Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4)...
-
Upload
paul-job-harrell -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
1
Transcript of Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4)...
![Page 1: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plan for Week 3 • First day
– Center of Mass calculation method – Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4)– Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79)
• Second day– Complete Bone growth and integrity unit– Review problems from p 105 that you don’t understand– Introduce unit on joints and flexibility
![Page 2: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives• Explain bone and other tissue loading modes• Explain and interpret stress/strain curves as a descriptor of
mechanical properties of materials• Explain how material constituents and structural organization of
bone affect its ability to withstand mechanical loads.• Describe the processes involved in the normal growth and
maturation of bone.• Describe factors affecting bone mineral content.• Explain the significance of osteoporosis and discuss current
theories on its prevention.• Explain the relationship between different forms of mechanical
loading and common bone injuries.
![Page 3: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Bone Structure and Integrity• Architecture and dev - • Microstructure of bone • How bones grow?• Adaptability - Wolff’s law • Mechanical properties of bone
– stress-strain relationship – strength (density, mineral content, or BMC)– elasticity– energy absorption – resistance to fatigue
• Loading modes -– tension, compression, torsion, shear
![Page 4: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Bone Gross Structure, Architecture and Development
![Page 5: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Long Bone Structure
![Page 6: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Bone Micro-Structure, cont’dProjections of osteocytes are
thought to be cite of strain
sensing, which
stimulates bone to form
![Page 7: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bone Composition & Structure• Material Constituents:
– Calcium carbonate and Calcium phosphate• 60-70% bone weight• Adds stiffness• Primary determinant for compressive strength.
– Collagen• Adds flexibility• Contributes to tensile strength
– Material Constituents– Water
• 25-30% bone weight• Contributes to bone strength• Provides transportation for nutrients and wastes.
![Page 9: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Bone Composition & Structure• Structural Organization
– Bone mineralization ratio specific to bone
– Two categories of porous bone:
• Cortical bone(70-95% mineral content)
• Trabecular bone (10-70% mineral content)
– More porous bones have:
• Less calcium phosphate
• More calcium carbonate
• Greater proportion of non-mineralized tissue
![Page 10: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Bone Composition & Structure
• Cortical Bone– Low porosity– 5-30% bone volume is non-
mineralized tissue– Withstand greater stress but less
strain before fracturing
![Page 11: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Bone Composition & Structure
• Trabecular Bone– High porosity– 30 - >90% bone volume is non-mineralized
tissue– Trabeculae filled with marrow and fat– Withstand more strain (but less stress) before
fracturing
![Page 12: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Bone Composition & Structure
• Both cortical and trabecular bone are anisotropic – stress/strain response is directional
• Bone function determines structure
• Strongest at resisting compressive stress
• Weakest at resisting shear stress
![Page 13: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Bone Growth & Development
• Longitudinal Growth– at epiphyses or epiphyseal plates– Stops at 18 yrs of age (approx.)
• can be seen up to 25 yrs of age
• Circumferential Growth– Diameter increases throughout lifespan– Most rapid growth before adulthood
• Periosteum build-up in concentric layers
![Page 14: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Bone Growth & Development
• Osteoblasts
• Osteoclasts
• Adult Bone Development– Balance between oseoblast and osetoclast
activity– Increase in age yields progressive decrease in
collagen and increase in bone brittleness.• Greater in women
![Page 15: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
lamella
![Page 16: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Bone Growth & Development
• Women– Peak bone mineral content: 25-28 yrs.
– 0.5%-1.0% loss per year following age 50 or menopause
– 6.5% loss per year post-menopause for first 5-8 years.
• Youth – bones are vulnerabe during peak growing years– Bone mineral density (BMD) is least during peak growing
years
– Growth plates are thickest during peak growing years
![Page 18: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bone Growth & Development
• Aging– Bone density loss as soon as early 20’s– Decrease in mechanical properties and general
toughness of bone– Increasing loss of bone substance– Increasing porosity– Disconnection and disintegration of trabeculae
leads to weakness
![Page 19: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Mechanical Loading Modes on the Human Body
• Compression
• Tension
• Shear
• Torsion
![Page 20: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Bone loading modes: Compression – pushing together Tension – pulling apart Torsion – twisting Shear – cutting across
![Page 21: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cutting across
![Page 22: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Effects of Loading• DeformationWhen an external force is applied to the human body,
several factors influence whether an injury occursMagnitude and direction of force
– Area over which force is distributed– Load-deformation curve– Yield point (elastic limit)– Failure
![Page 23: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Load-deformation relationship:
Stress-strain curve:
![Page 24: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Repetitive vs. Acute Loads
• Repetitive loading
• Acute loading
• Macrotrauma
• Microtrauma
![Page 25: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
I: bone vs glass and metal
II: Anisotropic behavior of bone
![Page 26: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Comparison of tendon andligament
![Page 27: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Bone Response to Stress
• Wolf’s Law– Indicates that bone strength increases and decreases as
the functional forces on the bone increase and decrease.
• Bone Modeling and Remodeling– Mechanical loading causes strain
– Bone Modeling• If Strain > modeling threshold, then bone modeling occurs.
![Page 30: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Bone Response to Stress
• Bone Remodeling– If Strain < lower remodeling threshold, then
bone remodeling occurs.– at bone that is close to marrow
– “conservation mode”: no change in bone mass– “disuse mode”: net loss of bone mass
• Osteocytes
![Page 31: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Bone Response to Stress
• Bone mineral density generally parallels body weight– Body weight provides most constant
mechanical stress– Determined by stresses that produce strain on
skeleton– Think: weight gain or loss and its effect on
bone density
![Page 32: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Bone Hypertrophy
• An increase in bone mass due to predominance of osteoblast activity.
• Seen in response to regular physical activity– Ex: tennis players have muscular and bone hypertrophy
in playing arm.
• The greater the habitual load, the more mineralization of the bone.– Also relates to amount of impact of activity/sport
![Page 33: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Bone Atrophy
• A decrease in bone mass resulting form a predominance of osteoclast activity– Accomplished via remodeling– Decreases in:
• Bone calcium
• Bone weight and strength
• Seen in bed-ridden patients, sedentary elderly, and astronauts
![Page 34: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Bone Atrophy
• Affect on Astronauts– Overall cause is unknown
– Tend to have negative calcium loss• Decrease of intestinal Ca2+ absorption
• Increase in Ca2+ excretion
– Hypotheses:• Less strain on bone results in less osteoblastic activity
• Changes in bone blood flow due to difference in gravitational field
![Page 35: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Osteoporosis
• Website on osteporosis: http://www.nof.org National Osteoporosis Foundation• A disorder involving decreased bone mass and
strength with one or more resulting fractures.• Found in elderly
– Mostly in postmenopausal and elderly women– Causes more than 1/2 of fractures in women, and 1/3 in
men.
• Begins as osteopenia
![Page 36: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Osteoporosis
• Type I Osteoporosis = Post-menopausal Osteoporosis– Affects about 40% of women over 50– Gender differences
• Men reach higher peak bone mass and strength in young adulthood
• Type II Osteoporosis = Age-Associated Osteoporosis– Affects most women and men over 70
![Page 37: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Osteoporosis
• Symptoms:– Painful, deforming and debilitating crush
fractures of vertebrae• Usually of lumbar vertebrae from weight bearing
activity, which leads to height loss– Estimated 26% of women over 50 suffer from these
fractures
![Page 38: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Osteoporosis
• Men have an increase in vertebral diameter with aging– Reduces compressive stress during weight
bearing activities– Structural strength not reduced– Not known why same compensatory changes
do not occur in women
![Page 39: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Female Athlete Triad
• 1) Eating Disorders affect 1-10% of all adolescent and college-age women.– Displayed in 62% female athletes
• Mostly in endurance or appearance-related sports
• 2) Amenorrhea is the cessation of the menses.
• 3) Osteoporosis is the decrease in bone mass and strength.
![Page 40: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Amenorrhea & Osteoporosis
• Primary Amenorrhea• Secondary Amenorrhea• Prevention • ACSM Position Statement:
![Page 41: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Position Statement of ACSM on Osteoporosis
• Weightbearing physical activity is essential for developing and maintaining a healthy skeleton
• Strength exercises may also be beneficial, particularly for non-weightbearing bones
• An increase in physical activity for sedentary women can prevent further inactivity-related bone loss and can even improve bone mass
• Exercise is not an adequate substitute for postmenopausal hormone replacement
• Ex programs for older women should include activities for improving strength, flexibility, and coordination, to lessen the likelihood of falls
![Page 42: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Osteoporosis Treatment
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Estrogen deficiency damages bone
• Increased dietary calcium
• Lifestyle factors affect bone mineralization
• Risk factors for osteoporosis:
![Page 43: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Osteoporosis Treatment
• Future use of pharmacologic agents– May stimulate bone formation– Low doses of growth factors to stimulate
osteoblast recruitment and promote bone formation.
• Best Bet:– Engaging in regular physical activity– Avoiding the lifestyle (risk) factors that
negatively affect bone mass.
![Page 44: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Types of Fractures
![Page 45: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Common Bone Injuries
• Bone stronger in resisting compression than tension, so the side loaded with tension will fracture first.– Acute compression fractures (in absence of
osteoporosis) is rare
• Stress Fractures occur when there is no time for repair process (osteoblast activity)– Begin as small disruption in continuity of outer
layers of cortical bone.
![Page 46: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Epiphyseal Injuries
• Include injuries to:• Cartilaginous epiphyseal plate
• Articular cartilage
• Apophysis
• Acute and repetitive loading can injure growth plate– Leads to premature closing of epiphyseal
junction and termination of bone growth.
![Page 47: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Epiphyseal Injuries
• Osteochondrosis– Disruption of blood supply to epiphyses– Associated with tissue necrosis and potential
deformation of the epiphyses.
• Apophysitis– Osteochondrosis of the apophysis– Associated with traumatic avulsions.
![Page 48: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Summary
• Bone is an important living tissue that is continuously being remodeled.
• Bone Strength and Resistance to fracture depend on its material composition and organizational structure.
• Bones continue to change in density.• Osteoporosis is extremely prevalent among
the elderly.
![Page 49: Plan for Week 3 First day –Center of Mass calculation method –Bone growth and integrity (Ch 4) –Stress-strain curves (pp 77-79) Second day –Complete Bone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb3c19/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Assignment for Week 4
• Review problems on p. 105
–Introductory problems 1,2,3,8,9,10
–Additional problems 1,2,3,8,10
• Read pp 125-136 of text (Flexibility and proprioception)