PLAGIARISM - deepshikhabhargava.files.wordpress.com · Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism Plagiarism:...
Transcript of PLAGIARISM - deepshikhabhargava.files.wordpress.com · Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism Plagiarism:...
PROF.(DR.)DEEPSHIKHA BHARGAVA Professor-In-Charge
PLAGIARISM PREVENTION CENTRE
AMITY UNIVERSITY RAJASTHAN
PLAGIARISM DON’T DO IT!!!
This work is created by Prof. Deepshikha Bhargava under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non
Commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc/4.0/
Session Overview
What It Is
Terminology
Legal Implications
Four Types of Plagiarism
How to Avoid It
Methods
Proper Quotations
Proper Citations
Q & A Time!
Plagiarism: What is it?
List as many examples of plagiarism as you can think of.
Useful Definitions: Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism
Plagiarism: using the ideas or words of another person without giving appropriate credit (Nat. Acad. Press document)
Self-Plagiarism: The verbatim copying or reuse of one’s own research (IEEE Policy statement)
Both types of plagiarism are considered to be unacceptable practice by most scientific publications
The word “plagiarism” comes from the Latin plagiarus
meaning “kidnapper”
Presenting another’s original thoughts or ideas as your own
Using another’s exact words without proper citation
Plagiarism: What is it?
Why is plagiarism wrong?
*If you plagiarize, you are cheating yourself. You don't learn to write out your thoughts in your own words, and you don't get specific feedback geared to your individual needs and skills. Plagiarism is dishonest because it misrepresents the work of another as your
own.
*Unintentional plagiarism is still cheating.
Is it really such a big problem?
According to the website Plagiarism.org
“Recent studies indicate that approximately 30 percent of all students may be plagiarizing on every written assignment they complete.”
Real Life Plagiarism Scandals
Former Delhi University Vice-chancellor Deepak Pental was sent to jail by a city court in a case of alleged plagiarism and forgery. Additional chief metropolitan magistrate Vinod Kumar Gautam had ordered professor Pental's arrest on a complaint by professor P Parthasarathy accusing him and one of his students of plagiarizing his paper on biotechnology.
Ex-VC of DU sent to jail for ‘plagiarism’,
released, TNN | Nov 26, 2014, 05.51 AM IST http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ex-VC-of-DU-sent-to-
jail-for-plagiarism-released/articleshow/45278628.cms
Pondicherry University VC Chandra Krishnamurthy has been accused of plagiarism in her book, "Legal Education in India" which she claimed as her original work. Puta team exposed that Chandra had lifted the intellectual works of legal professionals and practitioners and reproduced the contents in her book as her original work.
Call for VC ouster intensifies after plagiarism
charge, TNN | Nov 26, 2014, 06.13 AM IST http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/Call-for-VC-ouster-intensifies-after-
plagiarism-charge/articleshow/45278710.cms
Real Life Plagiarism Scandals
Doris Kearns Goodwin, a Pulitzer Prize winning historian, was forced to step down from the Pulitzer board after she was found to have accidentally used another’s words in one of her books.
Hostetter, Janet. 6 Apr 2006. Associated Press
Images. 5 Aug 2008. <http://apimages.ap.org>
Kirpatrick, David D. “Author Goodwin Resigns from Pulitzer
Board.” New York Times. (1 June 2002.) 5 Aug. 2008.
<http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E7D71
43AF932A35755C0A9649C8B63>.
Real Life Plagiarism Scandals
After being accused of rampant plagiarism in her work, tenured professor Madonna G. Constantine was fired from her position at Columbia University.
Bondafeff, Dian. 10 Oct. 2007. Associated Press
Images. 5 Aug 2008. <http://apimages.ap.org>.
Santora, Marc. “Columbia Professor in Noose Case Is
Fired on Plagiarism Charges.” New York Times. (24 June
2008.) 5 Aug. 2008.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/nyregion/24columbia.
html?scp=1&sq=Madonna%20Constantine%20&st=cse>.
Real Life Plagiarism Scandals
As a reporter for the New York Times, Jayson Blair plagiarized or fabricated in more than 40 stories between 2002 and 2005. He was fired from his job. The top two editors of the newspaper resigned as a result of the scandal.
“Correcting the Record.” New York Times. 11 May 2003. The New York Times. 5 Aug 2008.
<http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E1DB123FF932A25756C0A9659C8B63>
Image: Szymaszek, Jennifer. 12 May 2004. Associated
Press Images. 5 Aug 2008. <http:// apimages.ap.org>
Real Life Plagiarism Scandals
Blair Hornstein was the valedictorian of her high school class and had earned admission to Harvard University. After articles Hornstein wrote for a local newspaper were discovered to have been plagiarized, Harvard University rescinded their acceptance.
Capuzzo, Jill P. “MOORESTOWN JOURNAL; Seeing Crimson.” New York
Times. (20 July 2003.) 5 Aug. 2008.
<http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E6D61E3CF933A157
54C0A9659C8B63&scp=4&sq=Blair%20Hornstein%20&st=cse>.
“Blair Hornstein.” The Gothamist. 14 July 2003. 5 Aug. 2008.
<http://gothamist.com/2003/07/14/gothamist.php>.
Real Life Plagiarism Scandals
German defense minister accused of plagiarism.
Individual resigned position - 01 March 2011.
Real Life Plagiarism Scandals
BBC News Europe http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12504347 (18 (Accessed 18 February 2011)
24 MAY 2002 VOL 296 SCIENCE, p 1376
24 MAY 2002 VOL 296 SCIENCE, p 1376
Ethical Responsibilities for Authors in The Journal of Physical Chemistry
I recently took the step of retracting from the scientific record a letter published in The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, as it is emblematic of a type of author misconduct that we as research professionals must seek to avoid if we are to uphold the integrity of the scientific literature. The letter in question was a publication by Fang et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 1065-1070. After publication of the letter, it was brought to our attention that the paper by Fang et al., as submitted and subsequently published by the journal after peer review, included a number of figures that duplicated those contained within previously published papers by other authors ……... I judged such misconduct by the authors to constitute a serious instance of plagiarism. George Schatz Editor in Chief J. Phys. Chem. A/B/C
A recent retraction …..
Original Paper
Oriented Assembly of Fe3O4
Nanoparticles into Monodisperse
Hollow Single-Crystal Microspheres Yu
et al, J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110,
21667-21671 (Figure 3)
Plagiarized paper:
Fabrication of Monodisperse Magnetic
Fe3O4-SiO2 Nanocomposites with Core-
Shell Structures Hua Fang,* Chun-yang
Ma, Tai-li Wan, Mei Zhang, and Wei-hai
Shi J. Phys. Chem C 2007, 111, 1065-
1070
Original paper:
Ultra-large-scale syntheses of monodisperse
nanocrystals, Park et al. Nature Materials, 2004, 3,
891 (Figure 3C)
SCIENTIFIC PLAGIARISM IN INDIA Some more Instances
Prof. B.S. Rajput controversy:
Prof. B.S. Rajput was the vice-chancellor of Kumaon University, India in 2002 when various physicists in India started a website alleging that some of his papers claimed authorship of work, reported earlier by other researchers.
Gopal Kundu controversy A controversy erupted in National Centre for Cell
Science (NCCS), Pune in 2006 when an anonymous mail alleged that the authors (H. Rangaswami and Colleagues from the group of Dr. Gopal Kundu) may have misrepresented data (especially through Western blots) in a paper published in Journal of Biological Chemistry. The allegation was that they had rehashed the same set of data which they had published earlier. After an internal investigation by its ethics committee, the Indian Academy of Sciences banned Gopal Kundu from participating in their activities for three year
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_plagiarism_in_India
Prof. K. Kumar controversy
Anna University controversy
Prof Adhikary Controversy
Dr. Kamlakar Singh Case
Dr. Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo controversy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_plagiarism_in_India
SCIENTIFIC PLAGIARISM IN INDIA Some more Instances
Types of plagiarism
Intentional
Copying a friend’s work
Buying or borrowing papers
Cutting and pasting blocks of text from electronic sources without documenting
Media “borrowing”without documentation
Web publishing without permissions of creators
Unintentional
Careless paraphrasing
Poor documentation
Quoting excessively
Failure to use your own “voice”
Intentional Plagiarism
Passing off as one’s own pre-written papers from the Internet or other sources.
Copying an essay or article from the Internet, on-line source, or electronic database without quoting or giving credit.
Cutting and pasting from more than one source to create a paper without quoting or giving credit.
Borrowing words or ideas from other students or sources without giving credit.
Intentional Plagiarism: Copying
The most well-known and, sadly, the most common type of plagiarism is the simplest: copying. If you copy someone else's work and put your name on it, you have plagiarized.
"Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is understandable, since parents are in positions of control and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - - not dumb, ugly, or weak."
Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.
Intentional Plagiarism: Copying
This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer copies, word for word, the text from Dr. Zimbardo's book and does not acknowledge in any way that it was Dr. Zimbardo's work, the writer has committed plagiarism.
The second kind of plagiarism is similar to copying and is perhaps the second most common type of plagiarism: patchwork plagiarism. This occurs when the plagiarizer borrows the "phrases and clauses from the original source and weaves them into his own writing" (McConnell Library, Radford University) without putting the phrases in quotation marks or citing the author.
Intentional Plagiarism: Patchwork
With regard to children, they are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness. Rare is the child who labels a parent shy. It is easy to understand this, since the parents are in positions of control and authority in their own homes and may not necessarily show their shy side to their children. Moreover, since shyness is viewed as unfavorable by most children, it may be threatening for them to think of their parents in that light. During the formative years, the parent is idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or weak.
Intentional Plagiarism: Patchwork
"Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is understandable, since parents are in positions of control and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - - not dumb, ugly, or weak."
Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.
The third type of plagiarism is called paraphrasing plagiarism. This occurs when the plagiarizer paraphrases or summarizes another's work without citing the source. Even changing the words a little or using synonyms but retaining the author's essential thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style without citing the source is still considered plagiarism.
Intentional Plagiarism: Paraphrasing
Children are completely insensitive to their parents' shyness and rarely label their parents as shy. Because the parents are the authority and controlling figures in the home, they may not feel shy and therefore not show their shy side. Moreover, during the formative years, parents are seen as omnipotent and omniscient and not stupid, unattractive, or pathetic; it may be frightening for children to view their parents in terms of shyness.
Intentional Plagiarism: Paraphrasing
"Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is understandable, since parents are in positions of control and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - - not dumb, ugly, or weak."
Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.
Unintentional Plagiarism
The fourth type of plagiarism is called unintentional plagiarism -- it occurs when the writer incorrectly quotes and/or incorrectly cites a source they are using.
If a writer has incorrectly quoted or incorrectly cited a source, it could be misconstrued as dishonesty on the writer's part. The dishonest usage of another's work is most often considered plagiarism. Therefore, the incorrect usage of another's work, whether it's intentional or not, could be taken for "real" plagiarism.
Other Types of Ethical Violations
Duplicate publication/submission of research findings; failure to inform the editor of related papers that the author has under consideration or “in press”
Unrevealed conflicts of interest that could affect the interpretation of the findings
Misrepresentation of research findings - use of selective or fraudulent data to support a hypothesis or claim
Catching the plagiarist
The internet has made plagiarism easier with access to term paper mills, search engines, encyclopedias, etc. In response, websites have been developed which help teachers analyze papers and develop strategies to prevent plagiarism. E.g.
Turnitin
Jplag
Library Electronic Databases
Moss
Plagiarism.org
The Plagiarism Resource Site
PlagiServe
WordCHECK etc.
Guidelines for avoiding plagiarism
Use your own words and ideas.
Give credit for copied, adapted, or paraphrased material.
Avoid using others' work with minor "cosmetic" changes.
There are no "freebies."
Beware of "common knowledge."
WHEN IN DOUBT, CITE.
Plagiarism Trying to claim the
credit for something
that is not your work.
PLAGIARISM – DON’T DO IT!!!
A Call for Cooperation
“We would like to encourage the leaders of academic research groups to inform their students and research associates about the ethical responsibilities of authors of scientific publications and to insure that, when they are given the responsibility for submitting a paper, they are fully aware of the potential consequences, to themselves and to their co-authors, of violations in these ethical guidelines.”
Interrante & Reichmanis,C&EN, Vol 83(6), p. 4 (2005)
Recommended Resources
http://www.hamilton.edu/academic/Resource/WC/AvoidingPlagiarism.html
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/wts/plagiarism.html
http://www.virtualsalt.com/antiplag.htm
http://alexia.lis.uiuc.edu/~janicke/plagiary.htm
http://www.ulm.edu/~lowe/plagiarism.ppt
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
http://www.madison.tec.wi.us/is/writingcenter/plagarism.htm
www.plagiarism.org
Q & A Time!
Thanks for kind attention!
Remember, if you need help, approach the Plagiarism Prevention Centre! We’ll be glad to help!