PLANNING OF CITIES

Then, Now & Tomorrow!

DEFINITION OF A CITYThe city is an artifact that predates the industrial revolution. A city is a group of people and a number of permanent structures within a limited geographical area, so organized as to facilitate the interchange of goods and services among its residents and with the outside world. The cordon that encloses the area in which the density is 2500 people/ sq mile. In USA, a town is bigger than a village but smaller than a city; where as in England, Town does not necessarily indicate a specific size at all; a group of buildings on a farm could properly be called a town in Britain.

ORIGIN OF CITIESThere are different views regarding the origin of cities. Mumford The Algonquin The Iroquois

cities:Puram- city; a house - geha; a place containing a market and the like -hattadivisishta-sttanam; a place of palaces or royal residence - puri; a town - Nagara; an emporium -pattanam; a local fastness -sthaniyam; a camp -katakam; a crossing of great highways-pattam; a commercial center-nigama; a place on a river side - putabhedanam.

ANCIENT TOWNS

Babylon towns

Egyptian towns

Mohenjo-DaroA: Monastery B: Bath

Peking, China

Lukang, Taiwan.

Priene

Pompeii, Italy

Timgad

THE CLASSIC CITYThe cities created with highest excellence

Miletus

Acropolis

PRE-MEDIEVAL AND MEDIEVAL TOWNS1000 AD onward Walls around the city for defence and protection Cities were very crowded Fields and pastures were outside the ramparts Some towns became centres of wider activities and others dwindled in size and importance.

Elburg

Noerdlingen

Montpazier

Carcassonne

RENAISSANCE TOWNS15th century Town extensions and reconstructions were carried out in this period Guiding principle Defence against artillery Basic concept - Vista forming straight streets(The visual percept of a region) Chess board pattern of street layout to create garden and fountains

Vienna

Jaipur

Peking, China

MODERN CITIESMankind has been living in towns, big and small, from time immemorial and the pattern of the town plan has been influenced by various factors. Some of the types of city pattern are as follows

Circular Towns

Star-Shaped Towns

Superblock Towns

Self-Contained Towns

Town Plan- By MARS group

Linear Towns

Victor Gruens Metropolis

City Planning Concepts

E. Howards Garden City Concept1.Central park with public Buildings 2.Crystal gallery for walking 3.Housing zone 4.School 5.Church 6.Industries

I.Leonidovs City Planning concept

N.Milyuntins Planning Concept1.Park area 2.Housing zone 3.Protective green belt 4.Industrial area 5.Railroad terminal

N.Ladvoskys Concept1.Residential area 2.Industries 3.AdministrativePolitical centre

Le-Corbusiers La-Villa Contemporaine1.Rail terminal 2.Sky scrappers 3.Residential 6 story Buildings 4.Closed sites 5.Garden city 6.Public buildings 7.English garden 8.Stadiums 9.Reserve land area 10.Industrial centres

Le-Corbusiers Radiant City1.Residential area 2.Embassies & Hotels 3.Commercial & Administrative centres 4.Industries 5.Heavy Industries 6.Satellite Towns 7.Major highway & airport

Le-Corbusiers Chandigarh City Plan1.Government centres 2.Shopping centres 3.Industrial establishments 4.Residential districts 5.Landscaped residential through streets 6.University

Doxidass Existensia1.Rawalpindi town 2.Residential districts 3.Shopping & commercial centres 4.Military zones 5.Embassies 6.Airport 7.Old city 8.Bus terminal 9.Green space 10.Industrial area 11.Railwat area 12.Highways

B.Malishs Threshold theory

L.Kibils Ideal City Concept1.Industrial area 2.Public centres 3.Local centres 4.Green spaces with sports grounds & preschooling facilities

PURPOSE OF THE PLANi. Master plan ii. General plan iii. Comprehensive plan

PROBLEMS IN PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PRESENT PICTURE IN INDIA

CITY OF TOMORROWPredictions

Radio City1.Radio city 2.Public & cultural institutions 3.Green belt 4.Sports complex 5.Ring road 6.Radial road 7.Multistory garage under a landscaped platform 8.Entrance to underground garage

V.Ionas -Funnel City1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Expressway Park Industrial establishments City centre Goods station Railroad Airport Residential area

V.Ionas-Floating Funnel City INTRA1. Bridge from city to land 2. Moorage platform (berth) 3. Underwater Funnel lining lift with land roads 4. Central electric transform station 5. Anchored floating reservoirs 6. Floating pier

P.Meymonts-Suspension Resort Town

P.Meymonts 3-Dimensional City

P.Meymonts Floating City1. Funnel apartment building 2. Pyramid apartment building 3. Housing complex 4. Bridge 5. cliff

Dwelling-67

G.Borisovskys Hanging City

V.Loktyevs - Dynamic 3Dimensional Vertical Structure

K.Pchelnikovs 3-Dimensional City1. Administrative & public buildings 2. Elevated roads 3. Underground tube stations 4. Public transport stops 5. 30 story apartment buildings 6. Future residential buildings (150m-300m high)

ConclusionThere are many works going on in the topic of planning & upgrading cities with increasing populations It is also possible to locate underground buildings & structures that practically do not require daylight such as cinema hall, cultural & service facilities where people come for only a short duration The use of sub terrain space in large cities will make it possible to solve major city planning problems.