Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea...
Transcript of Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea...
![Page 1: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
OCN 631/ORE 678OCN 631/ORE 678
Gary McMurtryGary McMurtry
Placer DepositsPlacer Deposits
![Page 2: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Placers Outline• Placer Deposit Types• Environments of Placer Mineral Occurrence• Exploration Methods in Shallow Waters• Sand & Gravel, Mineral Aggregates
– Sources and Uses of Major US Nonmetallic Construction Raw Materials– Projected US Sand & Gravel Demand– Sources & Fates of Offshore Sand & Gravel Deposits
• Exploitation (Mining) Methods– Dislodgement Needs for Mining Marine Minerals– Depth of Marine Minerals & Equipment Capability
• Marine Diamond Exploration & Mining Areas of Southern Africa
![Page 3: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Target Commodities
Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining
![Page 4: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining
![Page 5: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Placer Deposit Types
From: D. S. Cronan, Underwater Minerals (1980)
Hot IndustrialMetal
Future Energy,High-Tech Metals
Industrial,Economic
Where Specific Gravity = Density relative to H2O (=1.00) in cgs units of g/cm3
![Page 6: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Environments of Possible Placer Mineral Occurrence
Cronan (1980)
![Page 7: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Global Distribution of Continental Shelves, with Extent of Knowledge
![Page 8: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Continental Shelf and Slope off East Florida: The Blake Plateau
![Page 9: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Global Distribution of Placer Deposits circa 1970
M = monazite (yielding U, M = monazite (yielding U, ThTh))D = diamondsD = diamonds
![Page 10: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
EarthEarth’’s Future Resources: The Seas Future Resources: The Sea
Known global coastal distributions of Known global coastal distributions of phosphoritesphosphorites (P), heavy minerals, & various (P), heavy minerals, & various native metal & diamond placers (from US Minerals Management Servnative metal & diamond placers (from US Minerals Management Service, 1990).ice, 1990).
![Page 11: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Exploration Methods in Shallow Waters
• SCUBA/NITROX DivingSCUBA/NITROX Diving
•• Sediment SamplingSediment Sampling
•• Geophysical SurveysGeophysical SurveysROV, AUV, shipboardROV, AUV, shipboard
Rawseismic
With contactsinterpretation
![Page 12: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Example of Geology Leading to PossibleLocation of Tin (Sn, Cassiterite) Placersin Indochina (SE Asia)
NoteNote location of location of ““tin beltstin belts””, , or SnOor SnO22--bearing granites bearing granites (source rocks) on land, and (source rocks) on land, and possible seaward extension possible seaward extension into Gulf of Thailandinto Gulf of Thailand
![Page 13: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Seaward extension of cassiterite(SnO2) placers formed in streamsoff Sinkep Island, Indonesia
Can you suggest a simple method of Can you suggest a simple method of delineating potential areas of offshore delineating potential areas of offshore placer deposits?placer deposits?
![Page 14: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Consumption of mineral aggregates by the US construction industry,for the periods 1959 and 1972 (in millions of tons)
Source: Baram et al. (1978)
![Page 15: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
US Sources and Uses of Major Nonmetallic Construction Raw Materials
Source: Morgan (1973)
OPEC EmbargoOPEC EmbargoEffectEffect
![Page 16: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Projected US Sand & Gravel Demand
Which trend was correct?Which trend was correct?Source: Cooper (1972)
![Page 17: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sources & Fates of Offshore Sand & Gravel Deposits: West Coast USA
![Page 18: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sources & Fates of Offshore Sand & Gravel Deposits: East Coast USA
Note formation of longshorebarrier islands from headland erosion
![Page 19: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Placer Exploitation (Mining) Methods
Kent (1980)
Dredging methodsat different water depths
![Page 20: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Basic Mining Strategies & Techniques
![Page 21: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Bolivian Tin MineBolivian Tin MineHydraulic Gold Mining, Alaska Hydraulic Gold Mining, Alaska
Alluvial Diamond Mining, AfricaAlluvial Diamond Mining, Africa
OpenOpen--Pit Iron Ore Mining, Pit Iron Ore Mining, BrazilBrazilPlacer Mining on Land
![Page 22: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Placer Mining at Sea
Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining
![Page 23: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mining Industry Aspects
Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining
![Page 24: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Grade-Volume Curve for Surficial Sediments of Nome, Alaska
Marine Placers
High Volume = Low Grade; High Grade = Low Volume!High Volume = Low Grade; High Grade = Low Volume!
![Page 25: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Progressive Dredging of a Reserve Block off Nome, Alaska
![Page 26: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Dislodgement Needs for Mining Marine Minerals
![Page 27: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Depth of Marine Minerals & Equipment Capability
![Page 28: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining
![Page 29: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Marine Diamond Exploration & Mining Areas of Southern Africa
Historical annual diamond miningfrom Namibian sources
![Page 30: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Diamond-bearing Igneous Pipes
Interpretive section of a pipe in Australia
![Page 31: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Inner & Middle Shelves of Nambia & South Africa: Diamond Sizes (Carots)
Along the coastline
![Page 32: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Target Target PaleoPaleo--FeaturesFeatures
Typical diamond accumulationfeatures on inner shelf.
Progressive sampling of a “diamondiferous”feature.
![Page 33: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
DeBeers’ High-Tech SeabedMining Machines Now in Use
![Page 34: Placer Deposits - SOEST · Placer Mining on Land Brazil. Placer Mining at Sea Source: IHC Deep Sea Dredging & Mining. Mining Industry Aspects ... Sluice, Alaska Gold Pan Oro, Au,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022040616/5f18e497e5029c06ae179064/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ItIt’’s Where You Find It.s Where You Find It.
Sluice, AlaskaSluice, Alaska
Gold PanGold Pan
Oro, Au, GoldOro, Au, Gold