Plan – Week 3
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Transcript of Plan – Week 3
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Plan – Week 3• Test on 5.1 – Today or Tuesday…• Test on 5.2 (Greenhouse Effect, Carbon Cycle
and Climate Change) : Friday• In between….5.3 and Topic G.3:Population Ecology and Invasive Species
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5.3 Population Ecology
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What you need to know about populations (Topic 5.3, SL and HL)
• Key Factors which determine population size
• You must know how to draw, and interpret, a classical population growth curve
• Factors which set limits to population increase
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What ELSE you need to know about populations (Topic G, SL and HL)
• You must understand the impacts of alien species
• You must be able to give three examples of alien species in ecosystems
• You must outline one example of biological control of an invasive species
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What ELSE you need to know about populations (Topic G, HL, NEXT YEAR)
• You must understand and distinguish between r-strategies and K-strategies
• You must understand environmental conditions that favour r- or K-strategies
• You must understand a method to estimate population size (catch and release)
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WHAT IS A POPULATION?...
Let’s start simple…
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Human Population• At what point in human history did the
population reach 1 billion people?
• It took all of human history up to the early 1800s for world population to reach 1 billion people, and until 1960 to reach 3 billion. Today, the world gains 1 billion people every 11 years.
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Let’s Review: What is a population? (5.1.1)
A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time
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Key Characteristics of Populations 1: Geographic Distribution
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Characteristics of Populations 2: Population density
The number of individuals per unit area
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Population Density• Can vary tremendously depending on the
species and its ecosystemA few saguro cactusA field of sunflowers
A flock of birds
Turtles grouped to sun
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Population DensityWhat are some benefits of living close together
or in a clumped population?1. Help finding food2. Protection from predators
or wind3. Easier to find species
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Population DensityWhat are some drawbacks (negatives) of living
in a clumped population?1. Crowded living areas2. Battles over food/shelter3. Easier for disease to spread
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Characteristics of Populations: Evaluating Growth Rate
The amount by which a population’s size changes in a given time
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Let’s imagine a brand new population of….
• Let’s think about how it changes over time….
• How does it arrive in its new habitat?• Which factors will affect population size over
time?• You have two minutes…
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5.3.1 What are the four factors that affect populations?
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What affects population size? Number of births (natality)Number of deaths (mortality)Number of individuals
that enter (immigration)or leave (emigration)
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Population Growth• Migration- periodic movements of populations
away from and back to their place of origin (not what we are talking about here)• Irregular movements of some
individuals out of an area, into a new area, with no return - affects population size
• Immigration – movement of individuals into an areaPopulation increases in size
• Emigration – movement of individuals out of an areaPopulation decreases in size
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Population Growth• Why would an animal immigrate to or emigrate
from a population? • Competitive pressures on some individuals
– To find food, better living conditions, or a mate
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Evaluating population growth…doing the mathematics…
If a population has unlimited food and space
and is protected from predators and disease, what will happen to the size of the population?
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What would population growth looks like on a graph when an population colonizes a new habitat?
Draw a graph and explain the shape.Work with a partner.
You have five minutes.
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It will increase exponentially!
Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources and no predation, a population will grow
exponentially
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Some formulae (you don’t need to know these!)
(Reference:http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/how-populations-grow-the-exponential-and-logistic-13240157• Exponential growth:
• Logistic Growth (Transitional phase):
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Exponential Growth• Example: Bacteria reproduce in ~20 minutes by
splitting in half– 1 bacteria after 20 min = 2 bacteria– 2 bacteria after 40 min = 4 bacteria– 4 bacteria after 60 min = 8 bacteria– In 180 min (3 hours) = 512 bacteria– In one day = 4,720,000,000,000,000,000,000 bacteria
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Exponential Growth• Exponential growth occurs when the
individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate– Creates a “J” shaped
curve– Under ideal conditions
with unlimited resources and no predation, a population will grow exponentially
This is what a graph of bacterial growth would look like if the growth went unchecked
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Can exponential growth continue for ever?
Write down the factors that set limits to population size
You have two minutes…
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What are factors that set limits to population size?
• Competition for resources• Build up of toxic by-products of metabolism• Increased predation• Incidence of disease.
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Birth and Death Rates• Affected by
– Biotic factors• Disease, predators, food, competitors
– Abiotic factors• Rainfall, temperature, light, pollution
– Can be density dependent or density independent
– Can be extrinsic or intrinsic
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Limits to Growth
• Medium Galapagos finch• Droughts (fewer seeds)
– Death rate increases– Birth rate decreases
• High rainfall (more seeds and caterpillars)– Death rate decreases– Birth rate increases
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Logistic (Transitional) Growth Phase
• Do bacteria cover the planet?• Exponential growth does not continue in
populations very long.• As resources become less available, the
growth of a population slows or stops• What might cause population growth to stop
or slow down?– Predators, loss of habitat, disease, competition
for resources: less food, less space etc.
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Logistic Growth (Transitional Phase)• Logistic growth (transition phase)
occurs when population growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth– Creates an “S” shaped curve
• Population growth may slow or stopfor a number of reasons:– Birthrate ↓ death rate ↑
immigration ↓ emigration ↑• At some point, the growth of a
population will level off (stabilise, plateau phase)
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Comparing Exponential and Logistic Growth
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Carrying Capacity
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Carrying Capacity (K)• The maximum number of individuals that a
particular habitat can support
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The classical ‘Sigmoid’ Population growth curve
Most plant and animal populations follow this type of growth
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What is happening in this population graph?
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Finches & Rainfall
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Some formulae (you don’t need to know these!)
(Reference:http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/how-populations-grow-the-exponential-and-logistic-13240157• Exponential growth:
• Logistic Growth (Transitional phase):
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Alien Species
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What is an alien species?• An alien species is one which
arrives in a non-native habitat, usually as a result of intentional or accidental human activity
• Often, they are not well adapted to their new habitat and don’t survive (too far outside their ‘niche’
• MANY have been hugely successful in their new habitat, causing huge ecological and economic damage
The Classic Examples:• Zebra Mussels in
American Great Lakes• Cane Toads in Australia• Rabbits in Australia• Japanese Knotweed in
Europe• Bamboo in EuropeThere are literally hundreds
of thousands more…
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Example of an Alien Species: The Cane Toad
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYUHnf7Uy1k&feature=player_embedded
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8q77CIQodVw
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Homework (2)http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/• The Global Invasive
Species DataBase• Use the database to
build a factsheet about one invasive species, EITHER from your home country, OR Switzerland
You must provide:• Common name and Binomial
nomenclature• Native and introduced habitat
range• Introductory pathway/vectors• Local dispersal methods• Impacts on local ecosystem
and environment• Management strategies• Images
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What would population growth looks like on a graph when an population colonizes a new habitat?
Draw a graph and explain the shape.Work with a partner.
You have five minutes.
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5.3.2, 5.3.3
A
B
A
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5.3.2, 5.3.3
K = carrying capacity
r = rate of reproduction
N0 = starting population
A
B
A
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5.3.1 What are the four factors that affect populations?
![Page 94: Plan – Week 3](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568165a0550346895dd87a47/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Population Growth
![Page 95: Plan – Week 3](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568165a0550346895dd87a47/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Population Stability
![Page 96: Plan – Week 3](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568165a0550346895dd87a47/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Population Decline
![Page 97: Plan – Week 3](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568165a0550346895dd87a47/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
What would population growth looks like on a graph when an population colonizes a new habitat?
Make the shape of a Sigmoid graph
with your hand in the air.
![Page 98: Plan – Week 3](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568165a0550346895dd87a47/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Homework (1): Zebra Mussel Webquest (Population Study)
http://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/ec/pd/t1_a1_b.htm
![Page 99: Plan – Week 3](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568165a0550346895dd87a47/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
5.3.1 What are the four factors that affect populations?
![Page 100: Plan – Week 3](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568165a0550346895dd87a47/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Population Growth
![Page 101: Plan – Week 3](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568165a0550346895dd87a47/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Population Stability
![Page 102: Plan – Week 3](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568165a0550346895dd87a47/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Population Decline
![Page 103: Plan – Week 3](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568165a0550346895dd87a47/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
What would population growth looks like on a graph when an population colonizes a new habitat?
Make the shape of a Sigmoid graph
with your hand in the air.