Place in order from smallest to largest:•Biome•Biosphere•Community•Ecosystem•Population•Species

Day 1• ObjectiveObjective–I can explain the relationship

between animals and the biosphere

The Biosphere

What is the Biosphere?

• Combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including land, water and atmosphere

• Extend from 8-km above Earth’s surface to 11-km below the surface of the ocean.

Levels of Organizations

• Species– Group of organisms so

similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring

• Population– A group of individuals that

belong to the same species and live in the same area

• Community– All the different populations

that live together in a defined area

• Ecosystem– Collection of all the organisms

that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment

• Biome– A group of ecosystems that

have the same climate and dominant communities

Ecosystems

• Influenced by a combination of

biotic and abiotic factors

Biotic vs. Abiotic• Biotic Factors– The biological influences

on organisms within an ecosystem

– Ex: birds, trees, mushrooms, and bacteria

• Abiotic Factors– Physical or nonliving

factors that shape ecosystems

– Ex: temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, nutrient availability, soil type, and sun light

What is a Biome?

• Areas that have distinctive climates and organisms

What are the Major Land Biomes?

• Tropical Rain Forest

• Temperate Forest

• Taiga

• Savanna

• Temperate Grassland

• Desert

• Tundra

• Mountain

How are Biomes Named?

• According to their plant life

• Plant life determine which organisms live there

Organisms in Biomes

• Plants & animals have adapted to specific environments

• Threatened by human activities

Water Ecosystems

• Either Freshwater or Marine–Freshwater = no salt

–Marine = salt water

Freshwater Ecosystems

• Includes lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and wetlands

• Distinguished by:– Depth of the water

– How fast the water moves

– Availability of mineral nutrients, sunlight, and oxygen

Marine Ecosystem

• Identified by the presence of salt water

• Includes estuaries, coral reefs, oceans and ice caps

Day 2• ObjectiveObjective–I can describe: human interactions

with organisms and the interactions with each other

What is Biodiversity?

• Term used to indicate the number and types of species on Earth

• There are now an estimated 1.5 million species of living organisms

Why is Biodiversity important?• Earth’s greatest natural

resource

• Species of many kinds have provided us with:– Food: beef, chicken,

salad

– Industrial Products: paper, rubber

–Medicines: painkillers, antibiotics, anticancer drugs

How can humans reduce biodiversity?

• Altering habitats

• Hunting species to extinction

• Introducing toxic compounds into food webs

• Introducing foreign species to new environment

Habitat Alteration

• When land is developed, natural habitat may be destroyed

• Habitats supply organisms what they need

• Habitat destroyed means that organisms will die

• Ex: Florida Panther

Introduced Species• Invasive Species– Non-native animals that

thrive in new territory where they are free of predators, diseases, or resource limitations that may have controlled their population in their native habitat

• Can cause the extinction of native species

• Ex: Pythons in Florida

Extinction

• Occurs when a species disappears from all or part of its range

• Caused by habitat destruction, introduced species, and hunting

• Endangered Species– If a species numbers have

fallen so low that it is likely to become extinct

Endangered Species Act

• Began in 1973

• Protect plants and animals near extinction

• Protect the land where the organism lives

• Helps to bring the organisms population up

What Eats What in an Ecosystem

• Producers–Makes its own food

– Plants, trees, algae

• Consumers– Gets energy by eating

other organisms

– Animals

• Herbivore– Only eat producers

– Cows, sheep, deer, grasshoppers

• Carnivores– Only eat other

consumers

– Lions, hawks, spiders

• Omnivore– Eat both producers and

consumers

– Bears, pigs, humans

What is a Food Chain

• A sequence in which energy is transferred from one organism to the next as each organism eats another

What is a Food Web?

• A group of interrelated food chains

• No one path

• Shows feeding relationships in an ecosystem

What is a Trophic Level?

• Each step in the transfer of energy through an ecosystem

• Each time energy is transferred, less of it is available to organisms at the next trophic level

• Producer Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers

Day 3

•ObjectiveObjective–I can explain the effect Man has had on the earth

Land Use: Mining

• Strip Mining

• Mountain Top Removal

• Subsurface Mining

• Land Reclamation– Law states one must

put back two times as much as mined

Land Use: Agriculture Practices

• Old Methods– Summer fallows (rest

field for a season)

– Spraying the fields with water

– Pesticide spraying methods

– Salinization

• Newer Methods–No till Methods

–Contour Farming

–Terracing

–Alley Cropping

–Cover Crops

– Integrated Pest Management

Land Use: Industrial

• Clear cut land to place industrial plants

• Hazardous waste produced– Thermal Pollution:

water too hot

– Chemical waste entering water system

Land Use: Housing and Development

• New subdivisions are cropping up due to the population growth in areas

• Land is cleared for commercial use– Retail businesses

–Medical facilities

Overgrazing

• Occurs when animals are allowed to graze in areas and the plants are not allowed to grow back

• Poorly managed agriculture practices

Deforestation• Removal of a forest or

stand of trees for a fuel source (charcoal) or timber

• Conversion of forestland to farms, ranches & subdivisions

• 2011 half of the world’s forest were destroyed

Forest Fire vs. Wild Fire

• Forest Fire– Controlled burns by

the forestry service every 4 to 7 years

• Wild Fire– Created naturally or

by man that destroys the forest

Effects of Fires

• More fires bring warmer spring and summer temperatures

• More burning forests produces more CO2 in the air

• Global Warming

Day 4

•Objective–I can explain the benefits and

effects of Urbanization

What is Urbanization?

• The movement of people from rural areas to cities

• Depend on resources outside the city

Why are big cities growing?

• Increase in birth rates

• Immigration–Poor are moving

to larger cities and away from rural areas

How are cities growing

• Cities have grown from 2% to 45% since 1950

• By 2050, 66% of all people in the world will live in urban areas

• 75% of the U.S. population lives in urban areas occupying 3% of the country’s land area

Effect of Cities

• Heat Island– The enormous

amount of heat is in the center of the city

– 3º to 5º C (5º--9ºF) higher than the surrounding countrysides

Benefits of Urban Development

• Better education system

• Medical services

• Social Service programs

Problems of Urban Development

• Infectious diseases

• Inadequate water system

• Poor sewer systems

• Exposure to pollution

Population Growth

• US has over 300 million people

• Growth is determined by biotic potential and carrying capacity

What is Carrying Capacity?

• Is the maximum population a habitat can support indefinitely

• Population exceeds it, for long periods, degrades its environment and reduces future carrying capacity