Planning and Human Diversity - MIT OpenCourseWare · 2020-01-03 · Conclusion: “Every Brazilian...
Transcript of Planning and Human Diversity - MIT OpenCourseWare · 2020-01-03 · Conclusion: “Every Brazilian...
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Planning andHuman Diversity:
Lessons from History and the World We Know Today
Xavier de Souza BriggsGateway: Planning ActionNovember 14, 2005
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What’s the issue?
Diversity accommodation encounter
Resistance Competition conflictCooperation co-existence?
Melting pots, salad bowls, gumbo?
Cultural fusion >< enclaves Preservation
ANXIETY change … border-crossings
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The human journey:60,000 years and counting
The National Geographic Genographic Project
Dominant African mitochondrial lineage (L2) appeared 58,000 – 78,000 years ago in East Africa, but migrated across the continent, predominantly to West Africa.
- Present at around 20% in the Americas.
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MigrationsThe National Geographic Genographic Project
The genetic marker present in all human populations outside of Africa appeard between 31,000 and 79,000 years ago.
Descendants of this lineage migrated across Europe and Asia, and through Asia, the Americas.
About 10,000 years ago, a close ancestor lineage migrated to Australia, Asia, and North America.
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Collisions, communities, and escapes
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Anc
ient
Rom
e
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Three factors in “managing” diversity
1. Boundary shift. The definitions and salience of difference categories themselves: e.g., expansion of high-status “white” group in U.S.
2. Tolerance (“living with,” accommodation in attitude and behavior): not necessarily active curiosity and respect.
3. Cross-cutting loyalties (one identity cuts across another, holds in check): e.g., race vs. class or religion. Networks track identities, may bridge.
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Possible lessonsof history
Contemporary hopes about making diversity work hinge far too much on gains in tolerance.Lessons of history point to the roles of integrative projects (absorption and recognition), cross-cutting loyalties, and strong public order to buttress tolerance.
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The Diversity Challenge and Opportunity: Three “Norths”
Three (3) types of affluent nations:Traditional “settler states” (U.S., Canada, Australia): long experience with immigration but now non-European for first timeFirst-wave states (Western Europe): first major experience underway, non-Euro groupsNon-immigrant states (e.g., Japan): little/no immigration despite significant demographic need
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Multiple “Souths”Multi-ethnic democratic states (e.g., India, Brazil, South Africa): diverse religious and linguistic and/or racial traditions, legacy of colonialism, partisan manipulation.Transition states (Eastern Europe, Central Asia): ethnic identity linked to political autonomy, long repressed.Post-conflict states (e.g. Rwanda, Afghanistan): development success as cause and effect of inter-ethnic problem-solving.Other states: tribes, regions.
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Brazil: “The myth of racial democracy”
University of São Paulo study98% of Brazilians report that they are not racially prejudiced.100% of Brazilians report that they knowsomeone who is.Conclusion: “Every Brazilian is an island of tolerance in a sea of bigots.”
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Identity and nationhood
What makes someone French?Born in Senegal, Semou Diouf, 50, has spoken French all his life and was educated in France but says he still feels like an outsider, despite living under a Constitution that is officially color blind. (NYT 11-11-05)
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Welcome to the new New Jersey
The Estates at Princeton Junction
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OK, so it’s a subdivision
“Set among beautiful woodlands and meadows, The Estates at Princeton Junction provides a serene environment in a prime location. Just a quick 2-minute drive or a short walk from the Princeton Junction train station and minutes from historic Princeton, your family will enjoy all the culture and convenience this exclusive location has to offer.
A luxurious Princeton, NJ Carriage Luxury Home community.”
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With place names the British gentry would love:
Lockwood Drive
Devonshire Drive
Esterbrook Drive
Griffen Way
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Names, ethnicity and status
Miami Herald humorist Dave Barry:
“The Estates at the Junction at the Woodland near the River of the Place of Runyon Falls by the Sea”
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Planning theoryHow diversity shapes planning processes (including “micro-politics” of interaction)How planning systems reflect bias and dominant norms and also channel them.How “diversity” objectives compete with one another (Fainstein 2005): Arguments for the “just city.”
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Your learning agenda?
Develop a critical understanding of how culture and power have shaped planning systems in the places you want to work.Enhance own cultural competence—for multiple tasks.Develop more emotional intelligence: “reading” self and others.Practice “active respect.”
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Come, come whoever you are.Ours is not a caravan of despair.- Rumi, Persia, 13th century