PLA Air Defence Radars

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1/15/14 PLA Air Defence Radars 1/67 w w w .ausairpow er.net/APA-PLA-IADS-Radars.html#mozTocId64472 Last Updated: Fri Mar 29 10:48:39 UTC 2013 PLA Air Defence Radars Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0103 by John C. Wise, MBE, J.C. Wise and Associates January 2009 Updated July, November, 2009 Updated January, April, 2010 Updated April, 2012 Text © 2009 - 2012 John Wise Text, Line Art © 2009 Carlo Kopp Excerpted from Chinese Radars Russian Radars and SAMs in PLA Service Engagement and Fire Control Radars CPMIEC HT-233 / HQ-9/10 Phased Array Radar CASIC SJ-231 / KS-1A/HQ-12 Phased Array Radar CNPIPC / CEIEC H-200 KS-1A / HQ-12 Phased Array / Triumphant Mountain CPMIEC 2FA(B)/ ZD-2(B)/ HQ-2BE / SNR-75A Gin Sling B / HQ-2 and HQ2J Guideline SJ-202 Gin Sling A / KS-1 Type 341 / H/LJP-341 RICE LAMP / Type 342/342C FOG LAMP / ZL-1B SD1/A 723 CW Tracking and Illuminating Radar LY-60 / HQ-64 Engagement Radar HQ-7/FM-80FS/FM-90FS/Type 345 Crotale Engagement Radar LD-2000 TR47 / Type 730 / H/PJ12 / LR66 Engagement Radar Search and Acquisition Radars Airborne surveillance www.airbornetechnologies.at Aircraft sensor integration: experience & excellence

Transcript of PLA Air Defence Radars

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Last Updated: Fri Mar 29 10:48:39 UTC 2013

PLA Air Defence Radars

Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0103

by John C. Wise, MBE, J.C. Wise and AssociatesJanuary 2009

Updated July, November, 2009Updated January, April, 2010

Updated April, 2012Text © 2009 - 2012 John Wise

Text, Line Art © 2009 Carlo Kopp

Excerpted from Chinese Radars

Russian Radars and SAMs in PLA ServiceEngagement and Fire Control Radars

CPMIEC HT-233 / HQ-9/10 Phased Array RadarCASIC SJ-231 / KS-1A/HQ-12 Phased Array RadarCNPIPC / CEIEC H-200 KS-1A / HQ-12 Phased Array / TriumphantMountain

CPMIEC 2FA(B)/ ZD-2(B)/ HQ-2BE / SNR-75A Gin Sling B / HQ-2 andHQ2J GuidelineSJ-202 Gin Sling A / KS-1Type 341 / H/LJP-341 RICE LAMP / Type 342/342C FOG LAMP / ZL-1B SD1/A 723CW Tracking and Illuminating RadarLY-60 / HQ-64 Engagement RadarHQ-7/FM-80FS/FM-90FS/Type 345 Crotale Engagement RadarLD-2000 TR47 / Type 730 / H/PJ12 / LR66 Engagement Radar

Search and Acquisition Radars

Airborne surveillancewww.airbornetechnologies.at

Aircraft sensor integration: experience & excellence

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NRIET/CEIEC/CETC YLC-2/YLC-2A/YLC-2V High Guard 3D Long RangeSurveillance RadarCEIEC/JESE JL3D-90A / 3D CommanderECRIEE / CETC JY-11/JY-11B HUNTER-1, XINDIECRIEE / CETC JY-29 / LSS-1 Low Altitude 2D Air Defence RadarType 120 / K/LLQ120 Self Propelled Low Altitude Acquisition RadarECRIEE / CETC JYL-1 Long-range 3D Air Defence RadarCETC JY-27 Wide Mat VHF Band Long Range 2D Surveillance RadarNRIET / CEIEC / CETC YLC-4 2D Long Range Surveillance RadarCETC YLC-8/8A VHF Band Long Range 2D Surveillance RadarECRIEE JY-14 / Great Wall Tactical 3D Surveillance RadarNRIET / CETC YLC-6/6M / STAR 2000 Medium Range Surveillance RadarCETC YLC-18 High Mobility Medium Range Low Altitude 3D RadarLY-60 / HQ-64 Acquisition RadarHQ-7/FM-80SS/FM-90SS Crotale Acquisition Radars

Wide Area Surveillance RadarsOTH-B Over-The-Horizon Backscatter RadarCEIEC Surface Wave-OTH (SW-OTH) Radar

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The H-200 Passive ESA (PESA) engagement radar used with the KS-1A SAM system is representative of the newgeneration of indigenous Chinese military radars. It is modelled on the Patriot's MPQ-53 engagement radar.

Engagement and Fire Control Radars

CPMIEC HT-233 / HQ-9/10 Phased Array Radar

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Production HT-233 PESA engagement radar on the 10 x 10 Taian TAS-5380 series chassis (© 2009, BradleyHuang).

This is the Chinese derivative of the Russian 30N6E1 Tomb Stone used to detect and tracktargets, and control the launch of the S-300PMU1 / SA-20 Gargoyle air defence missile. Inthe Chinese case, however, the HT-233 is also associated with the HQ-10, HQ-15, HQ-9 /FD-2000 or HQ-9 / FT-2000 surface-to-air Anti Radiation Missile. The latter was a combinedIsraeli/Chinese missile designed to take out the stand-off jammers which threaten SAMtarget designation radars. The parameter set is likely to be similar to that of 30N6E1 whichit emulates.

It is reported that the PLAAF air defence forces based in Fujian Province near the TaiwanStrait, are equipped with the FT-2000 and Russian-made S-300PMU1 SAMs acquired between1991 and 1998.

An FT-2000 battalion can function alone where it would seek its targets with ESM systems,

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but more commonly it is anticipated to be part of an S-300 detachment.

Little is known about the radar other than it may function in G-band, probably between 5.2and 5.9 GHz a sub-band for which production components are readily available. From recentdescriptions, the antenna would most likely appear to be a passive phased array employingsome 3,000 ferrite phase shifters (the 30N6 uses ~10,000 elements). It has mechanicalscan in azimuth and electronic beam steering in azimuth/elevation, like the 30N6E1, up to65° off aperture boresight, and can track up to 50 targets simultaneously.

It is possibly that a variant of this radar, referred to by NATO as TOMB STONE, is installedin Type 051C LANZHOU class destroyers. S-300PMU1 / SA-20 and FT-2000 systems aredeployed around Beijing and at Longtian, near Fuzhou, facing Taiwan. They are alsodeployed near the coastal cities of Xiamen in Fujian Province and Shantou in Guangdongprovince.

Production configurations of the radar is deployed on the 10 x 10 Taian TAS5501 chassis,based on the Russian MAZ-543 vehicle.

Developmental configuration of HT-233 PESA engagement radar on 8 x 8 Taian TAS-5380.

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Production HT-233 configuration on a 10 x 10 Taian TAS5501 chassis. This version includes an IFF array across thetop of the primary aperture, and also shows the 30N6E1 style primary aperture and space feed well. Below displaymodels of this variant (© 2009, Bradley Huang).

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Deployed HQ-9 battery. Above, self propelled YLC-2V to the left with its three support vehicles, in the backgrounda HT-233 battery engagement radar. Below, transloader in the foreground, HT-233 to the right.

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CASIC SJ-231 / KS-1A/HQ-12 Phased Array Radar

The SJ-231 is an alternate radar for the KS-1A/HQ-12 SAM system, based on the HT-233 PESA antenna and cabindesign. Cited performance is virtually identical to the H-200. Unlike the towed H-200, the SJ-231 is self propelled,but unlike the HT-233 it is split across a pair of 6 x 6 or 8 x 8 vehicles.

Specifications (CASIC):

Operating band: C (G/X) band

Radar cross section: 2m2

Maximum detection range: ≥120km

Minimum detection range: 3km

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Minimum detection range: 3km

Operational performance: Altitude: 0.05~27km

Slant range: 5~70km (120 km)

Maximum operational airspace: Azimuth: 0~360º (mechanical rotation range)

-30º~+30º (electrical scanning range)

Elevation: -1º~+70º (electrical scanning range)

Target capability: Guide 4~8 missiles to intercept 4 targets at the same time

"The SJ-231 guidance station is an important constituent part and the operational command and control centerof the KS-1A weapon system. It is used to detect and track the aerial target and control and guide the missile.The SJ-231 guidance station is an advanced guidance radar system and is developed according to themodern war characteristics and the modern air-defense combat requirements. During the development of theguidance station, many advanced techniques in the radar technique development since 1990s are applied toimprove the technical performance of the SJ-231 guidance station to a new level."

The antenna on this radar is common to a HT-233, but the configuration is split across two 6 x 6 trucks.

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CNPIPC / CEIEC H-200 KS-1A / HQ-12 Phased Array / TriumphantMountain

H-200 engagement radar and KS-1A TEL. The H-200 is semi-mobile, but with further evolution could qualify asmobile (© 2009, Bradley Huang).

In 2000 the KS-1A was promoted as a new air defence missile, supplanting the earlier SA-2copy known as the KS-1 (Kaishan-1, refer SJ-202).

A ‘medium-to-high altitude, long-range SAM guidance station’ is how this radar is presentedand it is believed to be a Chinese reverse engineered copy of the American AN/MPQ-53Patriot radar. This being the case, the H-200 can be expected to function in G-bands,offering integrated electronic sector surveillance, target detection (TD), target tracking (TT),Identification Friend & Foe (IFF), and missile guidance (MG) functionality.

The antenna face comprises surveillance, IFF, target illumination and data transmissionelements, and will offer phase steered target detection over an approximate 90º sector andtracking over a somewhat wider sector, but less than 160º. Reported capability is as follows:

Target detection & tracking ranges:Max detection range: ≥120km @ 8 km altitude ≥50km @ 0.1km alt Max stable tracking: ≥90km @ 8 km alt ≥45km @ 0.1km alt

Target characteristics: RCS: 2m2

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Target characteristics: RCS: 2m2

Max target velocity: 750m/s (2.18 Mach)Manoeuvre overload: 5.5gTracking capacity: Accurate tracking 3 targets; Monitoring 3 targets; Guidance 6 missiles;Guidance error: ≤50m

Set-up time ≤30 mins Tear-down time ≤20 mins qualifying the radar as semi-mobile.

Note 1: The KS-1 missile is usually associated with the SJ-202, whereas the KS-1A is beingassociated with the H-200 / KS-1A phased array.Note 2: Antenna is very similar to that of BL904. A deployed example of a H-200 / KS-1Aphased array radar can be seen at 43º 56’ 57.18” North, 87º 40’ 25.49” East, surrounded bysix probable KS-1A missile launchers.

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The H-200 is modelled on the MPQ-53 and 30N6E1 with a space feed arrangement, but using a simple horn ratherthan lens arrangement.

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CPMIEC 2FA(B)/ ZD-2(B)/ HQ-2BE / SNR-75A Gin Sling B / HQ-2 andHQ2J Guideline

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GIN SLING B is the NATO name for this engagement radar which appears to be a Chineseversion of the old Soviet SNR-75 FAN SONG radar, (see also SJ-202) which is deployed withthe SA-2 Guideline or KS-1 SAMs. It comprises a number of radiating elements.

There are two E/F-band Lewis scanners. These are believed to be the azimuth and elevationair search elements, although this radar would not normally function in isolation, and wouldusually receive target prompts from any one of a variety of volumetric search radars.

An F-band element is possibly used for target tracking whilst G-band elements are formissile guidance.

An I-band element reportedly has a range only (RO) function for accurate rangemeasurement whilst a D-band element may have an IFF application.

ZD-2(B) is the designator given to the complete missile guidance station associated withthe HQ-2B missile, whilst 2FA(B) is the radar transmitter/receiver sub-assembly.

The RF and PRF/PRI value suffixes (refer book) imply their linkage during transmission. G2may represent a second transmission source with subtly different parameters, to reduce theprobability of mutual interference if they operated in close proximity.

The Lewis Scan search technique combines the output of two separate assemblies that areset at 90° to each other.

The RF feeds rotate independently to achieve horizontal and vertical scans respectively, overa narrow sector at a medium data rate, usually between 10 and 25 Hertz and one source hassuggested a rate between 15.5 and 17 Hz This system is ageing and is not included in theCRIA 2004 list of indigenously supplied equipment (refer book).

However, whilst it might still be materially supported, it is probably out of production anddue for replacement.

In the meantime its major attributes appear to have been retained in the visually lesssophisticated SJ-202 (see separate entry), which is being promoted for export.

This radar has been exported to Albania, Iran, North Korea and Pakistan.

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SJ-202 Gin Sling A / KS-1

SJ-202 Gin Sling A.

The SJ-202 is a fire control radar and is reported by Taiwan to be associated with theKAISHAN-1 (KS-1) SAM, although is may also be deployed for use with the HongQi-2 (HQ-2B/J) and SA-2 SAM detachments, where the latter still exist.

It appears to be an indigenous development of the system known generically to NATO asGIN SLING (see also separate entry for 2FA(B) / GIN SLING B), out of the Russian FAN SONGsystem to which it has very similar physical attributes and, therefore may exhibit similartransmission parameters, particularly as it appears to deploy identical LEWIS scan trackingantennas in both the horizontal and vertical planes.

In this respect, although variously reported so to be, it is not a phased-array radar. TheLewis scanners are anticipated to function in the 10~25 Hertz range, and other parametersmay be similar to those of GIN SLING B.

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A 2004 display model of the SJ-202 Gin Sling A.

Type 341 / H/LJP-341 RICE LAMP / Type 342/342C FOG LAMP / ZL-1B SD1/A 723

CW Tracking and Illuminating Radar

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Type 341 radar.

The HQ-61 Surface to Air Missile system is derived from the Selenia Aspide, itself aderivative of the US AIM-7 Sparrow. The SAM is available in naval and land based air defencevariants. The land based variant uses the Type 571 acquisition radar, a derivative of theSoviet P-15 Flat Face, and a CW tracking and illumination radar. The latter has not beenseen in the West, but its naval variants have and are known as the Type 341 RICE LAMP andType 342 FOG LAMP.

Type 341 Fire Control System - this ageing I-band fire control radar is reminiscent of HAWKSCREECH a Soviet shipborne fire control system of the 1960s and 1970s and it is suspectedthat Type 341 can probably trace it's origin to that period.

Originally widely fitted in JIANGHU, LUDA, JIANGWEI frigates for the control and direction ofHQ-61 missile firings, it has since been replaced in many installations by Type 347G RICEBOWL in Chinese vessels, but not in exported hulls such as the Type 053HT CHAO PHRAYAclass in Thailand.

It may still also be installed in some other older hulls where it supports either the twin37mm or 57mm general-purpose guns although it appears to have been removed from theThai Navy’s HUDONG class replenishment tanker.

Below the parabolic dish there is a longitudinal antenna-like array. The application isunknown but could be either an I-band, end-fed search array for which it is about the rightsize assuming that the director can rotate on its pedestal -or more likely it may have an IFF-like function.

Type 342 Fire Control Radar - this H/I-bands radar shares some physical similarities with theold Soviet OWL SCREECH fire control system.

Known in NATO as FOG LAMP, it is currently installed in JINGWEI I class frigates and is used

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as the target tracker for the HQ-61 surface-air-missile (SAM) systems in that hull.

This radar was also fitted in JIANGDONG class frigates, since replaced by later versions ofJIANGWEI I.

It is believed that Type 342 might be nearing its demise in the PLAN. There are somesimilarities with Type 313, which is an I-band system originally developed in the late 1980sfor land based and naval applications.

Although reported as an H/I band radar it is considered to function within the rangeindicated because H-band is preserved specifically for satellite related activities.

There is a single web record of a Type 342C but no details about this assumed emitter havebeen found. However, based on precedent this could be a land based mobile variant.

A HQ-61 battery launching a weapon.

LY-60 / HQ-64 Engagement Radar

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LY-60 / HQ-64 Engagement Radar (image © 2009, Zhenguan Studio).

Very little has been disclosed to date on the HQ-64/LY-60 engagement radar, with thesystem first being displayed publicly in late 2008 (above). This radar is primarily aContinuous Wave X-band illuminator for the monopulse semi-active homing LY-60 missileround, a reverse engineered Aspide Mk.1 (AIM-7 derivative). The simplicity of the fixedsingle horn feed makes it unlikely that this radar includes a monopulse precision angletracking capability often seen in Russian CW tracker/illuminator designs.

HQ-7/FM-80FS/FM-90FS/Type 345 Crotale Engagement Radar

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The HQ-7 family of SAMs are derivatives of the reverse engineered Thomson CSF Crotale.

The HQ-7 is a Chinese clone of the French Thales/Thomson CSF Crotale SAM. During the1970s the French supplied samples of the Crotale which was promptly reverse engineered.The cloned Crotale has been built in two configurations, a high mobility variant for PLA Armyunits on a 4 x 4 scout vehicle, and a less mobile PLA-AF air field defence system, usingeither a trailer or a truck platform. A naval variant as also been developed.

A four round elevating tube launcher turret is used, mounting the Ku-band AutomaticCommand to Line Of Sight monopulse radar dish antenna. Export variants are the FM-80 andimproved FM-90 with a FLIR tracker and longer ranging missiles.

The naval HQ-7 installations on the Lua, Luhu, Luhia and Jiangwai II classes employ theType 345 engagement radar, believed to be a reverse engineered Thomson-CSF Castor 2J/C.

If the Chinese copy of the Castor 2J/C is faithful then it will have pulse compression,velocity discrimination filters, frequency agility to enable clutter de-correlation and a passivetracking capability. System employs Doppler tracking with a first blind speed of 1,000m/sec.

Maximum airborne target tracking range is given as 40km. Antenna beamwidth is reported tobe 0.67º with 43 dB of gain across a stabilized elevation of -25º~+85º. Peak power is givenat 30kW with an antenna gain of 43.0dB.

Type 345 [Castor 2J/C] Specifications

Operating Band [MHz] 15,700 ~ 17,700

PRF [pps] 3,550 ~ 3,6507,150 ~ 7,250

PRI [μsec] 273.9 ~ 281.7137.9 ~ 139.8

PD [μsec] 7.4 ~ 7.6

Angle Tracking Monopulse

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HQ-7FS engagement radar towed.

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HQ-7FS/FM-80 engagement radar on 4 x 4 TELAR.

HQ-7FS/FM-90 engagement radar on 6 x 6 TELAR (image © 2009, Zhenguan Studio).

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Type 345 Crotale engagement radar (image © 2009, Zhenguan Studio).

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LD-2000 TR47 / Type 730 / H/PJ12 / LR66 Engagement Radar

The LD-2000 SPAAG/SPAAGM is intended for point defence of fixed ground sites against lowflying rotary and fixed wing threats, and has significant growth potential as a Counter-PGM(C-PGM) and Counter-RAM (C-RAM) terminal defence system. The design employs tworadars, a TR-47 series engagement radar for the gun mount, and an acquisition radarmounted on a telescoping mast.

NORINCO have confirmed that the tracking radar operates in J-band, estimated between15.7 and 17.3 GHz, with a maximum cited range of 9 km. This would imply a maximum PRFof around 16,000 pps. There is also a coupled TV and IR tracker system on the weapon, thatwas used for acceptance trials, which were apparently successful. The acquisition radarfunctions in I-band, estimated between 8.8 and 9.7 GHz.

Following the trials, in an original format vehicle, it is now being offered for export.

As can be seen from numerous picture images, the I-band acquisition radar has now beenintegrated into the main LD-2000 combat vehicle (CV). There appears not to be anIntelligence and Communications Vehicle (ICV) any more, which gives the CV more freedom. The I-band acquisition radar also has a new reflector with a dual horn feed, for improvedvertical coverage, and a new turning motor which might imply a complete new I-bandsystem.

According to Christopher F. Foss in JDW 25Nov09 p27; the gun is a Type 730B 30mm 7-barrel Gatling with a max rate of fire of 4,200 rounds/min, over an effective range of 2.5 ~3.5 km. The weapon is loaded with 1,000 rounds, enough, apparently, for about 48 potentialtarget engagements. As reported originally in the Chinese radars text, the gun is capable offiring armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS), high explosive incendiary (HEI) and targetpractice (TP) rounds.

The limitation of the existing LD-2000 design is in its acquisition radar, which is not suitable

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The limitation of the existing LD-2000 design is in its acquisition radar, which is not suitablefor high speed low radar cross section targets, especially flown along steep trajectories. Thisprecludes the use of the current LD-2000 configuration in C-RAM and C-PGM roles. The TR-47series tracking radar has been used for naval shipboard defence applications and is claimedto be effective against Mach 2 low signature sea skimming threats, making it viable for landbased C-RAM and C-PGM roles. The principal adaptation required to make the LD-2000 ahighly capable C-RAM/C-PGM system is integration with a suitable acquisition radar design,such as the SLC-2 or newer Type 704 series counter-battery radars, for a narrower C-PGMrole an existing air defence phased array such as the H-200 would be suitable.

TR-47G Engagement RadarExport Desig: TR47GOther Desigs: TR47C, Type 47GSupplier: YMEIRI

Parametrics:RF (MHz) 8,800 ~ 9,600RF Agility 700 MHzPRF (pps) -PRI (μsecs) -PD (μsecs) 0.3 ~ 0.4Modulation PulsedST Monopulse - Circular -Antenna:Beamwidth (H & V) 2ºGain ≥ 37dBTracking accuracy:Bearing ≤ 1mradElevation ≤ 1 mradRange ≤ 5 mTransmitter:Peak power 120-150 kWReceiver:Noise Factor ≤9 dBSystem reaction time ≤ 3sMTI improvement factor ≥ 25dB

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The existing acquisition radar is a low cost design suitable for airborne battlefield threats, but not the morechallenging C-RAM and C-PGM roles.

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Naval variants of the Type 703 are direct equivalents to the European Goalkeeper CIWS.

Search and Acquisition Radars

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Comparison of PLA search and acquisition radar performance. The Russian Protivnik GE and Gamma DE areincluded for reference (C. Kopp)

NRIET/CEIEC/CETC YLC-2/YLC-2A/YLC-2V High Guard 3D Long RangeSurveillance Radar

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The massive L-band YLC-2 bears much similarity to the Thales TRS-2230, the ITT-Gilfillan 320 and NNIIRT ProtivnikGE.

This radar is carried in the 2004 CRIA listing of Chinese indigenous products. There is also anew version designated YLC-2A (next page), and a self-propelled version; YLC-2V. (SeeSection 5.7), but note that they both function in E/F-band.

Little is known about this radar except that five YLC-2 radars were handed over to thePakistani Air Force (PAF) at Faisal Airbase on 15th June 2003, and probably two more in

2006, to be used in support of the PAF air defence network1, where it was reported to be ahigh-powered, solid-state, long-range 3D air surveillance radar, similarly reported by its

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manufacturer Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET), without referenceto having a phased array in either case.

Although China reporters2 have often claimed that frequency-scanning radars are phased

arrays, recently provided data suggests that the YLC-2 is actually an active phased array.3

The antenna array has 54 horizontal elements, each fed by a 2.0 kW (peak, at 8% dutycycle) T/R module that is reported to have improved upon the earlier design of the AN/TPS-59 and GE-592 radars of which it appears to be a copy. The main antenna is topped by anIFF/MSSR array.

The system is said to have a detection range of 330km, which would suggest a peak PRF ofaround 455pps and operational PRF of about 300pps. It is reported to have a variety ofelectronic counter-countermeasures (ECCMs), to enable survival in a hostile electro-magneticenvironment.

There are two other versions, the YLC-2A and YLC-2V (see) but both employ smaller, morecompact antenna arrays and have been declared to function in E/F-band.

Wikipedia claims the following unverifiable specification:

Detection range: 330 km Range accuracy: 200 m Range resolution: 300 m

Azimuth: 0º ~ 360º Elevation: 0.5º ~ 20º

Height accuracy: 400m @ 200 km 750m @ 300 km

Antenna aperture: 7m x 9 m Sidelobe level: -35 dB

MTI improvement factor: 44 dB

Peak power: 85 kW Average power: 5.5 kW

Chen Zhencheng reported 2.0kW peak for each of 54 T/R modules, implying a system PEP of104kW. PEP 85kW and average of 5.5kW imply a duty cycle of about 6.5%.

A single report suggests an instrumental range of 550km, which would require a minimumPRF of about 275pps whilst a range resolution of 300m would indicated a minimum(processed) PD of 1µs.

One source has referred to a YLC-2 radar as the ‘San Zuobiao remote warning radar’. Subjectto confirmation, it is assumed that San Zuobiao is the location of a YLC-2 installation.

PLA Desig: YLC-2

Export Desig:

Other Desigs: High Guard

Supplier: NRIET / CEIEC / CETC

Parametrics:

RF (MHz) 1,240 ~ 1,400

PRF (pps) ~275

PRI (µsecs) ~363

PD (µsecs) ~1.0

Modulation Pulsed

ST Circular

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SP (sec / Hz) secs

Notes:

1 http://www.pakistanidefence.com/news/FullNews/June2003.2 http://www.sinodefence.com/electronics/radar/ylc2.asp3 Chen Zhencheng,1996 Beijing Radar Conference (pp.171-174).4 Most Chinese radar reporting sources tend to call frequency scanning (Frescan) radars ‘phased array radars’,which from a strict purist viewpoint, they are not. China only has few active phased array systems of which Type346, installed on Type 052C Luyang II-class destroyers is a good example. Most of China’s ‘phased arrays’ are infact Frescan systems, mechanically scanning in azimuth and frequency scanning in elevation. A Chinesecommentator in Hong Kong stated that it is a far less expensive solution [than an active phased array] but stillproduces good results - a phrase previously voiced by Russian commentators when comparing active and passivephased arrays.

YLC-2A towed variant with reduced elevation resolution. This subtype is carried on a semi-trailer chassis.

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Self propelled YLC-2V variant deployed and on the move.

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CEIEC/JESE JL3D-90A / 3D Commander

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This radar is carried in the 2004 CRIA listing of Chinese indigenous products.

This is a fully coherent, 3D radar with a low side-lobe, planar, phased array antenna.

The radar may be used for civil and friendly air traffic management, detection of hostileaircraft and, as in the illustration, it may have an IFF sub-system integrated to determinethe friendliness of targets in flight.

Recent information (2004) states that the JL3D-90A employs a radio frequency (RF) agiletransmitter with a klystron amplifier chain and a low-noise linear receiver using digital pulsecompression techniques to achieve long-range detection with good target discrimination.Adaptive digital signal processing is employed with comprehensive BITE.

The receiver’s dynamic range is given two different value in two brochures, one each fromJESE and CEIEC

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Monopulse sum/difference height measurement is employed with automatic target extractionand adaptive signal processing.

Target processing capacity is 100 tracks for every antenna scan (10secs).

The antenna cover diagram for a probability of detection of 80% against a radar cross

section of 2m2 is illustrated, whilst the processing and display cabinets are shown below.

Target detection data:Range: 300kmAltitude: 20,000mRange accuracy: 150mAltitude accuracy: 500mAzimuth accuracy: 0.25° Range resolution: 90mAzimuth resolution: 1.5º The antenna: Dimensions: 5.2m x 5.4mElevation cover 0.5º -20ºGain: 38.5dBHorizontal beamwidth: 1.5ºVertical beamwidth: 1.5°Near axis side-lobe level -35dBFar axis side-lobe level -45dBPeak power output: 700kW.

Receiver:Noise figure: ≤2dBDynamic range: 90dB/110dB

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ECRIEE / CETC JY-11/JY-11B HUNTER-1, XINDI

Transportable JY-11 deployed.

This radar is carried in the 2004 CRIA listing of Chinese indigenous products.

A modern, highly mobile F-band radar with an integrated D-band IFF sub-system designed as

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A modern, highly mobile F-band radar with an integrated D-band IFF sub-system designed asa low-to-medium altitude 3D surveillance gap-filling system, capable of military air trafficcontrol (ATC).

This radar was first declared (as HUNTER1) at the International Radar Symposium in Munich1998, where it was stated to be a highly mobile, solid-state, frequency-scanning, targetindication radar. For mobility it locates very quickly piggy-back fashion on a flat-back 4x4truck.

The JY-11 is a 3D radar, mechanically scanned in azimuth and frequency scanned inelevation where it has five groups of beams: one long range and four medium range groups.The five groups forming a total of 14 electronically scanned beams providing 30º of verticalcover.

Facilities and capabilities include a narrow-beam, low sidelobe antenna with dual, slow-wavestructure enabling the radar to operate over two sub-frequency bands separated by 100 MHz,which overcomes the disadvantage of weak anti-active jamming capability in a single band.

Digital pulse compression with a relatively low power output, across a large dynamic range,is achieved by a fully coherent highly reliable frequency synthesizer.

JY-11 being deployed.

There is a JY-11B but it appears to have significantly newer attributes. This radar is notcarried in the 2004 CRIA listing of Chinese indigenous products.

The JY-11B Mobile, Low-Altitude Radar is believed to have been advertised for the first timein the CETC 2007 catalogue of products and is claimed to be a solid-state, mobile, low-altitude 3D air surveillance radar, operating in the E/F-band.

It employs ‘reconfigurable’ transmission beams and Digital Beam Forming (DBF) for receptionto provide low-altitude and good sea-surface detection, with modern processing techniques

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including AMTI and pulse Doppler sampling.

Unlike the forgoing JY-11, this is not a dismountable system but the antenna can be raisedon a hydraulically controlled tower to improve the system’s low altitude coverage, verysimilar in concept and design to the German TRM-S system, or ByeloRussian Vostok E.

Self-propelled JY-11B deployed.

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JY-11 Specifications: (Pd=80, Pf=10-6, RCS 2m2)

Band: 2.7 - 3.4 GHz

Detection range: Detection altitude: Elevation:

>180km 15,000 m 0º ~ 30º

Azimuth: 0º ~ 360º

Resolution:

Range: Azimuth:

200m 2.5º

Other Data:

Peak power output: First sidelobe level: 13.5 kW

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-35 dB

MTBF: 800 hrs

MTTR: 0.5 hrs

JY-11B Specifications: (Pd=80, Pf=10-6, RCS 2m2)

Target detection data:Range: Altitude: Elevation:

210km 12,000m 0º ~ 35º

Azimuth 0º ~ 360º

Range accuracy: Azimuth accuracy: Height accuracy: (≤100km)

50m 0.3° 500m

Range resolution: Azimuth resolution:

100m 1.8º

MTBCF: MTTR:

1,000 hrs 0.5 hrs

Deployment: 10 mins / 4 personsWithdrawal: 10 mins / 4 personsTransportability: Road, rail, sea or air

ECRIEE / CETC JY-29 / LSS-1 Low Altitude 2D Air Defence Radar

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CETC 2004 brochure image of the LSS-1 radar (CETC).

The LSS-1 is listed as a high-mobility, low altitude cover, 2D gap-filling tactical radar. Theantenna comprises 16 (end-fed) elements and it folds down over the drivers cab fortransportation. The system functions in D-band (L-band) and may employ Dopplerprocessing.

LSS-1 is listed by CRIA as a current indigenous product manufactured by ECRIEE and waspresented in model form at CIDEX, the Beijing Defence Exhibition, in May 2004.

Since the original notification of production in 2004, the system’s reported measurementaccuracy and resolution have been halved.

The first reference to this family of radars was as the JY-29, in a 2001 IEEE conferencepublication. The Type 120 radar, hosted on a North-Benz 6 x 6 military truck, appears to bea direct evolution of the LSS-1 design, for use by PLA air defence units.

Coverage: (Pd= 80%, P

faa=10-6, SW1, σ = 2 m2)

Azimuth 0º~360ºElevation: 0º~30ºInstrumented range: 250 kmSearch range: 200 kmHeight: 12,000 mTarget capacity: ≥72 tracks

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Given a detection range of 180km would suggest maximum PRF in the order of 830pps.Measurement Accuracy: (rms)Range: 100 mAzimuth: 0.5ºTarget Resolution: (Pd=0.5)Range: 300 mAzimuth: 2.0º

MTBCF: ≥ 800 hrsMTTR: ≤ 30 minsDeployment: 5 mins by 2 personsWithdrawal: 5 mins by 2 personsStartup time: 30 secondsTransport units: 2 x 6-wheeled vehicles

Type 120 / K/LLQ120 Self Propelled Low Altitude Acquisition Radar

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Type 120 fully deployed. Note the hydraulic rams used to elevate the antenna mast (© 2009, Bradley Huang).

ECRIEE / CETC JYL-1 Long-range 3D Air Defence Radar

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Self-propelled variant of the JYL-1 (ABN).

The JYL-1 radar is carried in the 2004 CRIA listing of Chinese indigenous products.

The JYL-1 is a long-range 3D surveillance radar typical of those assets that might be foundin a modern air defence network.

It functions in the E/F-band region and might be used as either a military or commercialasset for air traffic control and management purposes.

Coverage: (Pd=80%, Pf=10-6, SW1, RCS=2m2)

Azimuth 0º ~ 360º Elevation: 0º ~ 25º Search range; 320km Height: 25,000m

Measurement Accuracy (rms):Range: 100m Azimuth: 0.3º Height: 600m @ 200km Azimuth: 0.3º

Resolution:Range: 200m Azimuth 1.5º

Reliability:MTBF: ≥ 800hrs MTTR: ≤ 0.5 hrs

In the long-range search mode, max PRF to be expected is approx 430pps.

In August 2005, Venezuela contracted three units as part of an air defence upgradeprogramme, to replace two old U.S. supplied AN/TPS-70 radars.

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Semitrailer variant of JYL-1.

The picture above is interesting because, although captioned as a JYL-1, most pictures showthis radar to be mounted on a flat-bed truck, like that shown in the title image, but this is a

demountable version, more akin to the JY-11 series .

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demountable version, more akin to the JY-11 series .

It takes approximately 1 hour by 8 persons to setup the system and a similar time todismantle it.

Three vehicles form the system convoy. The latest picture made available by CETC confirmsthat the antenna is demountable.

CETC JY-27 Wide Mat VHF Band Long Range 2D Surveillance Radar

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NRIET / CEIEC / CETC YLC-4 2D Long Range Surveillance Radar

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CETC YLC-8/8A VHF Band Long Range 2D Surveillance Radar

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ECRIEE JY-14 / Great Wall Tactical 3D Surveillance Radar

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This is a medium-to long-range tactical 3D surveillance radar the primary function of which isair defence, and it is expected to be deployed in regional air defence networks.

It has 8 RF feeds, six in E/F-band and two in D-band, the latter two giving good height coverwhere the lowest may also be used for an IFF facility. Reported parameters are:

Coverage: (Pd=0.9, Pfa=10-6, SW1, σ = 3m2)

Azimuth 360º Elevation: 0º~20º Search range; 320km Height: 25,000m Target capacity: ≥72 tracks

Antenna:Beams: 8 vertically stacked / 1st sidelobe -30db

Detection Accuracy (rms):

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Range: 90mAzimuth: 0.2º Height: 400m @ 200km

Target Resolution:Range: 300m Azimuth 0.9º Elevation 1.0º

Reliability:MTBF: ≥4150hrsMTTR: ≤30mins

MTI improvement 40dB System noise figure 5.5dB IF bandwidth 450Hz

This radar employs a number of modern technologies including a low-sidelobe antenna,pulse compression, self-adaptive moving target indication (AMTI), with a peak envelopepower (PEP) of approximately 1MW.

JY-14 is reported to have a range of anti jamming facilities, to ensure normal operation inthe most severe of electronic warfare (EW) environments.

RF agility range is stated to be 15%, which suggests about 450MHz in the highest RF rangelisted. There is a selection of 30 RFs within this range available for diversity or agilityoperations, which suggests repetitive fixed frequency hopping in the latter case.

At least one source states that the frequency diversity interval is 150MHz, which mightconfirm the use of the two lower frequency sub-bands.

Notes:

Outside of mainland China, and arguably even within it, the lowest RF band shown isconsidered unlikely (in peacetime) as it is no longer allocated for radar operations (referbook).

On 22nd October 2001, China Reform Monitor No. 410 reported that a JY-14 emitter hadbeen detected in Iran (by electronic intercept) close to the Afghanistan border.

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JY-14 Great Wall.

NRIET / CETC YLC-6/6M / STAR 2000 Medium Range SurveillanceRadar

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This radar was initially reported at the Chinese International Conference on Radar, held inBeijing in 1996, where a paper described it as a highly mobile, solid-state, three-coordinate,medium-range surveillance radar, developed by NRIET. Since then it has been consistentlyreported as a 2D radar.

The YLC-6 is a demountable radar that incorporates a range of modern technologiesincluding an advanced MTD processor to enhance its tactical performance for both militaryand civil applications .

The YLC-6 has been deployed in considerable numbers along the Chinese coastline, as asecond line of air surveillance facing Taiwan.

In tests this system is said to have detected and tracked an American AH-64 APACHE attackhelicopter out to 30 km. The system’s maximum-instrumented range against a high-flyingaircraft is given as 180km although detection range is only given out to 150km, which wouldsuggest a maximum instrumented PRF of 1,000pps and an operational stagger of averageabout 700pps.

Imprecise details of the antenna, its feed and its overall size initially suggested itfunctioned in E/F-band, which was confirmed by CETC in 2007 and regardless of the 3Dclaims made in 1996, CETC continues to promote the YLC-6 as a 2D radar.

Specifications:Operating frequency: E/F-band

Coverage: (RCS=2m2, Pd=80%, Pfa=10-6,)

Range: Elevation:

3 ~ 150 km 0º ~ 40º

Height: 10,000 m

Resolution:

Range: Azimuth:

150 m 1.5º

Peak power: 180 kW

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Mobility:Set up time: Withdrawal time:

8 mins 6 mins

Standard interface to C3I system.

The specific features claimed by NRIET are:

High mobility, rapid deployment, Good low altitude detection performance, Excellent ECCMcapability, Fully coherent solid-state transmitter, Low side-lobe antenna, Dual channelreceiver redundancy, Digital signal processor, Excellent clutter rejection, Automatic hydrauliclevelling, Automatic north finding with GPS.

The model (refer book) demonstrates the non-demountable 6-wheel variant designated YLC-6M (M = mobile -assumed) that was shown in Beijing in 2004.

Either the YLC-6 or -6M has been exported to Pakistan, which is understood to have requiredup to 10 units. Meanwhile, the YLC-6M is listed by the CRIA in 2004 as an indigenousproduct of NRIET that is available for export. There is a static version of this radar used atsome airports and known as YLC-6 ATC.

This system continues to be promoted by CETC in 2008.

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CETC YLC-18 High Mobility Medium Range Low Altitude 3D Radar

This is a two-vehicle convoy, high mobility, medium-range, low-altitude 3D radar announcedby CETC in June 2007 at Singapore.

The reported system features are excellent low-altitude performance with high measurementaccuracy, strong ECCM capability.

Specifications: Operating frequency: EF-band

Coverage: (Pd = 80%, RCS = 2m2)

Range: ≥ 250kmHeight: ≥ 12,000mElevation: 0º ~ 35ºAzimuth: 0º ~ 360º

Its detection range suggest instantaneous PRF of 600pps thus operational PRF of approx 400

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is suspected.

Measurement accuracy: (rms)Azimuth: ≤ 0.3ºRange: ≤ 100mHeight: ≤ 600m (within 200km)Assembly/disassembly: 20mins/4 personsMTBCF: ≥ 1,000 hrsMTTR: ≤ 30 mins

In view of its 3D capability and potential to control aircraft and surface-to-air weapons, itslikely frequency cover is shown, which is within the ITU regulated bands.

LY-60 / HQ-64 Acquisition Radar

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The LY-60 acquisition radar. This design is nearest in configuration to the YLC-6M series, and is likely a directderivative (image © 2009, Zhenguan Studio).

The CPMIEC LY-60 is a direct clone of the Italian Selenia (Alenia) Aspide Mk.1, itself derivedfrom the RIM-7E Sea Sparrow. This missile is frequently cited as the direct replacement forthe conceptually similar but much bulkier HQ-61.

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Until recently, only poor quality imagery of this design was available. The antennaconfiguration is similar to that of the CLC-2 SPAAG acquisition radar, and the much largerYL-6/6M series acquistion radars. However, the antenna feed and truncated parabolic sectionreflector on the LY-60 design differs from both earlier radars, suggesting this is a newdesign rather than specialised derivative.

HQ-7/FM-80SS/FM-90SS Crotale Acquisition Radars

FM-90 Crotale display model at Zhuhai, 2008. The acquisition radar uses a planar array with a boresighted IFFarray (image © 2009, Zhenguan Studio).

Two types of acquisition radar are associated with different variants of the HQ-7 family ofSAM systems. The first of these uses a trucated paraboloid reflector, the second a planararray design. The earlier configuration has been supplied on a towed trailer, a 4 x 4 vehicleand a 6 x 6 vehicle, the newer configuration only the latter.

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FM-80 towed Crotale display model.

Self propelled variant of the HQ-7/FM-80 acquisition radar on 6 x 6 vehicle (above) and 4 x 4 vehicle (below),stowed.

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FM-90 Crotale acquisition radar.

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Wide Area Surveillance Radars

OTH-B Over-The-Horizon Backscatter Radar

China is reported to have developed its first OTH-B radar back in 1967, although itsdesignation is not known. Since the 1980s two further installations have possibly beenadded to the inventory, with at least one system looking out into the China Sea areareportedly to target (US Navy) aircraft carriers.

Backscatter systems function at the upper end of the High Frequency (HF) band, typicallybetween 12 and 28 MHz.

OTH-B radars are bistatic systems, this is where the transmitter and receiver use differentantennas at widely separated locations to achieve detection results. The importance ofthese systems is that they are not limited by line of sight, as are most radars, but they dorequire a very significant amount of processing power. This was the limiting factor with earlyChinese OTH systems, but may no longer be the case.

Because of the very long wavelengths involved, to be efficient, the antenna arrays areextremely large as indicated in the picture above.

China's OTH-B is said to use Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) transmissionsto enable Doppler measurements, the suppression of static objects and the display ofmoving targets.

On 14th November 2001 www.china.com reported that CEIEC was (then) developing a newOTH radar because only one system was currently available (presumably the one shown atits web site), which is the one assumed to be sited near the HQ of the South China Fleet atGuangzhou.

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CEIEC Surface Wave-OTH (SW-OTH) Radar

Surface Wave-OTH (SW-OTH) radars are used to detect surface ship and low air activitybeyond the visible horizon, out to about 300km, although the absolute range is dependentupon atmospheric conditions, system power and the time of day.

The designation of China's SW-OTH is not known, but reliable reports suggests that she hasat least two systems in operation, with one ranged over the Taiwan Straits in 2003.

CEIEC brochures state that China’s SW-OTH system uses FMICW and FMPCW transmissions,which probably translate to Interrupted and Pulsed FMCW.

This system, albeit undesignated, is currently being promoted for export by CEIEC. Twoantenna arrays are shown. The single mast may support a Rhombic transmission array whilstthe reception array of dipoles appears to be arranged across a bay.

Several dozen technical papers by Chinese authorities have been reproduced in the Westconcerning OTH systems, including those listed in the footnote (refer book).

Very few pictures of Chinese OTH systems have been made available and those that are, are

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generally of poor quality. The one above is reported to show a SW-OTH receiver array –across the mouth of a bay - at an unknown location.

Further confirmation of the existence of Chinese SW-OTH systems is supplied by amateurradio enthusiasts (HAMS) intercepts and bearing fixes an example of which is supplied bycallsign VE7BZ based in British Columbia, who recorded the radar's signal on 1st October2006, 1353 UTC, on 3.795 MHz.40 The detected audio is quite a rasping sound. Additionalintercepts from California and Arizona place the emitter on or in the close proximity ofHainan Island, although Google Earth searches have failed to identify the location of thissource.

What is reported to be a Chinese SW-OTH site has been identified on the coast southeast ofShencheng, in Zhejiang Province. The transmitter is located at 27º 46’ 58.70” North, 120º45’ 54.41” East, whilst the receiver is approximately 3km southwest at 27º 45’ 26.88” North,120º 45’ 04.98” East. The control centre for this site is just 1km northwest of the receiversite and is readily identifiable.

Further Information [Click for more ...]

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US DoD Band Allocation Chart

Imagery Sources: Chinese Internet.Line Artwork: © 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009 Carlo Kopp

Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0103

Airborne surveillancewww.airbornetechnologies.at

Aircraft sensor integration: experience & excellence

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