Placing barcodes with precision against the Catalogue of Life
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Placing barcodes with precision against the Catalogue of Life
Frank BisbyExecutive Director: Species 2000
Species 2000 SecretariatUniversity of Reading, UK
www.sp2000.org
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1. Introduce the Catalogue of Life
2. Illustrate progress in giving full taxonomic precision and integrity
– and ask whether these same issues impact on the collation of barcodes for identification purposes?
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Catalogue of Life on-line service and CD-ROM
Array of source databases for different higher taxa
Dynamic Checklist & Web-service
Annual Checklist
DB on the WebDB on CD-ROM
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CoL Management Classification
ChiloBase Classification
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CoL Management Classification
SysMyr Classification
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1. Taxonomic institutions world-wide
e.g. MNHN Paris; NIES, Tsukuba, Japan; Zoological Inst., St. Petersburg Russia; RBG Sydney, Australia; Missouri Botanical Garden, USA; ITIS/Smithsonian Inst. USA; Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK; Naturalis Museum, The Netherlands; The Natural History Museum, UK; CONABIO/ ITIS Mexico;
2. Regional taxonomic databases
e.g. Fauna Europaea, ERMS, Euro+Med PlantBase, ITIS N.America, Species 2000 China Node, Species 2000 New Zealand, Australia Node (APNI, ABIF, AFD), etc.
Partners and contributors to the Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life
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3. Specialist international networks
e.g. FishBase; AlgaeBase; TicksBase; ILDIS LegumeWeb; AnnonBase;CIPA Sandflies, Paris; UNESCO Register of Marine Organisms.
4. The ‘Life Work’ of individual specialists
e.g. TITAN-Cerambycidae (Tavakilian, Paris), Conifer Database (Farjon, London), Mite families (Moraes, Piricicaba), Ichneumonoidea (Yu, Canada)
Partners and contributors to the Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life
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Europe
ChinaAustralia
ITISN. America
GlobalChecklist
1. Inspecting species from several hubs
Regio
Regional Checklist Hubs
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Europe
ChinaAustralia
ITISN. America
GlobalChecklist
Catalogue of Life Architecture II
Regio
Regional Checklist Hubs
e.g. S.Africa e.g.Brazil
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• 13 editions from 1735 to 1770
• 4,400 species of animals & 7,700 species of plants have been catalogued
Systema Naturae by Carl Linnaeus
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Catalogue of Life 2007 Annual Checklist
2007 Annual Checklist
• 1,008,965 accepted species
79,393 accepted infraspecific taxa
538,364 synonyms
414,075 common names
7th edition
47 taxonomic databases
over 3,000 taxonomists around the world
a partnership between Species 2000 & ITIS
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I need to remind you that as well as being publicly funded…….
……………………. this is the work of a very large network of people…..
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Major users of the Catalogue of Life
Individual users on the Web (largest load from Google)Individual users of the 3,000 CDs (intended for developing countries)School Children (Jessica of Cape Cod)
GBIF data portal (provides the principal index)
CBD programmes Clearing House MechanismGlobal Taxonomy InitiativeGSPC Target 1: Working List of PlantsBiosafety Protocol Clearing House
uBio US Library InitiativeCoL Taxonomic Hierarchy & Checklist
CRIA Brazil BIOTA Sao Paulo project
Chinese Academy of Sciences National Biodiversity Hub
SpeciesBase & Encyclopedia of Life – newly announced global programmes
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1. Introduce the Catalogue of Life
2. Illustrate progress in giving full taxonomic precision and integrity
– and ask whether these same issues impact on the collation of barcodes for identification purposes?
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Examples 1 & 2: using a group of Vicia (Vetch) species:
Vicia serratifolia.
Vicia narbonensis L.
Vicia johannis.
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Ascherson & Graebner 1909including subsp. serratifolia
Ascherson & Schweinf. / Schafer
Plitmann 1967including subsp. johannis
Kupicha 1976including subsps. serratifolia & johannis
Maxted et al. 1991
Vicia narbonensis L.
Taxonomic Concept Precision
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Ascherson & Graebner
Ascherson & Schweinf.
Plitmann 1967
Kupicha 1976
Maxted et al. 1991
Vicia narbonensis L.
Vicia serratifolia.
Vicia johannis.
Taxonomic Treatment Precision or Integrity
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Ascherson & Graebner
Ascherson & Schweinf.
Plitmann 1967
Kupicha 1976
Maxted et al. 1991
Vicia narbonensis L.
Vicia serratifolia.
Vicia johannis.
Taxonomic Treatment Precision or Integrity
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Wrong!
Checklist contains two duplications
- Discrimination unlikely
- Retrieval of comparative datainaccurate
Vicia narbonensis L.
Vicia serratifolia.
Vicia johannis.
Taxonomic Treatment Precision or Integrity
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Ascherson & Graebner
Ascherson & Schweinf.
Plitmann 1967
Kupicha 1976
Maxted et al. 1991
Vicia narbonensis L.
Vicia serratifolia.
Vicia johannis.
Taxonomic Treatment Precision or Integrity
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Vicia narbonensis L.
Vicia serratifolia.
Vicia johannis.
Wrong!
Checklist contains ‘four’ omissions
- Discrimination incomplete
- Retrieval of comparative dataincomplete
Taxonomic Treatment Precision or Integrity
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Ascherson & Graebner
Ascherson & Schweinf.
Plitmann 1967
Kupicha 1976
Maxted et al. 1991
Conclusion:
- To achieve full coverage (each population or form in the checklist just one time) it is important for the checklist to follow accurately a single given taxonomic treatment or expert view
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Example 3: The Genus Cytisus (Brooms) and segragates.
Cytisus(Cytisus tribracteolatus)
Cytisus, or a segregate genusSarothamnus(Cytisus striatus or Sarothamnus striatus)
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Cytisus
Cytisus
Sarothamnus
Polhill 1991
Wimmer 1832
Generic Precision or Integrity(Segregate genera)
Cytisus scoparius
Sarothamnus scoparius
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Generic Precision or Integrity(Segregate genera)
Forming the Species Checklist
Cytisus
Cytisus
Cytisus
Sarothamnus
Sarothamnus
OK! – Generic Integrity
OK! – Generic Integrity
Wrong! – Generic Integrity Lost
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3. Generic Precision (or Integrity)- Segregate genera
2. Taxonomic Treatment Precision (or Integrity)
1. Taxonomic Concept Precision
Three types of taxonomic precision
- that contribute quality to the Catalogue of Life
- and that may impact the Barcode of Life?
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Services:www.catalogueoflife .org
Species 2000 organisationwww.sp2000.org
ITIS organisationwww.itis.gov