PIPK-Biosistem Laut2011

8/3/2019 PIPK-Biosistem Laut2011

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PENGANTAR ILMU PERIKANAN DAN

KELAUTAN

SISTEM ALAMIAH PERIKANAN:

1. BIOSISTEM KELAUTAN

2. BIOSISTEM PERAIRAN

Aida Sartimbul, Ph.D

PSPK


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Outline: NATURAL SYSTEM

OCEAN DEFINITION OCEAN STATUS OF THE WORLD

OCEAN FUNCTION FOR LIFE ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN

FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR

OCEANCOMMUNITIES


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NATURAL ECOSYSTEM:

Aquatic environment

External forces

(e.g. climate change)

Community

Fish species

Habitat

The structure of natural sub-system: fish sp interact with ecosystem, & in

turn with biophysical environment. External forces impact on entire system(Charles, 2001)


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INTEREST OF FISHERIES

Fished

species

Fish Shellfish

Others:

-Echinoderms,

-Elasmobranchs,

-Porifera,

Herring,Mackerel,

Sharks,

Salmon,

etc

Cod,

Flatfish,

Ocean

Perch,

Catfish,

etc

Decapods:shrimp/pra

wn, crawler

(lobster &

crab),

others (krill)

Gastropods(e.g.abalon)

Bivalve

(e.g.clams)

Chepalopods

(e.g.squid)

Pelagic Demersal Crustaceans Molluscs


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Definisi laut (kamus BahasaIndonesia):

Laut adalah kumpulan air asin dalam jumlah yang banyakdan luas yang menggenangi dan membagi daratan atasbenua atau pulau.

Merupakan air yang menutupi permukaan tanah yangsangat luas dan umumnya mengandung garam danberasa asin. Biasanya air mengalir yang ada di darat akan

bermuara ke laut.


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Ocean (Merriam-Webster):

1. a : the whole body of salt water that covers nearlythree fourths of the surface of the earth

b : any of the large bodies of water (as the AtlanticOcean) into which the great ocean is divided

2.: a very large or unlimited space or quantity


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Ocean status in the world:

About 70% of the earth is ocean

How deep is it????

Dalam laut bisa diduga dalam hati.....siapatahu


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Water

Body

Area

(x108

Km2)

% of

Earth

Surface

Vol

(x 106

Km3

)

% Vol of

World

Ocean

Mean

Depth

Atlantic 82.4 16.2 323.6 23.6 3,9

Pacific 165.3 32.4 707.6 51.6 4,282

Indian 73.4 14.4 291.0 21.2 3,936

Artic Sea 9.5 2.8 9.41 1.2 991

Mediterr. 2.9 4.2 1,429

Others 5.1 2.4

Gulf of

Mexico

0.44 0.077 180

Caspian

Sea

0.16 0.13 813

Lake

Superior

0.08 0..12 149


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OCEAN FOR LIFE Sebagai pembentuk iklim dunia (air-sea interaction,

ocean phenomenon: El Nino. La Nina, IndianOcean Dipole, etc.)

Sebagai sarana kegiatan manusia, misal shipping(trading, transportation, ocean training, observation,

etc.)

Fishery (fishing, marine culture, fish ranching, etc.)

Food sources (productivity sources: plankton, coral,algae, small and big fishes, etc.)

Energy sources (gelombang, mining, bioenergy(algae), etc.)

Pharmacy (gamete: anti aging, algae: anti cancer)

Tourism, etc.....


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Weather and climate

Shipping

Fishery

Our life does not

run without ocean.


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THE PHYSICALCHEMICAL

ENVIRONMENT

Ecosystems

LivingCreatures

PhysicalCreatures

Winds

Ocean

Currents

Upwelling

Tides

Freshwater-saltwaterinteractions


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Laut sebagai

pembentukiklim dunia:

Winds

system


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The Winds

All the major surface currents in theoceans are created by the drag of the windon the surface water.

The winds, in turn, are created becausethe earths surface is heated unevenly by

the sun, making the tropical regions warmand the polar regions cold. (Mann & Lazier1996, p.242)


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MajorOcean Surface Current


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Upwelling

Upwelling occurs when surface water is

swept by the wind away from the coast

and this is replaced by deeper water rising

to the surface close to shore

Localized settings, seabed topography

may deflect bottom currents towards the

surface.


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Upwelling and sinking

ocean currents aredriven by offshore andonshore winds.


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Upwelling area


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ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN

Intertidal:

the area between high tide and low tide.

Sometimes covered, sometimes exposed, a

very tough habitat to live in.

Subjected to drying and submersion,

temperature extremes, the pull of the

waves, and sea and land predators.

Animals often burrow or have hard shellsthat can be sealed to prevent water loss.

Plants usually cling to hard bottoms.


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Pelagic

Abyssal

Intertidal

Benthic

FourZonesof

Interest


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Intertidal zone creatures

High Tide

Low Tide


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Another view zones in zones


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Pelagic zone:Open ocean zone. Usually sub-divided by

depth or amount of sunlight. The upper

pelagic receives sunlight, so there aremany phytoplankton for photosynthesis.

Zooplankton, jellyfish, squid, and fishes of

all sizes make up the food chain. The lower

reaches receive less or no sunlight, sothere are no plants and animals are often

bioluminescent (make their own light).


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Pelagic Zone


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Inhabitants of the Pelagic Zone


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A Pelagic Food Web


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BENTHIC PELAGIC


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Abyssal:The midnight zone of the ocean no light

penetrates. The pressure at 10,000 ft. would be

like you having 5 jumbo airliners on your back.

Animals are adapted to withstand the dark, thecold (near freezing), and the tremendous

pressure. Thats why they usually dont survive

the trip to the surface. Most are dark or nearly

transparent in color, and are bioluminescent.They dont move much, and usually eat what

falls from above. Jaws are big to swallow large

objects whole.


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Monsters of the Abyss


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The Abyss

Increasing Cold Increasing Pressure

A very hostile environment


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Fantastic

Denizens of

the Deep


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Benthic:a term meaning bottom, is the ocean zone ranging

from the deepest part of the ocean to the shore.

Many kinds of organisms live in the benthic zone

plants, anemones, sponges, fish, skates and rays,octopus, mollusks, crabs, sea stars, corals and

worms. Most are scavengers. In the deep ocean,

there are special benthic communities around

hydrothermal vents whose energy comes from

chemical reactions rather than from the sun.


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Benthic Zone from the shore to

the depths


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BENTHIC PELAGIC


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Intertidal Benthic Coral Reef

Hydrothermal vent


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Hydrothermal Vents

In 1977, the submersible Alvin

found seafloor vents that were gushing

hot mineral-rich water in the midnight

depths of the ocean.

Cold sea water seeps into cracks in the

Earths crust and is superheated by the

magma in the mantle. The hot water with

dissolved minerals from the magma rises

and spews out like an undersea geyser .

C ld t d h i l


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Cold water and chemical

reactions cause mineral

deposits to settle out asvent chimneys.

Fantastic communities oforganisms that live by

chemosynthesis thrive

around these blacksmokers, using energy

from chemical reactions with

minerals in the water to live.


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OCEAN ZONES ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN

FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR OCEANCOMMUNITIES


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What do you think the ocean floor looks

like?Is it flat? Saucer-shaped? Mountainous?

The same mountains, valleys, plains,

trenches, and pits we see on land are also

on the ocean floor.

Features of the Ocean Floor


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The tallest mountains, the deepest

valleys, and the flattest plains on

earth are all on the ocean floor!


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Features of the Ocean Floor Continental shelf: surrounds the continent as

a shallow extension of continental crustextending out to the continental slope.

Continental slope: steep drop-off at the end of

the continental shelf that connects thecontinental crust to the oceanic crust.

Together, they make up the continental

margin.


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Features of the Ocean Crust Abyssal plains: are the flattest areas on earth.

Ocean ridges: are long mountain ranges

formed when magma seeps or erupts between

pieces of the Earths crust (tectonic plates).

Trenches: are the deepest part of the oceanand are formed when one tectonic plate is

forced under another tectonic plate.

Seamounts: isolated volcanic mountains whicherupt under the ocean. Large ones are islands.

Guyots: are extinct volcanoes with eroded flat

tops.

O id f


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The highest mountain

on Earth is Mauna Kea,

Hawaii, a seamount

Ocean ridges form a

mountain chain 40,000

miles long through all the

oceans

The average

depth of theocean is 12,200

feet (3,720 m.)


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Trenches form where

tectonic plates (chunks ofthe Earths crust) are

forced under another plate.

The Mariana Trench in thewestern Pacific is the

deepest point on Earth

36,198 ft. (11,033 m.)


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Trieste and the

Mariana Trench

In 1960, the US Navy sent a

small submersible (mini-sub)

to see how far down itcould go. It sat on the

bottom at 35,838 ft.

(10,923 m.) The sailors had7 miles of water over their

heads!


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OCEANZ

ONES ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN

FEATURES

OF THE

OCEA

NFL

OOR

OCEAN COMMUNITIES


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Ocean Biomes C

an be divided by zones: intertidal,pelagic, and abyssal. Benthic organisms

are the bottom dwellers in each zone.

Each zone requires different adaptationsfor survival. Organisms are specialized to

live in a particular zone.

Like in land biomes, similar types of floraand fauna live in similar types of biomes

across the world oceans.


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Intertidal

Pelagic

AbyssalBenthic


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Other Aquatic Biomes

Aquatic means water. Other aquatic biomes besides the ocean

(marine biome) are freshwater and estuarine.

Freshwater is water with no salt, and includes

rivers, lakes, ponds, etc.

Estuaries are environments where salt water

and fresh water meet. The salinity (amount of

salt) varies with the tides and the seasons.

Estuaries are often warm, shallow, protected

places that serve as nurseries for marine

organisms.


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Marine

Freshwater

Estuary


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For Help:

AMSTI-GLOBE The GLOBE Programwww.amsti.org/globe www.globe.gov

Judy Reeves Lynn VaughanAMSTI-GLOBE AMSTI-GLOBEResource Specialist Resource Specialist

[email protected] [email protected]

Robin Nelson Jerry CobbsAMSTI-GLOBE AMSTI-GLOBEAdministrator Technology [email protected] [email protected]

PIPK-Biosistem Laut2011

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