Table 1Table 1Table 1Table 1: : : : Plant community structurePlant community structurePlant community structurePlant community structure in in in in six six six six Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe

Tanzania. (n = 83)Tanzania. (n = 83)Tanzania. (n = 83)Tanzania. (n = 83)

SSSS/No./No./No./No. ForForForForestestestest Village Village Village Village Forest Forest Forest Forest sizesizesizesize (ha)(ha)(ha)(ha)

NNNNo.o.o.o. of of of of

plotsplotsplotsplots

Total Total Total Total nnnnoooo.... of of of of speciesspeciesspeciesspecies

Total Total Total Total nononono.... of of of of

familiesfamiliesfamiliesfamilies

ShannonShannonShannonShannon----Wiener Wiener Wiener Wiener diversitydiversitydiversitydiversity

1 Mvava Mvava 785.6 9 68 25 2.13

2 Litumbi Mawengi 31.2 6 56 26 2.35

3 Litwang’ata Nkomang’ombe 285.6 14 91 26 2.11

4 Intake Masimavalafu 5533.3 21 52 22 2.38

5 Iwela Iwela 9593.8 24 38 21 1.17

6 Kimelembe Kimelembe 512 9 66 26 2.30

TotalTotalTotalTotal 6666 6666 16161616,,,,741.5741.5741.5741.5 83838383

Iwela forest had the overall highest stem density (3211 stems/ha) while Mvava forest had

the least (382). Mvava forest had the highest basal area of individual species with 3344

cm2/ha while Litumbi had the least with 120 cm2/ha (Figure 3).

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Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2. Summary of stand variables in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania

In terms of species diversity Intake forest had the highest Shannon-Wiener species

diversity (2.38) while Iwela had the least (1.17). Overall average number of species in a

forest was 37 while the average Shannon-Wiener index in a forest was 2.07.

Figure Figure Figure Figure 3333.... Summary of stocking in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania

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The overall single most frequent plant species was Brachystegia spiciformis. A total of

four trigger species according to IUCN i.e. According to IUCN Impatiens gomphophylla

and Duosperma trachyphyllum are endangered species recorded in the area. Duosperma

livingstoniense a vulnerable species was also registered. Pterocarpus angolensis a near

threatened species was also recorded. In addition, two national concern species with

high potential to be trigger species Syzygium cordatum and Osyris lanceolata were also

registered in the studied forests.

3.2. 3.2. 3.2. 3.2. Mvava Forest RMvava Forest RMvava Forest RMvava Forest Reserveeserveeserveeserve, Mvava Village, Mvava Village, Mvava Village, Mvava Village

A total of 68 plant species and 25 families were recorded in Mvava forest reserve. Of

these 16 were tree species of 8 families. The two most dominant species were Uapaca

kirkiana (36.2%) and Brachystegia sp. (19%) (Table 2). Shannon-Wiener species diversity

was 2.13 while Simpson index was 0.18 for trees of Mvava forest.

Table Table Table Table 2222: : : : Abundance of Abundance of Abundance of Abundance of treetreetreetree sssspecies in Mvava Forest Reservepecies in Mvava Forest Reservepecies in Mvava Forest Reservepecies in Mvava Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania

S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. SciSciSciScientific name entific name entific name entific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily

Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)

1 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae 36.21

2 Brachystegia sp. Leguminosae 18.97

3 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 6.90

4 Erica sp. Ericaceae 6.03

5 Psidium guajava Phyllanthaceae 6.03

6 Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae 5.17

7 Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Phyllanthaceae 4.31

8 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 3.45

9 Erica mannii Ericaceae 2.59

10 Faurea saligna Proteaceae 2.59

11 Vitex iringensis Lamiaceae 2.59

12 Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae 1.72

13 Dalbergia nitidula Leguminosae 0.86

14 Faurea rochetiana Proteaceae 0.86

15 Syzigium cordatum Myrtaceae 0.86

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16 Uapaca nitida Phyllanthaceae 0.86

Uapaca kirkiana had stem density, basal area and important value index of 382, 3344

and 362, respectively. Similarly, Brachystegia sp. had values of 311, 2744 and 322 for

stem density, basal area and important value index, respectively. Syzygium cordatum was

the last species with low density, basal area and important value index of 14, 67 and 6,

respectively (Table 3). Uapaca kirkiana had the highest (490.97 t/ha) while Syzigium

cordatum (3.03 t/ha) had the lowest carbon storage (Table 3). A vulnerable plant species

Duosperma livingstoniense was recorded in Mvava forest (Appendix 2).

TableTableTableTable 3333: Stem de: Stem de: Stem de: Stem density, bnsity, bnsity, bnsity, basal areaasal areaasal areaasal area,,,, important value indeximportant value indeximportant value indeximportant value index and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks of Mvava of Mvava of Mvava of Mvava

ForestForestForestForest ReserveReserveReserveReserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania

S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem Stem Stem Stem

density (ha)density (ha)density (ha)density (ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area ((((cmcmcmcm2222/ha/ha/ha/ha)))) IVIIVIIVIIVI

Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon (t(t(t(t/ha/ha/ha/ha))))

1 Uapaca kirkiana 382 3344 362 491

2 Brachystegia sp. 311 2744 322 479

3 Parinari excelsa 113 944 97 371

4 Psidium guajava 99 906 100 134 5 Erica mannii 99 361 68 112

6 Ochna schweinfurthiana 85 433 62 98

7 Erica sp. 85 240 64 110

8 Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia 71 433 59 40

9 Brachystegia boehmii 57 978 55 28

10 Vitex iringensis 42 439 45 18

11 Faurea saligna 42 172 214 13

12 Faurea rochetiana 14 133 15 12

13 Uapaca nitida 14 117 12 9

14 Dalbergia nitidula 14 94 7 7

15 Acacia amythethophylla 14 89 15 4

16 Syzygium cordatum 14 67 6 3

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3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 Litumbi FLitumbi FLitumbi FLitumbi Forestorestorestorest ReserveReserveReserveReserve, Mawengi, Mawengi, Mawengi, Mawengi VillageVillageVillageVillage

At Litumbi forest a total of 56 plant species belonging to 26 families were registered. Of

these, 14 were tree species of 12 families. The most dominant tree species was

Brachystegia spiciformis with the abundance of almost 73% (Table 4). The Shannon-

Wiener species diversity for trees was 2.35 while Simpson index was 0.53.

Table Table Table Table 4444: : : : Abundance of tree speciesAbundance of tree speciesAbundance of tree speciesAbundance of tree species in Litumbi Forest Reservein Litumbi Forest Reservein Litumbi Forest Reservein Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania

S/NoS/NoS/NoS/No Botanical nameBotanical nameBotanical nameBotanical name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily AbundanceAbundanceAbundanceAbundance (%)(%)(%)(%)

1 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae 72.69




5 Albizia sp. Leguminosae 2.78

6 Faurea saligna Proteaceae 2.31

7 Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae 1.85

8 Multidentia crassa Rubiaceae 1.39

9 Myrsine melanophloesa Primulaceae 0.93

10 Combretum molle Combretaceae 0.46

11 Lannea schimperi Anacardiaceae 0.46

12 Maesopsis eminii Rhamnaceae 0.46

13 Pittosporum viridiflorum Pittosporaceae 0.46

14 Zanha africana Sapindaceae 0.46

Brachystegia spiciformis had the highest stem density of 2221 while Faurea saligna had

the highest basal area of 120 (Table 5). In terms of carbon Brachystegia spiciformis had

the highest carbon stock of 4061 t/ha while Lannea schimperi had the lowest with 0.08

t/ha (Table 5). The individual tree species average carbon stock per ha was 302.69 t in

Litumbi Forest Reserve. Osyris lanceolata (African Sandalwood) a national concern tree

species was registered at Litumbi forest although only saplings. A vulnerable plant species

Duosperma livingstoniense was recorded in Litwangara forest (Appendix 2).

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Table Table Table Table 5555: : : : Stem density and bStem density and bStem density and bStem density and basal area of Litumbi Forest Reserveasal area of Litumbi Forest Reserveasal area of Litumbi Forest Reserveasal area of Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania

Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density

(cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)

Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area (cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha) Carbon (t/ha)Carbon (t/ha)Carbon (t/ha)Carbon (t/ha)

Brachystegia spiciformis 2221 56 4061

Parinari excelsa 198 40 80

Uapaka kirkiana 170 58 42

Brachystegia boehmii 113 49 19

Albizia sp. 85 51 17

Faurea saligna 71 120 13

Ochna schweinfurthiana 57 18 2

Multidentia crassa 42 28 1

Myrsine melanophloesa 28 34 1

Pittosporum viridiflorum 14 50 0.5

Combretum molle 14 33 0.5

Maesopsis eminii 14 28 0.3

Zanha africana 14 22 0.2

Lannea schimperi 14 17 0.1

3.43.43.43.4 Litwang’ata FLitwang’ata FLitwang’ata FLitwang’ata Forestorestorestorest ReserveReserveReserveReserve, Nkomang’ombe Village, Nkomang’ombe Village, Nkomang’ombe Village, Nkomang’ombe Village

There were a total of 91 plant species belonging to 26 families in Litwang’ata Forest

Reserve. Out of all plants 21 were tree species belonging to 13 families (Table 8).

Brachystegia boehmii had the highest abundance (46.3%) while Piliostigma thonningii,

Rothmannia sp, Senna singueana and Vitex iringensis had the lowest abundance (0.4%)

in tree life form (Table 6).

Table 6Table 6Table 6Table 6. . . . AAAAbundance of bundance of bundance of bundance of ttttree species ree species ree species ree species inininin LitLitLitLitwang’atawang’atawang’atawang’ata Forest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReserveForest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania , Ludewa Tanzania , Ludewa Tanzania , Ludewa Tanzania

Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily AbundanceAbundanceAbundanceAbundance (%)(%)(%)(%)

Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 46.3

Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae 9.7

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Phyllanthaceae 6.6

Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae 6.2

Faurea saligna Proteaceae 5.3

Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae 3.5

Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 3.1

Pericopsis angolensis Leguminosae 3.1

Gardenia ternifolia Rubiaceae 2.6

12

Cyphostemma junceum Vitaceae 2.2

Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae 1.8

Syzygium cordatum Myrtaceae 1.8

Dalbergia nitidula Leguminosae 1.3

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae 1.3

Lannea schimperi Anacardiaceae 1.3

Ozoroa insigns Anacardiaceae 1.3

Protea gaguedii Proteaceae 0.9

Piliostigma thonningii Leguminosae 0.4

Rothmannia sp Rubiaceae 0.4

Senna singueana Leguminosae 0.4

Vitex iringensis Lamiaceae 0.4

Likewise, Brachystegia boehmii had the highest stem density of 1485 stems/ha (Table 7).

The average stem density and basal area for a species were 153 stems/ha and 93.39

m2/ha, respectively for Litwang’ata Forest Reserve. In terms of tree species diversity the

forest had Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices of 2.11 and 0.24, respectively. Parinari

excelsa had the highest carbon stock and basal area followed by Acacia amythethophylla

(Table 7). An endangered species Impatiens gomphophylla was recorded in Litwang’ata

forest (Appendix 2).

Table 7Table 7Table 7Table 7. . . . Stem densityStem densityStem densityStem density,,,, basal area basal area basal area basal area and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks of of of of LitLitLitLitwang’ata Forest Reserve, wang’ata Forest Reserve, wang’ata Forest Reserve, wang’ata Forest Reserve,

Ludewa TanzaniaLudewa TanzaniaLudewa TanzaniaLudewa Tanzania

Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density

((((////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area ((((cmcmcmcm2222////ha)ha)ha)ha)

Carbon (tCarbon (tCarbon (tCarbon (t/ha/ha/ha/ha))))

Brachystegia boehmii 1485.45 124.02 25.83

Uapaca kirkiana 311 121 20 Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia 212 103 17

Acacia amythethophylla 198 160 39

Faurea saligna 170 141 36

Combretum zeyheri 113 126 20

Parinari excelsa 99 164 43

Pericorpsis angolensis 99 62 3

Gardenia ternifolia 85 131 22

Cyphostemma junceum 71 69 6

13

Syzigium cordatum 57 64 3

Ochna schweinfurthiana 57 57 3

Dalbergia nitidula 42 133 18

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon 42 74 4

Ozoroa insigns 42 59 2

Lannea schimperi 42 57 3

Protea gaguedii 28 22 0.2

Senna singueana 14 144 22

Piliostigma thonningii 14 67 3

Vitex iringensis 14 67 3

Rothmania sp 14 22 0.2

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 KKKKimelembeimelembeimelembeimelembe Forest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReserveForest Reserve, Kimelembe Village, Kimelembe Village, Kimelembe Village, Kimelembe Village

A total of 66 plant species and 26 families were recorded at Kimelembe Forest Reserve.

Of these, 26 were tree species belonging to 16 families. The most two dominant tree

species were Neoboutonia macrocalyx (38.67%) and Uapaca kirkiana (14.92%) (Table

8).

Table 8Table 8Table 8Table 8: : : : Abundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree speciespeciespeciespecies in in in in KKKKimelembe Forest Reserveimelembe Forest Reserveimelembe Forest Reserveimelembe Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania

S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)

1 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbiaceae 38.67


3 Markhamia lutea Bignoniaceae 8.84


5 Brachystegia bussei Leguminosae 4.42

6 Ficus sycomorus Moraceae 3.87

7 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae 3.31

8 Diospyros mespiliformis Ebenaceae 2.76

9 Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae 2.76

10 Psychotria faucicola Rubiaceae 2.21

11 Tapiphyllum discolor Rubiaceae 2.21




15 Piliostigma thonningii Leguminosae 1.10


17 Garcinia livingstoniense Clusiaceae 0.55

14

18 Pericopsis angolensis Leguminosae 0.55

19 Psychotria lauracea Rubiaceae 0.55

20 Pterocarpus angolensis Leguminosae 0.55

21 Pterocarpus tinctorius Leguminosae 0.55

22 Rothmania sp Rubiaceae 0.55

23 Sorindeia madagascariensis Anacardiaceae 0.55

24 Terminalia mollis Combretaceae 0.55

25 Ximenia americana Olacaceae 0.55

26 Ziziphus mucronata Rhamnaceae 0.55

Neoboutonia macrocalyx had the highest stem density (233 stems/ha) while Ziziphus

mucronata had the highest basal area (551 cm2/ha; Table 9). Sorindeia madagascariensis

had the lowest basal area of 23 cm2/ha (Table 9). The tree species diversity was 2.30 and

0.19 for Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices showing that the forest had moderate

diversity (Table 9).

Table 9Table 9Table 9Table 9:::: Stem density and Stem density and Stem density and Stem density and bbbbasal areaasal areaasal areaasal area in in in in Kimelembe Forest ReserveKimelembe Forest ReserveKimelembe Forest ReserveKimelembe Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania

S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density

((((////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area (cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)

1 Neoboutonia macrocalyx 990 98

2 Uapaca kirkiana 382 85

3 Markhamia lutea 226 83

4 Brachystegia bussei 113 86

5 Brachystegia boehmii 113 63

6 Ficus sycomorus 99 110

7 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon 85 58

8 Syzygium sp. 71 77

9 Diospyros mespiliformis 71 61

10 Psychotria faucicola 57 157

11 Tapiphyllum discolor 57 36

12 Brachystegia spiciformis 42 181

13 Combretum molle 42 54

14 Piliostigma thonningii 28 103

15 Parinari excelsa 28 51

16 Pterocarpus tinctorius 14 551

17 Ziziphus mucronata 14 233

15

18 Ximenia americana 14 191

19 Faurea rochetiana 14 148

20 Garcinia livingstoniense 14 101

21 Pterocarpus angolensis 14 92

22 Psychotria lauracea 14 82

23 Pericopsis angolensis 14 71

24 Rothmania angleriane 14 41

25 Terminalia mollis 14 39

26 Sorindeia madagascariensis 14 23

3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 Intake Intake Intake Intake Forest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReserveForest Reserve, Mas, Mas, Mas, Masimavalafu Villageimavalafu Villageimavalafu Villageimavalafu Village

There were a total of 52 plant species and 22 families in Intake Forest Reserve. Of all

recorded plant species 24 were tree species belonging to 14 families. The two most

dominant species were Brachystegia spiciformis (34.65%) and Brachystegia boehmii

(11.27%). Dalbergia boehmii, Psidium guajava, Scolopia sp. and Zanha africana were the

species with the least abundance (Table 10).

Table 10Table 10Table 10Table 10: : : : Abundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree species pecies pecies pecies in in in in the the the the Intake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania

S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name FFFFamilyamilyamilyamily Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)






6 Dalbergia nitidula Leguminosae 5.07


8 Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae 3.94

9 Brachystegia bussei Leguminosae 3.38


11 Ximenia caffra Olacaceae 2.25

12 Garcinia volkensii Clusiaceae 1.97

13 Euphorbia bongensis Euphorbiaceae 1.41

14 Pterolobium stellatum Leguminosae 1.13

15 Scolopia stolzii Salicaceae 1.13



16

18 Vitex doniana Lamiaceae 0.85

19 Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae 0.56

20 Diospyros kirkii Ebenaceae 0.56

21 Dalbergia boehmii Leguminosae 0.28

22 Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 0.28

23 Scolopia sp. Salicaceae 0.28

24 Zanha africana Sapindaceae 0.28

The Intake Forest Reserve has the tree species Shannon-Winner diversity of 2.38 and

Simpson index of 0.16 (Table 11). Brachystegia spiciformis and Brachystegia boehmii were

the two species with the highest stem density of 1740.09 and 565.88 (Table 11). Scolopia

stolzii had the highest basal area of 367.50 cm2/ha (Table 11). An endangered plant

species Duosperma trachyphyllum was registered in the Intake forest (Appendix 2).

Table Table Table Table 11111111: Stem densi: Stem densi: Stem densi: Stem density and bty and bty and bty and basal area of asal area of asal area of asal area of Intake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania

S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density

((((////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area (cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)

1 Brachystegia spiciformis 1740.09 123.28





6 Dalbergia nitidula 255 136


8 Syzygium sp. 198 78

9 Brachystegia bussei 170 120

10 Combretum molle 113 71

11 Ximenia caffra 113 21

12 Garcinia volkensii 99 67

13 Euphorbia bongensis 71 84

14 Scolopia stolzii 57 368

15 Pterolobium stellatum 57 143


17 Parinari excelsa 42 76

18 Vitex doniana 42 25

19 Diospyros kirkii 28 68

20 Combretum zeyheri 28 43

17

21 Dalbergia boehmii 14 160

22 Zanha africana 14 158

23 Psidium guajava 14 60

24

14 29

3.3.3.3.7777 IIIIwela Forest Reservewela Forest Reservewela Forest Reservewela Forest Reserve, Iwela Village, Iwela Village, Iwela Village, Iwela Village

A total of 38 plant species belonging to 21 families were recorded in Iwela Forest

Reserve. Of all the plants 25 were tree species in 18 families (Table 12). The most

dominant species were Brachystegia spiciformis (54.83%) and Diplorhynchus

condylocarpon (15.94%).

Table 12Table 12Table 12Table 12: : : : Abundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree specpecpecpecies ies ies ies in Iwelain Iwelain Iwelain Iwela Forest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReserveForest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania

S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)Abundance (%)




4 Ochna mossambicensis Ochnaceae 4.59

5 Commiphora africana Burseraceae 2.42

6 Grewia fallax Malvaceae 2.17


8 Euphorbia bongensis Euphorbiaceae 1.45



11 Coffea canephora Rubiaceae 1.21

12 Flacourtia indica Moraceae 0.97

13 Aphloia theiformis Aphloiaceae 0.72

14 Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae 0.72

15 Ximenia caffra Olacaceae 0.72

16 Euclea natalensis Ebenaceae 0.48


18 Hyparrhenia rufa Poaceae 0.48

19 Scolopia stolzii Salicaceae 0.48

20 Tapiphyllum discolor Rubiaceae 0.48

21 Cordia africana Boraginaceae 0.24

22 Ficus natalensis Moraceae 0.24

18

23 Landolphia kirkii Apocynaceae 0.24


25 Vernonia karaguensis Compositae 0.24

Iwela Forest Reserve had Shannon-Winner and Simpson indices of 1.77 and 0.33 for

trees, respectively. Brachystegia spiciformis had the highest stem density (3211 stems/ha)

while Uapaca kirkiana, Ficus natalensis, Cordia africana, Vernonua karaguensis and

Landolphia kirki had the lowest stem density (in all species 14 stems/ha; Table 13).

Pterocarpus angolensis had the highest basal area of 212 cm2/ha while Landolphia kirki

had the lowest basal area of 15.56 cm2/ha (Table 13).

Table 13Table 13Table 13Table 13: Stem density and b: Stem density and b: Stem density and b: Stem density and basal area of asal area of asal area of asal area of Iwela Forest ReserveIwela Forest ReserveIwela Forest ReserveIwela Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania

S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density (Stem density (Stem density (Stem density (////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area (cmBasal area (cmBasal area (cmBasal area (cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)

1 Brachystegia spiciformis 3211 111



4 Ochna mossambicensis 269 58

5 Commiphora africana 141 87

6 Grewia fallax 127 169




10 Euphorbia bongensis 85 87

11 Coffea canephora 71 20

12 Flacourtia indica 57 66

13 Aphloia theiformis 42 143

14 Sclerocarya birrea 42 97

15 Ximenia caffra 42 56

16 Faurea rochetiana 28 83

17 Hyparrhenia rufa 28 63

18 Scolopia stolzii 28 63

19 Euclea natalensis 28 36

20 Tapiphyllum discolor 28 24


22 Ficus natalensis 14 66

23 Cordia africana 14 34

19

24 Vernonua karaguensis 14 17

25 Landolphia kirkii 14 16

3.3.3.3. BRIEF BRIEF BRIEF BRIEF DISCUSSIONDISCUSSIONDISCUSSIONDISCUSSION

Ludewa community forests are dynamic landscapes with rich plant species of

conservation importance. Of the previously reported around 10,000 plant species in

Tanzania (Myers 2000) 221 (0.02%) species occur in the studied forests. Among the

registered plants some are common species such as Brachystegia spiciformis and

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon which are typical miombo woodland species. Others are

economically and highly valued source of important nutrients and livelihoods to local

communities such as Uapaca kirkiana. There are also important species of conservation

concern to mention particularly Pterocarpus angolensis a near threatened species,

Impatiens gomphophylla and Duosperma trachyphyllum endangered species and

Duosperma livingstoniense vulnerable species, which were also recorded in the area.

Moreover, two national concern species i.e. Osyris lanceolata (African Sandalwood) and

Syzygium cordatum were recorded in some of the forests of Ludewa. Brachystegia species

were the most dominant plant species in the studied forests consistent with other studies.

This is in line with the known fact for miombo woodlands which cover large areas of

east, west and southern Tanzania. Miombo woodlands constitute a large part of the

African continent covering 2.4 million km2 of southern, central and eastern Africa

(Chidumayo & Gumbo 2010; Dewees et al. 2011). Miombo woodlands have been

reported as central to the livelihoods of millions of rural and urban dwellers for

providing fuel wood, building materials, medicines, food and ecosystem services

(Campbell et al. 2007). Not only that but also miombo woodlands offer opportunities

for emerging green economy such as those brought by REDD+ in village forest reserves.

In the studied forests Brachystegia spiciformis was found to be the overall

abundant species. It is known that miombo woodland is dominated by legume trees of

the family Fabaceae (sub-family Caesalpinaceae), belonging to the genera Brachystegia,

Julbernardia and/or Isoberlinia, with an understory dominated by C4 grasses (White

20

1983). Although miombo woodlands occur on nutrient-limited soils and at various

macro- and micro-climates they are known to harbor rich flora and fauna important

species. They are categorized as wet miombo woodlands in areas with above 1000 mm

or dry in areas with less than 1000 mm mean annual rainfall. The studied forests are dry

miombo.

A significant tree stocking was observed in the six forests. The stem density ranged

between 382-3211 stems/ha while basal area ranged between 120 and 3344 cm2/ha for

individual tree species. Of all the forests, Iwela forest reserve had Shannon-Wiener

diversity of 1.77. The presence of low diversity in Iwela suggests that this important

forest is disturbed and further disturbance should be prevented to allow restoration.

Because of the abundance and availability of biological resources including water and

Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) throughout the year, Ludewa natural forests attract

livelihood activities which may destroy critical habitats and thereby impair biodiversity. It

is known that miombo woodlands experience high disturbance that influences their

vegetation structure and compositions (Campbell et al. 1996). On the other hand, species

diversity is in part a function of the area as well as heterogeneity. The study covered only

a representative area using plots covering total of 0.83 ha. From mapping exercise (Table

1) the total area of all six surveyed forests is 16,741.5 ha. Ludewa composes of extensive

and heterogeneous areas. So given that sampling intensity is increased it could be that

data for plant community composition, stocking and structure might change.

Nevertheless, findings from this study provide for the first time basic information on

biological resources of community forests in Ludewa. It should be remembered that the

studied forests are only under the management of Village Government who are not able

to manage appropriately these forests. Experience demonstrates that Village

Governments lack effective management plans and relevant information on the natural

capital of these forests. But at the same time they are the ones supposed to protect

natural resources at local lever. It is therefore pressing that village forests are fully

protected from over exploitation and degradations caused by human activities through

for example Community Based Conservation (CBC) approaches that have so far

21

indicated to be successfully in restore forest condition and structure (Blomley et al.,

2008). Information on biological resources is important step in planning for CBFM. This

study has therefore provided the basis and significant contribution to the establishment of

Village Land Forest Reserves (VLFRs) by generating for the first time updated empirical

information on available natural capital in village forests of Ludewa, Njombe Tanzania.

22

APPENDIX 1: APPENDIX 1: APPENDIX 1: APPENDIX 1: REFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES

Beentje and Ghazanfar (2010). Flora of tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Campbell B, Angelsen A, Cunningham A, Katerere Y, Sitoe A, Wunder S. (2007).

Miombo woodlands – opportunities and barriers to sustainable forest management. Bogor, Indonesia:CIFOR.

Campbell B, Frost, P. & Byron, N. (1996). Miombo woodlands and their use: overview and key issues. Pp. 1–10 in Campbell, B. (ed.). The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor.

Chamshama et al., (2004). Chamshama, S.A.O., Mugasha, A.G. and Zahabu, E. (2004). Biomass and volume estimation for miombo woodlands at Kitulangalo, Morogoro, Tanzania. Southern Forests 200: 49-60.

Chidumayo EN, Gumbo DJ. (2010). The dry forests and woodlands of Africa. Managing for products and services. London: Earthscan.

Dewees P, Campbell B, Katerere Y, Sitoe A, Cunningham AB, Angelsen A, Wunder S. (2011). Managing the miombo woodlands of southern Africa: policies, incentives, and options for the rural poor. Washington, DC: (plus annexes: see http://www.profor.info/profor/sites/profor.info/files/MiomboAnnexes_Nov11.pdf) World Bank Program on forests (PROFOR).

Dykstra and Hernich (1992). The FAO Initiative on harvesting technologies to sustain tropical high forests pp 151-159. In: FRIM. Symposium on harvesting and Silviculture for Sustainable Forestry in the Tropics. Workshop Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur

Kindt R, Coe R (2005) Tree diversity analysis. A manual and 597 software for common statistical methods for ecological and 598 biodiversity studies. World Agroforesty Centre, Nairobi

Kleemeier, E. (2000). The Impact of Participation on sustainability: An analysis of the Malawi Rural Piped Scheme Program. World development 28: 929-944.

United Republic of Tanzania (URT) (1998). National Forest Policy. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam.

Tarimo et al. (2015). Spatial distribution of temporal dynamics in anthropogenic fires in miombo savanna woodlands of Tanzania. Carbon Balance and Management 10:18

Myers, N., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. da Fonseca, and J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858

Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) (2015). National Forest Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA) of Tanzania Mainland main results. Pg 106.

Haines R. and Lye K. (1983). The sedges and rushes of East Africa. East African Natural History Society, Nairobi

Polhill (1988). Flora of tropical East Africa: index of collecting localities. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

23

Blomley et al., (2008). Seeing the wood for the trees: an assessment of the impact of participatory forest management on forest condition in Tanzania. Oryx, 42(3), 380–391

24

APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAAPPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAAPPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAAPPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAGEGEGEGE FORFORFORFOREEEESTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIASTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIASTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIASTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIA 1.1.1.1. MVAVA FOREST RESERVEMVAVA FOREST RESERVEMVAVA FOREST RESERVEMVAVA FOREST RESERVE

Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species

S/No. Scientific name Families

1 Chamaecrista mimosoides Fabaceae

2 Cyphostemma junceum Vitaceae

3 Dolichos kilimandscharicus Leguminosae

4 Eriosema montanum Leguminosae

5 Fadogia ancylantha Rubiaceae

6 Galactia argentifolia Leguminosae

7 Heteromorpha trifoliata Apiaceae)

8 Indigofera mimosoides Leguminosae

9 Inulaglomerata Compositae

10 Mucuna stans Leguminosae

11 Multidentia crassa Rubiaceae

12 Psoralea foliosa Leguminosae

Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses

S/No. Scientific name Family

1 Acalypha volkensii Euphorbiaceae

2 Agathisanthem umbojeri Rubiaceae

3 Aspiliapluriseta Compositae

4 Biophytum abyssinicum Oxalidaceae

5 Cassythafiliformis Lauraceae

6 Chamaecrista mimosoides Leguminosae

7 Combretum molle Combretaceae

8 Commelina sp. Commelinaceae

9 Cynodon nlemfuensis Poaceae

10 Duosperma livingstoniense Acanthaceae

11 Eriosema pentaphyllum Leguminosae

12 Eriosema pseudostrinctum Leguminosae

13 Habenaria sp. Orchidaceae

Helichrysumodoratissimum Compositae

15 Helichrysum sp. Compositae

25

16 Hyparrenia cymbaria Poaceae

17 Impatiens assurgens Balsaminaceae

18 Indigoferamimosoides Leguminosae

19 Inulaglomerata Compositae

20 Justiciabetonica Acanthaceae

21 Leptochloauniflora Poaceae

22 Loudetiaarundinacea Poaceae

23 Murdannia simplex Commelinaceae

24 Ocimumdecumbens Lamiaceae

25 Ocimum sp. Lamiaceae

26 Panicumsp Poaceae

27 Phyllanthusfischeri Phyllanthaceae

28 Pleurostyliaafricana Celastraceae

29 Rottboelliaexaltata Poaceae

30 Scleriapergracilis Cyperaceae

31 Spermacocedibrachiata Rubiaceae

32 Sphaerocyperuserinaceus Cyperaceae

33 Sphenostylisstenocarpa Leguminosae


35 Sporobolu spyramidalis Poaceae

36 Teramnus labialis Poaceae

37 Themeda triandra Poaceae

38 Thunbergia alata Acanthaceae

39 Vernonia purpurea Compositae

40 Vernonia karaguensis Compositae

Regenerants Regenerants Regenerants Regenerants



2 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae

3 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae

4 Bridelia micrantha Phyllanthaceae

5 Combretum molle Commelinaceae

6 Duosperma livingstoniense Acanthaceae

7 Faurea saligna Proteaceae

8 Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae

9 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae

26

10 Pericopsis angolensis Leguminosae

11 Psorospermum febrifugum Hypericaceae

12 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae

2.2.2.2. LITUMBI FOREST RESERVELITUMBI FOREST RESERVELITUMBI FOREST RESERVELITUMBI FOREST RESERVE


S/No Scientific name Family

1 Duospermalivingstoniense Acanthaceae

2 Indigoferamimosoides Leguminosae

3 Mucunastans Leguminosae

4 Multidentiacrassa Rubiaceae

5 Osyris lanceolata Rubiaceae

6 Psoraleafoliosa Leguminosae

7 Rytigniamonantha Zingiberaceae


S/No Name Families

1 Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae


3 Aloe vera Xanthorrhoeaceae

4 Andropogon schirensis Poaceae

5 Aspilia pluriseta Compositae

6 Commelina sp. Commelinaceae

7 Crepis newii Compositae


9 Elephanto pusscaber Compositae

10 Eragrostis exasperata Poaceae


12 Fadogia eliskensii Rubiaceae

13 Heteromorph atrifoliata Apiaceae

14 Hyparrhenia cymbaria Poaceae

15 Inula glomerata Compositae

16 Justicia betonica Acanthaceae

17 Lefebvrea stuhlmannii Apiaceae

18 Leptochloa uniflora Poaceae

19 Ocimum decumbens Lamiaceae

27

20 Ocimum obovatum var. obovatum

Lamiaceae

21 Panicum sp. Poaceae

22 Phyllanthus fischeri Phyllanthaceae

23 Piloselloide shirsuta Compositae

24 Satyrium fimbriatum Orchidaceae

25 Scleria pergracilis Cyperaceae

26 Spermacoce dibrachiata Rubiaceae

27 Sphenostylis stenocarp Leguminosae



30 Triumfetta rhomboidea Malvacea

31 Vernonia stenocephala Compositae

Regenerants species Regenerants species Regenerants species Regenerants species

S/No. Name Families



3 Olinia usambarensis Penaeaceae


5 Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae

3.3.3.3. LITWANGATA FOREST RESERVELITWANGATA FOREST RESERVELITWANGATA FOREST RESERVELITWANGATA FOREST RESERVE


S/No Shrubrich Families


2 Cryptosepalummaraviense Leguminosae

3 Cyphostemmajunceum Vitaceae

4 Desmodiumbarbatum Leguminosae

5 Droogmansiapteropus Leguminosae

6 Emilia coccinea Compositae

7 Fadogiaancylantha Rubiaceae

8 Heteromorph atrifoliata Apiaceae

9 Indigofera mimosoides Leguminosae

10 Lippiaabyssinica Verbenaceae


28

12 Mucunastans Leguminosae


14 Psoraleafoliosa Leguminosae

15 Psorospermumfebrifugum Hypericaceae

16 Psychotriamiombicola Rubiaceae

17 Thunbergialanciflora Acanthaceae



1 Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae

2 Acalyphavolkensii Euphorbiaceae

3 Agathisanthemumbojeri Rubiaceae

4 Alysicarpuszeyheri Leguminosae

5 Andropogonschirensis Poaceae

6 Argyrolobiumfischeri Leguminosae


8 Bewsiabiflora Poaceae

9 Chamaecristamimosoides Leguminosae

10 Clematopsisscabiosifolia Ranunculaceae

11 Commelinaafricana Commelinaceae

12 Cyperuscyperoides Cyperaceae

13 Cyperusdubius Cyperaceae

14 Cyphostemmajunceum Vitaceae

15 Duospermacrenatum Acanthaceae

16 Elephantopusscaber Compositae

17 Emilia coccinea Compositae


19 Galium spurium Rubiaceae

20 Gnidiafastigia Thymelaeaceae

21 Habenaria sp. Orchidaceae

22 Heteropogon contortus Poaceae

23 Humulariamultifoliata Leguminosae

24 hyparrhenia sp. Poaceae

25 Impatiens gomphophylla Balsaminaceae

26 Inula glomerata Compositae

27 Justicia betonica Acanthaceae

28 Leptochloauniflora Poaceae

29


30 Murdannia simplex Commelinaceae

31 Ocimumdecumbens Lamiaceae

32 Ocimumfimbriatus Lamiaceae

33 Ocimumovatum Lamiaceae

34 Panicumclaytonii Poaceae

35 Panicumsp Poaceae

36 Phyllanthusfischeri Phyllanthaceae

37 Phyllanthusmaderapatensis Phyllanthaceae

38 Pimpinelaoreophila Apiaceae

39 Plectranthus sp. Lamiaceae

40 Scleriapergracilis Cyperaceae

41 Senecioerubescens Compositae

42 Seneciosubsessilis Compositae

43 Spermacoceprincea Rubiaceae



46 Teramnus labialis Leguminosae



49 Thunbergia kirkiana Acanthaceae

50 Triumfetta rhomboidea Malvaceae

51 Vernonia glabra Compositae

52 Vernonia glomerata Compositae

53 Vernonia purpurea Compositae

54 Vernonia sp. Compositae

55 Vernoniastenocephala Compositae



1 Acacia sp. Leguminosae



4 Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae


6 Dombeya rotundifolia Malvaceae

7 Faurea saligna Proteaceae

30

8 Lannea schimperi Anacardiaceae


10 Pseudolachnostylisma prouneifolia

Phyllanthaceae

11 Rothmania sp. Rubiaceae

12 Uapacakirkiana Phyllanthaceae

4.4.4.4. INTAKE FOREST RESERVEINTAKE FOREST RESERVEINTAKE FOREST RESERVEINTAKE FOREST RESERVE



1 Cryptosepalummaraviense Leguminosae

2 Dyschoristetanzaniensis Acanthaceae

3 Eriosema ellipticum Leguminosae

4 Fadogiellastigmatoloba Rubiaceae

5 Laggerabrevipes Compositae

6 Leucasgrandis Lamiaceae


8 Peristrophebicalyculata Acanthaceae

9 Tapiphyllumcinerascens Rubiaceae

10 Tephrosian octiflora Leguminosae




2 Cissuspseudoguerkeana Vitaceae

3 Commelina erecta Commelinaceae

4 Cyperussp Cyperaceae

5 Cyphostemmasp Vitaceae

6 Digitariasp Poaceae

7 Duosperma trachyphyllum Acanthaceae

8 Gutenbergia cordifolia Compositae

9 Helichrysum kirkii Compositae

10 Loudetia arundinacea Poaceae

11 Panicum maximum Poaceae

12 Schizachyrium exile Poaceae

31

13 Striga pubiflora Orobanchaceae

RegenerantsRegenerantsRegenerantsRegenerants

5.5.5.5. IWELA FOREIWELA FOREIWELA FOREIWELA FOREST RESERVEST RESERVEST RESERVEST RESERVE

Shrub species of Iwela Forest ReserveShrub species of Iwela Forest ReserveShrub species of Iwela Forest ReserveShrub species of Iwela Forest Reserve


1 Chlorophytum comosum Asparagaceae

2 Cordia africana Boraginaceae

3 Euclea divinorum Ebenaceae

4 Fadogia sp. Rubiaceae

5 Justicia nyassana Acanthaceae

6 Markhamia lutea Bignoniaceae

7 Millettia sp. Leguminosae

8 Sclerochiton vogelii Acanthaceae



1 Diospyros sp Ebenaceae

2 Euclea divinorum Ebenaceae


1 Brachystegia bussei Leguminosae


3 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae

4 Garcinia volkensii Clusiaceae

5 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbiaceae

6 Syzygium guineense Myrtaceae


32

Regenerants Regenerants Regenerants Regenerants

S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily

1 Acacia sp Leguminosae


3 Commiphora sp Burseraceae

4 Diospyros fischeri Ebenaceae


6 Ximenia caffra Olacaceae

6.6.6.6. KIMELEMBE FOREST RESERVEKIMELEMBE FOREST RESERVEKIMELEMBE FOREST RESERVEKIMELEMBE FOREST RESERVE



1 Acalypha ornata Euphorbiaceae

2 Aspilia sp. Compositae

3 Capparisfascicularis Capparaceae

4 Catunaregam spinosa Rubiaceae

5 Cryptosepalum maraviense Leguminosae

6 Diospyros fischeri Ebenaceae

7 Eriosema ellipticum Leguminosae

8 Fadogiasp Rubiaceae

9 Fadogia triphylla Rubiaceae

10 Helichrysum kirkii Compositae

11 Indigofera trita Leguminosae

12 Kohautia coccinea Rubiaceae

13 Kotschya uguenensis Leguminosae

14 Ochna mossambicensis Ochnaceae

15 Psychotria amboniana Rubiaceae

16 Sclerochiton vogelii Acanthaceae

17 Securinegavirosa Phyllanthaceae


19 Turraeamombassana Meliaceae

20 Vigna kilimanjarica Leguminosae

33



1 Asparagus humilis Asparagaceae

2 Beciumo bovatum Lamiaceae

3 Chlorophytum comosum Asparagaceae

4 Crossandra pungens Acanthaceae

5 Heteropogon contortus Poaceae

6 Hyparrhenia rufa Poaceae

7 Justicia linearispica Acanthaceae

8 Justicia nyassana Acanthaceae

9 Microchloa indica Poaceae

10 Oplismenuscompositus Poaceae

11 Schizachyrium exile Poaceae

12 Scleriadistans Cyperaceae



15 Vernonia hildebrandtii Compositae

16 Vernonia miombicola Compositae

17 Vignavexillata Leguminosae





3 Bridelia catharatica Phyllanthaceae

4 Catuna regamspinosa Rubiaceae

5 Cordia africana Boraginaceae

6 Diospyrossp Ebenaceae


8 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbiaceae

9 Psychotria faucicola Rubiaceae

10 Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae


12 Ximenia americana Olacaceae

PLANT BIODIVERSITY REPORT CEPF27 - BirdLife · Threats as a Roadmap to Conserve Eastern Afromontane...

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