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PIRATIRS AND BREATHING APPARATUS

RESPIRATORS

AND

BREATHING APPARATUS

Occupational Health Series No. 2

First Issued1956Revised 1959

1962196519731984

Occupational Health and Toxicology BranchDepartment of HealthNew Zealand1984

The Department of Health wishes toexpress thanks to the followingorganisations for their assistancein the production of this booklet:

3M NZ LimitedDepartment of LabourMartin Equipment LimitedMartindale Electric Co. LimitedNew Zealand Safety LimitedProtector Safety LimitedWormald Stero Safety Limited

CONTENTSPage

Introduction 5

1General Principles of Respiratory Protection 7

2Classification of Inhalation Hazards 9

-Particulate contaminants-Gaseous or vapour contaminants-Oxygen deficiency

3Factors to Consider when Selecting Respirators 11

4Types of Respirators 13

5Air Purifying Respirators 15

-Particulate respirators-Gas respirators-Combination respirators-Powered air purifying respirators

6Airline Respirators 23

-Fresh air hose respirators-Compressed airline respirators-Precautions for normal use

7Self-contained Breathing Apparatus 27

8Practical Considerations 29

-Issuing-Instruction-Face fitting-Checking effectiveness-Supervision in a dangerous atmosphere-Location

9Maintenance 31

-Inspection-Cleaning-Storage

10Respirators for Aircrew involved in Aerial Spraying 33

APPENDICES

IStandards for Respirators

IIExamples of Agriculture Chemicals used in Aerial 37Spraying

INTRODUCTION

This booklet examines some common hazards against which respiratory protection isrequired, and gives guidance on the selection, use and care of respirators.

It is not possible to set out precise requirements for every industrial situation wherethere is an inhalation hazard because the factors which have to be considered varyconsiderably from one work place to another. However both the supplier and the usershould be satisfied that the equipment selected is adequate for the conditions. If thereis any doubt you should seek technical advice from the Departments of Health orLabour.

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1. GENERAL PRINCIPLESOF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Breathing air which contains toxic substances or air which has insufficient oxygen tosupport human life is a very real and common hazard in industry.

The aim is to work in air that is clean and safe, and there are 4 ways this can be done:

•avoid atmospheres containing toxic or irritant substances

•avoid using toxic or irritant materials

•totally enclose the process

•install an adequate ventilation system.

An efficient exhaust ventilation system removes contaminated airfrom the workplace so a respirator is not required.

In emergencies or general situations where these principles cannot be applied arespirator must be worn.

Some substances irritate the eyes and skin, others can be absorbed through the skin aswell. Anyone entering an atmosphere containing materials with these properties needsmore than just respiratory protection, their whole body should be protected.

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2. CLASSIFICATIONOF INHALATION HAZARDS

Respirators are designed to protect against 1 or more of the following types ofatmospheric hazards:

-Particulate contaminants-Gaseous or vapour contaminants-Oxygen deficiency

PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS

Dusts

These are solid particles dispersed in the air and may be respirable or non respirable.Respirable dust consists of tiny particles less than five thousandths of a millimeter (5microns) in size. They are invisible to the unaided eye and are fine enough to penetratethe finest airways in the lung. Non respirable dusts are larger in size and are removedin the nose or upper airways of the lungs.

Respiratory protection is required for three different categories of dust:

• Nuisance dusts - these irritate the nose and lungs but are not toxic and don'tdamage the lungs. They pass out of the body or remain in the lungs withoutpoisoning the system. Examples are calcium carbonate (limestone dust) starch,cement dust, and sucrose.

• Lung damaging dusts - respirable particles of these dusts remain in the lungswhere they may damage the tissue. For example, asbestos, crystalline silica(quartz dust) and coal dust.

•Toxic dusts - these pass from the lungs into the blood and may poison the wholebody. For example, lead, arsenic and powdered organophosphate pesticides.

Mists

These are fine droplets of liquid dispersed in the air and may contain particles ordissolved substances. Mists are produced by condensation of a vapour or by atomisationof a liquid. Examples are paint spray and chromic acid mist from an electroplating bath.

Metallic Fumes

These are fine particles of metal produced by condensation of the vapour given off by ametal when it is subjected to high temperatures, for example, during welding andsmelting.

GASEOUS OR VAPOUR CONTAMINANTS

Gases

• A gas is a substance that is in the--us state under normal conditions of temperatureand pressure. There are 2 categorkwhich different types of respiratory protectionis required:

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•Acid gases, eg, hydrogen chloride and sulphur dioxide.

•Alkaline gases, eg, ammonia and diethylamine.

Vapours

A vapour is the gaseous form of a substance that is a solid or liquid under normalconditions of temperature and pressure. Examples are, organic solvents such as benzeneand trichiorethylene, and inorganic substances like lead, cadmium and mercury.

OXYGEN DEFICIENCY

Normal air contains 21 percent oxygen, but this may be reduced by a chemical reactionor by displacement. There is often a lack of oxygen in tanks, vats, reaction vessels,wells, tunnels, silage pits, sewers and deep earthern trenches. When the oxygen levelfalls below 17 percent special precautions must be taken and a supply of fresh airarranged for anyone entering the danger area.

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3. FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHENSELECTING A RESPIRATOR

•What is the nature of the hazard? -particulate, gas or vapour, oxygen deficiency,or a combination of these?

•What is the concentration of the contaminant?

•What warning signs does the contaminant give?

•How long will the person be in the contaminated atmosphere?

•How acute is the hazard? (Will failure of the device for a short time causeserious harm?)

•How far away is the contaminated atmosphere from the nearest uncontaminatedair?

•What is the access to and the nature of the working environment?

•What job is to be done in the contaminated atmosphere?

•How easy is movement in the contaminated atmosphere?

•Is a respirator for regular use or only for emergency or rescue purposes?

If you have any doubts as to the correct device for a particular situation you shouldseek expert advice from the Department of Health or other authority on industrialhygiene.

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4. TYPES OF RESPIRATOR

From the user's point of view and the type of working conditions, respirators can begrouped into 3 major types:

Air Purifying Respirators

These respirators draw inhaled air through a filter that removes harmful gases orparticles. They do not give protection against a lack of oxygen and should only be usedwhen the type and concentration of the contaminant is known.

Airline Respirators

These use an airline to supply clean air from a source outside the contaminated area.Clean air can be supplied either at normal atmospheric pressure or at a higher pressureeg, a compressed air supply line.

Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

This respirator uses an airline to supply clean air from a source that is usually carriedby the wearer, eg, compressed air bottles.

Self-contained breathing apparatus is used to give protection against dangerousbreathing hazards such as a lack of oxygen, very poisonous contaminants, or when thetype of hazard is unknown.

A more detailed description of these 3 major types of device is provided in the nextthree sections.

There are 2 clear uses for most types of respirators:

1Regular work use2Emergency use.

Different selection criteria should be used for each of these.

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5. AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS

Reusable air purifying respirators have a moulded rubber or plastic face piece which isheld snugly against the skin by straps or a harness. They have a replaceable filteringdevice such as a cartridge or a canister.

Disposable or non-renewable respirators are mostly or entirely made of filter materialand are discarded once the filter or sorbent is no longer useable. They have the samefunction as reusable respirators.

Disposable respirators and cartridge or canister filters should be replaced:

-when the life of the device has elapsed (as recommended by the supplier)

-when difficulty in breathing is experienced

-when the wearer detects the taste or smell of the contaminant.

There are 3 types of face piece:

1 A quarter face piece which covers the mouth and nose only,

2 A half face piece which covers the mouth, nose and chin.

3 A full face piece which covers the whole face from chin to hair line and from earto ear.

If protective goggles or prescription glasses are worn, a respirator that uses a quarteror half face piece may interfere with them. This problem can be avoided by wearing afull face piece, a hood, or a helmet respirator instead. Prescription lens glasses can beincorporated into some types of full face piece.

Limitations on the normal use of air purifying respirators

- The device selected must be suitable for the contaminant encountered.

- The contaminant must be below the maximum concentration for which the deviceis suitable.

-Air purifying respirators should not be used in areas where contaminants present animmediate danger to life and health.

-Do not use these respirators in atmospheres that may be deficient in oxygen.

There is no universal colour code for canisters and cartridges. British, American andGerman manufacturers have their own individual systems, and cartridges, canisters andfilters from these sources are available in New Zealand.

It is therefore most important to make sure that the cartridge, canister or filter ispositively identified as being suitable for a given situation and that you do not dependon a colour code. It is the supplying company's responsibility to ensure this informationis given correctly.

CI-v

NOSE

CANISTERCONNECT

IN H A LAT IVAL

EX HA LATVALVE

CARF I LiI NSIHEF

HEAD HARNESS

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EXAMPLE OF A FULL FACE PIECE

FACE PIECE

EXAMPLE OF A HALF FACE PIECE 1

PARTICULATE RESPIRATORS

These filter finely divided solid or liquid particles from the air, ie dusts, mists andfumes. The wearer's normal breathing action draws contaminated air through a filter,usually a fibrous material, and the contaminant particles impact and are trapped on thefilter fibres.

In some filters, the fibres are treated with an electrostatically charged resin whichhelps trap the contaminating particles. A problem with these is that exposure to heator high humidity causes the charge to be lost and reduces the filtering efficiency.

A half face piece respirator with cartridge filters for particulatecontaminants.

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The degree of protection depends on the type of filter and the effectiveness of theindividual facial seal Those with a low filtering efficiency are satisfactory for usewith a nuisance dust or a dust of low toxicity, while particulate respirators withmedium filtering capacities should be used where protection from more toxicparticulate contaminants is required, eg, in smelting, where metallic fumes areproduced.

High efficiency particulate respirators usually have a full face piece which guaranteesan effective facial seal to prevent highly toxic or irritant particulate contaminantsleaking into the respirator. This type of device is used when handling highly toxic dustsor powders, like organophosphate insecticides and radionuclides.

In particularly heavy concentrations of dust, eyes need protection by using a full facepiece, a hood or a helmet respirator.

Where a high dust concentration causes the filter to clog; or when the job does notrequire great mobility, an airline respirator can be used. (See section 6.)

A disposable respirator giving protection against wood dust.

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A full face piece respirator with cartridge filters is used wherethere is toxic vapour.

GAS/VAPOUR RESPIRATORS

These respirators use a filter containing an agent which absorbs or reacts with thecontaminant gas or vapour.

There are 3 types of gas/vapour respirators:

-half face type (usually takes a cartridge)

-full face type (usually takes a canister)

-disposable type (filter built into the face piece)

Cartridge respirators and some disposable respirators are suitable for low levels ofcertain gases and vapours*.

Canister respirators and some disposable respirators are suitable for higher levels ofcertain gases and vapours*.

*Your supplier should provide detailed information about the relevant gas/vapourand the level against which each type will provide protection.

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Full face mask respirators can cope with higher levels of gases/vapours because of theirsuperior face sealing characteristics, and they provide eye and face protection as well.

The life of a canister, cartridge, or disposable respirator in use depends on theconcentration of the contaminant, the humidity and the work rate of the wearer.

NB When not in use, cartridges and canisters should remain sealed or in airtightcontainers or bags to prevent the 'reacting agent' from deteriorating on exposureto the atmosphere.

A full face piece respirator with canister filter.

COMBINATIONATION itESPIRA'l'ORS (ie, particulate and gas/vapour)

Where there is a combination of particulate (ie, dust, mist, fume etc) and gas/vapourcontaminants, a dual purpose filter, cartridge, or canister can be used.

Particulate filters or disposable respirators impregnated with a reaction agent toremove vapours in low concentrations are available.

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For half and full face respirators, the canister or cartridge can either have an in-builtparticulate pre-filter or a pre-filter attachment.

POWERED AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS

These have a battery powered blower/fan unit which helps air pass through the filteringmedium to the facepiece (half facepiece, full face piece, helmet, hood etc).

The positive pressure effect created by the 'powered air' in the facepiece area reducesthe possibility of inward leakage and increases comfort..

They are particularly suitable for people with a beard or moustache since facial hairreduces the effectiveness of the face piece seal in standard 'negative pressure'respirators.

Powered air purifying respirators may be fitted with filters, cartridges or canisterswhich remove particulates, gases or vapours. The criteria for selecting these filters arethe same as those for other air purifying respirators.

The positive pressure effect of apowered air purifying respirator isparticularly suitable for workerswith a beard or moustache.

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6. AIRLINE RESPIRATORS

There are 2 groups of airline respirators:

Fresh air hose respirators -draw air at atmospheric pressure throughan air hose.

Compressed airline respirators -supply air under pressure through anairline.

FRESH AIR HOSE RESPIRATORS

Air hose respirators consist of a face piece connected to an air hose which has its freeend anchored in an uncontaminated atmosphere. Air at atmospheric pressure is drawnthrough the hose by normal breathing. The resistance of the hose to the passage of airlimits the length of the hose to about 15 metres. All connections should be tight toprevent contaminated air leaking into the airhose. See your supplier for more detailedinformation.

When longer hoses are used air is supplied under slight pressure by a pump, blower orbellows which can be operated by an attendant. Leakage into the apparatus isprevented by a positive pressure effect. The blower should be sited so it supplies cleanfresh air. Before the face piece is put on, the blower should be operated rapidly toensure that dust inside is blown out and clean air is being delivered to the face piece.The ends of the hose should be sealed after use.

An air hose respirator provides clearair from a source remote from thecontaminated area.

A compressed airline respiratorprotects against the vapour of apesticide concentrate.

COMPRESSED AIRLINE RESPIRATORS

These consist of an airline from a compressed air source to a breathing tube attached tothe wearer. The breathing tube connects with either a half face piece, a full facepiece, a hood or a helmet. The flow of air to the half and full face piece types may beeither continuous or controlled by a demand valve.

The continuous flow of air creates a positive pressure inside the face piece or helmet,which gives greater protection than a demand type respirator. It also reduces foggingand cools the wearer's face. The flow rate can be adjusted by a belt mountedregulator.

The demand flow type lets air into the face piece only when the worker is breathing in,which conserves compressed air.

Hood and helmet airline respirators are used when the head and neck must be protected.

Because the efficiency of this type of respirator depends on maintaining a positivepressure inside the hood, the respirator must fit closely round the neck. Drawstrings orelasticised neckbands should be as tight as comfort allows. It is not enough to tuck thecape or inner bib part of the hood inside your shirt or other garment.

Increasing the air pressure above the manufacturer's recommendations will notnecessarily increase the protection. In fact, it may create vortex currents and localareas of negative pressure within the hood causing inward leakage of the contaminatedatmosphere. Also, the extra noise the wearer is subjected to may be unacceptable.

Compressed airline respirators should have an air purifying cartridge filter unit toremove carbon monoxide, and where appropriate a condensate trap in the airline toremove contaminants such as oil or water.

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PRECAUTIONS FOR NORMAL USE

•All fresh air hose intakes should be supervised to ensure a continuous supply offresh air.

•Compressor air intakes should be sited to avoid contaminantion (particularlyexhaust gases from internal combustion engines).

•Don't let the compressor run hot, as decomposition of the lubricating oils mayproduce dangerous amounts of carbon monoxide and other harmful substances.

•Remove water and pockets of stagnant air before you use an airline.

•if the air supply is used in a manufacturing process as well as for supplying anairline, take particular care to avoid contamination.

•A filter regulator must be used with a compressed airline respirator.

Airline respirators provide reliable respiratory protection only if the air supply iscontinuous and efficient. An airline respirator should only be used in an atmosphere notimmediately dangerous to life or health because failure of the air supply will expose thewearer to contaminated air. An exception to this is where the wearer carries anemergency air supply to allow enough time to escape (eg, self contained breathingapparatus).

A helmet airline respirator in use during sand blasting.

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7. SELF CONTMNEDBREATifiNG APPARATUS - SCBA

This type of respirator lets the wearer work without the restriction of a hose or airlinein an atmosphere that is contaminated and/or deficient in oxygen. Self containedbreathing apparatus are suitable for short term routine work and emergency use.

7

MR

•1

I0J IS2ft.Y tW'-

Self contained breathing apparatus can be used in regular work toprotect against lack of oxygen or an unknown level of toxiccontaminants.

The most widely used SCBA is a compressed air open circuit device with a compressedair cylinder, an airline to a demand regulator, and a face piece. These can be suppliedin a positive or negative pressure mode. The air supply may last from 5 to 45 minutesdepending on cylinder size.

Negative pressure airflow SCBA are prone to leakage through the facial seal and caremust be taken in fitting the face piece to minimise this. If the SCBA is operated in apositive pressure mode, leakage is outwards only.

The main limitations of these devices is their size, which restricts movement in narrowspaces, and the limited time of the protection afforded. The use of this type ofequipment should be restricted to specially trained and experienced personnel. Keepthe breathing apparatus in good operating order. The supplying company can advise youon correct and regular service procedures.

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8. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

ISSUING

For routine industrial use respirators should be issued on a personal basis. This ensuresa correct fit each time a device needs to be worn and eliminates the possibility ofinfection being transferred from person to person through the face piece. Personalissue helps the wearer know when to replace a cartridge/canister.

It is good practice to establish a recording system, stating the date of issue, the personto whom the device has been issued, defects reported, and maintenance that has beencarried out.

INSTRUCTION

Wearers must be taught the correct way to use respirators, and instructions shouldcover the following:

•when a respirator should be worn;

•the importance of using a respirator;

•the way the respirator works;

•the limits of the respirator;

•how to recognise poor performance or improper functioning;

•the approximate time the respirator will give protection in the particularconditions;

•what procedure to follow if a fault develops when it is being used.

•what to do in an emergency

•the importance of not removing the face piece until the wearer is certain thatthere is no longer any hazard;

•how to store the respirator correctly;

•how to clean and maintain the respirator.

Training should include wearing the device in a suitably contaminated atmosphere asthis gives confidence with the device.

FACE FITTING

Where facial irregularities or hair interfere with the face seal, a positive pressuredevice should be considered. The manufacturer's instructions about checking theeffectiveness of the face seal should be followed.

CHECKING EFFECTIVENESS

The facial seal of some respirators can be tested by using a strong smelling organicsubstance of low toxicity. For example, sodium saccharine or banana oil can bevapourised around the face piece seal. If the wearer can't detect the characteristictaste/smell of the vapour, then the facial seal is adequate. 'Vesting devices areavailable from equipment suppliers.

SUPERVISION IN A DAN GEI(OUS ATMOSPHERE

Whenever a respirator is used in an atmosphere which might be dangerous on shortexposure, such as a tank, vat, pipe or other confined space, a trained assistant shouldcontinually be in contact with the wearer.

Correct safety procedures for entry into confined spaces are described in thepublication "Safety in Confined Spaces" produced by the Department of Labour.

LOCATION

Respirators should be located as close as practicable to the working place where theymay be needed.

Emergency equipment should be stored close to the danger area in clearly markedlocations so that a rescuer can immediately find it.

Emergency respirators stored in a clearly marked site close to thework place.

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9. MAINTENANCE

It is important that each respirator is properly maintained and stored. Someone'swell-being or life may depend on its functioning and availability.

A regular maintenance and cleaning programme and a designated storage place shouldbe established.

INSPECTION

All rubber parts such as face pieces, mouth pieces, valves, breathing tubes, air hoses,airlines and head bands should be inspected for deterioration such as hardening,cracking or tackiness.

Check metal parts for signs of corrosion, and plastic and glass parts for cracking orbreakage.

Check canisters and cartridges for damage and corrosion.

When an air supply system is in use it should be inspected regularly. Air compressors,air cylinder manifold systems, pressure reducers, pressure release valves, airline filters,condensate traps, airline instrumentation and permanent piping and outlet fittings mustbe kept in good repair to ensure that the air reaching the wearer is uncontaminated.

CLEANING

Air Purifying Respirators

It is essential that the face piece is kept clean for continued efficient use. To do this,remove the canister or cartridge filter units (or hose if fitted) and wash the face piecein warm water and detergent. DO NOT WASH THE CANISTER OR CARTRIDGEUNITS. Brush the face piece if necessary to remove soil. Rinse in clean warm waterand air dry. Reassemble and store (see page 32). Disinfectant is not recommended forcleaning the face piece, as it may cause a skin reaction if it is not completely rinsed off.

Each time the respirator is serviced, remove the valves and clean them. The valveseats may need to be scrubbed with a small brush. Valves should be washed in cold orlukewarm water only and quickly dried (moisture allowed to dry slowly on them mayinterfere with their correct functioning).

Airline and self contained breathing apparatus

Clean the face pieces as described for the air purifying respirators. Hoses should bechecked for defects.

Compressed air cylinders must be filled from a recognised safe source, such as diveshops. They must be filled, inspected, tested and maintained in accordance with therequirements of the Dangerous Goods (Class 2 Gases) Regulations which areadministered by the Department of Labour. Used or partly used cylinders must berecharged as soon as possible after use. Make sure you follow the manufacturer'sinstructions when servicing self contained breathing apparatus.

FINAL INSPECTION

Carefully check assembled respirators to ensure that all components are in place andthat all moisture has been removed from surfaces and crevices.

STORAGE

• Respirators should be kept clean and dry. Keep them away from oil and exposureto direct sunlight, which causes deterioration of rubber parts. They should not bestored in a tool box or clothing locker. A dry box or cupboard is satisfactory.

• Face pieces should be stored so that they are not subject to distortion. Do nothang the respirator by its straps as this causes them to stretch, resulting in a poorfacial fit. If face pieces are not used very often, store them in plastic bags toprotect them from dust and corrosive atmospheres.

•It is a good idea to store canisters in sealed containers bearing the date of the lastinspection.

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10. RESPIRATORS FOR AIRCREWINVOLVED IN AERIAL SPRAYING

Pilots may be exposed to dusts and mists from agricultural chemicals used in aerialspraying. If there is a risk of inhaling toxic material, appropriate respiratory protectionshould be worn.

An appropriate particulate respirator should be worn if a pilot is exposed to spray driftor dusts which cause irritation to the mucus membrane lining of the upper or lowerrespiratory tract.

Where the pilot (or ground crew) is exposed to spray drift of materials which have anoral L.D.50* of less than 150 mgm/kg in the most sensitive animal tested, anappropriate particulate respirator should be worn:

- Where the L.D.50 of the material is between 50 and 150 mgrn/kg (moderatelytoxic) respiratory protection may be adequately provided by a cartridge typerespirator with a half face piece.The cartrid ge must offer appropriate protectionagainst toxic mists, organic vapours or dusts, as required.

- Where the L.L).50 of the material is less than 50 mgm/kg (high or very highlytoxic) a high efficiency respirator should be used. This would normally have a fullface piece, and use a canister which effectively protects against toxic mists, orvapours as required.

The face piece and canister should meet any one of the standards given in Appendix 1.

The ground crew may also be exposed to pesticides while helping with loading, and fromspray drift. They should also take the appropriate respiratory protective measuresoutlined in this booklet.

*The L.D.50 of a substance is the dose that is calculated to kill 50% of a testpopulation of animals.

APPENDIX I

Standards for Respirators

British B.S. 6016B.S. 2091B.S. 4667B.S. 4555B.S. 4771B.S. 4558

GermanD.I.N. 3181D.I.N. 58645D.I.N. 58646

USA Code of Federal Regulations - 30.Part II subparts A to M.

AustralianA.S. 1715A.S. 1716

NZ NZSS 2209NZSS 2266

Accept equipment tested to ANSI and CEN standards when these areestablished.

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Examples of APPENDIX II

Agricultural Chemicals used in Aerial SprayingAn indication of the need for respiratory protection as determined by the level oftoxicity of the chemicals is given below.

LannateTamaronP hosdrinLorsbanF eni-trothionL indaneM etasystoxPirimolAmbush

SumicidinAttack

DicidexDipterexM alath ion

Gusathion

Sevin

MethomylLiquidMethamidophos LiquidMevinphosLiquidC hlorpyrifosLiquid

Granules

GranulesLiquid

PirimicarbLiquidPermethrjnLiquid or

powderF envalderateLiquidP irimiphos-LiquidmethylTrichiorphonLiquidTrichiorphonPowder

Liquid orpowder

AzinphosLiquid orpowder

CarbarylLiquid orpowder

Toxicity

HighHighVery highModerateLow-moderate

ModerateModerateModerateLow-moderate

Low-moderateLow

LowLowLow

Very high

Low

AppropriateRespiratoryProtection

RequiredRequiredRequiredRequiredNot required

RequiredRequiredRequiredNot required

Not requiredNot required

Not requiredNot requiredNot required

Required

Not required

INSECTICIDES

MajorTradeActiveNameIngredientsFormulation

LiquidLiquidLiquidLiquidLiquid

Brom oxynil,MCPALiquidNitrofen andLiquidPicloram

Low-moderate Not requiredLow-moderate Not requiredLow-moderate Not requiredLow-moderate Not requiredLow-moderate Not required

Low-moderate Not requiredLow Not required

HERBICIDES

24-D245-T24-DBMCPAMCPBBuctril

Fodder-cleen

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AppropriateRespiratory

FormulationToxicityProtection

MajorTradeActiveNameIngredients

Lontrel p.Bromoxynil,MCPA

LontrelCMCPBRegloneDiquatParaquatAsuloxAsulamDicamba22DPATordonPhenoxy

herbicidesDicambone 24-DRoundupGlyphosateBan 750245-TWeedazol 41, AmitroleVelparHexazinone

KreniteFosamine

FUNGICIDES

BayletonTriadimefonAntracolPropinebRidomilNetalaxylKocideCopper

HydroxideBravoChiorothal-

onilTiltPropico-

nazoleAfuganPyrazophosTopsinThiophan-

ate-methylBenlateBenomylSporexThiophan-

ate-methylSaprolTriforineMilcurbDimethi-

rimol

BAITS

1080MalathionSlugbaitMethiocarb

LiquidLiquidLiquidLiquidLiquidLiquidPowder

LiquidLiquidLiquidLiquidLiquidPowder orpelletLiquid

LiquidPowderPowderPowder

Powder

Liquid

LiquidPowder orliquid \.PowderLiquid

LiquidLiquid

LiquidLiquidPrills

Low-moderate Not requiredLow-moderate Not requiredModerateRequiredHigh RequiredVery lowNot requiredLow Not requiredLow-moderate Not required

Low-moderate Not requiredLow-moderate Not requiredVery lowNot requiredModerateNot requiredLow Not requiredLow Not required

Very lowNot required

Low-moderate Not requiredVery lowNot requiredLow Not requiredLow Not required

Very lowNot required

Low Not required

ModerateRequiredVery lowNot required

Very lowNot requiredVery lowNot required

Very lowNot requiredLow Not required

High Not requiredLow Not requiredLow Not required

OTHER PUBLICATIONS IN THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERIES ARE:

Diseases Arising From Occupation

Eye Protection

Occupational Dermatitis

Hearing Conservation

Notes on Occupational Health Nursing

Poisons and Poisoning

Motor Garage Hazards

Agricultural Health

Plastics

Fumigation

Laboratory Safety

Occupational First Aid

Occupational Health Services in New Zealand

The Rubber Industry

Working with VDUs (Pamphlet)

Working with isocyanates (Pamphlet)

isocyanates: Medical and Technical Data

OHS No 3

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6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15-

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Occupational Health Series No. 1 has been withdrawn.

When booklets in this series are considered for reprinting the text is revised andupdated. This may mean that some booklets are temporarily unavailable.

Department of HealthNew ZealandCode 4749

P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand-198410996J-10 000bks/1/84PTK

I ' .

T NZ

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERIES NO. 2ISSUED BY THE N. Z. DEPT. OF HEALTHCODE 4749