Planning and Deployment of UN Peacekeeping Operations - Interactive Guide - ZIF Berlin, June 2008...
-
Upload
brendan-brisendine -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
1
Transcript of Planning and Deployment of UN Peacekeeping Operations - Interactive Guide - ZIF Berlin, June 2008...
Planning and Deployment of UN Peacekeeping Operations
- Interactive Guide -
ZIF Berlin, June 2008
Center for International Peace Operations
UN PhotoUN Photo, Monuc UN Photo/Marc Garten
UN Photo/Martine PerretUN Photo/Logan AbassiUN PhotoUN Photo/John Isaac
Introduction
This presentation covers the planning process of a peacekeeping operation at UN Headquarters from its initiation to the deployment of the mission. It draws on the official “Guidelines and Principles” for UN peacekeeping operations as well as on other sources.
By mouse-clicking the process evolves gradually, providing information on every step of the planning process. A functional distinction is made between (dark blue) and (light blue).
For more information on the different UN bodies, please click on the i-buttons located in the right-hand corner of each box. Integrated hyperlinks will lead you to the relevant UN websites. By clicking on the buttons located at the bottom of each slide you can jump forward or backward between different phases of the planning process.
Planning a UN peacekeeping operation is a dynamic and non-linear process which depends on many different factors, such as the urgency of deployment and the size, scope, and aim of the mission as determined by the Security Council. Therefore, please note that the planning process presented hereafter is simplified. Certain steps which appear to be sequential may actually occur simultaneously or in a different order, while others may be left out on a case-by-case basis. Notwithstanding, each mission is based on certain indispensable key documents, such as the Concept of Operations (CONOPS) and the Security Council Resolution containing the mission’s mandate.
The UN Secretariat has recently developed the so-called Integrated Mission Planning Process (IMPP) in order to include all other relevant UN bodies and external actors in the planning of multi-dimensional UN operations. The guiding principles of the IMPP concept are described in more detail at the end of this presentation.
Bastian Richter, ZIF
administrative bodiesdecision-making bodies
UN Photo/John Isaac
Click to continue…
Central decision-making body
Click to continue…Secretary-General
SECURITY COUNCIL
ACABQ
5th Committee
Overview – Key actors involved in setting up a UN operation
Troop Contributing Countries (TCC)
NGOs
UN Country Team
Police Contributing Countries (PCC)
UN Agencies and Funds(UNDP, UNHCR, WFP…)
UN Secretariat departments and offices involved in planning and/or implementation of a multi-dimensional UN operation
Click to continue…
Budgetary oversight by the General Assembly
Click to continue… Tasks planning, authorizes UN operationsReports and gives
recommendations
Authorizes operational budget of a mission
UN bodies and NGOs working in the field
Click to continue…
Member states willing to contribute troops and/or police to a UN operation
Click to continue…
Parties to the Conflict
Finally, the involvement of the main parties to the conflict is essential in the political process preceding and accompanying the deployment a UN peacekeeping operation.
Click to continue…
UN Secretariat
Department of Peacekeeping Operations
(DPKO)
Department of Field Support
(DFS)
Department of Political Affairs
(DPA)
Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
Department of Safety and Security
(DSS)
Upon proposal of the Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon (photo), in June 2007 the General Assembly approved the restructuring of DPKO and the creation of a separate Department of Field Support (DFS). The reform package aims at strengthening the UN’s capacity to mount and sustain multi-dimensional peacekeeping operations. In particular, commonly identified shortcomings in mission support such as logistics, transportation, and recruitment are to be addressed by the realignment. 287 additional posts in DPKO and DFS have been approved by the GA.
A close interaction between DPKO and DFS is maintained through: a joint Chief of Staff; a joint Executive Office; shared functional areas: conduct and discipline, training, best practices, evaluation; integrated operational teams; joint Directors meetings; joint weekly town-hall meetings.
Secretary-General
SECURITY COUNCIL
ACABQ
5th Committee
Information – Realignment of the UN Secretariat in 2007
Troop Contributing Countries (TCC)
NGOs
UN Country Team
Police Contributing Countries (PCC)
UN Agencies & Funds(UNDP, UNHCR, WFP…)
Tasks planning, authorizes UN operationsReports and gives
recommendations
Authorizes operational Budget of a mission
Parties to the Conflict
Department of Peacekeeping Operations
(DPKO)
Department of Field Support
(DFS)
UN Secretariat
Department of Political Affairs
(DPA)
Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
Department of Safety and Security
(DSS)
UN Photo/Mark Garten
Start of the Mission Planning Process…
Stage 1
Pre-Mandate Planning
It is the prerogative of the Security Council to determine when and where a United Nations peacekeeping operation should be deployed.
SECURITY COUNCIL
The Secretary-General (supported by his Secretariat) plays a critical role in helping the Security Council determine whether a UN peacekeeping operation is the most appropriate course of action.
Secretary-General
The SG may also initiate assessments of a crisis situation and a possible UN involvement without consulting the Security Council beforehand.
Stage 1
Pre-Mandate Planning
The aim of the Strategic Assessment is to point out possible objectives of a potential mission as well as alternative options and strategies for UN involvement.
Note:
The implementation of such a comprehensive strategic assessment involving all relevant actors within the UN system is an integral part of the new Integrated Mission Planning Process (IMPP) and has only recently been tested for the first time, on Somalia. In that context, a DPA-led strategic assessment mission involving members of the DPKO, UNDP, OCHA, DSS, UNDG, OHCHR, UNPOS and the UNCT was deployed to the field in January 2008.
The Strategic Assessment is convened by the Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO). It is usually led by DPA, while the other relevant Secretariat departments and offices further contribute to the draft document.The Strategic Assessment usually also entails a visit by Secretariat members to the field.
Based on the planning assumptions set out in the Strategic Assessment, the Secretary-General decides on the strategic objectives and form of UN involvement.
UN Secretariat
DPKO
Secretary-General If a peace support operation is deemed a suitable option for UN engagement, DPKO will be designated as the lead for operational planning.However, the Secretary-General might also conclude, for example, that a DPA-led Special Political Mission would be more appropriate. In this case, DPA will take the lead for further planning.
Phase A Strategic Assessm
ent
Member states supportive of a possible UN operation usually assist the Secretariat, e.g. by providing field information.
DPKO
Secretary-GeneralIn case of a crisis, the Secretary-General may task his Secretariat to develop a Strategic Assessment of the situation.
UN Country Team
UN Agencies and Funds(UNDP, UNHCR, WFP…)
DPA OCHA
Other relevant UN bodies may further contribute to the assessment by providing specialized information and expertise.
DSS
Member States
SECURITY COUNCIL The SG may also seek consultations with the Security Council on the possible options of UN involvement.DFS
Stage 1
Pre-Mandate PlanningIf the launch of an integrated
mission is considered, an Integrated Mission Task Force (IMTF) comprising representatives of all relevant UN entities will be established by DPKO’s Office of Operations (OO) as the formal headquarters-based planning and coordinating body at strategic level.The IMTF is responsible for
implementing the Integrated Mission Planning Process (IMPP) for the specific country and mission. The IMTF will be composed of department, agency and UNCT participants who are empowered to represent their respective offices in the planning process.
DPKO
DPKO
DPA OCHA
DSS
DFS
World Bank and IMF
UN Country Team
UN Agencies and Funds(UNDP, UNHCR, WFP…)
IMTF
Note:
In the case of Somalia, the Integrated Mission Task Force (IMTF) was in fact set up first and was then, afterwards, tasked to conduct the Strategic Assessment. It remains to be seen which procedural order will catch on in the Integrated Mission Planning Process (IMPP).
Stage 1
Pre-Mandate Planning
DPKO
Phase Bdraft Concept
of Operatio
ns(CONOPS
)
Meanwhile at the level of operational planning, DPKO and DFS begin to develop a draft Concept of Operations (CONOPS).
DFS
TAM
The operational planning process is initiated with a Planning Directive issued by the Under-Secretary-General of the DPKO.
As a first step, following an initial risk and threat assessment by the Department of Safety and Security (DSS) and DPKO’s Office of Military Affairs (OMA), a joint Technical Assessment Mission (TAM) is deployed.
The findings of the TAM provide the basis for the operational planning.
The TAM, led by the Office of Operations, evaluates the situation in the field. Among others, the TAM comprises military, security, political, and logistics experts from the different DPKO and DFS offices as well as from other departments.
Stage 1
Pre-Mandate Planning
Commencement of planning of the police and Rule of Law components in the future operation.
The findings of the TAM provide the basis for the operational planning.
Phase Bdraft Concept
of Operatio
ns(CONOPS
)
TAM
USG
Office of Operations Office of Military AffairsOffice of Rule of Law & Security Institutions
Within DPKO
The preliminary planning results are forwarded to the USG for approval.
The regional division in charge commences to develop a Draft Mission Plan.
Meanwhile, as the coordinating office for operational planning, the OO leads consultations with key partners, such as UN agencies and funds.
Initiation of recruitment planning for mission leadership & civilian staff (jointly with Department of Field Support).
DPKO DFS
Development of an Operational Estimate, including a revised risks & threats assessment and possible courses of action.Meanwhile, informal talks with potential Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs) to estimate potential force availability.The Operational Estimate is refined, based on likely availability of troops and logistics and on a thorough options analysis.
Meanwhile, initiation of talks with potential Police Contributing Countries (PCCs).
Close cooperation with partners in implementing RoL projects (e.g. DDR and SSR programs) in the country, such as UNDP, DPA, UNICEF, etc.
simultaneous planning steps
At this point, several concurrent planning steps are initiated in DPKO and DFS.
Stage 1
Pre-Mandate Planning
Phase Bdraft Concept
of Operatio
ns(CONOPS
)
USG
Office of Operations Office of Military AffairsOffice of Rule of Law & Security Institutions
Within DPKO
The preliminary planning results are forwarded to the USG for approval.
DPKOsimultaneous planning steps
DFSWithin DFS
Field Budget and Finance Division
Senior Leadership Appointment Section
Recruitment of mission leadership personnel, such as the SRSG/Head of Mission, Force Commander, Police Commissioner, etc.
Meanwhile, DFS’s Field Budget and Finance Division works out the draft Mission Budget.
Logistics Support Division
Initiation of logistics and transport planning.
CONOPS
The combined planning results form the draftConcept of Operations.
Stage 1
Pre-Mandate Planning
A PMCA allows for the financing of essential pre-mandate tasks necessary to set up the mission, such as the recruitment of core personnel; the deployment of an advance team; the establishment of a mission HQ; the initiation of procurement with a long lead time.
DPKO
DFS
CONOPS
Phase Bdraft Concept
of Operatio
ns(CONOPS
)
PMCABased on the draft CONOPS, DPKO and DFS jointly issue a request for a Pre-mandate Commitment Authority (PMCA).
The request for pre-mandate commitment authority is considered by the ACABQ.
ACABQ
Stage 1
Pre-Mandate Planning
RESOLUTION
Office of Operations
Secretary-GeneralThis Report of the Secretary-General is based on the draft CONOPS and builds on the findings of the Technical Assessment Mission (TAM) as well as the analysis of strategic options.
The “SG Report” is usually presented by the USG of the DPKO. Based on the report’s recommendations, the Security Council discusses the available options for a UN mission.
SECURITY COUNCIL
ACABQ
5th Committee
The budget and resources of the mission are then subject to approval by the 5th Committee of the General Assembly.
The Security Council passes a resolution, which authorizes the operation’s deployment and determines its size and mandate.
Phase CMandate Preparati
on
At the same time, DPKO’s Office of Operations prepares a report to be presented by the SG to the Security Council.
Stage 2
OperationalPlanning
MIP
RESOLUTION
DPKO
CONOPS
…DPKO refines the Concept of Operations (if necessary), according to the provisions set forth in the Security Council resolution.
Once the mission’s budget has been approved…
At this point, the overall lead gradually shifts over to the Special Representative of the Secretary-General as the Head of Mission.
Supported by a planning team at mission level, the SRSG finalizes the Mandate Implementation Plan (MIP), which is based on the CONOPS.While the CONOPS was drafted at UN Headquarters and provides the general framework for the mission, the MIP is prepared in the mission and sets concrete benchmarks for the fulfillment of the mandate.
SRSG
Phase AMandateImplementa
tion Plan (MIP)
The SRSG is the most senior UN official in the host country. In an integrated mission, he/she is supported by a “triple-hatted” Deputy SRSG/ Resident Coordinator/ Humanitarian Coordinator (DSRSG/RC/HC).
Stage 2
OperationalPlanning
DPKO
Meanwhile, several final planning procedures are again conducted concurrently at UN HQ.
Phase BDeploymen
tPreparatio
nOffice of OperationsOffice of Military AffairsOffice of Rule of Law & Security Institutions
Within DPKO
Within DFS
DFS
Field Budget and Finance Division
Field Personnel Division
The mission budget is refined and forwarded to ACABQ/5th Committee for final approval.
Logistics Support Division
Recruitment of staff and transfer to the mission.
Deployment preparations, e.g. contracting transport, transferring mission assets, final movement planning, organizing logistics and supply on the ground.
The Rules of Engagement (RoE) and further guidelines are drafted.
The Directives on the Use of Force (DUF) are drafted.
Force generation: visits to Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs), nego-tiating Memoranda of Understanding (MoU); movement planning.
Force generation: visits to Police Contributing Countries (PCCs), MoU negotiations; movement planning.
The OO coordinates and leads the final deployment preparations and ensures compliance with political guidelines.
simultaneous planning steps
Stage 3
Deployment
Deployment of the Peacekeeping Operation:
once deployed, the authority in the field lies with the SRSG and the senior leadership team; the SRSG reports to the SG through the USG of the DPKO; UN Headquarters provides political and strategic guidance and operational support.
As a final step, a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) and a Status of Mission Agreement (SOMA) are prepared by the UN Office of Legal Affairs.
These documents serve as the legal basis for the mission’s relation with the host nation, the SOFA covering the military component and the SOMA the police/civilian component. SOFA and SOMA are negotiated and signed by the UN and the host nation of the operation.
SOFA and SOMA are compre-hensive documents, dealing with all aspects concerning the mission, such as the freedom of movement of its members, jurisdiction over the mission’s personnel, the provision of water, electricity and other utilities, etc.
SOFA
SOMA
UN Secretariat
Host Nation
In practice, agreeing on the SOFA and the SOMA is one of the most critical and sometimes contentious issues between the UN and the host nation.
Information
Click to return…
INTEGRATED MISSION PLANNING PROCESS (IMPP)INTEGRATED MISSION PLANNING PROCESS (IMPP) An initiative to achieve UN System-wide coherence in mounting and running a peace operation.
Amid a growing complexity of multi-dimensional peacekeeping operations today, DPKO has recently developed a new Integrated Mission Planning Process (IMPP). In its guidelines endorsed by the Secretary-General the IMPP is defined as follows:
“The IMPP does not aim to take over all other planning processes. It aims to ensure thatthe right people are at the table, that the right issues are being considered, and that theappropriate authorities and accountabilities are in place […].” (IMPP Guidelines p. 3)
IMPP thus represents an overarching coordination and planning regime which seeks to comprise all relevant actors, such as UN offices, agencies and funds (OCHA, UNDP, UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, OHCHR, etc.) as well as the World Bank and the IMF. An Integrated Mission can therefore be understood as a UN System-wide response to a crisis.
For the IMPP to be implemented, an Integrated Mission Task Force (IMTF) comprising representatives of all relevant UN entities will be established as the formal headquarters-based planning body for a UN operation, as shown in this presentation. In addition, an Integrated Mission Planning Team (IMPT) will be established as the country-based body responsible for strategic planning in the integrated mission setting.
Once the concept is put into effect, all steps of the mission planning process are supposed to be conducted in accordance with the guiding principles of the IMPP.
Background of the Integrated Missions Concept and the IMPP A lack of coherence among field activities in the humanitarian relief, development, political and security spheres had
been acknowledged in a number of evaluation reports and studies on UN peacekeeping operations over the last decade. As a consequence, a series of high-level panels and working groups worked out different coordination models, which culminated in the development of the Integrated Missions Concept in 2004/2005. In order for the UN to implement this concept and to enable its different entities in the field to “deliver as one”, the IMPP was developed (mainly) in 2006 and 2007. In all likelihood, it will be implemented in 2008, while being reviewed and refined.
UNFICYP 1964-
Current DPKO-led Field Operations (as of June 2008)
* political or peacebuilding mission
UNMIK 1999-
UNIFIL 1978-
UNDOF 1974-
UNTSO 1948-
MINUSTAH 2004-
UNIOSIL* 2006-
UNOCI 2004-
MINURCAT 2007-
UNMIL 2003-
MINURSO 1991-
UNOMIG 1993-
UNAMA* 2002-
UNMOGIP 1949-
UNAMID 2007-
UNMEE 2000-
UNMIT 2006-
UNMIS 2005-
BINUB* 2007-
MONUC 1999-
The number indicates the year of authorization by the Security Council. Clicking on the tag will open the mission’s website.
Ludwigkirchplatz 3-410719 BerlinGermany
Phone ++49 (0)30 – 520 05 65 – 0Fax ++49 (0)30 – 520 05 65 – [email protected]
Information
Click to return…
SECURITY COUNCILSECURITY COUNCIL
It is the prerogative of the Security Council to determine when and where a UN peacekeeping operation should be deployed in order to restore and safeguard the peace (UN Charter art. 24(1), art. 39).
The decision to deploy a UN peacekeeping operation requires a minimum of nine votes from the Security Council’s fifteen members, including the votes of the five permanent members (art. 27). However, the full backing of a mission by all Security Council members is strongly desired.
When considering to establish a UN operation, the Security Council usually takes into account, among others, the following factors:
whether a situation exists the continuation of which is likely to constitute a threat to international peace and security; whether a cease-fire exists and whether the parties have committed themselves to a peace process intended to reach a political settlement (a “peace to keep”); whether a precise mandate for a UN operation can be formulated; and whether the safety and security of UN personnel can be reasonably ensured, including in particular whether reasonable guarantees can be obtained from the principal parties or factions regarding the safety and security of UN personnel.
Security Council website
UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe
Information
Click to return…
GENERAL ASSEMBLY (GA)GENERAL ASSEMBLY (GA)
5th Committee responsible for administration and budgetary matters; based on the 5th Committee’s reports, the GA considers and
approves the UN’s budget and financial and budgetary arrangements with UN agencies;
each May, the 5th Committee holds a resumed session to deal with administrative aspects of UN peacekeeping and approves the annual peacekeeping budget;
it also considers urgent matters relating to the financing of a peacekeeping mission authorized by the Security Council at any of its sessions.
5th Committee website
Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ)
consists of 16 members appointed by the General Assembly; examines and reports on the budget submitted by the
Secretary-General to the GA; advises the GA on any administrative and budgetary matters
referred to it.
ACABQ website
UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe
ACABQ in session
UN Photo/Paulo Filgueiras
General Assembly in session
Information
Click to return…
Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO)Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO)
Established 1992, currently led by Under-Secretary-General Jean-Marie Guéhenno
Mandate: planning, managing and deploying UN peacekeeping operations; providing political & executive direction to UN peacekeeping operations on behalf
of the SG; close cooperation with the Department of Field Support; support of other peace and security operations that are predominantly civilian
(political missions); working closely with Department of Political Affairs;
DPKO website
USG Guéhenno
USG
Office of Operations Office of Military AffairsOffice of Rule of Law & Security Institutions
Situation Center Executive Office
Africa I Division
Africa II Division
Asia & Middle East Division
Europe & Latin America Division
Policy, Evaluation and Training Division
Current MilitaryOperations
Military PlanningService
Force GenerationService
Police Division
Criminal Law &Judicial Advisory
Section
DDR Section
Mine Action Service
PeacekeepingBest Practices
IntegratedTraining Service
Organizational chart
UN Photo/Ryan Brown
Information
Click to return…
Department of Political Affairs (DPA)Department of Political Affairs (DPA)
Established 1992 as the UN focal point for conflict prevention, peacemaking, and
peacebuilding, led by Under-Secretary-General B. Lynn Pascoe.
Mandate: monitoring and assessing global political developments; advising the UN Secretary-General on actions to advance the
cause of peace; providing support and guidance to UN peace envoys and political
missions in the field; serving Member States through electoral assistance and through
the support of DPA staff to the work of the Security Council and other UN bodies;
with regard to the planning of a peacekeeping operation, DPA (along with the OHCHR) is in charge of the human rights component of the potential mission.
DPA website
USG Pascoe
UN Photo
Information
Click to return…
Department of Field Support (DFS)Department of Field Support (DFS)Established 2007, led by Under-Secretary-General Susana Malcorra (reporting to the USG of the DPKO)
Mandate: Support peace operations in the areas of: personnel (recruitment of high quality leadership and field staff; overseeing standards of conduct); logistics (ensuring appropriate resources incl. materiel, direction, guidance and oversight); communications & IT (ensuring reliable, responsive and continuous voice, data and video services); budget and finance (providing financial support services, appropriate funding and responsible
stewardship of funds entrusted to UN peace operations);
Field PersonnelDivision
Field Budget and Finance Division
Logistics SupportDivision
Conduct and Discipline UnitExecutive Office
Field PersonnelOperations
Service
Field PersonnelSpecialist
Support Service
Communication andIT Service
Budget andPerformanceReporting
Service
MOU and Claims Management
Section
OperationalSupport Service
SpecialistSupport Service
Transportationand Movement
Service
OperationsSection
InformationSystems Section
Senior LeadershipAppointments
Section
Office of the Under-Secretary-General
……………………Office of the ASG
Organizational chart
UN Photo/WFP
USG Malcorra
Information
Click to return…
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)Established 1998, led by UN Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC, with USG status) John
Holmes
As a coordinating body, free from day-to-day operational challenges, OCHA focuses on the full spectrum
of issues associated with humanitarian assistance. This includes anticipating changes in operational
environments and setting the agenda for common international humanitarian actions even before crises
occur.
The functions of the ERC are focused in three core areas: policy development and coordination functions in support of the Secretary-General, ensuring
that all humanitarian issues, including those which fall through gaps in existing mandates of agencies such as protection and assistance for internally displaced persons, are addressed;
advocacy of humanitarian issues with political organs, notably the Security Council; and coordination of humanitarian emergency response, by ensuring that an appropriate
response mechanism is established, through Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) consultations, on the ground.
OCHA carries out its coordination function primarily through the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, which is chaired by the ERC. Participants include all humanitarian partners, from UN agencies, funds and programs to the Red Cross Movement and NGOs.
OCHA website
ERC Holmes
UN Photo
Information
Click to return…
Department of Safety and Security (DSS)Department of Safety and Security (DSS)
DSS is headed since February 2005 by Under-Secretary-General David Veness.
The Department of Safety and Security is responsible for providing leadership, operational support
and oversight of the security management system to enable the safest and most efficient conduct
of the programs and activities of the UN System.
DSS website
USG Veness
UN Photo