Plan CWe will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us.1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO2 change

3.Stress responses/stress avoidance4.Plant products5.Improving food production6.Biotechnology7.Phytoremediation 8.Plant movements9.Plant signaling (including neurobiology)10.Something else?

Course PlanWe will study effects of soil and stresses on plant secondary products and see where it leads us1.Learn more about plant secondary products•Why do they make them?

Course PlanWe will study effects of soil and stresses on plant secondary products and see where it leads us1.Learn more about plant secondary products•Why do they make them?•When do they make them?

Course PlanWe will study effects of soil and stresses on plant secondary products and see where it leads us1.Learn more about plant secondary products•Why do they make them?•When do they make them?•Where do they make them?

Course PlanWe will study effects of soil and stresses on plant secondary products and see where it leads us1.Learn more about plant secondary products•Why do they make them?•When do they make them?•Where do they make them?2. Pick some plants to study•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin: helps deter mammals, encourages dispersal by birds

Course PlanWe will study effects of soil and stresses on plant secondary products and see where it leads us1.Learn more about plant secondary products•Why do they make them?•When do they make them?•Where do they make them?2. Pick some plants to study•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine: deters insects?

Course Plan2. Pick some plants to study•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine•Onions(Allium cepa)? = syn-Propanethial-S-oxide: deters herbivory?

Course Plan2. Pick some plants to study•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin: quickly converted to allicin: anti-bacterial, anti-fungal

Course Plan2. Pick some plants to study•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Allicin•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = raphanin & glucosinolates: anti-bacterial, anti-fungal

Course Plan2. Pick some plants to study•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = raphanin, glucosinolates•Mustard (Brassica juncea) = glucosinolates•Basil (Ocimum basilicum) = eugenol (and others)

Course Plan2. Pick some plants to study•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = glucosinolates•Mustard (Brassica juncea) = glucosinolates•Basil (Ocimum basilicum) = eugenol (and others)•Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) = lots of candidates!

Pick some plants to study•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = glucosinolates•Mustard (Brassica juncea) = glucosinolates•Basil (Ocimum basilicum) = eugenol (and others)•Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) = lots of candidates!•Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) = menthol + many

Pick some plants to study•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = glucosinolates•Mustard (Brassica juncea) = glucosinolates•Basil (Ocimum basilicum) = eugenol (and others)•Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) = lots of candidates!•Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) = menthol + many•Catnip (Nepeta cataria) = nepetalactone

Pick some plants to study•Capsicum (Chiles) = capsaicin•Nicotiana (Tobacco) = nicotine•Onions (Allium cepa)?= syn-Propanethial-S-oxide•Garlic (Allium sativum)?= Alliin•Radishes (Raphanus sativus) = glucosinolates•Mustard (Brassica juncea) = glucosinolates•Basil (Ocimum basilicum) = eugenol (and others)•Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) = lots of candidates!•Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) = menthol + many•Catnip (Nepeta cataria) = nepetalactone•Dill = dillapiole

We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant secondary products and see where it leads us1.Learn more about plant secondary products2.Pick some plants to study3. Get them growing

We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant secondary products and see where it leads us1.Learn more about plant secondary products2.Pick some plants to study3.Get them growing4.Pick stresses to study• Germination can be tough, especially for non-crops

We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant secondary products and see where it leads us1.Learn more about plant secondary products2.Pick some plants to study3.Get them growing4.Pick stresses to study• Germination can be tough, especially for non-crops• Many stresses don’t affect seedlings until they have

used up reserves

We will study effects of soil and stresses on plant secondary products and see where it leads us1.Learn more about plant secondary products2.Pick some plants to study3.Get them growing4.Pick stresses to study• Germination can be tough, especially for non-crops• Many stresses don’t affect seedlings until they have

used up reservesPlant Stress

Won Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for wasteful government spending

Plant StressWon Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for wasteful government spending1.Water?

Plant StressWon Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for wasteful government spending1.Water?2.Nutrients?

Plant StressWon Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for wasteful government spending1.Water?2.Nutrients?3.Environment?• Temp?

Plant StressWon Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for wasteful government spending1.Water?2.Nutrients?3.Environment?• Temp?• Pollution?

Plant StressWon Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for wasteful government spending1.Water?2.Nutrients?3.Environment?• Temp?• Pollution?• Ozone, other gases?

Plant StressWon Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for wasteful government spending1.Water?2.Nutrients?3.Environment?• Temp?• Pollution?• Ozone, other gases?• Herbicides, eg Round-Up, Atrazine?

Plant StressWon Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for wasteful government spending1.Water?2.Nutrients?3.Environment?• Temp?• Pollution?• Ozone, other gases?• Herbicides, eg Round-Up, Atrazine?

• Insects and other herbivores?

Plant StressWon Senator Proxmire’s “Golden Fleece” award for wasteful government spending1.Water?2.Nutrients?3.Environment?• Temp?• Pollution?• Ozone, other gases?• Herbicides, eg Round-Up, Atrazine?

• Insects and other herbivores? • Pathogens = bacteria, viruses, fungi

Plant StressNext assignment: presenting a plant stressor, what is known about it, and why it might affect plant 2˚ compounds in an ~ 10 minute presentation?

Plant StressNext assignment: presenting a plant stressor, what is known about it, and why it might affect plant 2˚ compounds in an ~ 10 minute presentation?

Alternative: presenting another good plant/stressor response to study and why we should choose it over the ones already presented.

Mineral NutritionStudied by soil-free culture in nutrient solutions:

Mineral NutritionStudied by soil-free culture in nutrient solutions: Hoagland’s is best known

Mineral NutritionSoil-free culture• Sand culture: don’t really control nutrients

Mineral NutritionSoil-free culture• Sand culture: don’t really control nutrients• Hydroponics: immerse roots in nutrient solution

Mineral NutritionSoil-free culture• Sand culture: don’t really control nutrients• Hydroponics: immerse roots in nutrient solution

• Rapidly deplete nutrients & O2 & alter pH

Mineral NutritionSoil-free culture• Sand culture: don’t really control nutrients• Hydroponics: immerse roots in nutrient solution

• Rapidly deplete nutrients & O2 & alter pH• Slanted film maintains [nutrients] & O2

Mineral NutritionSoil-free culture• Sand culture• Hydroponics: immerse roots in nutrient solution• Slanted film maintains [nutrients] & O2

• Aeroponics sprays nutrient solution on roots

Mineral NutritionMacronutrients• CHOPKNS

Mineral NutritionMacronutrients• CHOPKNS• CHOPNS make biopolymers

Mineral NutritionMacronutrients• CHOPNS make biopolymers• N deficiency • mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

Mineral NutritionMacronutrients• CHOPNS make biopolymers• P deficiency • mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

Mineral NutritionMacronutrients• CHOPNS make biopolymers• S deficiency • mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

Mineral NutritionMacronutrients• CHOPKNS• CHOPNS make biopolymers• K makes turgor, enzyme cofactor• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

Mineral NutritionMacronutrients• CHOPKNS• Ca: signaling, middle lamella, cofactor• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves

Mineral NutritionMacronutrients• Ca: signaling, middle lamella, cofactor• Fe: cofactor• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves

Mineral NutritionMacronutrients• Ca: signaling, middle lamella, cofactor• Fe: cofactor• Mg: cofactor• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

Mineral NutritionMacronutrients: CHOPKNSCaFeMg• Ca: signaling, middle lamella, cofactor• Fe: cofactor• Mg: cofactor• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

Mineral NutritionMacronutrients: CHOPKNSCaFeMgBNaCl• Ca: signaling, middle lamella, cofactor• Fe: cofactor• Mg: cofactor• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

Mineral NutritionMicronutrients: BNaCl• B: cell elongation. NA metabolism• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves

Mineral NutritionMicronutrients: BNaCl• B: cell elongation. NA metabolism• Na: PEP regeneration in C4, K substitute• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

Mineral NutritionMicronutrients: BNaCl• B: cell elongation. NA metabolism• Na: PEP regenerationin C4, K substitute• Cl: water-splitting, osmotic balance• mobile in plant, so shows first in old leaves

Mineral NutritionMicronutrients: BNaCl others include Cu, Zn, Mn• B: cell elongation. NA metabolism• Na: PEP regeneration, K substitute• Cl: water-splitting, osmotic balance• Cu: cofactor• immobile in plant, so shows first in young leaves

Mineral NutritionCommercial fertilizers mainly supply NPK

Plant food• 2.6% ammoniacal nitrogen • 4.4% nitrate nitrogen• 9% phosphorus• 5% potassium• calcium (2%)• magnesium (0.5%)• sulfur (0.05%)• boron (0.02%)• chlorine (0.1%)• cobalt (0.0015%)• copper (0.05%)• iron (0.1%)• manganese (0.05%)• molybdenum (0.0009%)• nickel (0.0001%)• sodium (0.10%) • zinc (0.05%)