Planning and developing Planning and developing new Models for new Models for

Academic LibrariesAcademic Libraries

Thinking differentlyThinking differently

Online Information and Education Online Information and Education Conference,Conference,

Thailand, Taiwan and ChinaThailand, Taiwan and China

Steve O’ConnorSteve O’Connor

October 2005October 2005

Outline for this talkOutline for this talk

Obtain new perspectives on the way in Obtain new perspectives on the way in which libraries will developwhich libraries will develop

Understanding the pressures on the current Understanding the pressures on the current model of the academic librarymodel of the academic library

Planning for new service modelsPlanning for new service models

Explore the Future potential for academic Explore the Future potential for academic librarieslibraries

What is a business model??What is a business model??

Why they are importantWhy they are important

What are they?What are they?

Different models , same industryDifferent models , same industry

Way to differentiate businessesWay to differentiate businesses

Often competing for success and/ or Often competing for success and/ or dominancedominance

Business models can affect the individual Business models can affect the individual as much as the organisationas much as the organisation

Role of a Business ModelRole of a Business Model

Technical InputsTechnical Inputs Economic Economic OutputsOutputsBUSINESSBUSINESS

MODELMODEL

Role of a Library ModelRole of a Library Model

Sources of InputsSources of Inputs Value and informationValue and informationOutputsOutputsBUSINESSBUSINESS

MODELMODEL

Role of a Library ModelRole of a Library Model

Sources of InputsSources of Inputs Value and informationValue and informationOutputsOutputsBUSINESSBUSINESS

MODELMODEL

This will vary as more is

digital and

‘Free-to-air’

Role of a Library ModelRole of a Library Model

Sources of InputsSources of Inputs Value and informationValue and informationOutputsOutputsBUSINESSBUSINESS

MODELMODEL

This will vary as more is

digital and

‘Free-to-air’

How is the client assisted when they are

less likely to be in a physical Library

Role of a Library ModelRole of a Library Model

Sources of InputsSources of Inputs Value and informationValue and informationOutputsOutputsBUSINESSBUSINESS

MODELMODEL

What is the new Business or Operating Model What is the new Business or Operating Model for the Library ??for the Library ??

Main Library-type EnvironmentalsMain Library-type Environmentals

Changing publisher modelsChanging publisher models

Insatiable information need of users with no Insatiable information need of users with no recognition of costrecognition of cost

Open AccessOpen Access

Long TailLong Tail

Online LearningOnline Learning

Re-inventing the libraryRe-inventing the library

User as Author

Publisher

Librarian as funder

User as Reader

Traditional Publishing cycle

User as Author

Publisher

Librarian as funder

User as Reader

Traditional Publishing cycle

IPRIPR

User as Author

Publisher

Librarian as funder

User as Reader

Traditional Publishing cycle

IPRIPR

$$$$$$

User as Author

Publisher

Librarian as funder

User as Reader

New Publishing Business Model 1

User as Author

Publisher

Librarian as funder

User as Reader

New Publishing Business Model 1A

User as Author

Publisher

User as Reader

New Publishing Business Model 2

Go direct; pay per viewGo direct; pay per view

PublisherPublisher

What Value ? What Value ?

To Whom ?To Whom ?

For What ?For What ?

For how much ?For how much ?

Against Whom ?Against Whom ?

How ?How ?

User as Author

Publisher

Librarian as funder

User as Reader

Publishing cycles New and Old

IPRIPR

$$$$$$

Go direct; pay per viewGo direct; pay per view

Open Access.. The current debateOpen Access.. The current debate

Scholarly JournalsScholarly Journals

Institutional RepositoriesInstitutional Repositories

Preservation of Digital resourcesPreservation of Digital resources

Current “Author Pays” Fees Current “Author Pays” Fees Unsustainable: MabeUnsustainable: Mabe

Drivers of cost per article:Rejection rates

Format

Production quality

High

Print + electronic

High

Low

Electronic only

Low

All these costs per article have to increased by 33.3% and 16.6% = 50% to account for poorer authors and corporate free riders. This would make the average $5,700 and the Science charge $15,000 per paper, difficult for even funding bodies to afford

Science Cell Immunity BioScience CancerCell

Est. STM Industry mean

Estimated STM

industry mean:

(John Cox Associates)

Estimated costs per article for selected journals: assumes all authors pay$thousands

10.09.2

7.6 7.0 6.4

3.8

PloSAu charge

BMCAu Charge

Courtesy Colin SteeleCourtesy Colin Steele

Impact of Internet to create ‘Long Tail’Impact of Internet to create ‘Long Tail’

Music IndustryMusic Industry iTunes, MusicMatch etc

Book IndustryBook Industry Amazon.com,

INTEREST IN OLDER MATERIALS IS RE-INTEREST IN OLDER MATERIALS IS RE-VITALISED VITALISED

INTEREST IN OLDER MATERIALS INTEREST IN OLDER MATERIALS BECAUSE THEY ARE AT FINGER TIPSBECAUSE THEY ARE AT FINGER TIPS

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Do

wn

load

s

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55

Volume

AJ Agricultural ResearchDownloads per Volume

1 November 2004 to 22 May 2005

Future Academic Library ModelsFuture Academic Library Models

Should be closely involved with Scholarly Should be closely involved with Scholarly publishing in digital formpublishing in digital form

Creation of Institutional Digital repositories Creation of Institutional Digital repositories essentialessential

Offer a mix of digital resources…. but Offer a mix of digital resources…. but deliver all services digitallydeliver all services digitally

User as Author

Publisher

Librarian as funder

User as Reader

Publishing cycle

IPRIPR

$$$$$$

Strength of the Physical Library must not Strength of the Physical Library must not become weaknessbecome weakness

Should be working with other libraries to Should be working with other libraries to ensure best use of resourcesensure best use of resources

Cataloguing of resources across different libraries

Pools of shared available skills Shared storage of low-use materials

Small independent libraries

Networked libraries…Decentralised

Learning and TeachingLearning and Teaching

Focus on integral involvement in Learning Focus on integral involvement in Learning and Teaching ‘search and skill’and Teaching ‘search and skill’

The Library is primarily the professionals The Library is primarily the professionals who understand and have navigational who understand and have navigational skills skills

Creation and support of Learning resources Creation and support of Learning resources for studentsfor students

Merger of BlackBoard and WebCT impactMerger of BlackBoard and WebCT impact

Principles driving Academic Libraries to Principles driving Academic Libraries to the Futurethe Future

1.1. Historical greatest strength may be Historical greatest strength may be greatest weaknessgreatest weakness

• Process work, Collections and physical Library

2.2. Ignore competitors such as Internet, Ignore competitors such as Internet, Google at one’s perilGoogle at one’s peril

• Shared skill services and Legacy collections very important

3.3. Failure to meet customer need Failure to meet customer need • Per ceptions of need for library

What have we seen thus far?What have we seen thus far?

Future models are not unlimited but many optionsFuture models are not unlimited but many optionsRemembering that future is very close…and Remembering that future is very close…and changingchangingAre collections in our future ?Are collections in our future ?Publisher now have options, do we ??Publisher now have options, do we ??Looking for partners, not doing everything Looking for partners, not doing everything ourselvesourselvesPlanning is essentialPlanning is essentialNeed to take risks, not being risk averseNeed to take risks, not being risk averseKnowledge is important, judgement is criticalKnowledge is important, judgement is critical

Thank you !Thank you !