Education, Technology, and the Characteristics of Worker Productivity
PKS Measuring Productivity of Knowledge Worker - draft solutions
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Transcript of PKS Measuring Productivity of Knowledge Worker - draft solutions
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Measuring Individual Productivityof Technologist
Draft solutions
Conceived–Developed by:
PKS Management ConsultantsBangalore
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Index• Problem Statement• Scenarios • Revisiting the Fundamentals
– Economic Sector– Knowledge Economics– Knowledge Worker– Technologist– Productivity– Productivity (as per Taylor)– Measurement– Productivity of Knowledge Worker
• Current Status• Our Models
– Understanding the Problem Clearly– Basic Productivity Measurement Framework– Solution No. 1– Evaluation– Complexity Factors– Time Factor– Conventional Factors– Simple Solution No. 2– Simple Solution No. 3– Simple Solution No. 4– Simple Solution No. 5
• Results• Opportunities• Road Ahead
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Problem Statement
• Measuring individual productivity
(For role and individual level)
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He is working, for sure Is he working??
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Productivity Productivity??
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Scenarios (Employee side)
• My hard work was not recognized
• I did hard work, why should I be clubbed in the same rating bucket
• Higher attrition
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Scenarios (Management side)
• 20 percent employees doing 80 percent of work, identify these 20 percent
• Who should be assigned more work
• Who should be rewarded more
• Who should be promoted• Culture of meritocracy• Perception plays in appraisal• Objective assessment
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Revisiting the Fundamentals
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Economic Sector• Primary– Involves the retrieval
and production of raw materials, such as corn, coal, wood and iron
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Economic Sector (Contd.)• Secondary– Involves the
transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods e.g. manufacturing steel into cars, or textiles into clothing.
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Economic Sector (Contd.)• Tertiary– Involves the supplying of
services to consumers and businesses, such as baby-sitting, cinema and banking.
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Economic Sector (Contd.)• Quaternary
– Is a way to describe a knowledge-based part of the economy which typically includes services such as information generation and sharing, information technology, consultation, education, research and development, financial planning, and other knowledge-based services.
– The quaternary sector is sometimes included with the tertiary sector, as they are both service sectors
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Economic Sector (Contd.)
• Quinary– The quinary sector could
be seen as a further division of the tertiary sector, which is a part of the economy that provides services.
– Examples of services located in the quinary sector are categorized as the highest level of services including scientists and top level business managers.
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Knowledge Economics
• Present era is of knowledge economics
• Characteristics: – Borderless– Upward mobility– Means of Production
anybody can acquire– Potential for success as
well failure• Making knowledge society
highly competitive
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Knowledge Worker
• People with considerable knowledge and learning
• Knowledge economics relies heavily on knowledge worker
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Technologist• Manual worker plus knowledge
worker• Spends more time working with
hands than brain• Capitalist – owns the means of
production• “Work at” organization, not
belongs to it• Identifies himself with work• Professional not employee• Job as a life• Expects to be a success
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Productivity
• Term itself barely 60 years old• Most important contribution of management in 20th century:
- To increase the productivity of manual worker• In 21st century: - To increase the productivity of knowledge worker
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Productivity (Contd.)
• There was increase in productivity, but was result of new tools, new methods, new technology, economist calls “Capital”
• Very few advances in what is termed as “Labor” i.e. the productivity of worker.
• There existed ‘skills” but not productivity
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Productivity (as per Taylor)
• Fredrick Taylor studied manual work. • Found that no such thing as “skill”• Only simple, repetitive motions• What makes them productive is the “knowledge”:
– The way these simple and repetitive motions are put together, organized and executed.
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Productivity (as per Taylor)
• Work enlargement, work environment and job rotation all uses Taylors method reduce the fatigue of workers and thus to increase productivity.
• Task analysis , industrial engineering and assembly line of Henry Ford are the extension of Taylor’s principles. Scientific management, quality circle, kaizen and just-in-time too apply Taylors principles.
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Productivity (Statistics come into picture)
• Quality Guru, Deming added the use of statistical theory in quality control on Taylors work.
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Measurement
• "When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind.“
Lord Kelvin
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Productivity of Knowledge Worker
• What is the task? • What is the quality?– Difficult, risk-taking and
always controversial definition as to what “results” are.
• What is the quantity?– Aim first on quality than
on quantity
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Current Status
• Almost no clarity on the issue
• Very few companies are trying to apply the concept
• Conventional economics almost fails in knowledge domain
• No single metric sufficient
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Our Models
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Understanding the Problem Clearly
• Comprehensive survey within the company• Why it is important to find out the individual
productivity• Final solution as per the pointers• If “perception” issue, points to trust deficit• Employee participation highly recommended
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Basic Productivity Measurement Framework
Identify Task
Define Quality Targets
PerformanceEvaluation
Action
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Solution No. 1
• Most comprehensive• Based on empirical data • Works for role as well individual level
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Breaking Job Description into Competency Levels
JD
Competency 1
Level x
Competency 2
Level y
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Example of Competency and Levels
• L(N) = ∑Li (i= 1 to N)• L3 = L1 + L2 + L3
Testing
L1 L2 L3
Does testing Writes test cases Writes test plan
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Competency Dictionary
E1JD
Competencies
Levels
E2JD
Competencies
Levels
E3JD
Competencies
Levels
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Example of Competency at Role Level
E1Coding Testing
L1 L1
E2Design Coding Testing
L1 L2 L2
E3Analysis Design Coding Testing
L1 L2 L3 L3
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Defining Quality
Competency
Level 1
Statement 1
Quality Benchmark
Statement 2
Quality Benchmark
Statement 3
Quality Benchmark
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Evaluation
Subjectivity Objectivity
Manager based
Manager + Peer
Peer Review Tools based
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Evaluation by Manager
Competency Manager Character
Trust in evaluation
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Complexity Factors
• Project size• Code size• Geographical dispersion• Team based projects• Technical complexity– For each factor
empirical scores to be defined and awarded
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Time Factor
• For timely delivery full marks– For early delivery - Bonus– For late delivery - Penalty
– Exact formulas to be devised
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Conventional Factors
• Cost factor • Punctuality in card
punching• Submitting reports on
time• Leave reports– For each factor
absolute score to be defined and awarded
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Production Function
Q = f(X,Y)Q = ProductivityX, Y = Inputs for Production
Further:
log Q = log A + B1 log L + B2 Log KL = LaborK = Capital A, B1, B2 = Parameters (can be estimated using least squares regression techniques)
• Concept can be applied in writing individual productivity.• Input factors can be taken from previous slides.
• For simplicity, initial work can be based on empirical data.
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Simple Solution No. 2
• Inference based– Test per project in the
language – Preferably by third
party
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Simple Solution No. 3
• General survey– Get survey based
feedback– Peers + Manager
feedback– 360 % feedback – To be done at every
project
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Simple Solution No. 4
• Third party tool based– Assess the source code – Assess the artifacts of
all phases of project
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Simple Solution No. 5
• Let the $ value of this presentation to be evaluated by:– 2 Teams of
management – 2 Teams of technologists– Steps in solutions are
more important, than the final value
– We may get better solution
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Results
• Absolute score card for each technologist
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Opportunities
• “Knomics” (Knowledge Economics) can be developed
• To become a trend setter
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Road Ahead
• To be discussed
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Which one is the best? Indeed difficult…. But …
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New Concept is Created by Being…
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An artefact of
PKS Management Consultants+91 – 97411 94285
# 9, Site No. 14/15 B, 1st Vivekanda LayoutOuter Ring Road, Marathalli
Bangalore -560037Service Tax Reg. No. AYMPS8310HSD001
pramod@pksmanagementconsultants.comwww.pksmanagementconsultants.com
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Thanks!!