Plant Basics

8/18/2019 Plant Basics

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Plant BasicsNikolai Kuvshinikov, Honors Bio 4th

R e p r od u c t i o n i n p la n t s i s

e i t h e r a s e x ua l o r s e x ua l.

A s e x ua l r e p r od u c t i o n i n

p la n t s i n v o l v e s a va r i e t y

o f w id e l y d i e r e n t

m e t h od s f o r p r od u c i n g

n e w p la n t s id e n t i ca l i n

e v e r y r e s p e c t t o t h e

pa r e n t. S e x ua l

r e p r od u c t i o n, o n t h e

o t h e r ha nd, d e p e nd s o n a

c o m p l e x s e r i e s o f ba s i c

e v e n t s, i n v o l v i n g

c h r o m o s o m e s a nd t h e i r

g e n e s, t ha t ta k e p la c e

w i t h i n a s e x ua l a p pa ra t u s

e v o l v ed p r e c i s e l y f o r t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e w

p la n t s i n s o m e r e s p e c t s

d i e r e n t f r o m

t h e t w o

pa r e n t s t ha t p la y ed a r o l e

i n t h e i r p r od u c t i o n.


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What Exactly are Plants?

• Plants: a living organism of the kind exemplied !yshru!s, her!s, grasses, ferns, and mosses, typicallygro"ing in a permanent site, a!sor!ing "ater andinorganic su!stances through its roots, and synthesi

nutrients in its leaves !y photosynthesis using the gpigment chlorophyll$

*O rga n iza t io n *

% l l p la n ts a re i n t he

k i ngdo m P la n tae, a nd

k i ngdo m P la n tae is

d i v ided i n to &'

d i v is io ns$ Eac

h

d i v is io n is fo r med

de pe nd i ng o n t he

p la n ts t iss ue a nd a lso

t he i r seeds$

* No

P• (nclu

Br y opHepa

% ntho

) hese pv asculaand thepr oduc!ut r ath

Becauseina!ilitytr anspoand nutrthese plgener allsmall$

* Vasc u lar P lan ts

wi t ho u t Seeds *

• (nc l udes p h y l um

Pteridop h yta

) his gro up does

indeed ha ve

vasc u lar tiss ues,

! ut t he y do not rod uce seeds$

* Vasc u la r P lan ts *

(nc l udes p h y l um

+onif ero p h y ta, in k o p h y ta, ne to p h y ta, + yad

o p h y ta

- ) hese p h y l um are ref erred to

as G y mno sper m s, " hic h

mean t ha t t he y are non.

/o "ering and t he y prod uce

seeds no t c losed in an o var y

" hen i t is ma t ure0, and

% n t ho p h y ta - % nd t his p h y la is a An io sper m, "

hic h


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Seed Plants

1ost plants gro" from seeds$ )hese seed plants fall into

t"o groups, angiosperms and gymnosperms, as "e havelearned already$ %ngiosperms are the /o"ering plants$

)heir seeds develop inside a female reproductive part ofthe /o"er, called the ovary, "hich usually ripens into aprotective fruit$ ymnosperms do not have /o"ers or

ovaries$

2eeds may !e carried a"ay from the parent plant !y"ind, "ater, or animals$ % seed is the rst stage in the

life cycle of a plant$ Protected inside the tough seed coatis the !a!y plant, called an em!ryo$ 3ood, "hich fuelsgermination and gro"th, is either packed around the

em!ryo or stored in special seed leaves, called

cotyledons$ 1ost seeds reuire damp, "arm conditions inorder to sprout$ 5uring germination, the seed a!sor!s

"ater and the em!ryo starts to use its food store$ % young root, or radicle, !egins to gro" do"n"ard$ )hen a young shoot, or plumule, gro"s up"ard$ )his develops

into the stem and produces leaves$ )he rst leaves,called seed leaves or cotyledons, fuel the early gro"th

until the plant*s true leaves appear$

P ict ur e of a Cor n Seed


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)he ymnosperms

ymnosperm6 seed.!earing vascular plants, such as cycads, ginkgo, ye"conifers, in "hich the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary

* Repr oduction *

(n g ymnosperms, a green sporop h y

te

generates cones containing ma le an

d

f ema le gametop h ytes$ ) he mot her ce

l l in

t he f ema le cone di vides ! y meiosis to

prod uce f o ur hap loid megaspores7 o

ne of

t he megaspores di vides to f orm t he

f ema le gametop h yte$ ) he ma le

gametop h yte lands on t he f ema le co

ne,

f orming a po l len t u !e t hro ug h " hic

h t he

ce l l tra ve ls to meet t he f ema le

gametop h yte$ 8ne of t he t "o sperm

ce l ls

re leased ! y t he generati ve ce l l f uses

"it h

t he egg, f orming a dip loid # ygote t ha

t

di vides to f orm t he em !r yo$

*Life Cycle*)hey have male and femalereproductive organs mostlyin the form of cones$ )heir

microsporophylls releasepollen into the air to makeavaila!le to the ovule, inthe megasporophyllscausing fertili#ation$ )heirseeds develop "ithout aprotective covering ofovary "all$


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)he %ngiosperms

%ngiosperms6 %ngiosperms are seed.producing plants like the gymnospand can !e distinguished from the gymnosperms !y characteristics inclu/o"ers, endosperm "ithin the seeds, and the production of fruits that c

the seeds$ * Repr oduction and

Li f e C y cle *

(n t he /o "er*s ma le parts, t he ant hers,

dip loid

microsporangium undergo meiosis$ (n

t he

/o "er*s o vu les, t he megasporoc yst und

ergoes

meiosis creating f our megaspores$ Ne xt

po l lination occurs$ ) he po l len grain tra

ve ls to

t he stigma via "ind, insects or ot her

transf ormationa l de vices$ 8nce on t he

stigma it

generates a po l len tu !e do "n t he st y le$

) "o

sperm tra ve l do "n eac h po l len tu !e into

t he

o var y$ 8ne sperms f erti li#es t he egg to

produce

a # ygote and t he ot her f erti li#es t he cen

tra l ce l l

to f orm t he endospore$ ) he # ygote "i l l

gi ve rise

to an em !r yo and "i l l !e enc losed "it h

t he

endospore in a seed$ ) he endospore gi ves t he

em !r yo energ y to germinate$ 8nce t he

seed does

te "i l l e ventua l l y turn


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)he 2tructure ofa Flower

Stamen6 pollen.producingreproductive organ of a /o"er

Pistils6 the female organs of a

/o"er, comprising the stigma,style, and ovary

Sepals6 each of the parts of thecalyx of a /o"er, enclosing thepetals and typically green andlea/ike

Petals6 each of the segments of thecorolla of a /o"er, "hich aremodied leaves and are typicallycolored


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Works Cited

Biology & +hapter &9% : )he kingdom Plantae Packethttp6;;"""'$estrellamountain$edu;faculty;fara!ee;B(8BK;BioBook5iver

Plant Basics

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