Piping Handbook

259
PIPING ENGINEERING by By U Aye Nyein ( Lay Myet Hnar)

description

Piping Handbook

Transcript of Piping Handbook

Page 1: Piping Handbook

PIPING ENGINEERING

by

By U Aye Nyein ( Lay Myet Hnar)

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CHAPTER (1) BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR PIPING PAGE NO. 1 ~ 21

CHAPTER (2) PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS PAGE NO. 21 ~ 53

CHAPTER (3) PIPE FITTINGS PAGE NO. 54 ~ 74

CHAPTER (4) PIPE JOINING SYSTEMS PAGE NO. 75 ~ 86

CHAPTER (5) WELDING PAGE NO. 87 ~ 140

CHAPTER (6) VALVES PAGE NO. 141 ~ 157

CHAPTER (7) INTERPRETING THE DRAWINGS PAGE NO. 158 ~ 193

CHAPTER (8) FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION PAGE NO. 194 ~ 261

CHAPTER (9) PIPE SUPPORTS PAGE NO. 262 ~ 299

CHAPTER (10) PLUMBING PAGE NO. 300 ~ 319

CHAPTER (11) MARINE PIPING SYSTEMS PAGE NO. 320 ~ 360

CHAPTER (12) QUANTITY CONTROL PAGE NO. 361 ~ 387

CHAPTER (13) PIPING DESIGN PAGE NO. 388 ~ 495

CHAPTER (14) INTRODUCTION TO STRESS ANALYSIS PAGE NO. 496 ~ 511

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แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ (แ)

แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ แ€žแ€ แคแ€ฌแ€žแ€ แคแ€ฌแ€žแ€ แคแ€ฌแ€žแ€ แคแ€ฌ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Unit (Unit (Unit (Unit (แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€šแ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€šแ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€šแ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) ) ) ) แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„ Unit Conversion ( Unit Conversion ( Unit Conversion ( Unit Conversion (แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€™ แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ‚”แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ‚”แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ‚”แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•))))

แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€…แ€ แ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แŠ แ€ฑแ€•แŠ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ Bar, Pound per square feet แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€šแ€”แ€… แ€…แ€”แ€… แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ - ๏ฟฝ Imperial Unit ๏ฟฝ SI Unit - แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ Imperial Unit แ€™แ€ฌ British System แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ ft (feet), lb (pound), sec (second) แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ SI Unit แ€™แ€ฌ Metric System แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ m (meter), kg (kilogram), sec (second) แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘ แ€šแ€”แ€… แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ‹ แ€‘ แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€™ แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ unit conversion แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ แ€šแ€”แ€… แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ unit conversion แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (LLLLength)ength)ength)ength) แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area) (Area) (Area) (Area)

Imperial Unit SI Unit Imperial Unit SI Unit 1 in = 25.4 mm 1 in2 = 6.45 cm2 1 ft = 30.48 cm 1 ft2 = 929 cm2 1 mile = 1.61 km 1 acre = 0.405 ha

1 sq mile = 2.59 km2

in = inch, ft = feet, mm = millimeter, cm = centimeter, km = kilometer, sq = square, ha = hectare

แ€‘แ€‘แ€Šแ€‘แ€‘แ€Šแ€‘แ€‘แ€Šแ€‘แ€‘แ€Š ( ( ( (VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume))))

Imperial Unit

SI Unit SI Unit

Imperial Unit

SI Unit

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1 in3 = 16.4 cm3 1 m3 = 35.3 ft3 1 Lit = 1000 cc 1 US gal = 3.78 lit 1 Lit = 61.024 in3 1 m3 = 1000 Lit

in3 = Cubic Inches, cm3 = Cubic centimeter, gal = gallon, Lit = Litre, แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€” (Weight) (Weight) (Weight) (Weight)

Imperial Unit

SI Unit SI Unit Imperial Unit

1 lb = 0.454 kg 1 kg = 2.2046 lb 1 Long Ton = 1.016 Metric Ton 1 Metric Ton = 0.984 Long Ton 1 Short Ton =

0.907 Metric Ton 1 Metric Ton = 1.102 Short Ton

lb = Pound, kg = kilogram, 1 Long Ton = 2240 lbs, 1 Short Ton = 2000 lb, 1 Metric Ton = 1000 kg

แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Pressure) (Pressure) (Pressure) (Pressure)

Imperial Unit

SI Unit SI Unit Imperial Unit

1 psi = 6.895 kPa 1 kg/cm2 = 14.22 psi 14.5 psi = 1 bar = 100 kPa 1 kPa = 0.1451 psi 14.7 psi = 101.3 kPa = 1 atm 1 m H2O = 1.422 psi

psi = pound per square inch, kPa = kilo Pascal, 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa or 14.7 psi. แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ ( ( ( (Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Various SubstancesVarious SubstancesVarious SubstancesVarious Substances)))) แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ 1 m3 (แ€แ€…แ€€แ€—แ€™แ€แ€ฌ) แ€œแ€„ 1 Metric Ton (แ€แ€…แ€แ€”) แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ Specific Gravity (Sp. Gr.) แ€€ 1 แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€”แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€œแ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ Sp. Gr. แ€€ แ€žแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€š แ€แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ Sp. Gr. แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ž แ€แ€…แ€€แ€—แ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ‡.แ‚แ แ€แ€” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แŽแแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€š แ€แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - 1250 mm แ€›แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ 1750 mm แ€—แ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Š 10 mm แ€กแ€‘ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€•แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ 1 m แ€แ€ผแ€„ 1000 mm แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ mm แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ m แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€‘แ€‘แ€Šแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ 1250 mm x 1750 mm x 10 mm = 1.25 x 1.75 x 0.01 = 0.021875 m3 1000 1000 1000 แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ 7.21 x 0.021875 = 0.1577 Ton แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ€แ€แ€ แ€€แ€œแ€‚แ€›แ€™ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ 0.1577 x 1000 = 157.7 kg แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแŠแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแŠแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแŠแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแŠ แ€‘แ€‘แ€ŠแŠแ€‘แ€‘แ€ŠแŠแ€‘แ€‘แ€ŠแŠแ€‘แ€‘แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€กแ€กแ€กแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€”แ€ธแ€”แ€ธแ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€˜แ€ฅแ€• (Ellipse)

A = ฯ€ x A x B C = 6.283 x โˆš(A2+B2 )/2 A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area) A = แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€„แ€š(minor radius) B = แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ (major radius)

แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ (Circle)

A = ฯ€ x R2 C = 3.142 x D R = D/2 A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area), C = แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ (Circumference) ฯ€ = 3.142 R = แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€ (radius), D = แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ(Diamater)

แ€…แ€แ€‚ (Rectangle)

A = W x L A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area) W = แ€กแ€”แŠ แ€กแ€€แ€š (Width) L = แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ (Length)

L

W

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แ€…แ€€แ€œแ€ธ A = 12.56 x R2 A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area) V = 4.188 x R3 V = แ€‘แ€‘แ€Š (Volume)

แ‚€แ€แ€‚ (Triangle)

A = (W x H) / 2 A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area) W = แ€—แ€€ (Width) H = แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ (Height )

แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€• (Cone)

A = 3.142 x R x S + 3.142 x R x R

V = 1.047 x R2 x H

A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area) V = แ€‘แ€‘แ€Š (Volume) R = แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€ (Radius) S = แ€‘แ€•แ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€‘ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ H = แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ (Height )

แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€

A = (3.142 x R2 x ฮฑ) / 360 A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area) L = 0.01745 x R x ฮฑ ฮฑ = L / (0.01745 x R)

A = H x L A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area) H = แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ (Height) L = แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ (Length)

แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€„ แ€…แ€แ€‚ (Parallelogram)

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แพแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€‡แ€šแ€™ (Trapezoid)

A = H x (L1 + L2)/2 A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area) L1 = แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแฟแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€–แ€€ L2 = แ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแฟแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€–แ€€ H = แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ (Height )

แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€” แ€…แ€แ€‚ แ€‘แ€‘แ€Š (Rectangular

Solid)

A = 2 (W x L + L x H + H x W) V = W x L x H A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area) V = แ€‘แ€‘แ€Š (Volume) L = แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ (Length) W = แ€กแ€” (Width) H = แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ (Height )

Area of

Area of

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แ€˜แ€ฅแ€• แ€‘แ€œแ€ธแ€›แ€Š (Elliptical Tanks)

แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ = 6.283x โˆš(A2+B2)/2 x H + 6.283 x A x B V = 3.142 x A x B x H V = แ€‘แ€‘แ€Š (Volume) A = แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€„แ€š(minor radius) B = แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ (major radius) H = แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ (Height )

แ€†แ€œแ€„แ€’แ€ซ แ€‘แ€œแ€ธแ€›แ€Š (Cylinder)

A = 6.283x R x H + 6.283 x R x R V = 3.142 x R x R x H A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ V = แ€‘แ€‘แ€Š (Volume) R = แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€ (radius) H = แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ (Height )

P = a + b + c , A = แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (Area) W = แ€—แ€€ (Width), H = แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ (Height ) P = แ€•แ€แ€œแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธ (Perimeter)

แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ‚€แ€แ€‚ (Triangle)

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แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ธแ€›แ€• แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€… แ€žแ€กแ€›แ€™แ€žแ€กแ€›แ€™แ€žแ€กแ€›แ€™แ€žแ€กแ€›แ€™ (Pythagoras Theorem) (Pythagoras Theorem) (Pythagoras Theorem) (Pythagoras Theorem)

แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แค แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ค แ€žแ€กแ€›แ€™ แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

TrigonometryTrigonometryTrigonometryTrigonometry แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ Sin 90 = 1, Sin 60 = 0.866, Sin 45 = 0.707, Sin 30 = 0.5, Sin 15 = 0.2588, Sin 5 = 0.08716 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€”แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แค แ€ฌแ€žแ€แค แ€ฌแ€žแ€แค แ€ฌแ€žแ€แค แ€ฌ (Lifting Mathematics) (Lifting Mathematics) (Lifting Mathematics) (Lifting Mathematics) แ€แ€”แ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€• (Load depends on Sling Lifting Angles)

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9

แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แแ€แ€แ€ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€™ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™ แ€œแ€„ แ€‘ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แแ€แ€แ€ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€’แ€ซแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™ แ€•แ€ซแ€™ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ…แ€แ€ แ€…แ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€แ€Šแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€™ แ€‘ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€™ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œ แ€แ€”แ€• แ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แแ€แ€แ€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ…แ€แ€ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€™ แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ) แ€แ€”แ€แ€Šแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€” = แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แแ€แ€แ€ ( Load = 1000 lb) แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€… แ€› แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ = = แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ…แ€แ€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ†แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ€€ -

แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ = = แ…แ‡แˆ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แแ€แ€แ€ แ‚

500 Sin 60

500 Sin 60

10

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ€€ - แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ = = แ‡แ€แ‡ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแแ‹

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แƒแ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ€€ -

แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ = = แแ€แ€แ€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แแ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ€€ - แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ = = แแ‰แƒแ‚ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€› แ€ฑแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€„ แ€แ€œแ€„แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€” แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌ แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€”แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€”แแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„

แ€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€Šแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€แ€”แ€แ€”แ€€แ€žแ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š Centre of Gravity (CG) แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

500 Sin 45

500 Sin 30

500 Sin 15

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แ‚แ€…แ€–แ€€แ‚แ€…แ€–แ€€แ‚แ€…แ€–แ€€แ‚แ€…แ€–แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€”แ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€™ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿ - CG (Centre of Gravity) แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€™ แ€™ แ€™ แ€‘ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€—แ€Ÿ (CG) แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€”แ€€ แ€แ€แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€‘ แ€กแ€™แ€แแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€• CG แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ‚” แ€แ€œแ€ผแ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€แ€”แแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€แ€Š แ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿ (CG) แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€”แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€™แ€™ แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€”แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€™ แ€›แ€” แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

12

แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แค แ€ฌแ€žแ€แค แ€ฌแ€žแ€แค แ€ฌแ€žแ€แค แ€ฌ

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ -

Run = 1250 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ Angle A แ€™แ€ฌ 30 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ -

Set = 1250 x tan 30 = 721.687 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ

Travel = 1250 / Cos 30 = 1443.375 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Equal Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length DifferencesEqual Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length DifferencesEqual Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length DifferencesEqual Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length Differences

Formula Offset Angles

90 72 60 45 30 22 1/2 11 1/4 Difference in Length = Spread x

1 0.727 0.577 0.414 0.268 0.199 0.098

45 Offset 45 Offset 45 Offset 45 Offset แ€€แ€€แ€€แ€€ แ€žแ€žแ€žแ€žแ€ธแแ€ธแแ€ธแแ€ธแ 90 90 90 90 แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

Different in Length = Spread x 0.414 Travel 1 = 1.414 x Offset Travel 2 = Previous shortest travel + (2 x difference in length)

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ -

14

Long Radius Weld ElbowsLong Radius Weld ElbowsLong Radius Weld ElbowsLong Radius Weld Elbows

H = Distance from Face to Elbow Centre in mm. D is Nominal Diameter (DN) of Elbow.

For 90 Deg Elbow, H = 38.1 x D For 45 Deg Elbow, H = 15.78 x D For Z Deg Elbow, H = 38.1 x D x tan Z/2 (where H = mm, and D = Inches)

Page 11: Piping Handbook

15

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ D แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ (DN) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™ (in) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ H แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ (mm) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Z แ€™แ€ฌ Elbow แ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ‚แ€…แ€ แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ -

แแ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™ (14โ€) Elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ -

For 14โ€ 90 Elbow; H = 38.1 x 14 = 533.4 mm For 14โ€ 45 Elbow; H = 15.78 x 14 = 220.9 mm For 14โ€ 63 Elbow; H = 38.1 x 14 x tan (63/2) = 326.9 mm

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š (DN) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ H แ€€ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹

Elbow Constant (แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ž) Elbow Constant (แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ž) 7.5 2.5 45 15.78 15 5.02 60 22 22.5 7.58 67.5 25.46 30 10.21 90 38.1

A = 1.5 x Dia of Elbow (DN) B = A โ€“ (OD/2) C = A + (OD/2) D = Degree of Fitting required K = Constant (แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ž) = 0.01746 L1 = D x C x K L2 = D x A x K L3 = D x B x K

L4 = A x 2 x Sin (D/2)

16

แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

ฮธ = Angle of Cut OD = Outside Diameter of the pipe R = Radius = OD / 2 RA = R x Cos 45 = R x 0.707 C1 = OD x tan ฮธ

C2 = (R + RA) x tan ฮธ C3 = C1 / 2 C4 = (R - RA) x tan ฮธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„ แแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ OD แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š 45 แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€‘ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ projection line แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€€) แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแฟแ€•แ€„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€) แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ แ€Šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€†แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แฟแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€‘แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€™แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‚) แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ 45 แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€‘ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€‘ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ƒ) แ€‘ แฟแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€‘แ€แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘ แ€…แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€„แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ Dummy SupportDummy SupportDummy SupportDummy Support

Dummy Support แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” Dummy Support แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Fabrication of Dummy SupportFabrication of Dummy SupportFabrication of Dummy SupportFabrication of Dummy Support Type 1Type 1Type 1Type 1

แ€‘ Dummy Support แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ (Centre Line) แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€ (Support Pipe) แ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€กแ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ (vertical pipe line) แ€แ€” แ€€ แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ

45แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

Page 12: Piping Handbook

17

L1 = H5 โ€“ H1 L2 = H5 โ€“ H2 L3 = H5 โ€“ H3 L4 = H5 โ€“ H4 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ H1 ,H2 , H3, H4,H5 แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

D = Outside Diameter of Elbow R1 = Outside Radius of Elbow

OD = Outside Diameter ID = Inside Diameter R1 = OD of Header / 2 R2 = ID of Branch / 2

1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D โ€“ C3 3 = 2D โ€“ C1 6 = 1.5D

18

R2 = Inside Radius of Support Pipe = Inside Diameter of Support Pipe / 2 R2A = R x Cos 45 = R x 0.707

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ - L1 = H5 โ€“ H1 L2 = H5 โ€“ H2 L3 = H5 โ€“ H3 L4 = H5 โ€“ H4 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€•แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support TypeTypeTypeType 2 2 2 2

แ€‘ Dummy Support แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ (Bottom Surface) แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€ (Support Pipe) แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€(แ€žแ‚”) แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ (vertical pipe line) แ€แ€”แ€€ support pipe แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŒ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ support แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Page 13: Piping Handbook

19

Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Type 3Type 3Type 3Type 3

แ€‘ Dummy Support แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ (Bottom Surface) แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€ (Support Pipe) แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€ (แ€žแ‚”) แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ (vertical pipe line) แ€แ€”แ€€ support pipe แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŒ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ support แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D โ€“ C2 3 = 2D โ€“ C1

20

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Rule of Thumb Rule of Thumb Rule of Thumb Rule of Thumb แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ แ‚” แ€•แ€€แแ€•แ€€แแ€•แ€€แแ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ Outside Diameter of pipe = D (แ€œแ€€แ€™) , Thickness = t (แ€œแ€€แ€™) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€• แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

W = 10.68 x (Dt โ€“ t2)

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ W แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€” (แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ OD = 4.5โ€ , t = 0.25โ€ แ€› แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ -

W = 10.68 x (4.5 x 0.25 โ€“ 0.252 )

= 11.35 lb/ft แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€œแ€„ แแ.แƒแ… แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€€แ€œแ€‚แ€›แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

W = D x t x 16

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ W แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€€แ€‘แ€›แ€…แ€แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€€แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€› แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ D = แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Diameter of the pipe) - แ€œแ€€แ€™ t = แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€‘ (Thickness ) - แ€œแ€€แ€™

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ แ€กแ€‘แ€› แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ‚แ€ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ -

W = 20 x ยผ x 16 = 80 tons แ€แ€…แ€€แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€แ€” แˆแ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€™แ€แ€ฌ แแ€แ€ แ€›แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แˆ แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ‹ Pipe Span (Pipe Support Pipe Span (Pipe Support Pipe Span (Pipe Support Pipe Span (Pipe Support แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ธแ€ธแ€ธแ€ธ) ) ) ) แ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š Sch 40 แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€‘แ€€ แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ S = 7 โˆšD แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€‘แ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ S = 6.6 โˆšD แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ S = Pipe Support แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ (แ€ฑแ€•) D = Outside Diameter of pipe (in) - แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ€œแ€€แ€™) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Page 14: Piping Handbook

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Hydrostatic Test Hydrostatic Test Hydrostatic Test Hydrostatic Test แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

V = 0.0408 x d2 x L

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ - V = แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ (แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ) d = Inside Diameter of pipe (in) แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ€œแ€€แ€™) L = Hydrotest แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Š (แ€ฑแ€•)

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€ฑแ€• แ†แ…แ€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ hydro test แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ ID แ€™แ€ฌ แ†.แ€แ†แ… แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ - V = 0.0408 x 6.0652 x 650

= 975.5 แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ (แ‚)

แ€•แ€€ แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ซแ€šแ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ซแ€šแ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ซแ€šแ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ซแ€š (Definition of Piping) (Definition of Piping) (Definition of Piping) (Definition of Piping)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Piping) แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€„แ€กแ€แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Fittings) แ€žแ€ธแ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘ แ€กแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€› แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€• แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€˜แ€แ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€˜แ€แ€™ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€™แ‚Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€ แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€› แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€›แŠ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€”แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€› แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€† แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แฟแ€™แ‚”แ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แฟแ€™ แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€•

22

แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€ธ แ€”แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€“แ€ซแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Elbow, Tee, Reducer, Flange) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ Valve, Bolt, Nut, Washer, Gasket, Pipe Supports แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€• แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€แ€แšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

Adhesive Joint - แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€ แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€ Ambient Temperature - แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” Alloy Steel - แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ž แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€”แ€ธแ€… - แ.แ†แ… แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ แ€†แ€œแ€€แ€ผแ€” - แ€.แ†แ€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€” - แ€.แ†แ€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ แ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ž

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€™แŠ แ€˜แ€›แ€ผแ€”แŠ แ€แ€›แ€™แ€šแ€™แŠ แ€€แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแŠ แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€šแŠ แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€”แ€šแ€”แŠ แ€แ€”แ€…แ€แ€„แŠ แ€—แ€ฑแ€”แ€’แ€šแ€™ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Anchor - แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ Assembly - แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Automatic Welding - แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€œแ€• แ€กแ€œ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€€ Backing Ring - แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแŒ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ‚แ€„ penetration แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Š แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ Base Metal - แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€ธ (แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€) แ€žแ€€แ€šแ€‘แ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ parent metal แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Bevel - แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Bonding - แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Butt Joint - แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€€ (แ€ฑแ€แ€†แ€€) Branch โ€“ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ Bypass - แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€œแ‚Š - แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ valve, flow meter แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€„แ€š Carbon Steel - แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Carbon Steel แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ aluminium, boron, chromium, cobalt แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€™

Page 15: Piping Handbook

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แ€•แ€ซแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ copper แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ 0.40 แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแŠ manganese แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ 1.65แŠ silicon แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ 0.60แŠ copper แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ 0.60 แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ‹ Cast Iron - แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ž Chamfering - แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Cold Bending - แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€˜ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ… แ€† แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

(Radius of Bend = 5 x Diameter of pipe) Commissioning โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Crack - แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Defect - แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Design Pressure โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Design Pressure แ€žแ€Š Operating Pressure แ แ.แ… แ€† แ€›แ€žแ€Š)แ‹ Design Temperature โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” Electrode - แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ Expansion Joint - แ€กแ€• แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ Fabrication - แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Fillet Weld - แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€”แ€€ แ€žแ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ Flow Rate โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ Flushing โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€ธแ€ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€„แพแ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€œแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Flux - แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ / แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ GA (General Arrangement) Drawing โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€• (แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š)แ‹ Galvanizing - แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) โ€“ MIG แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ CO2 Welding แ€Ÿ แ€œแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) - TIG แ€Ÿ แ€œแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Groove โ€“ Groove Welding แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ Groove Angle - แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€™ Groove แ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„

Gravity Test โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€™แ€œ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Hangers and Supports โ€“ Pipe Support แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Header - Main run of piping - แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Hydro-Test โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€™แ€œ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ ID โ€“ Inside Diameter (แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ) Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing) โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ XYZ Coordinate แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€• (แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ) MPI (Magnetic Particle Inspection) โ€“ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€™แ€› แ€žแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ NDT (Non Destructive Testing) โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€• แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ NPS โ€“ Nominal Pipe Sizeโ€“ (แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€ แŽแ€€ ND - Nominal Diameter แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ DN - Diameter Nominal แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ NB - Nominal Bore แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ DN แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ metric แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€ DN100 แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€ DN200 แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ OD โ€“ Outside Diameter (แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ) Operating Pressure โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” แ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ Operating Temperature โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” แ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” Penetrant Test โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€› แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Pneumatic Test โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€™แ€œ แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ P n ID (Piping and Instrument Diagram) โ€“ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€• (แ€คแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€˜ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹) RT (Radiographic Testing) (X-Ray) โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€› แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Reverse Polarity โ€“ DC Arc Welding แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ (-) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ (+) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Schedule Number - แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ

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แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€†แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹)

Schedule Number = 1000 P / S

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ P แ€žแ€Š Service Pressure ( psi) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ S แ€žแ€Š Allowable Stress (psi) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Seamless Pipe - แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€• แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€ SMAW โ€“ Shielded Metal Arc Welding - Arc Welding แ€Ÿ แ€œแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Slag Inclusion โ€“ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แŒ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Welding แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹) Soldering - แ€žแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Spatter - แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€ฅ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Straight Polarity โ€“ DC Arc Welding แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ (+) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ (-) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Size of Weld - แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌ

Thermoplastic - แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€… Thermosetting Plastic - แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€“แ€ซแ€ แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แŠ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌ Thickness โ€“ Schedule - แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€‘ UT (Ultrasonic Test)(Ultrasonic Examination or Inspection) โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€™แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ‚Šแ€แ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Visual Inspection โ€“ แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) - แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

26

Abbreviations (Abbreviations (Abbreviations (Abbreviations (แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ)))) AISI - American Iron and Steel Institute AEC - American Engineering Council ANSI - American National Standards Institute API - American Petroleum Institute ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials AWG - American Wire Gauge AWS - American Welding Society AWWA - American Water Works Association BHN - Brinell Hardness Number DIN - Deutsches Institu fur Normung; German Standards Institute gpm - Gallons per inute HVAC - Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning NPT - National Pipe Taper ppb - Parts per billion ppm - Parts per million SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แƒแƒแƒแƒแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€ (Pipes & Tubes) (Pipes & Tubes) (Pipes & Tubes) (Pipes & Tubes) แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แ€žแ€•แ€€ (Ferrus metal Pipe) แ‚แ‹ แ€žแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€€ (Non-ferrus metal Pipe) แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€ (Plastic Pipe) แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€™แ€ (Stainless Steel)แŠ แ€ž (Carbon Steel)แŠ

แ€žแ€…แ€• (Alloy Steel) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Monel, Nickel, Inconel, Hastalloy, Copper, Brass, Bronze, Titanium, Tantalum, Bismuth, Aluminium, High Speed Steel, Zinc, Lead แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ PVC, CPVC, PP, PE, PPR, PVDF, GRP, GRE, ABS แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Page 17: Piping Handbook

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Pipe Standards and Specifications

Specification

Size Range

(NPS) Application

ASTM A53 1/8 to 26 Ordinary use in gas, air, oil, water, steam

ASTM A106 1/8 to 48 High temperature service (steam, water, gas, etc.)

ASTM A369 Custom High temperature service

ASTM A335 Custom High temperature service

ASTM A333 1/8 and larger

Service requiring excellent fracture toughness at low

temperatures

ASTM A671 16 and larger Low Temperature services

ASTM A672 16 and larger Moderate Temperature services

ASTM A691 16 and larger High Temperature services

ASTM A312 1/8 and larger Low to High Temperature and corrosive services

API 5L Low pipe, refinery anf transmission service

AWWA C200 6 and larger Steel Water pipe

AS 1450 Steel tubes for mechanical purposes

BS 3602

Steel pipes and tubes for pressure purposes, Carbon

steel: High temperature duties

DIN 2440 Steel tubes medium-weight Suitable for threading

JIS G3445

Carbon steel tubes for Machine and Structural

Purpose

JIS G3458 Alloy steel pipes

แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌ (Pipe Properties and Characteristics) (Pipe Properties and Characteristics) (Pipe Properties and Characteristics) (Pipe Properties and Characteristics) แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€‘แ€ แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ ASTM A53 แ‚แ€„ API 5L แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Grade แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Grade A แ‚แ€„ B แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Grade C แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแพแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ A แ‚แ€„ B แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ Grade B แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š Grade A แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€€ Tensile Strength แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€˜ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธ แ€›แ€” (Cold Bending) แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Grade A แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Grade A แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ Grade B แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€‘แ€€ แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แพแ€€แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

28

Chemical composition and Tensile Strength of Grade A and Grade B Steel Pipe

Chemical Composition Tensile Properties

Designation Grade C Mn P S

min. yield

strength

psi (Mpa)

min. tensile

strength

psi (Mpa)

ASTM A53 A 0.25 0.95 0.05 0.06 30,000 (205) 48,000 (330)

B 0.30 1.2 0.05 0.06 35,000 (240) 60,000 (415)

API 5L A 0.22 0.9 0.04 0.05 30,000 (205) 48,000 (330)

B 0.27 1.15 0.04 0.05 35,000 (240) 60,000 (415)

C= Carbon Mn = Manganese P = Phosphorous S = Sulphur

แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€‚แ€ธแ€‚แ€ธแ€‚แ€ธแ€‚แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ (Weight and Schedule Number) (Weight and Schedule Number) (Weight and Schedule Number) (Weight and Schedule Number) แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€œ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ -

แแ‹ Standard (Std.) แ‚แ‹ Extra Strong (XS) or Extra Heavy (XH) แƒแ‹ Double Extra Strong (XXS) or Double Extra Heavy (XXH) - แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€•แ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Outside Diameter โ€“ OD) แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Inside Diameter โ€“ ID) แ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แŠ Schedule No. แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€„ (Die) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ (Fittings) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ NPS แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ NPS แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ OD แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แŠ ID แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ ID แ‚แ€„ แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€• แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ NPS = OD แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

1. SP x 1000 Number Schedule =

2. CS x 2D x P Thickness Wall +=

3. DC) - (T S x 2 Presure =

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ P = Internal Pressure (psi) S = maximum allowable stress value (psi)

D = outside diameter (in)

Page 18: Piping Handbook

29

C = allowance for threading and grooving T = wall thickness (in) C แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

General Allowance for Threading and Grooving Pipe Size (NPS) Allowance ยฝโ€(15mm) to ยพโ€(20mm) 0.0571โ€ (1.45mm) 1โ€(25mm) to 2โ€(50mm) 0.0696โ€ (1.77mm) 2 ยฝโ€ (65mm) and larger 0.1000โ€ (2.54mm)

Stress Value S แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€™แผแ€แ€™ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ S Value แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Maximum allowable stress โ€œSโ€ value for Carbon Steel Seamless pipes

Maximum stress in 1000 psi (MPa) for various Temperature

Specification Grade

-20 to 650 F (-29 to 343 C)

700 F (371 C)

750 F (399 C)

800 F (427 C)

ASTM A53 A B

12.0(82) 15.0(103)

11.7(80) 14.4(99)

10.7(73) 13.0(89)

9.0(62) 10.8(74)

ASTM A106 A B

12.0(82) 15.0(103)

11.7(80) 14.4(99)

10.7(73) 13.0(89)

9.0(62) 10.8(74)

API 5L A B

12.0(82) 15.0(103)

11.7(80) 14.4(99)

10.7(73) 13.0(89)

9.0(62) 10.8(74)

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (corrosion) แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” (temperature), แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ (specific application) แ€แ‚”แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€€แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ‚แ แ€ฑแ€•(แ†.แ„ แ€™แ€แ€ฌ) แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แแ‹

๏ฟฝ Threaded and Coupled (แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€… - แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹) ๏ฟฝ Threaded without Couplings (แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€… - แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ‹) ๏ฟฝ Plain End โ€“ cut square (แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€•แ€…แ€•แ€‘แ€•) ๏ฟฝ Beveled for welding โ€“ 30 degree bevel with a 1/16โ€ (1.6mm) land

(แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€•) ๏ฟฝ Groove End (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€•)

30

Pipe Schedule tables for selected pipe sizes

1 All Dimensions are in inches

2 The Nominal Wall Thickness shown are subject to a 12.5% Mill Tolerance

3 Not included in ANSI B 36.10

Nominal NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS

Pipe Outside Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch

Size Dia 5S (1)

10S (2) 10 20 30 WT 40

1/8 0.405 --- 0.049 --- --- --- 0.068 0.068

1/4 0.540 --- 0.065 --- --- --- 0.088 0.088

3/8 0.675 --- 0.065 --- --- --- 0.091 0.091

1/2 0.840 0.065 0.083 --- --- --- 0.109 0.109

3/4 1.050 0.065 0.083 --- --- --- 0.113 0.113

1 1.315 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.133 0.133

1-1/4 1.660 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.140 0.140

1-1/2 1.900 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.145 0.145

2 2.375 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.154 0.154

2-1/2 2.875 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.203 0.203

3 3.500 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.216 0.216

3-1/2 4.000 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.226 0.226

4 4.500 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.237 0.237

5 5.563 0.109 0.134 --- --- --- 0.258 0.258

6 6.625 0.109 0.134 --- --- --- 0.280 0.280

8 8.625 0.109 0.148 --- 0.250 0.277 0.322 0.322

10 10.75 0.134 0.165 --- 0.250 0.307 0.365 0.365

12 12.75 0.156 0.180 --- 0.250 0.330 0.375 0.406

14 14.00 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.438

16 16.00 0.165 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.500

18 18.00 0.165 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.438 0.375 0.562

20 20.00 0.188 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375 0.594

22 22.00 0.188 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375 ---

24 24.00 0.218 0.250 0.250 0.375 0.562 0.375 0.688

26 26.00 --- --- 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 ---

28 28.00 --- --- 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 ---

30 30.00 0.250 0.312 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.3753 ---

Page 19: Piping Handbook

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NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS

Pipe Sch Extra Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XX

Size 60 Strong 80 100 120 140 160 Strong

1/8 --- 0.095 0.095 --- --- --- --- ---

1/4 --- 0.119 0.119 --- --- --- --- ---

3/8 --- 0.126 0.126 --- --- --- --- ---

1/2 --- 0.147 0.147 --- --- --- 0.188 0.294

3/4 --- 0.154 0.154 --- --- --- 0.219 0.308

1 --- 0.179 0.179 --- --- --- 0.250 0.358

1-1/4 --- 0.191 0.191 --- --- --- 0.250 0.382

1-1/2 --- 0.200 0.200 --- --- --- 0.281 0.400

2 --- 0.218 0.218 --- --- --- 0.344 0.436

2-1/2 --- 0.276 0.276 --- --- --- 0.375 0.552

3 --- 0.300 0.300 --- --- --- 0.438 0.600

3-1/2 --- 0.318 0.318 --- --- --- --- ---

4 --- 0.337 0.337 --- 0.438 --- 0.531 0.674

5 --- 0.375 0.375 --- 0.500 --- 0.625 0.750

6 --- 0.432 0.432 --- 0.562 --- 0.719 0.864

8 0.406 0.500 0.500 0.593 0.719 0.812 0.906 0.875

10 0.500 0.500 0.594 0.719 0.844 1.000 1.125 1.000

12 0.562 0.500 0.688 0.844 1.000 1.125 1.312 1.000

14 0.594 0.500 0.750 0.938 1.094 1.250 1.406 ---

16 0.656 0.500 0.844 1.031 1.219 1.438 1.594 ---

18 0.750 0.500 0.938 1.156 1.375 1.562 1.781 ---

20 0.812 0.500 1.031 1.281 1.500 1.750 1.969 ---

22 0.875 0.500 1.125 1.375 1.625 1.875 2.215 ---

24 0.969 0.500 1.218 1.531 1.812 2.062 2.344 ---

26 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---

28 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---

30 --- 0.5003 --- --- --- --- --- ---

32 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---

34 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---

36 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---

42 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---

แ€•แ€€แ แ€‘แ€•แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€žแ€›แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€• แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

32

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Pipe Identification and Marking)(Pipe Identification and Marking)(Pipe Identification and Marking)(Pipe Identification and Marking) แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ grade แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€œ แ€›แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ ASTM แ‚แ€„ API แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ‚” แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ASTM standard แ€กแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ -

๏ฟฝ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€™แธแ€ / แ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€แ€†แ€• (Manufactureerโ€™s Name - trade mark or brand)

๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ (Pipe manufacturing method): o F = Furnae butt welded, continuous welded o E = Electric resistance welded o S = Seamless

๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€‘แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€ธ / แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€” (Sch Std. , XS, or XXS.) ๏ฟฝ Specification Number (ASTM spec. no.) ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Š (Length)

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€› Grade แ‚แ€„ Schedule No. แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ API standard แ€กแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ -

๏ฟฝ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€™แธแ€ / แ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€แ€†แ€• (Manufactureerโ€™s Name - trade mark or brand)

๏ฟฝ API Specification Number ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Nominal Diameter or Outside Diameter) ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€” (Weight per foot)

A&B Co. ASTM A 53 Seamless XS 21โ€™ 10.75 x 0.5

ASTM Specification No Method of Manufacture Length

Trade Mark or Wall Thickness Weight Company Name Outside Diameter

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๏ฟฝ Grade ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ (Pipe manufacturing method):

o F = Butt welded o E = Welded, except Butt Welded o S = Seamless o SW = Spiral Welded

๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Š (Length) แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€‘ (Thickness) ๏ฟฝ Type of steel :

E โ€“ Electric โ€“ furnace steel R โ€“ Rephosphorized steel

๏ฟฝ Heat Treatment HN โ€“ Normalized or normalized/tempered HS โ€“ Subcritical stress relieved HA โ€“ Subcritical age hardened HQ โ€“ Quench and tempered

๏ฟฝ Test Pressure โ€“ if the pressure is higher than in tables.

Carbon Steel PipeCarbon Steel PipeCarbon Steel PipeCarbon Steel Pipe Carbon Steel แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€€แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŒ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€šแ€œแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€…แ€แ€…แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€žแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แพแ€€แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€†แ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€Ÿแ€€แฟแ€’แ€‚แ€„ แ€†แ€ฌแ€œแ€–แ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€œแ€žแ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€Š (mechanical properties) แ€€ แ€–แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌ ASTM A53 แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

A&B Co. Spec 5L 14โ€ 54.68 B S E 0.25 x 40โ€™

API Specification No Outside Diameter Grade of Pipe Pipe Weight (per ft) Seamless

Trade Mark or Wall Thickness Length Electric Company Name or API monogram Furnace

34

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Type Grade Manufacturing System Remarks F A Furnace Btt Welded Flange joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ E A , B Electric resistance welded แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ Type F แ€€ S A , B Seamless แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€žแ€™แ€แ€žแ€™แ€แ€žแ€™แ€แ€žแ€™แ€ ( ( ( (Stainless Steel PipeStainless Steel PipeStainless Steel PipeStainless Steel Pipe)))) แ€žแ€™แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€›แ€™แ€šแ€™(Chromium) แ‚แ€„ แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€š (Nickel) แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€›แ€™แ€šแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€’ แ€กแ€œแ‚Šแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€™แ€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ แ€‘ แ€žแ€แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€›แ€™แ€šแ€™ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ„ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™ แ‚แ‡ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแŠ แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€š แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™ แ‚แ‚ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€™แ€œแ€…แ€’แ€”แ€™แŠ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แŠ แ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€”แ€ธแ€…แŠ แ€†แ€œแ€€แ€ผแ€” แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แแ‹

Austenitic (AISI types 200 and 300 series) Ferritic (AISI type 400 series) Martensitic (AISI types 400 and 500 series)

แ€คแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Austenitic แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Series 300 แ‚แ€„ 400 แ€€ แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Series 400 แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ Series 300 แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌ 304 แ‚แ€„ 316 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€ธแ€ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€Ÿ แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€Ÿแ€€แฟแ€’แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แŠ แ€–แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€’ แ€แ‚”แ€€แ€™ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€Š แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ€™แ€ 304 แ‚แ€„ 304L แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š Austenitic แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€’แ€šแ€™ แ€Ÿแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€’แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€’ แ€แ‚”แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ‚แ€€แพแ€‘แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€… แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€… แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€™แ€ 316 แ‚แ€„ 316L แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€ฌแ€œแ€–แ€’ แ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€’ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€›แ€ฌแŒ 304 แ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€ฌแ€œแ€–แ€›แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ 304 แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€˜แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ 316 แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€แ€แ€œแ€€แ€ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ 304L แ‚แ€„ 316L แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š 304 แ‚แ€„ 316 แ€แ‚”แ€‘แ€€ แ€†แ€ฌแ€œแ€–แ€›แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แŠ แ‚แ€€แพแ€‘แ€…

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แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Š แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Ferritic แ€žแ€™แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€Ÿแ€€แฟแ€’แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€’ แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€‚แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Martensitic แ€žแ€™แ€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ Ferritic แ€žแ€™แ€ แ‚แ€„ Martensitic แ€žแ€™แ€ แ€แ‚”แ€‘แ€€ Austenitic แ€žแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ Austenitic แ€žแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ Carbon steel แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€„ 1/8โ€ แ€™ 30โ€ แ€‘ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€”แ€›แ€กแ€‘ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ Schedule 5S, 10S, 40S, 80S แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ S แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ stainless steel แ€€ แ€€แ€šแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ Schedule 5S แ‚แ€„ 10S แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแแ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œ แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ Pipe Schedule Table for Stainless Steel Pipes

Pipe Size Outside Diameter

Wall Thickness

Inside Diameter

(inches) (inches) Schedule

No. (inches) (inches) 10S .049 .307

40S .068 .269 1/8 0.405 80S .095 .215

10S .065 .410

40S .088 .364 1/4 0.540 80S .119 .302

10S .065 .545

40S .091 .493 3/8 0.675 80S .126 .423

5S .065 .710

10S .083 .674

40S .109 .622 1/2 0.840 80S .147 .546

5S .065 .920

1.050 10S .083 .884

40S .113 .824 3/4 80S .154 .742 1 1.315 5S .065 1.185

36

10S .109 1.097

40S .133 1.049

80S .179 .957

5S .065 1.530

10S .109 1.442

40S .140 1.380 1 1/4 1.660 80S .191 1.278

5S .065 1.770

10S .109 1.682

40S .145 1.610 1 1/2 1.900 80S .200 1.500

5S .065 2.245

10S .109 2.157

40S .154 2.067 2 2.375 80S .218 1.939

5S .083 2.709

10S .120 2.635

40S .203 2.469 2 1/2 2.875 80S .276 2.323

5S .083 3.334

10S .120 3.260

40S .216 3.068 3 3.500 80S .300 2.900

5S .083 3.834

10S .120 3.760

40S .226 3.548 3 1/2 4.000 80S .318 3.364

5S .083 4.334

10S .120 4.260

40S .237 4.026 4 4.500 80S .337 3.826

5S .109 5.345

10S .134 5.295

5 5.563

40S .258 5.047

Page 22: Piping Handbook

37

80S .375 4.813

5S .109 6.407

10S .134 6.357

40S .280 6.065 6 6.625 80S .432 5.761

5S .109 8.407

10S .148 8.329

40S .322 7.981 8 8.625 80S .500 7.625

5S .134 10.482

10S .165 10.420

40S .365 10.020 10 10.750 80S .500 9.750

5S .156 12.438

10S .180 12.390

40S .500 11.750 12 12.75 80S .688 11.374

5S 156 13.688 14 14.00 10S .188 13.624

5S .165 15.670 16 16.00 10S .188 15.624

5S .165 17.670 18 18.00 10S .188 17.624

5S .188 19.624 20 20.00 10S .218 19.564

5S .188 21.624 22 22.00 10S .218 21.564

5S .218 23.564 24 24.00 10S .250 23.500

5S .250 29.500 30 30.00 10S .312 29.376

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€ (Copper Pipe) (Copper Pipe) (Copper Pipe) (Copper Pipe)

38

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€Šแ€แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€Ÿแ€€แฟแ€’แ€‚แ€„แ€†แ€ฌแ€œแ€–แ€’แŠ แ‚แ€€แพแ€‘แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€… แ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚” แ€œแ€„แ€™ แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€€แ€€ 1/8โ€ แ€™ 12โ€ แ€‘ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€‘ (light, regular, extra strong) แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€ซ(แ€กแ€”)แŠ แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€” (Copper-nickel), Aluminium-bronze แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แพแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Pipe Schedule table for Copper Pipes

NominalNominalNominalNominal I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. Wall ThicknessWall ThicknessWall ThicknessWall Thickness

Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.

KKKK LLLL MMMM DWVDWVDWVDWV KKKK LLLL MMMM DWVDWVDWVDWV 1/4" 3/8" 0.305 0.315 - - 0.035 0.03 - -

3/8" 1/2" 0.402 0.43 0.45 - 0.049 0.035 0.025 -

1/2" 5/8" 0.527 0.545 0.569 - 0.049 0.04 0.028 -

5/8" 3/4" 0.652 0.666 - - 0.049 0.042 - -

3/4" 7/8" 0.745 0.785 0.811 - 0.065 0.045 0.032 -

1" 1-1/8" 0.995 1.025 1.055 - 0.065 0.05 0.035 -

1-1/4" 1-3/8" 1.245 1.265 1.291 1.295 0.065 0.055 0.042 0.04

1-1/2" 1-5/8" 1.481 1.505 1.527 1.541 0.072 0.06 0.049 0.042

2" 2-1/8" 1.959 1.985 2.009 2.041 0.083 0.07 0.058 0.042

2-1/2" 2-5/8" 2.435 2.465 2.495 - 0.095 0.08 0.065 -

3" 3-1/8" 2.907 2.945 2.981 3.03 0.109 0.09 0.072 0.045

แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ž (Cast Iron Pipe) (Cast Iron Pipe) (Cast Iron Pipe) (Cast Iron Pipe) แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€” 2% แ€™ 4% แ€‘แŠ แ€†แ€œแ€€แ€ผแ€” 1% แ€™ 3% แ€‘ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€›แ€ฌ

Page 23: Piping Handbook

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แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ White Cast Iron ๏ฟฝ Ductile Iron ๏ฟฝ Gray Cast Iron ๏ฟฝ Malleable Iron

แ€‘แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€

๏ฟฝ Cast Iron Pressure Pipe ๏ฟฝ Cast Iron Soil Pipe - แ€Ÿ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€‘แ€•แ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€šแ€แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แพแ€€แฟแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Cast Iron Pressure Pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€” แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแพแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Pipe Schedule table for Cast Iron Pipes NominalNominalNominalNominal Class AClass AClass AClass A Class BClass BClass BClass B Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 100 Foot Head (43 psi)100 Foot Head (43 psi)100 Foot Head (43 psi)100 Foot Head (43 psi) 200 Foot Head (86 psi)200 Foot Head (86 psi)200 Foot Head (86 psi)200 Foot Head (86 psi)

WallWallWallWall WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.

ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.

ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.

3" 3.80" 0.39" 3.02" 3.96" 0.42" 3.12"

4" 4.80" 0.42" 3.96" 5.00" 0.45" 4.10"

6" 6.90" 0.44" 6.02" 7.10" 0.48" 6.14"

8" 9.05" 0.46" 8.13" 9.05" 0.51" 8.03"

10" 11.10" 0.50" 10.10" 11.10" 0.57" 9.96"

12" 13.20" 0.54" 12.12" 13.20" 0.62" 11.96"

14" 15.30" 0.57" 14.16" 15.30" 0.66" 13.98"

16" 17.40" 0.60" 16.20" 17.40" 0.70" 16.00"

18" 19.50" 0.64" 18.22" 19.50" 0.75" 18.00"

20" 21.60" 0.67" 20.26" 21.60" 0.80" 20.00"

24" 25.80" 0.76" 24.28" 25.80" 0.89" 24.02"

30" 31.74" 0.88" 29.98" 32.00" 1.03" 29.94"

36" 37.96" 0.99" 35.98" 38.30" 1.15" 36.00"

42" 44.20" 1.10" 42.00" 44.50" 1.28" 41.94"

48" 50.50" 1.26" 47.98" 50.80" 1.42" 47.96"

40

54" 56.66" 1.35" 53.96" 57.10" 1.55" 54.00"

60" 62.80" 1.39" 60.02" 63.40" 1.67" 60.06"

72" 75.34" 1.62" 72.10" 76.00" 1.95" 72.10"

84" 87.54" 1.72" 84.10" 88.54" 2.22" 84.10" NominalNominalNominalNominal Class CClass CClass CClass C Class DClass DClass DClass D Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 300 Foot Head (130 psi)300 Foot Head (130 psi)300 Foot Head (130 psi)300 Foot Head (130 psi) 400 Foot Head (173 psi)400 Foot Head (173 psi)400 Foot Head (173 psi)400 Foot Head (173 psi)

WallWallWallWall WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.

ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.

ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.

3" 3.96" 0.45" 3.06" 3.96" 0.48" 3.00"

4" 5.00" 0.48" 4.04" 5.00" 0.52" 3.96"

6" 7.10" 0.51" 6.08" 7.10" 0.55" 6.00"

8" 9.30" 0.56" 8.18" 9.30" 0.60" 8.10"

10" 11.40" 0.62" 10.16" 11.40" 0.68" 10.04"

12" 13.50" 0.68" 12.14" 13.50" 0.75" 12.00"

14" 15.65" 0.74" 14.17" 15.65" 0.82" 14.01"

16" 17.80" 0.80" 16.20" 17.80" 0.89" 16.02"

18" 19.92" 0.87" 18.18" 19.92" 0.96" 18.00"

20" 22.06" 0.92" 20.22" 22.06" 1.03" 20.00"

24" 26.32" 1.04" 24.22" 26.32" 1.16" 24.00"

30" 32.40" 1.20" 30.00" 32.74" 1.37" 30.00"

36" 39.60" 1.80" 36.00" 40.04" 2.02" 36.00"

42" 45.10" 1.54" 42.02" 45.58" 1.78" 42.02"

48" 51.40" 1.71" 47.98" 51.98" 1.96" 48.06"

54" 57.80" 1.90" 54.00" 58.40" 2.23" 53.94"

60" 64.20" 2.00" 60.20" 64.82" 2.38" 60.06"

72" 76.88" 2.39" 72.10" NominalNominalNominalNominal Class EClass EClass EClass E Class FClass FClass FClass F Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi) 600 Foot Head (2600 Foot Head (2600 Foot Head (2600 Foot Head (260 psi)60 psi)60 psi)60 psi)

O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D. WallWallWallWall I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D. WallWallWallWall I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.

ThkThkThkThk ThkThkThkThk

Page 24: Piping Handbook

41

6" 7.22" 0.58" 6.06" 7.22" 0.61" 6.00"

8" 9.42" 0.66" 8.10" 9.42" 0.71" 8.00"

10" 11.60" 0.74" 10.12" 11.60" 0.80" 10.00"

12" 13.78" 0.82" 12.14" 13.78" 0.89" 12.00"

14" 15.98" 0.90" 14.18" 15.98" 0.99" 14.00"

NominalNominalNominalNominal Class EClass EClass EClass E Class FClass FClass FClass F Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi) 600 Foot Head (260 psi)600 Foot Head (260 psi)600 Foot Head (260 psi)600 Foot Head (260 psi)

WallWallWallWall WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.

ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.

ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.

16" 18.16" 0.98" 16.20" 18.16" 1.08" 16.00"

18" 20.34" 1.07" 18.20" 20.34" 1.17" 18.00"

20" 22.54" 1.15" 20.24" 22.54" 1.27" 20.00"

24" 26.90" 1.31" 24.28" 26.90" 1.45" 24.00"

30" 33.10" 1.55" 30.00" 33.46" 1.73" 30.00"

36" 38.70" 1.36" 39.98" 39.16" 1.58" 36.00"

NominalNominalNominalNominal Class GClass GClass GClass G Class HClass HClass HClass H Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 700 Foot Head (304 psi)700 Foot Head (304 psi)700 Foot Head (304 psi)700 Foot Head (304 psi) 800 Foot Head (347 psi)800 Foot Head (347 psi)800 Foot Head (347 psi)800 Foot Head (347 psi)

WalWalWalWalllll WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.

ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.

ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.

6" 7.38" 0.65" 6.08" 7.38" 0.69" 6.00"

8" 9.60" 0.75" 8.10" 9.60" 0.80" 8.00"

10" 11.84" 0.86" 10.12" 11.84" 0.92" 10.00"

12" 14.08" 0.97" 12.14" 14.08" 1.04" 12.00"

14" 16.32" 1.07" 14.18" 16.32" 1.16" 14.00"

16" 18.54" 1.18" 16.18" 18.54" 1.27" 16.00"

18" 20.78" 1.28" 18.22" 20.78" 1.39" 18.00"

20" 23.02" 1.39" 20.24" 23.02" 1.51" 20.00"

24" 27.76" 1.75" 24.26" 27.76" 1.88" 24.00"

Cast Iron Pressure Pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แŠ แ€ฑแ€› แ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Cast Iron Soil Pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ DWV (Drainage, Waste, Vent) แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ‚‰แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Soil Pipe แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Single Hub, Double Hub แ‚แ€„ Hubless แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ (แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„

42

แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€€ Gray Cast Iron แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€‘แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ASTM แ€€แ€™ Soil Pipe แ€€ Service Weight แ‚แ€„ Extra Heavy แ€Ÿ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Plastic Pipe) (Plastic Pipe) (Plastic Pipe) (Plastic Pipe)

แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€›แแ‹ ๏ฟฝ Thermoplastic Pipe แ‚แ€„ ๏ฟฝ Thermoset Plastic Pipe แ€Ÿแแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€แ€…แ€แ€› แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ SDR (Standard Dimension Ratio) แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€œ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ SDR แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€

Page 25: Piping Handbook

43

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (t) Thickness Wall Minimum

(OD)Diameter Outside SDR =

แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Thermo Plastic Pipe) (Thermo Plastic Pipe) (Thermo Plastic Pipe) (Thermo Plastic Pipe)

แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€œแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€€แ€ฌ(แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€˜) แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ working pressure (แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ) แ‚แ€„ tensile strength แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซแŒ แ€™แ€ฌแแพแ€€แ€ผแ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แพแ€€แแ‹

๏ฟฝ Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) ๏ฟฝ Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) ๏ฟฝ Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) ๏ฟฝ Polybutylene (PB) ๏ฟฝ Polyethylene (PE) ๏ฟฝ Polypropylene Random (PPR) ๏ฟฝ Polyvinylidine Fluoride (PVDF)

แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Thermo (Thermo (Thermo (Thermosetsetsetset Plastic Pipe) Plastic Pipe) Plastic Pipe) Plastic Pipe) แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€ FRP (Fibreglass Reinforced Pipe) แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แพแ€€แแ‹

๏ฟฝ Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) ๏ฟฝ Glass Reinforced Polyestr (GRP) ๏ฟฝ Glass Reinforced Vinylester (GRV) ๏ฟฝ Glass Reinforced Furan

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

44

แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ Sch 40 ABS แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แŠ pressure 145, 180, 230 psi ABS แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ABS แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€›แ‹ ABS แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€”แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€™ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ABS แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€… แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š ABS แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ ABS แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แแˆแ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€Ÿแ€€ (แˆแ‚ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€…แ€„แ€ แ€‚แ€›แ€) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Nominal Size Mean

(Inch/Imperial) Outside Diameter(mm)

min max

โ…œ" 17 17.3

ยฝ" 21.2 21.5

ยพ" 26.6 26.9

1" 33.4 33.7

1 ยผ" 42.1 42.4

1 ยฝ" 48.1 48.4

2" 60.2 60.5

2 ยฝ" 75 75.3

3" 88.7 89.1

4" 114.1 114.5

5" 140 140.4

6" 168 168.5

8" 218.8 219.4

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) แ€œแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ PVC แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แŠ แ€กแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„

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แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ PVC แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€กแ€แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€”แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ PVC แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ O-ring แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ PVC แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š ABS แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€€ แ€•แ€‘แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ PVC แ€•แ€€แ€€ schedule 40, 80, 120 แ€Ÿ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€‘แ€€ แ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ PVC แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ‹ socket แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ flange แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แแ„แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€Ÿแ€€ (แ†แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€…แ€„แ€แ€‚แ€›แ€) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ NominalNominalNominalNominal MaxMaxMaxMax

Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size Wall thicknessWall thicknessWall thicknessWall thickness

PSIPSIPSIPSI

O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.

40404040 80808080 120120120120 40404040 80808080 120120120120

1/8" 0.405 0.068 0.095 810 1230

1/4" 0.54 0.088 0.119 780 1130

3/8" 0.675 0.091 0.126 620 920

1/2" 0.84 0.109 0.147 0.17 600 850 1010

3/4" 1.05 0.113 0.154 0.17 480 690 770

1" 1.315 0.133 0.179 0.2 450 630 720

1-1/4" 1.66 0.14 0.191 0.215 370 520 600

1-1/2" 1.9 0.145 0.2 0.225 330 470 540

2" 2.375 0.154 0.218 0.25 280 400 470

2-1/2" 2.875 0.203 0.276 0.3 300 420 470

3" 3.5 0.216 0.3 0.35 260 370 440

3-1/2" 4 0.226 0.318 240 350

4" 4.5 0.237 0.337 0.437 220 320 430

5" 5.563 0.258 0.375 190 290

6" 6.625 0.28 0.432 0.562 180 280 370

8" 8.625 0.322 0.5 160 250

10" 10.75 0.365 0.593 140 230

12" 12.75 0.406 0.687 130 230

14" 14 0.437 0.75 130 220

16" 16 0.5 0.843 130 220

18" 18 0.562 0.937 130 220

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20" 20 0.593 1.031 120 220

24" 24 0.687 1.218 120 210 Polybutylene (PB)Polybutylene (PB)Polybutylene (PB)Polybutylene (PB) PB แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€”แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€… แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ PB แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ O-ring แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ‚แแ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€Ÿแ€€ (แ‰แ‰ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€…แ€„แ€ แ€‚แ€›แ€) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Polyethylene (PE)Polyethylene (PE)Polyethylene (PE)Polyethylene (PE) PE แ€•แ€€แ€€ Low Density, Medium Density, High Density (แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€กแ€œแ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€ แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€) แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€ฑแ€™แผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€”แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แƒแ€ แ€กแ€‘ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š UV (Ultraviolet) แ€แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Maximum allowable pressure) แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” SDR แ€†แ€’แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แƒ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€ แ€‘แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ PE แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ O-ring แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แแ†แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€Ÿแ€€ (แ‡แ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€…แ€„แ€ แ€‚แ€›แ€) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ PPR PPR PPR PPR แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€ PPR แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ DIN 8077/8078 แ€กแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€„แพแ€€แ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€”แ‚” แ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€… แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€‘ แ€‘แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ PN1.25, PN1.6, PN2.0, PN2.5, PN3.2 แ€Ÿ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Wall thickness and Pressure

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O.D Tolerance 5(PN1.25) 4(PN1.6) 3.2(PN2.0) 2.5(PN2.5) 2(PN3.2)

20 0.3 - 2.3+0.5 2.8+0.5 3.4+0.6 4.1+0.7

25 0.3 2.3+0.5 2.8+0.5 3.5+0.6 4.2+0.7 5.1+0.8

32 0.3 2.9+0.5 3.6+0.6 4.4+0.7 5.4+0.8 6.5+0.9

40 0.4 3.7+0.6 4.5+0.7 5.5+0.8 6.7+0.9 8.1+1.1

50 0.5 4.6+0.7 5.6+0.8 6.9+0.9 8.3+1.1 10.1+1.3

63 0.6 5.8+0.8 7.4+1.0 8.6+1.1 10.5+1.3 12.7+1.5

75 0.7 6.8+0.9 8.4+1.1 10.3+1.3 12.5+1.5 15.0+1.8

90 0.9 8.2+1.1 10.1+1.3 12.3+1.5 15.0+1.7 18.1+2.1

110 0.9 10.0+1.2 12.3+1.5 15.1+1.8 18.3+2.1 22.1+2.5 แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€… แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ---- FRP (Fiberglass FRP (Fiberglass FRP (Fiberglass FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Reinforced Reinforced Reinforced Pipe)Pipe)Pipe)Pipe) แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” -40 แ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€Ÿแ€€ แ€™ 300 แ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€Ÿแ€€ (-40 แ€…แ€„แ€แ€‚แ€›แ€ แ€™ 149 แ€…แ€„แ€แ€‚แ€›แ€แ€‘) แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™ แแ„แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€‘ (DN15 แ€™ DN3600 แ€‘) แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ FRP แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€€ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€€ resin แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€”แ€™แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Resin แ€žแ€Š แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€†แ€ฌแ€ธแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แแ€›แ€•แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Physical properties) แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€–แ€”แ€™แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ resin แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ epoxy resin, polyester resin, vinylester resin, isophthalic polyester resin แ‚แ€„ furan resin แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ furan resin แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€€แ€„แ€›แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€™ แแ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€‘ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€› polyester แ‚แ€„ vinylester resin แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ epoxy resin แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ polyester แ‚แ€„ vinylester resin แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ furan resin แ‚แ€„ phenolic resin แ€žแ€ธแ แ€‘แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„ epoxy resin แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Marine & Offshore (แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€€ filament winding แ‚แ€„ centrifugal casting แ€Ÿ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ แ€‘แ€ แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ FRP Fitting แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ (press mold) แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

48

FRP แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Bell and Spigot, socket, butt and wrap, flange, threaded, o-ring bell and spigot แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (chemicalโ€™s concentration) ๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (operation temperature and pressure) ๏ฟฝ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ/แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚€แ€€แ€™แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ (Frequency of use) ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ (Mixing o chemicals

which may react in the line) ๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Other factors)

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50

FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…

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แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€œแ€„ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€ฑแ€• แƒแ€ แ€› แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แƒแ† แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แƒแ‚แ„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€šแ‚แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€œแ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ธ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€” แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€› แ‚แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€ แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ -

โ€ข แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ธ โ€ข แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€…แ€แ€… โ€ข แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€› โ€ข แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€’แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€’ โ€ข แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ โ€ข แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” โ€ข แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ โ€ข แ€ฑแ€˜แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ โ€ข แ€†แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ โ€ข แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ FRP แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ž แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌ (Adhesive) แ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚” แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€›แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€Ÿแ€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ (expired adhesives, resin and catalyst) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„ แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€†แ€„แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€–แ€แ€›แ‚ˆแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€•แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€›แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” แ€…แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€กแ€–แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€•แ€ซ แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผ แ€แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€ผแ€แ€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€ แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€Šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

52

FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€›แ€•แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€• แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ

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แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ซแ€š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€

54

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ(แƒ)

แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แŠ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€›แ€Šแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ (pipe size) แ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ (Tee, Elbow, Flange, etc.,) แƒแ‹ แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€žแ‚‘แ€ฌแ€” (joining method- welded, threaded, soldered, etc.,) แ„แ‹ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ (steel, PVC, FRP, copper, etc.,) แ…แ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ(Pressure and Temperature rating or Class designation) แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - 2โ€ Class 3000 carbon steel (ASTM105) threaded straight tee 8โ€ Flange SO RF 150# HDG FS ASTM A 105 ANSI B16.5 8โ€x6โ€ Conc. Red. BWE HDG SCH STD CS ASTM A234 GR WPB ANSI B16.9 8โ€ Pipe SMLS ANSI B36.10 BWE SCH STD HDG CS ASTM A106 GR. B

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

- Elbow - Flange - Tee - Cross - Wye - Reducer - Coupling - Nipple - Union - Plug - End Cap - Ferrule - Adapter

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ (Elbow) (Elbow) (Elbow) (Elbow)

Elbow แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ elbowแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

- 45 deg Elbow - 90 deg Elbow - Reducing Elbow - 180 deg Elbow

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แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€œแ€„ 15 , 30 , 22.5 , 60 แ€…แ€žแ€Š elbow แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€‘ แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ 45ยฐ Elbows ((((แ„แ…แ„แ…แ„แ…แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ)))) 45ยฐ elbow แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ LR(Long Radius) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€œแ€„ SR(Short Radius) elbow แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Water supply facilities Food Industrial Pipeline networks Chemical industrial pipeline networks Electronic industrial pipeline networks Air conditioning facility pipeline Agriculture and garden production transporting system แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ 90909090ยฐ Elbows ((((แ‰แ€แ‰แ€แ‰แ€แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ)))) 90ยฐ elbow แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ LR(Long Radius) แ‚แ€„ SR(Short Radius) elbow แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ 90ยฐ Elbow

แ€€ โ€œ90ยฐ Ellโ€ แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ โ€œquarter bendโ€ แ€Ÿ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

45ยฐ Elbow แ‚แ€„ 90ยฐ Elbow แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ end to centre dimension (H) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

NPS x 85 elbow radius long deg 45

NPS x 1 elbow radiusshort deg 90

NPS x 21 1 elbow radius long deg 90

=

=

=

45ยฐ Elbow

90ยฐ Short Elbow

90ยฐ Long Elbow

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แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ† แ€œแ€€แผ 90ยฐ long radius Elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - H = 1.5 x 6 = แ‰ แ€œแ€€แผ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ† แ€œแ€€แผ 90ยฐ short radius Elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - H = 1 x 6 = แ† แ€œแ€€แผ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ† แ€œแ€€แผ 45ยฐ long radius Elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - H = 5/8 x 6 = แƒ.แ‡แ… แ€œแ€€แผ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Elbow Table แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Flanges ( Flanges ( Flanges ( Flanges (แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ)))) แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€ผแ€šแŠ แ€แ€•แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€แ€…แ€€แ€€ (Gasket) แ€แ แ€™แ€œ (bolt and nuts) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แพแ€€แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€†แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

- Slip On Flange - Welding Neck Flange - Threaded Flange - Lap Joint Flange - Reducing Flange - Socket Weld Flange - Orifice Flange - Blind Flange - Spectacle Blinds

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58

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Slip On FlangeSlip On FlangeSlip On FlangeSlip On Flange

Slip On Flange แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€”แ€› แ€œแ€ผแ€š แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€ แ€†แ€€ แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ‚แ€…แ€–แ€€ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ fillet weld แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Welding Neck FlangeWelding Neck FlangeWelding Neck FlangeWelding Neck Flange แ€คแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ Butt welding แ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Threaded FlangeThreaded FlangeThreaded FlangeThreaded Flange

แ€คแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€… แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€š แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)

แ€คแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Stub End แ‚แ€„ Flange แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€™แ€†แ€€แ€• stub end แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€Š stub end แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€žแ€œ แ€œแ€Šแแ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ alignment แ€แ€”แ€›แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€” แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€™แ€‘แ‹

60

แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ stub end แ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ Reducing FlangeReducing FlangeReducing FlangeReducing Flange

แ€คแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ‚” (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ† แ€œแ€€แผแ€•แ€€แ€™ แ„ แ€œแ€€แผ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ‚”) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ reducer แ€™แ€œแ€• แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€‘แ€Š แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€คแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ€‘แ€…แ€แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€แ€‚แ€šแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แŠแŠแŠแŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ Socket Weld FlangeSocket Weld FlangeSocket Weld FlangeSocket Weld Flange

แ€คแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ socket joint แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹ Orifice FlangeOrifice FlangeOrifice FlangeOrifice Flange

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€คแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธ แ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธ แ‚แ€…แ€แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแŒ orifice plate แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธ แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธ แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€€

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แ€•แ€…แ€€ welding neck แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ slip on แ‚แ€„ threaded type แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹ Blind FlangeBlind FlangeBlind FlangeBlind Flange

Blind Flange แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€ซแŠ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€กแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€†แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€•แ€แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹ Spectacle BlindsSpectacle BlindsSpectacle BlindsSpectacle Blinds

Spectacle Blind แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€™แ€” แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€”แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Spectacle Blind แ€€ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€›แ€•แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€˜แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แŽแ€€ Iso Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ NC โ€“ Normally Close แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹) แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€แ€• แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แŽแ€€ Iso Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ NO โ€“ Normally Open แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹)

Spectacle Blind

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แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ TeeTeeTeeTee ( ( ( (แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ))))

Tee แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (header) แ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผ (branch) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ 6 x 6 x 6 แ€Ÿ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ 6 x 6 x 4 แ€Ÿ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š Tee แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

- Equal Tee - Reducing Tee

- Bullhead Tee - Lateral Tee

- Standard Wye - Reducing Wye

- Cross / 4 Way

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Equal TeeEqual TeeEqual TeeEqual Tee

Equal Tee แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (header) แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผ

(branch) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แพแ€€ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - 6โ€ x 6โ€ x 6โ€ Tee

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Reducing TeeReducing TeeReducing TeeReducing Tee

Reducing Tee แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (header) แ€‘แ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผ

(branch) แ€€ แ€•แ€™ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - 6โ€ x 6โ€ x 4โ€ Tee

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แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Bullhead TeeBullhead TeeBullhead TeeBullhead Tee

Bullhead Tee แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (header) แ€‘แ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผ (branch) แ€€ แ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - 4โ€ x 4โ€ x 6โ€ Tee แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ Lateral TeeLateral TeeLateral TeeLateral Tee

Lateral Tee แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผ (branch) แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (header) แ€™ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ Standard WyeStandard WyeStandard WyeStandard Wye

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Flexible Flexible Flexible Flexible CouplingCouplingCouplingCoupling

Flexible Coupling แ€€ แ€แ€”แ€Šแ€›แ€แ€€แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแŠ แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแŠ แ€’แ€” แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Rigid Rigid Rigid Rigid CouplingCouplingCouplingCoupling

Rigid coupling แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š Flexible coupling แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แƒแ€†แ€™ แ€•แ€™ แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ alignment แ€แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€™ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แŠ แ€แ€•แ€›แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€Ÿ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ซ แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€„แ€€ แ€•แ€™แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ€Šแ€›แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ NippleNippleNippleNipple

Nipple แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€•แ‚แ€…แ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€œแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธ (แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ) แ€แ€…แ€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€แŠ PVC, CPVC แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Male Pipe แ‚แ€„ Male Pipe แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€š แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

Nippple close - NC Nipple hex - NH Reducing hex nipple - RHN (Male NPT Threads) Long hex nipple - LHN (Male NPT Threads) - - แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ UnionUnionUnionUnion

แ€šแ€”แ€šแ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€€แ€•แ€…แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€• แ€†แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€…แ€ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” female end แ€กแ€™ แ‚แ€…แ€ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€”แ€• (nut) แ€แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹ PlugPlugPlugPlug

แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š blind flange แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€•แ€แ€›แ€” plug แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹ End CapEnd CapEnd CapEnd Cap

End Cap แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ แ€‘แ€•แ€€ แ€•แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€‚แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ž แ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€… (Male) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ cap แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€… (Female) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€‚แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€œแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€•แ€™แ€™ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹ Pipe Ferrule

Pipe Ferrule แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแŠ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแŠ แ€แ€„ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€™ แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€‘แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แŠ แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€–แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Pipe Ferrule แ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ heat exchangerแŠ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแŠ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€šแ€€แ€š แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Pipe Ferrule แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แŠ แ€–แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แŠ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€…แ€•แ€€ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹ Adapter

Adapter แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€†แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€žแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€œแ€ แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Adapter แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€™แŠ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แŠ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€ซแŠ แ€žแ€™แ€แŠ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€… แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Adapter แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Female Adapters, Male Adapters, Terminal Adapters, Hi Low converter Adapters, Twist to lock Y cord Adapters, Auto Converter Adapters, Conduit Box Adapters, Reduce Drive Adapters, Red Adapters แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹ End Bell

แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€…แ€”แ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€”แ€›แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€„/แ€กแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ End Bell แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ End bell แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ€•แ€™ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ„ แ€†แ€™ แ‡ แ€†แ€‘ แ€•แ€™ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€†แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€‘แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ End Bell แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€‘แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ‚แ€„แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€”แ€แ€ซแ€™แ‚ˆแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ

72

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹ Expansion Joint

Expansion coupling แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ bellow แ€แ€…แ€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ airtight chamber แ€แ€…แ€ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ bellow แ‚แ€„ chamber แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€™แ€Š แ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€แ€”แ€แ€ซแ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€†แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€•แ€š แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแŠ แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€แ€… แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€•แ€ผแ€”แŠ แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€”แ€แ€ซแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€”แ‚”แŠ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€‡แ€ฌแ€•แ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€… แ€›แ€” expansion bellow แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€œ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ expension joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

๏ฟฝ Metal Expansion Joint ๏ฟฝ Fabric Expansion Joint ๏ฟฝ Rubber Expansion Joint แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹ แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ž (Cast Iron) (Cast Iron) (Cast Iron) (Cast Iron) แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€œ แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ž แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแŠ แ€žแŠ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€žแ€›แ€€แ€แ‚”แ แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€Hub and Spigot แ‚แ€„ No Hub or Hubless แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Hub and Spigot (แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ซ) แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Service (SV) แ‚แ€„ Extra Heavy (XH) แ€Ÿ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Hubless (แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€แ€™แ€ธ แ€™แ€•แ€ซ) แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€ Hubless coupling แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€แ€…แ€œแ€€แ€™

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แ€แ€ผแ€™ แแ… แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€‘ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Hubless coupling แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ elbow, tee แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแ„แ‹แแ„แ‹แแ„แ‹แแ„แ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€šแ€แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แพแ€€แฟแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€œแ‚€แ€€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€Š tensile strength แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แŠ แ€†แ€œแ€€แ€ผแ€”แŠ แ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€”แ€ธแ€… แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€•แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€• แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€ธ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€€แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€š แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแ…แ‹แแ…แ‹แแ…แ‹แแ…แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแพแ€€แ€ธแพแ€€แ€ธแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ซแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ซแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ซแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ซแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€ซแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€šแ€€แ€š แ€žแ€ธแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€ซแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€ธแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅ แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€ซแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€ (sprinkler system)แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€ซแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแ†แ‹แแ†แ‹แแ†แ‹แแ†แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€… แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€…แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€€แ€€ flare

74

connection (แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•), compression connection (แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€†แ€€) and solder connection(แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌ) แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ - 45ยฐ Elbowแ€š 90ยฐ Elbow Female Pipe Adapters Male Pipe Adapters Pipe Cap Pipe Coupling Pipe Tee Pipe Union Reducer Couplings แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแ‡แ‹แแ‡แ‹แแ‡แ‹แแ‡แ‹ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€ แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€šแ€แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€… แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€˜แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€šแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€กแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€œแ€ แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ PVC, CPVC แ‚แ€„ ABS แ€•แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€€แ€„แ€›แŠ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€› แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ PVC แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ CPVC แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€… แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€•แ€… แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‹

Page 41: Piping Handbook

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แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ (แ„)

แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Pipe Joining Systems) (Pipe Joining Systems) (Pipe Joining Systems) (Pipe Joining Systems) แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€†แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แฟแ€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€… แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€… ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…

แ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠ แแแแแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€… แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€› แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€’แ€”แ€•แ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ (welding, soldering, brazing) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€šแ€”แ€š (Union) แŠ แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€„ (coupling) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (welding) แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ(Welding) แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€šแ€”แ€š (Union) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€†แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€”แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€ธแ€ แ€žแ€™แ€แŠ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ - โ€ข Socket Type Coupling (แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€„) โ€ข Dresser Coupling (แ€’แ€›แ€€แ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€„) แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€šแ€”แ€š แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ

76

Socket Coupling แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Dresser Coupling แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚” แ€™แ€œ (bolt) แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ (nut) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ coupling แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Flexible Couplings (Dresser Coupling) แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€š แ€œแ€ผแ€ฑแ€” แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ž(Steel), แ€’แ€” (Aluminum), แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ž(Cast Iron) แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…

แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ โ€ข แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Solvent Cementing Joints) โ€ข แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Threaded Joints) โ€ข แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Grooved Joints) โ€ข แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Flanged Joints) โ€ข แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Electric Fusion)

แ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€žแ€„

แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€” แ€€แ€€ แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€แ€กแ‚แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€–แŠ แ€†แŠ แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€Šแ€…แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”

Rigid Coupling Socket Coupling

Page 42: Piping Handbook

77

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ‚”แ€ผแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€แ€…แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€Šแ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€› แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€ แ€™แ€€แ€„แ€›แ‹

แ…แ‹ แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š (primer) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ†แ‹ แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€แ‚”แ€€ PVC แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‡แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€‘แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€‘แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€‘ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€™แ€” แ€…แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‰แ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€› แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแ€แ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แฟแ€„แ€™แ€žแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แแ… แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€™ แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€€แ€‘ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€‘แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Hydro-test) แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€œแ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ„ แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ ABS ABS ABS ABS แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Solvent Cementing Joints) (Solvent Cementing Joints) (Solvent Cementing Joints) (Solvent Cementing Joints)

แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€žแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€” แ€€แ€€ แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€แ€กแ‚แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€–แŠ แ€†แŠ แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€Šแ€…แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ‚”แ€ผแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€แ€…แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€Šแ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€› แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€ แ€™แ€€แ€„แ€›แ‹

แ„แ‹ แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€แ‚”แ€€ ABS แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€‘แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€™แ€” แ€…แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€› แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แฟแ€„แ€™แ€žแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ ABS แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ primer แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€€แ€”แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ PVC แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฅแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฅแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฅแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฅแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€…แฅ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€Šแ€…แ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€†แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€˜แ€›แ€•แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แƒแ‹ PVC แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ ABS แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ ABS แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ PVC แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ„แ‹ PVC แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€˜แ€›แ€•แ€›แ€€ ABS แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ ABS แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€˜แ€›แ€•แ€›แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ PVC แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌ (cement) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š (MEK cleaner) แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€—แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€‘แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€›แŠ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€›แŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€…แ€›แ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€• แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€›แ‹

แ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแแ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแแ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแแ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Threaded Joint) (Threaded Joint) (Threaded Joint) (Threaded Joint)

แแ‹ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€–แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฑแ€” แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€…แ€™แ แ€กแ€…แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ แ€ฑแ€›แ€šแ€แ€ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€€ แ€แ€• - Teflon Tape (Sealing Tape) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ… แ€•แ€ แ€Šแ€ฌแ€›แ€… แ€›แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แƒแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แพแ€€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‚แ€ผแ€ปแ€–แ€„แพแ€€แ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€แ€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แพแ€€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€‚แ€ผแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€‘แ€•แพแ€€แ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€•แ€แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€•แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฅแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฅแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฅแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฅแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแ‹ แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€€แ€€ แ€œแ€ธแ€ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แ แ€™แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Grooved Joints) (Grooved Joints) (Grooved Joints) (Grooved Joints)

แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€žแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€” แ€€แ€€ แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€แ€กแ‚แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แƒแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ„แ‹ แ€–แ€™แ€Šแ€”แ€•(compression nut) แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›(seal) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€• แ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แ€†แ€ผแ€–แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ…แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แพแ€€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€แ€…แ€‚แ€ผ แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€•แ€แ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€…แ€• แ€‘แ€•แพแ€€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€˜ แ€กแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€™แพแ€€แ€•แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ‹ แ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Flanged Joints (Flanged Joints (Flanged Joints (Flanged Joints)))) แแ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€œ(bolt), แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ(nut), แ€แ€ซแ€›แ€ฌ(washer), แ€‚แ€แ€…แ€€แ€€(gasket), แ€‚แ€ผ (spanner), แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”(water level), แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€š(square) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€…แ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‚แ€แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€™แ€” แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€œแŠ แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€™แ€” แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

80

แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€Šแ€…แ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‚แ€แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€‘แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แพแ€€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€† แ€žแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€›แ€” Torque Wrench แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แพแ€€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แพแ€€แ€•แ€™ แพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Š Torque Value แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แพแ€€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€™แ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€… แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

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แ€™แ€œแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Bolt Torque Values for Steel Pipes) (Imperial)

SAE 5 SAE 8 Socket Head

Cap Screws

Steel Grade

Minimum

Tensile

1/4-1/2"

180,000

Strength PSI 120,000 150,000 5/8-1" 170,000

Nominal Dia.

And Bolt Torque Specs in Foot Pounds or (Inch lbs)

Thread Pitch Dry Lubed Dry Lubed Dry Lubed

1/4-20 (101) (76) (143) (107) (168) (120)

1/4-28 (116) (87) (147) (123) (192) (144)

5/16-18 (209) (157) (295) (221) (348) (264)

5/16-24 (231) (174) (327) (245) (384) (288)

3/8-16 (372) (276) 44 33 51 38

3/8-24 (420) (312) 49 37 58 43

7/16-14 49 37 70 52 81 61

7/16-20 55 41 78 58 91 68

1/2-13 75 57 106 80 124 93

1/2-20 85 64 120 90 140 105

5/8-11 150 113 212 159 238 179

5/8-18 170 127 240 180 270 202

3/4-10 267 200 376 282 423 317

3/4-16 297 223 420 315 472 354

7/8-9 429 322 606 455 682 511

7/8-14 474 355 669 502 752 564

1-8 644 483 909 681 1022 767

1-12 722 542 1020 765 1147 860

Dry = แ€˜แ€ฌแ€™ แ€™แ€žแ€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€œแŠ Lubed = แ€กแ€™แ€†แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€œ

82

แ€™แ€œแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Bolt Torque Values for Steel Pipes) (Metric Unit)

Property

8.8

10.9

12.9 Socket

Head

Class Cap Screw

Minimum

Tensile

M6

M16: 800

Strength MPa

M20 -

M30: 830 1040 1220

Nominal Size

and Bolt Torque Specs in Newton Meters - Nm

Thread Pitch Dry Lubed Dry Lubed Dry Lubed

M5 x 0.80 6.1 4.6 8.8 6.7 10.3 7.7

M6 x 1.00 10.4 7.8 15 11.2 17.6 13.1

M7 x 1.00 17.6 13.1 25.1 18.9 29.4 22

M8 x 1.25 25.4 19.1 37.6 27.3 42.6 32.1

M10 x 1.50 50 38 72 54 84 64

M12 x 1.75 88 66 126 94 146 110

M14 x 2.00 141 106 201 150 235 176

M16 x 2.00 218 164 312 233 365 274

M18 x 2.50 301 226 431 323 504 378

M20 x 2.50 426 319 609 457 712 534

M22 x 2.50 580 435 831 624 971 728

M24 x 3.00 736 552 1052 789 1231 923

M27 x 3.00 1079 809 1544 1158 1805 1353

M30 x 3.50 1463 1097 2092 1570 2446 1834

M33 x 3.50 1990 1493 2849 2137 3328 2497

M36 x 4.00 2557 1918 3659 2744 4276 3208

Dry = แ€˜แ€ฌแ€™ แ€™แ€žแ€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€œแŠ Lubed = แ€กแ€™แ€†แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€œ

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Torque Wrench แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ

FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€œแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€” แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Bolt Torque Values for FRP Pipes)

แ€™แ€œแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€œแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€œแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€œแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅ แ€™แ€œแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€œแ€€แพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ‹ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€†แ€„แพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€‘แ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€…แ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ‚แ€…แ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Š แพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

84

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แพแ€€แ€•แ€˜ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€œแพแ€€แ€•แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€‚แ€แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€œแ€™แพแ€€แ€•แ€™ แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แพแ€€แ€•แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

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แ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ‡แ‡แ‡แ‡แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Electric Fusion) (Electric Fusion) (Electric Fusion) (Electric Fusion)

แแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€… แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™ nut แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€™แ€Š fusion coil แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ nut แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€€ แ€™แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ‚แ€„แพแ€€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€… แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Š (socket) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แ‹ แ€™แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ†แ‹ Nut แ€€ แ€‚แ€ผแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘ แพแ€€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

86

แ‡แ‹ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€€แ€œแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€ แˆแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€œแ€แ‚แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€กแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€€แ€ฌแ€œ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ‹ Electric Fusion แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride), PP (Poly-propylene), PE (Polyethylene) แ‚แ€„ HDPE (High density Poly-ethylene) แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Fusion Welding แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ pressure testing (แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ) แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ electrofusion socket (fusion coil) (แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ) แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€œแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

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แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ (แ…)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€™ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€• แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€†แ€” แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€แ€แ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แพแ€€ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€šแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€›แ€ธแ แ€žแ€žแ€„แ€žแ€‘แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€กแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€แ€žแ€แ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€†แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ (Fusion Welding) แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Pressure Welding แ‚แ€„ Explosion Welding แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ OFW (Oxyfuel Gas Welding), AW (Arc Welding) แ‚แ€„ RW (Resistance Welding) แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€›แ€šแ€• แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€€แ€„แŠ แ€แ€€แ€šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ welder แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌ แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ welder, welding supervisor, QC แ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€กแ‚แ€กแ‚แ€กแ‚แ€กแ‚ แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€•แ€‘แ€™ (Safety First) (Safety First) (Safety First) (Safety First) แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€ฅแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€›แ€™แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€กแ€žแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€› แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Personal Protective Equipment) (Personal Protective Equipment) (Personal Protective Equipment) (Personal Protective Equipment)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€€ แ€€แ€Šแ€žแŠ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ž แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€€แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅ แ€œแ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€€แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€€แ€™แ€”(Goggles) แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ(Face Shields) แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€แ€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€€แ€™แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ A แ‚แ€„ B แ€žแ€Š

welding goggle แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ C แ‚แ€„ D แ€™แ€ฌ welding helmet แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ A (Flash Goggle) แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€แ‚” แ€แ€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ B (Eyecup or Cover type of Goggle) แ€€ Fuel Gas Welding แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€

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แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€แ€†แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Arc Welding แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ Arc Welding แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ C แ‚แ€„ D แ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Type C แ€€ flip up filter lens 2 inches by 4 ยผ inches แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Type D แ€€แ€™ 4 ยฝ inch by 5 ยผ inch window แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Welding Helmet แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” protective colored filter แ‚แ€„ clear cover lens แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€œแ€š แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„ แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€”แ€•แ€แ€„แ€šแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œ แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแŠ แ€”แ€•แ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œ แ€•แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œ แ€†แ€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€€แ€ผแ€šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€”แ€•แ€แ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€แ€†แ€„แ€… แ€แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€‘แ€”แ€•แ€แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€žแ€žแ€žแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€™ แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€˜ แ€™แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€™แ€€แ€œแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ (Welding Handgloves) (Welding Handgloves) (Welding Handgloves) (Welding Handgloves)

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แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€ฅ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€ฅ แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Gas welding แ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€ฅ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ A แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€€ แ€แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Electric Arc welding แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ B แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€• แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€› แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€€แ‚Œแ€กแ€€แ‚Œแ€กแ€€แ‚Œแ€กแ€€แ‚Œ (Welderโ€™s Protective Clothing) (Welderโ€™s Protective Clothing) (Welderโ€™s Protective Clothing) (Welderโ€™s Protective Clothing)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€€แ‚Œแ€กแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€กแ€€แ‚Œแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€•แ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€˜ แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€แ€ แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€•แ€แ€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€€แ‚Œ แ€€ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ€…แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€Šแ€กแ€€แ‚Œ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€แ€†แ€„แ€› แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ‚Œแ€œแ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€€แ€แ€„แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ‚Œแ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€–แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แŒ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€แ€› แ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€กแ€€แ‚Œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ Safety Shoes Safety Shoes Safety Shoes Safety Shoes

แ€–แ€”แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€Š Safety Boots แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€Šแ€ Safety Shoes แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€ แ€–แ€”แ€•แ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€–แ€”แ€•แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ แ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ((((Safety Regulations for Hot Work)Safety Regulations for Hot Work)Safety Regulations for Hot Work)Safety Regulations for Hot Work)

แแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€™ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธ (Safety Course for Welding Work / Hot Work) แ€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€—แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แฟแ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š

แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€›แ€˜ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ€แ‹ แ‹ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แพแ€€แ€ฌ แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€›แ‚‰แ€›แ‚ˆแ€€แ€™แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€€แ€„แ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€†แ€•แŠ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€•แŠ แ€€แ€€แ€’แ€™แ€š แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€‚แ€ซแŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ†แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€› แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€Ÿแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€™ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€กแ€แ€ (fire blanket) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€™ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€กแ€แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ‡แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€€ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€แ€แ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€™ แ€กแ€• แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€€แ€™ แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€š แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฑแ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ)

แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€šแ€ฌแ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€—แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‰แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€…แ€€แแ€žแ€€แ€šแ€‘แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ€แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€€แ€€แ€”แ€” แ€แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€›แ€‘แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€› แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€…แ€€แ€™ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€Šแ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€œแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€• แ€…แ€ผแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แแ‚แ‹ แ€…แ€ผแ€•แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€œแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแƒแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€™แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€…แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ„แ‹ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแ…แ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚”แ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ‹

92

แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚แ€กแ‚แ€กแ‚แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ธ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (A(A(A(Additional Safety Informationsdditional Safety Informationsdditional Safety Informationsdditional Safety Informations for Hot Work) for Hot Work) for Hot Work) for Hot Work)

๏ฟฝ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แŠ แ€กแ€™แ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€กแ€€แ€†แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (Oxy-Acetylene) แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€ธแ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธ (gas cylinders) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

๏ฟฝ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€™ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (valves) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€œแ€™แแ€žแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€ธแ€

แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ

แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™ แ€œแ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€™ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (valves)แŠ แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (regulators)แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (hoses) แ€žแ€Š แ€‘ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€ผ แ€”แ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€› แ€กแ€ปแ€™ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ‚”แ€ผแ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€›แ‹ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€†แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ‚”แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ Flashback Arrester แ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ‰แ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€œแ€€ แ€†แ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแ€แ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€†แ€€แ€™ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€†แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ† แ€™แ€แ€ฌ (แ† แ€€แ€€) แ€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€–แ€ธ (cap) แ€–แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แแƒแ‹ แ€กแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ‹

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แแ„แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ โ€œแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€›แ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ‚ˆแ‚”แ€›โ€ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ…แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‚แ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‚แ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‚แ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‚แ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแ‹ แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€‚แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Permit To Work (แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”) แ€›แ€™ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€œแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€˜ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€™แแ€žแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€™ แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ (tip) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€œแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ แ€•แ€แ€†แ‚”แ€›แ€” แ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€œแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ‰แ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€ธแ€™ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€†แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€€แ€†แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ธแ€™

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†-แ€กแ€€แ€† แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

94

แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ‹ แแ€แ‹ แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ โ€œแ€กแ€แ€ผโ€ แ€Ÿ แ€…แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€€แ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€ผแ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€„ แ€‚แ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€„ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Welding Symbols)(Welding Symbols)(Welding Symbols)(Welding Symbols) แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€‘ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ American Welding Society (AWS) แ€™ แ€…แ€ปแ€• แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€€แ€™แปแ€ฌแ€œแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแพแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธ (reference line), แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (an arrow) แ‚แ€„ แ€กแฟแ€™แ€ธ (tail) แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Šแ€• แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€Šแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€กแ€Šแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแฟแ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แแ‹

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Basic weld symbols)

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š(Arrowhead indicates bevelled plate)

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แ€กแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Weld symbols applied to reference line)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Specifying weld location)

Fillet Weld Bevel

Corner Flange

J Groove

Flare Bevel

96

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€’แ€ซแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธ แ€˜แ€šแ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€€ แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€˜แ€€แŒ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ‚แ€…แ€˜แ€€แ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แŒแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€™ แ€‘แ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€™ แ€แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€แ€…แ€•แ€แ€œแ€Š แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€€ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€‘ (size)แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€Š (length) แŠ pitch (centre-to-centre spacing) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Page 52: Piping Handbook

97

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€…

(Dimensions applied to weld symbols)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Dimensioning of Welds)

แ€คแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€• (Drawing) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€‘แ€™แ€Šแ€™แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€Šแ€™ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€™ แ€แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€

((((แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€))))

((((แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€•))))

98

แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€˜แ€šแ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ fillet weld แแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ‚แ€„ pitch

แ€Šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€‘ แƒ/แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ 2 - 5 แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ แ… แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ 1/2 แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€†แฟแ€•แ€ธ 60 แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแแ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€€แ€šแŠ 45 แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€–แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแแ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Supplementary symbols)

Finishing symbol แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ G แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ grinding (แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€€) แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ C แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ Chipping (แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€€) แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ M แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ Machining (แ€…แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแฟแ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ SMAW แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€กแ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ SMAW แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€ธ

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€แ€…แ€•แ€แ€œแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹

Page 53: Piping Handbook

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Shielded Metal Arc Welding แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€คแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€™แ€Šแ‹ See detail A แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€€ แ€• A แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€Ÿ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Back Gouge แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ gauging แ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€Ÿ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Representing Multiple Welds Example of welding symbol in use.

แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ multiple weld แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€œแ€™ แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€‘แŒ bevel groove weld แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแŠ fillet weld แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ‚”แ€ผแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ bevel groove weld แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ fillet weld แ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

G แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Grinding แ€€ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Finishing Symbol

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แ€’แ€แ€šแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€ แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€แ€•แ€แ€œแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แƒแ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€แ€แšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Welding Terminology)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ welding inspector แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€” แ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€€ แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€ แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€• แ€กแ€œแ€œแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Š แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Filler Metal โ€“ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€žแ€Š Welding rod แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ welding electrode แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Welding Rod โ€“ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Electrode แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แŽแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แŽแ€€ Gas Welding แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Welding Electrode โ€“ Electric arc welding แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€แ‚แ€„ electrode holder (แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„) แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚” แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€”แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€”แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€”แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€•แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€•แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€•แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€ ( ( ( (Welding Procedure Specification - WPS) แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€€ Welding Procedure Specification แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€‚แ€€แ€™ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ Bevel แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ€™แ€Šแ€™แŠ root แ€กแ€€แ€šแ€™แ€Šแ€™แŠ แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€™แŠ แ€—แ‚”แ€™แ€Šแ€™แŠ travel speed แ€™แ€Šแ€™ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€™ แ€‘แ€„แ€žแ€œ แ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

Welding Procedure Specification แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ - แ

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Welding Procedure Specification แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ - แ‚

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WPS แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ‚” แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ€ž (Welding Supervisor) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ WPS แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Welding Joints)

Weld Joint แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€…แ€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€žแ€Šแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ… แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€†แ€€ (Butt Joint), แ‚แ‹ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ธ (Corner Joint), แƒแ‹ แ€แ€†แ€€ (T Joint - แ€กแ€‚แคแ€œแ€•แ€กแ€€แกแ€›แ€ฌ T แ€•แ€… แ€กแ€†แ€€), แ„แ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€†แ€€ (Lap Joint), แ…แ‹ แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€ (Edge) แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

Basic Weld Joints

Butt Joint - แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€•แ€… (square) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (groove) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Corner แ‚แ€„ Tee Joint - แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Lap Joint - แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€‘แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€€ แ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ torch brazing (แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ)แŠ spot welding แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€‘แ€‘แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€† แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Edge Joint - แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚แ€…แ€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€‘แ‚”แ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€‘แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Root of joints

แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ (Weld Joint Design)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‚แพแ€žแ€ฑแ€™แ€‘แ€› แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธ แ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ (Weld joint design) แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ธ แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ - แแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (compression) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (tension) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€Šแ€ผแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (bending)แŠ แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (fatique) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (impact stresses) แ€แ‚” แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹

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The Groove Face, Root Face, and Root Edge of joints.

Bevel angle, groove angle, groove radius, and root opening of joints for welding

108

แ‚แ‹ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แš แ€แ€žแ€™แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€แ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€…แ€›แ€ - แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (Welding Positions) แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€œแ€€แ 1G, 2G, 3G แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ 1F, 2F แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ G แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Groove Weld แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ F แ€™แ€ฌ Fillet Weld แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ 1 แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Flat (แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Š) แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ 1G แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ groove (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ) welding แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€œแ€žแ€œแ€œแ€Šแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ 5G แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแแ€™แ€›แ€• แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ„ แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ 1 โ€“ Flat, 2 โ€“ Horizontal, 3 โ€“ Vertical, 4 โ€“ Overhead แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ 6G แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ŠแŠ แ€ฑแ€’แ€ซแ€„แ€œแ€€แŠ overhead แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ (position) แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ 6G welder แ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€†แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ‹ แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€ผแ€„ 3G แ‚แ€„ 4G แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

Page 58: Piping Handbook

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Welding Position - Groove Welds - Plate

Welding Position - Fillet Welds - Plate

แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€… (Basic Welding Electricity)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€—แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (voltage) แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธ (current) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€… แ€›แ€€แ€แ€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€œ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ (penetration) แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€œ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแŠ penetration แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Direct Current (DC) แ‚แ€„ Alternating Current (AC) แ€Ÿ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ AC แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€…แ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€€แ€žแ€œ แ€แ€แแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ DC แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ (positive + ) แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ (negative -- ) แ€Ÿ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€‚แ€แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€šแ€‚แ€แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€šแ€‚แ€แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€šแ€‚แ€แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€š ( ( ( (Duty Cycle)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€€ แ€‚แ€แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€šแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€š แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ‚แ€„ (full capacity) แแ€แ€™แ€”แ€… แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แพแ€€แ€ฌแพแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€…แ€€แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€% แ€‚แ€แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€š แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€†แพแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ€žแ€Š แแ€ แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€Ÿ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ€€ แแ€ แ€™แ€”แ€… แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ แ‚แ€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€Ÿ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€€ (Welding Machine)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š AC แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ DC แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€€ (Stationary Power Source) แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแŒแ€™ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Rotating Power Source) แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ DC แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Constant Current (CC) แ‚แ€„ Constant Voltage (CV) แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ CC แ€€ GTAW แ‚แ€„ SMAW แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ SAW แ‚แ€„ FCAW แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ CV แ€€ GMAW, FCAW แ‚แ€„ SAW แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€™ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€‘ แ€œ แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€…แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€แ€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแŒแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€™ AC Transformer แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แŽแ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ AC แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ DC แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ Duty Cycle แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ‚แ€% แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€žแ€•แ€™แ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ AC to DC Rectifier แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€šแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ AC, DCRP, DCSP แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€† แ€žแ€ธแแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Duty Cycle แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ†แ€ แ€™ แแ€แ€ แ€‘แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Inverter แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€šแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€…แ€œแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ AC, DCRP, DCSP แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€† แ€žแ€ธแแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Duty Cycle แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ†แ€ แ€™ แแ€แ€ แ€‘แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€†แ€œแ€„แ€™ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€šแ€™ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€…แ€€แ€€แ€™แ€† แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ (earth grounded) แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Selection of the Welding Cables)

Welding Cable Size Numbers

smallest << ===============================>> LARGEST 4 3 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€™ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ (แ€ฑแ€•) Amps

50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 350 400 100 2 2 2 2 1 1/0 1/0 2/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 4/0 150 2 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 4/0 200 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 4/0 250 2 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 300 1 2/0 3/0 4/0 350 1/0 2/0 4/0 400 1/0 3/0 4/0 450 2/0 3/0 500 2/0 4/0 550 3/0 600 3/0

แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€œแ€„ แ€แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€…แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€œ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€œ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (Welding Electrode) แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€›แ€€แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚” (American Welding Society โ€“ AWS) แ€™ แ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

E-XXXX - แ€แ€ผแ€„ E แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Electrode แ€Ÿ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ XXXX - แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ Minimum Tensile Strength (Thousands of pound per square inch) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€แ€š แ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ แ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€–แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ (Chemical composition of

112

coating) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š polarity แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - E6027 แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€‘แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ Minimum Tensile Strength แ€™แ€ฌ 60000 psi แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€แ€แ€šแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ 2 แ€€ flat and horizontal position (แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Š) แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธ 7 แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ iron oxide แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€–แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ AC, DCRP,

DCSP แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€แ€šแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

1 โ€“ all position (แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ) 2 โ€“ flat and horizontal (แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Š แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹) 3 โ€“ flat position only (แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€แแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹) 4 โ€“ vertical down, flat, horizontal and overhead (แ€ฑแ€’แ€ซแ€„แ€œแ€€แŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš)

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Selection of Correct Electrode) (Selection of Correct Electrode) (Selection of Correct Electrode) (Selection of Correct Electrode)

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€€ แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€แ€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

แแ‹ แ€˜แ€šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ‹ แ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ แ€žแ€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ผแ€”แ€…แ€แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

Identification of Electrodes for SMAW Electrode Coating Polarity AWS designation E-XXX0 Cellulose/sodium DC+ E-6010,E-7010 E-XXX1 Cellulose/potassium DC+,DC-,AC E-6011,E-7011 E-XXX2 Rutile DC-,AC E-6012 E-XXX3 Rutile/potassium DC+,DC-,AC E-6013 E-XXX4 Rutile/iron powder DC+,DC-,AC E-7014,E-7024 E-XXX5 Lime/calcium carbonate DC+ E-7015 E-XXX6 Lime/calcium carbonate DC+,AC E-7016 E-XXX7 iron oxide/iron powder DC+,DC-,AC E-6027,E-7027 E-XXX8 Lime/iron oxide DC+,AC E-7018,E-8018

Page 60: Piping Handbook

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Remarks: DCRP = DC+ , DCSP = DC-

แ‚แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€Ÿแ€ฌ แ€˜แ€šแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€žแ€œแ‹ แ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€žแ€œแ‹ แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€€ AC แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ DC แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€€แ€€ แ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€˜แ€šแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€”แ‚” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ‹

แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€ฑแ€’แ€ซแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€˜แ€šแ€œแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€œ (What type of fit up?), gap แ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ€• แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ penetration แ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘ แ€œแ€žแ€œแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€แ€› แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ (chemical composition) แ€€ แ€˜แ€šแ€œแ€œแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€‚แ€แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผ (Mechanical properties โ€“ high tensile strength, ductility, corrosion resistance) แ€˜แ€šแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€œแ‹

แ‡แ‹ WPS แ€‘แ€™แ€ฌ แ€˜แ€š code (ASME code) แ€”แ‚” แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€œแ‹ แ€กแ€’แ€ซแ€”แ‚” แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€Ÿแ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ‰แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ€›แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹

แ€™แ€แ€›แ€”แ‹ แ‹ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€‘แ€‘แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™ แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€… แ… แ€ แ€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‹ Mild Steel แ‚แ‹ High-carbon steel แƒแ‹ Special alloy steel แ„แ‹ Cast Iron แ…แ‹ Nonferrous

แ€‘แ€กแ€‘แ€™ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ mild steel แ€กแ€•แ€…แ€แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ž แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€…แ€แ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€แ€Šแฟแ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€ฅแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแแ‹ แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€…แ€‘แ€„แ€ธแ€† แ…แ€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” แ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ low-hydrogen แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€‘แ€•แ€‘แ€™ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” แ‚แ…แ€ แ€™ แ„แ€แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€Ÿแ€€แ€‘ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€—แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

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แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแŠแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแŠแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแŠแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ แ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Polarity)

Straight Polarity ( ( ( (แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€Š)))) แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (electrode) แ€€ แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แŽแ€€ Electrode

Negative (Straight Polarity) แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ DCSP แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ mild steelแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Straight Polarity แ€žแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ Straight Polarity แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Reverse Polarity ( ( ( (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”))))

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (electrode) แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แŽแ€€ Electrode Positive (Reverse Polarity - แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”) แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ DCRP แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Vertical แ‚แ€„ Overhead welding แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Reverse Polarity แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ž (Cast Iron) แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€•แš แ€กแ€•แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” Reverse Polarity แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€™แŠ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€ซแŠ แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€š แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Reverse Polarity แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹ Arc Welding

Arc Welding แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Arc Welding แ€€ Gas Welding แ€‘แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€…แ€˜ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Gas Welding (แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ‚” แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€ซ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚” แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (heat distortion) แ€•แ€ซแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Carbon Arc Welding (CAW), Electrogas Welding (EGW), Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ arc welding แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š arc welding แ€™แ€† แ€แ€Š แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ฌ -

๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€•แ€›แ€šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ (heat source) ๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€แ€žแ€ (filler metal) แ‚แ€„ ๏ฟฝ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” (shielding gas) แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ -

๏ฟฝ welding current (แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌ), ๏ฟฝ voltage (แ€—แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ), ๏ฟฝ speed of arc travel (แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ-แ€แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€˜แ€šแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š) ๏ฟฝ wire electrode extension ( stick-out แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€™แ€

(electrical contact tip) แ€™ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€ธ (end of the wire electrode) แ€แ‚”แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ backhand แ‚แ€„ forehand แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ backhand แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€˜แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผ แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ forehand แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผ แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€†แ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€€ Stick Welding แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€› แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแŠ แ€žแ€™แ€แŠ แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€š แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€žแ€แ€…แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ฌ AC แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ DC (CC) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ SMAW แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€€แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ core wire แ€€ filler metal แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€–แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ Shielding Gas แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ SMAW แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ

แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€’แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€’ (CO2) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€žแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (ferrous

electrode) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€œแ€„แŠ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธ (amp, แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌ) แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€„แŠ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธ (แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌ) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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SMAW แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€ฅ

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SMAW แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€…แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€žแ€›แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€†แŠ แ€กแ€™แ€†แ€ฑแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แŠ แ€กแ€แ€แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€” แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€€แ€€แ€”แ€” แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€กแ€แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ (แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ) แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€—แ€ธ แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

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แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธ (แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌ) แ€ปแ€• แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ

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แ€…แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Starting the Arc)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€แ€„แ€›แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Starting the Arc)

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€แ€แ€œแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แพแ€€แ€ผแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€„ แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ‚แ‚”แแ€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€ฌแแ€™แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แƒ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ) แ‚แ€„ แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€†แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€ธแ€Šแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€œแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€•แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฅแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€˜ แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€ แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„แŠ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„แŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„แŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„แŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„แŠ แ€›แ€Šแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แแ… แ€™ แƒแ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

Page 64: Piping Handbook

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แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€› แ€แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€˜แ‚” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€™แ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š WPS แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€กแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” (Preheating) แ€œแ€œแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€–แŠ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แŠ แ€†แŠ แ€กแ€™แ€†แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แŠ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€…แ€แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€… แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‰แ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ฅแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ€แ‹ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€›แ€แ€…แ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแแ‹ Groove weld (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ) แ€แ€ผแ€„ gap (แ€…แ€•แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ แ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ‚แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ‚แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€…แ€…แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€€ แ€œแ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแƒแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€™แ€› แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแ„แ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€” แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ (overlap) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌ (undercut) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แ…แ…แ…แ…แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแแแแแแแแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ TIG (T TIG (T TIG (T TIG (Tungsten Inungsten Inungsten Inungsten Inert Gas) ert Gas) ert Gas) ert Gas)

SMAW แ‚แ€„ GTAW แ แ€กแ€“แ€€

แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ shielding gas แ€€ แ€›แ€šแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ GTAW (TIG) แ€แ€ผแ€„ shielding gas แ€€

แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”

แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€–แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ค แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€Ÿแ€œแ€šแ€™แŠ แ€กแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ผแ€”แŠ แ€€แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ผแ€”แ€’แ€„

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€’แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€‘แ€“แ€ซแ€

แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ

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แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€ž แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€žแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แŽแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€” แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ SMAW แ€แ€ผแ€„ filler metal แ€žแ€Š electrode แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ GTAW แ€แ€ผแ€„ filler rod แ€€ แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€•แŠ electrode แ€€ แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€Šแ‹ GTAW แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€‘ 1/8 แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€กแ€‘ แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ‚”แ€‘แ€€ แ€•แ€‘แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Filler rod (แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ) แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Filler rod แ แ€žแ€แ€กแ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹

GTAW แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ GTAW แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ filler metal แ€€ AWS แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

ERXXS-X - แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ E แ€žแ€Š Electrode, R แ€žแ€Š Rod, XX แ€žแ€Š minimum tensile strength แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ S แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š Solid (แ€‚แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€) แ€€ แ€†แ€œแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ X แ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ chemical composition (แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - ER70S-6

SMAW แ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€„ GTAW แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ AC แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ DC Constant Current (CC) แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ DC แ€แ€ผแ€„ DCSP (electrode negative) แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ GTAW แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€”แ€€แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แŒแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€” แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€•แ€ซแ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€šแ€ฅแ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

GTAW Torches (TIG แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ))))

TIG แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌ(current) แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€žแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ (electrode) แ€› แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€…แ€แ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€”แ€…แ€แ€„แ€žแ€แ€…แ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€žแ€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€€แ TIG แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

Tungsten Identification AWS Listing (Type) Colour

EWP, (Pure Tungsten) Green EWCe-2, (+/- 2% Cerium Oxide) Orange EWLa-1, (1% Lanthanum Oxide) Black EWLa-2, (2% Lanthanum Oxide) Back EWTh-1, (1% Thorium Oxide) Red EWTh-2, (2% Thorium Oxide) Yellow EWZr-1, (+/- 2% Zirconium Oxide) Brown EWG, (unspecified alloys) Grey

GTAW แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ

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Electrodeแ แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ AC แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ DC แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€ผ แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธ (current - แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌ) แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ electrode แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Electrode Diameter (in) Current (Amp) for Standard Tungsten Electrodes 0.04 10 โ€“ 60 1/16 40 โ€“ 120 3/32 100 โ€“ 160 1/8 150 โ€“ 210 5/32 190 โ€“ 275 3/16 250 โ€“ 350 1/4 300 โ€“ 490 5/16 450 โ€“ 600

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ GTAW แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

126

แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹ GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ M M M MIG (Metal IIG (Metal IIG (Metal IIG (Metal Inert Gas)nert Gas)nert Gas)nert Gas)

MIG แ€žแ€Š TIG แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€…แ€แแ‹ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ TIG แ€แ€ผแ€„ electrode แ€€แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€•แŠ filler rod แ€€ แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ MIG แ€แ€ผแ€„ electrode แ€žแ€Š filler metal แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€‘ filler rod แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™ แ€‚แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌ (copper coated solid wire) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€…แ€€(wire feeding machine) แ€™ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€‘แ€•แ€ซแ€€ TIG แ€‘แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€œแ€„ MIG แ€€ แ€•แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ MIG แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€’แ€แ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ (any position) แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€† แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€› แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ MIG แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€€ (power supply), แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€…แ€€ (wire feeding mechanism), แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„ (welding gun) แ‚แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (gas supply) แ€Ÿ แ€กแ€…แ€ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ แ€•แ€ซแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€Šแ€Šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€” แ€‘แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€—แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธ (current โ€“ amp) แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€œ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ‹ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌ แ‚แ€แ€ แ€™ แ‚แ…แ€ แ€‘ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ MIG แ€แ€ผแ€„ DCRP แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€•แ€™แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ MIG แ€žแ€ธ gun แ€•แ€… แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€œแ€แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ‚แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแแ€›แ€žแ€œ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ MIG gun แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ แ€žแ€šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ แ€œแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ แ‚” gun แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€…แ€€ (wire feeder) แ€•แ€ซ แ€แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ CO2 แ€€ shielding gas

แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ผแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€Ÿแ€œแ€šแ€”แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ MIG แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€™แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Mild steel แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ mild steel แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ 0.020, 0.030 แ‚แ€„ 0.035 แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€กแ€œแ€แ€‘แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ

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แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ 0.045 แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ 1/16 แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€†แ€ฑแ€แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€แ€„แŠ แ€กแ€™แ€† แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€–แ€ธแ€–แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€•แพแ€€แ€ฌแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€€แ€”แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ MIG แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€›แ‹ แ€‘แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€›แ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€‡แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€• แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€‚แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€‘แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅ แ€กแ€•แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแพแ€€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€”

แ€žแ€„ แ€แ€”แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€กแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€›แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€› แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

Fillet Weld แ‚แ€„ Groove Weld แ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ MIG แ€‚แ€”แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

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AWS แ€™แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ MIG แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ filler metal แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

EXXS-X แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ E แ€žแ€Š Electrode แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€’แ€แ€š XX แ‚แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ minimum tensile stength แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ S แ€žแ€Š solid (แ€‚แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ X แ€€ filler metal แ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ (chemical composition) แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ MIG แ€€ Carbon Steel, Aluminum, Stainless Steel แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ MIG แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (weld defects) แ€™แ€ฌ - Surface Porosity, Crater Porosity, Lack of Penetration, Burn Through, Whiskers แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), Plasma Arc Welding (PAW), Carbon Arc Welding (CAW), Electrogas Welding แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€”แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ NDT (Non Destructive Testing) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Destructive Testing แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ NDT แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€˜ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š NDT แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹

๏ฟฝ Visual Inspection ๏ฟฝ Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) ๏ฟฝ Liquid Penetrant Inspection ๏ฟฝ Radiographic Inspection (X Ray) ๏ฟฝ Ultrasonic Inspection ๏ฟฝ Eddy Current Testing

Destructive Testing แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ Free Bend Test ๏ฟฝ Guided Bend Test ๏ฟฝ Nick Break Test ๏ฟฝ Impact Test ๏ฟฝ Fillet Welded Joint Test ๏ฟฝ Etching Test ๏ฟฝ Tensile Strength Test

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แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ NDT แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Surface and subsurface cracks

๏ฟฝ Porosity ๏ฟฝ Tears ๏ฟฝ Machining, rolling & plating defects ๏ฟฝ Laminations ๏ฟฝ Lack of fusion ๏ฟฝ Inclusions ๏ฟฝ Segregation ๏ฟฝ Lack of Weld penetration ๏ฟฝ Fatigue defects ๏ฟฝ Seams ๏ฟฝ Blowholes ๏ฟฝ Flakes ๏ฟฝ Pitting ๏ฟฝ Laps ๏ฟฝ Undercut ๏ฟฝ Dimensional tolerance (e.g. Thickness)

แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Visual Inspection (Visual Inspection (Visual Inspection (Visual Inspection (แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€ แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€šแ€แ€„แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€• แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌ แ€›แ€™แ€› แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แแ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ธแ€…แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ welder inspector แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€™ แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Magnetic Particle Inspection Magnetic Particle Inspection Magnetic Particle Inspection Magnetic Particle Inspection ( ( ( (แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ) แ€› แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€แ‚” แ€€ แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Circular Magnetization (Prod Method)

Longitudinal Magnetization (Coil Method)

แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€œแ‚Šแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ž แ€Šแ€Šแ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€กแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€› แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€กแ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€š แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€žแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„

แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€กแ€…แ€€แ€™ แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€”แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Š แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€žแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€—แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Prod spacing แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€‘แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€€ 600 to 2000 amps ( แ†แ€แ€ แ€™ แ‚แ€แ€แ€ แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€šแ€ฌแ€‘) แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€• แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ‚แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ (Prod Method) แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ DC แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€œแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ High carbon steel แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ AC แ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Liquid Penetrant Inspection Liquid Penetrant Inspection Liquid Penetrant Inspection Liquid Penetrant Inspection ( ( ( (แ€กแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ)))) แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€” Liquid Penetrant Test แ€€ แ€žแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Liquid Penetrant Test แ€กแ€•แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€… แแ‹ Dye Penetrant โ€“ Non Water Washable (แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š) แ€กแ€•แ€… แ‚แ‹ Dye Penetrant โ€“ Water Washable (แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š) แ€กแ€•แ€… แƒ แ‚แ€„ แ„แ‹ Fluorescent Penetrants (แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š)

MPI แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ

Page 70: Piping Handbook

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แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€™ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€–แŠ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€„แ‚”แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Š (finishing) แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ finishing แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ Penetrant Test แ€€ finishing แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€™ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€• แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แŠ แ€Šแ€…แ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™ แ€™แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ( 150 nanometer = แ€แ€…แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌแ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€…แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€• แ€•แŠ แแ… แ€•แ€‘) แ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€ธแ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š (fluorescent penetrants) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€›แ€™แ€ธ แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€žแ€„แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธ แ€›แ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Š แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ ( ( ( (RT RT RT RT ---- Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing))))

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ‚€แ€€แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€œแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€”แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ X-Ray แ‚แ€„ Gamma Ray แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ X-Ray แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

๏ฟฝ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแพแ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€›แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€š แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแแ‹

134

๏ฟฝ Penetrating power (แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€€) แ€€ แ€—แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€แ€™แ€† (แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€™แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„) แ€žแ€ธแแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€–แ€œแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€›แ€•แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€žแ€แ€กแ€‘แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

X-Ray แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ - ๏ฟฝ แ€แ€šแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€—แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€œแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€„แ€šแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ‹ Gamma Ray แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

๏ฟฝ แ€แ€šแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€œ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€œแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Gamma Ray แ€žแ€ธ แ€กแ€„แ€†แ€แ€• แ€€แ€„แ€™แ€›แ€ฌ

Gamma Ray แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ - ๏ฟฝ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€แ€”แ€œแ€ธแ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€‘แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€š แ€›

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แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€€แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแแ€™แ€›แ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€’แ€šแ€กแ€„แ€†แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€™ แ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€œแ€€

แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€แ€”แ€Šแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€› แ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌ X-Ray แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€žแ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€™) แ€žแ€ธแแ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€คแ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€€แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€” แ€›แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ‚”แ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€‚แ€†แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™ แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (porosity, slag inclusion, inadequate penetration, incomplete fusion, under cutting, cracking, voids, pin holes, misalignment) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€€แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แพแ€€แ€™แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แพแ€€แ€™แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แพแ€€แ€™แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แพแ€€แ€™แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ ( ( ( (UT UT UT UT ---- Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Ultrasonic TestingTestingTestingTesting)))) แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€ธแแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€” แ€›แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ‚แ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€‘แ€ธ แ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€แŠ แ‚€แ€€แ€™แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ‚Šแ€„แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€œแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™ แ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€šแ€ แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€™แ€”แ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€แ€€แŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€†แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แฟแ€•แ‹ แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

โ€ข Pulse Echo โ€ข Transmission โ€ข Resonance โ€ข Frequency Modulation แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ Eddy Current Testing

แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€แ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€”แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ Eddy Current Testing แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ (electromagnetic field) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€‘ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€žแ€œแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€แ€…แ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€ธ แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ eddy current แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€œแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€… แ€žแ€œแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€˜แ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€€ แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€œ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€€ inspection probe แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแฟแ€•แ€ธ eddy current แ€™ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€€ eddyscope แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ eddyscope แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€€ แŽแ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€แ€€แ€Ÿ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Eddy current test แ€™ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€”แ€€ (penetration depth or skin depth) แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ แ‚€แ€€แ€™แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ (frequency), แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธ (conductivity) แ‚แ€„ permeability แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚€แ€€แ€™แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€”แ€™แ€ฑแ€œ แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€œ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚€แ€€แ€™แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ 1kHz แ€™ 3MHz แ€‘ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€”แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ 5ยตm แ€™ 1mm แ€‘ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Eddy current testing แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ (แ€žแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ) แ€žแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Š

Nuclear power plant แ€™ heat exchanger แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ eddy current แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅ

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แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€‘แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ (weld cap) แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€’แ€แ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ(heat affected zone) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€€แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Destructive Testing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แแ„แ‹แแ„แ‹แแ„แ‹แแ„แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (Welding Quality Control) (Welding Quality Control) (Welding Quality Control) (Welding Quality Control) แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€› แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ QA/QC แ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€กแ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ž แ€Ÿแ€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€Ÿแ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ แ€”แ€•แ€แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ WPS (Welding Procedure Specification) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€กแ€‘แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹) แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌ แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€Ÿแ€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€€ fitting แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š WPS แ€”แ€•แ€แŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š NDT แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€”แ€–แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€š แ แ€‘แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ Traceability Record แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„ Traceability Record แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€…แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹)

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แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ‡

แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Valves) แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€›แ€” แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€›แ€•แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€”แ‹ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€€ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€แ€ แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แˆ แ€™แ€ธ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ Gate Valve ๏ฟฝ Globe Valve ๏ฟฝ Check Valve ๏ฟฝ Diaphragm Valve ๏ฟฝ Ball Valve ๏ฟฝ Butterfly Valve ๏ฟฝ Plug Valve ๏ฟฝ Relief Valve

แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ Safety Valve, Storm Valve, Control Valve, Needle Valve แ€แ‚”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€– แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€Ÿแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€’แ€ฌแ€œแ€… แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (Mechanical motion) แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

1. Linear Motion Valves 2. Rotary Motion Valves 3. Quarter Turn Valves

Linear motion valves แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ Gate valve, Globe valve, Lift check valve, In-line check valve, Pinch valve, Diaphragm valve, Safety valve, Relief valve แ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Rotary motion valves แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ Swing check valve, Tilting disc check valve, Folding disc check valve, Stop check valve, Ball valve, Butterfly valve, Plug valve แ€แ‚”

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แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Quarter turn valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Ball valve, Butterfly valve, Plug valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (Quarter turn valve แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€•แ€/แ€–แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€ - แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹) แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ (valve size) แ€€ แŽแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€†แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€™แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€˜แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€แ€šแ€š แ€™แ€Šแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€™แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ…แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แแ…แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€กแ€›แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€… (NPT thread แ€…แ€žแ€Š) แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ ID (แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ) แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ ID แ€แ‚”แ€แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€˜แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€›แ€Š แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€™แ€€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Rising stem แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€™แ€€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Š Non-rising stem แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€Ÿแ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€› แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„ (open), แ€กแ€•แ€ (close) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€ แ€€แ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ 250 psig steam service แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Gate valve แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€… แ€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‹ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€•แ€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - Stop (Isolation) Valves แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€›แ€•แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€”แ€แ‚” แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แ€•แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ gate valve, globe valve, butterfly valve, ball valve, plug valve, diaphragm valve แ€แ‚”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - Regulating Valves แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€• แ€žแ€œ แ€แ€”แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€คแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Glove valve แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ butterfly valve, needle valve, ball valve, plug valve แ‚แ€„ diaphragm valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€†แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€‘แ€€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€‘ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€‰แ€ฌแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แƒแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€…แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ - Backflow Prevention Valves แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€† แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€คแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ธ แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Non-return valve แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ Check Valve แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€” แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€•แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€†แ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผ แ€žแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ„แ‹ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - Pressure Relief Devices แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€„แ€• แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€€ Pressure relief valve แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (normal working pressure) แ€‘แ€€ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€š แ€•แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ design pressure แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแŒแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ design pressure แ€€ working pressure แ แ€แ€…แ€†แ€แ€ผ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ working pressure แ€žแ€Š 10 bar

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แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ design pressure แ€™แ€ฌ 15 bar แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Pressure relief valve แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€

แ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (set point pressure) แ€€ แ€แ€”แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€• แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (MAWP โ€“ Maximum Allowable Working Pressure) แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Design Pressure แ€‘แ€€ MAWP แ€€ แ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ MAWP แ€‘แ€€ Set point pressure แ€€ แ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Set point pressure แ€‘แ€€ working pressure แ€€ แ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Gate Valve Gate Valve Gate Valve Gate Valvessss

Gate Valve แ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€ แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€” แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€•แ€แ€›แ€” แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€™แ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€•แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€แ€”แ€แ€ซ แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ Gate Valve แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ gate valve แ€€ solid wedge, flexible wedge, split wedge, double disc แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ split wedge แ‚แ€„ double disc แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€œแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ disc แ€Šแ€•แ€ฑแ€” แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Gate valve แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€œแฟแ€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€œแ€Šแ€แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (pressure loss) แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ disc แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€› แ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€•แ€แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ‚แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€แ€แ€ซแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€œแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ disc แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€•แ€•แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Gate valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€šแ€‘แ€Š (Body), แ€€แ€šแ€‘แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€–แ€ธ (bonnet) แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€ (trim) แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Trim แ€แ€ผแ€„ stem, gate, wedge of disc, seat ring แ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Globe Valve Globe Valve Globe Valve Globe Valvessss

Gate Valve แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜ Globe Valve แ€€ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Globe valve แ€แ€ผแ€„ disc (แ€กแ€•แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€€ แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€…แ€แ€„แ€–แ€ผแ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€ disc แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™ แ€œแ€ธแ€

T Pattern Globe Valve

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แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ T pattern body, Y pattern body แ‚แ€„ Angle body แ€Ÿ globe valve แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€กแ€› Y pattern globe valve แ€žแ€Š T pattern body แ€‘แ€€ แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ‚Šแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Angle body globe valve แ€™แ€ฌ T pattern แ€‘แ€€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€Ÿแ€”แ‚” แ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ T pattern แ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (pressure drop) แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€˜ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Globe valve แแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌ gate valve แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Globe valve แ€€ conventional disc, plug disc, composition disc, needle valve แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ disc แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Globe valve แ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€˜แ€€แ€€ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‚แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌ แ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Globe valve แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€…แ€แ‚€แ€€แ€€แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Gate valve แ‚แ€„ แ€šแ€ฅแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€”แ€•แ€แ€แ€” แ€•แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Globe valve แแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Angle Body Globe Valve

Y Pattern Globe Valve

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แ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Check Valves (Non-Return Valves)

แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” Check Valve แ€€ แ€žแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Check Valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š one way valve (แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€ธ) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ Check valve แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Swing Check Valve แ‚แ€„ Lift Check Valve แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Check valve แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ direction (แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€–แ€€แŠ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌ) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€˜แ‚” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Š check valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Check valve แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ‹ แ€กแ€œ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€” แ€…แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€”แŠ แ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€€

Swing Check Valve

Lift Check Valve

Wafer Check Valve

Ball Check Valve

148

แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™ แ€™แ€žแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€” แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€™แ€•แ€แ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ Diaphragm Valves

Diaphragm valve แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€šแ€…แ€™แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€•แ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ‚”แ€›แ€„ (diaphragm) แ€•แ€ซแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ธ/แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€Ÿแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€’แ€ฌแ€œแ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Weir type diaphragm valve แ‚แ€„ Straight through diaphragm valve แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Diaphragm valve แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€/แ€–แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€” แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€กแ€Šแ€…แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€Šแ€… แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Diaphragm valve แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ 200 psi (1380 kPa) แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” 400หšF (204หšC) แ€‘แ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€Šแ€…แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Diaphragm valve แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€แ€€แ€™ แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€‘แ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ Ball Valves

Ball valve แ€žแ€Š quarter turn valve แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€€ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (sealing ability) แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€ผแ€” (nylon), แ€œแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌ (synthetic rubber), delrin, fluorinated polymer แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€šแ€‘แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌ plug valve แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Ball valve แ€€ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ‚แ€… แ€–แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€–แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€–แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

150

Ball valve แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Split Body ball valve, Top Entry ball valve, End Entry ball valve, Three Piece Body ball valve, Double Trunnion ball valve แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€†แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ ball valve แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€†แ€žแ€แ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ ball valve แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€› แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Ball valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€” แ€•แ€แ‚แ€„แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€žแ€œ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€Šแ€…แ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š ball valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แŠ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแŠ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‡แ‡แ‡แ‡แŠแŠแŠแŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ Butterfly Valves

Butterfly valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Quarter turn แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€– แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€Ÿแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€’แ€ฌแ€œแ€…แŠ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€… แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€ธแ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€”แ€™แŠ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€™แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แŠ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€€ (flanged end)แŠ wafer and lug แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Butterfly valve แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผแ€„/แ€•แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€™ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ‚แ€แ€ แ€‘ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแฟแ€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€•แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€žแ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€ธ แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„ (disc) แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€‚แ€šแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ butter fly valve แ€€ แ€แ€‚แ€šแ€€แ€‘แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€™ แ€กแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ (elbow) แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ control valve แ€กแ€”แ€ธแŠ Tee แ€กแ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ‚”แ€™ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธ แ€†แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€† แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠ แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹ Plug Valves

Plug valve แ€€ cock แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Quarter turn valve แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Plug valve แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€•แ€แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€†แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Plug valve แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹ Plug valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ 0 bar แ€™ 10000 psi แ€‘แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” -50หšF แ€™ 1500หšF แ€‘ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Ball valve แ‚แ€„ Plug valve แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Ball valve แแ€กแ€•แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€œแ€ธแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ plug valve แ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€œแ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

152

แ€‘ plug แ แ€กแ€•แ€ผแ€„ แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ„แ€ แ€™ แ…แ€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ‡แ€ แ€™ แแ€แ€ แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€‘แ€•แ€„ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ Plug valve แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Lubricated plug valve แ‚แ€„ Non-lubricated plug valve แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Plug valve แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€› แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Two way, three way, four way แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€ผแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€–แ€ผแ€„/แ€•แ€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ€„/แ€•แ€แ€›แ€” แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Ball valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠ แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹ Pressure Relief Valve (Safety Valve)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€™แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€ Pressure Relief Devices or Safety Valves แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แŠ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

154

แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€•แ€›แ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€•แ€›แ€„แแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€–แ€ผแ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Safety valve แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€• แ€™แ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ safety valve แ set pressure แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€”แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠ แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Selection of Valve) (Selection of Valve) (Selection of Valve) (Selection of Valve) Valve Types and Typical Applications

Notes:

1. Only angle-globe valves can be used for a 90 deg change in direction of flow.

2. Check valves (other than the stop-check valves) stop flow only in one (reverse) direction.

Stop check valves can be and are used as stop, block, or isolation valves, in addition to

being used as a check valve.

3. Some designs of ball valves are suitable for throttling service.

4. Multiport ball and plug valves are used for changing the direction of flow and mixing

flows.

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€ฌแŒ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ (แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€…แ€žแ€Š) แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ Classification (ASME B31.1, ASME Sec. III, etc.,) แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€›แ€Š (แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€) แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€• แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€‘แŠ แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€†แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธ

แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ (ANSI, DIN, JIS, etc.), (Class #150, 300, etc.,) แ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠ แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ซแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ซแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ซแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ซแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Definition relative to seat/tightness)

1. Drop Tight : แ€แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€šแ€…แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆ (แ€กแ€…แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š)แ‹ (แ€แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€œแ€„ แ€˜แ€šแ‚แ€…แ€€ แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€™ แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ‹)

2. Bubble Tight : แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€™แ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ (แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ 1/8โ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š) แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€˜แ€šแ‚แ€œแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€ธแ€ แ€™แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ‹ 3. No visible leakage: แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ a. For Liquid (แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€)แ‹ แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€› แ€†แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ (hydrostatic test) แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ธ แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€‘แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€€แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ b. For Gas (แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€)แ‹ แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€›แ€Ÿ แ€†แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€€แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ c. Zero Leakage (แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ)แ‹ แ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘ zero leakage แ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ zero leakage แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ

แ€แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€„ แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆ 1x10-8 cm3 แ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€…แ€œแ€„

0.3 cm3 แ€žแ€ฌ แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€šแ€…แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€ Standard API 598 แ‚แ€„ MSS.SP-61 แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

156

แ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠแ‡แŠ แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Valve Installation)

แแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ (แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€แ€€

แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€šแ€žแ€Š แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹)

แ‚แ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ valve specification แ€€แ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€Ÿแ€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ (แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€™แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€Ÿแ€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€) แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แƒแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€› แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แŠ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€› แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€–แ€”แŠ แ€แŠ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€… แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€(upstream) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€…แ€…แ€†แ€”แ€€แ€ฌ (strainer) แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ…แ‹ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€• แ€™แ€œแ€• แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€…แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ†แ‹ แ€˜แ‚”แŠ แ€”แ€•แŠ แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€€ (bolt, nut, gasket) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€กแ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€™แ€› แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‡แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ€ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„

แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€™ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ

(vertical pipe line) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€›

แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€ (แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ธ) แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹

แˆแ‹ Check valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€€ (flow direction) แ€€

แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ swing check valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™ disc แ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‰แ‹ flow direction แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€” แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แแ€แ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ€แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€šแ€ฌแ€€

แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€›แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€‘แ€€

แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€…แ€„ (platform) แ€แ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แแแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€”แ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”

แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผ แพแ€€แ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€›แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ (misalignment)

แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผ แ€™แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ‹

แแ‚แ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™

แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แŠ class แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แˆแ… แ€› แ„แŠ แ‚แŠ แ† แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€ แพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

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แแƒแ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€„ (Valve support) แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Support แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ pipe support แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

158

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แˆ

แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ ( Interpreting the Drawings) แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€• (Drawing) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€แ€แ€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€›แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€žแ€„แ€žแ€‘แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ‚แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€• แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Lines in Piping Drawing) (Lines in Piping Drawing) (Lines in Piping Drawing) (Lines in Piping Drawing) แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€• แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€แ‚”แ€†แ€ผแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹)

แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ‚‘แ€ฌแ€” แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Seen Line แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Long Break Line

Centre Line

Hidden Line

Dimension Line

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แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€™แพแ€€แ€Šแ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ Weldneck Flange แ€แ€…แ€แ€•แ section แ€•แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€™ แ€‘แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› Iso Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ‚แ€…แ€‘แ€•แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€คแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€žแ€Š isulation แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› -

แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€… แ€•แ€•แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Standard Piping Symbols) (Standard Piping Symbols) (Standard Piping Symbols) (Standard Piping Symbols) แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แŠ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€•แ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹

Section Line

160

Fitting Type Flanged Screwed

Bell &

Spigot Welded Soldered

45 Deg

Elbow

90 Deg

Elbow

Fitting

Type Flanged Screwed

Bell &

Spigot Welded Soldered

Elbow Turn

Down

Elbow Turn

Up

Tee

แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€

แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€†แ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€

แ€กแ€–แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€

แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€ŸแŠ แ€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€

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Tee Down

Tee Up

Cross

Lateral

Union

Concentric

Reducer

Eccentric

Reducer

Bushing

Sleeve

Reducing

Flange

Cap

Y Strainer

Plug

Spectacle Blind

162

แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€€แ€„แ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

Valve Type Symbol Valve Type Symbol

Gate Valve

Check Valve or

Non Return

valve

Angle Gate

Valve

Angle Check

Valve

Gate Valve

Motor

operated

Float operated

valve

Globe Valve

Butterfly

Valve

Angle Globe

Valve

Stop Cock

Globe Valve

Motor

operated

Diaphragm

valve

Quick opening

valve

Control valve

Safety Valve

Plug valve or

Cock Valve

Angle Safety

Valve

Solenoid valve

แแ‡แ€แแ‡แ€แแ‡แ€แแ‡แ€ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแฟแ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ธแฟแ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ธแฟแ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ธแฟแ€„แ€™แ€ธ((((แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ))))

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แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ( Piping Abbreviations) ( Piping Abbreviations) ( Piping Abbreviations) ( Piping Abbreviations)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…

AFC Approved For Construction (แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ) AG Above Ground (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แš) ANSI American National Standard Institute API American Petroleum Institute ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society of Testing Materials AWS American Welding Society AWWA American Water Works Association Appd. Approved (แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ) atm Atmospheric BCD Bolt Circle Diameter BFV Butterfly Valve B/L Base Line (แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ) BOP Bottom of Pipe (แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„/แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€) BWE Butt Weld End Ctr Centre (แ€—แ€Ÿ) CL Centre Line (แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ) C to C Centre to Centre (แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ) Con. Red. Concentric Reducer (แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ) cfm Cubic Feet per Miniute (แ€แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€œแ€„ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€—แ€ฑแ€•) dia. Diameter (แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ) dim. Dimension (แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌ) dir. Direction (แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€˜แ€€) DIN Deutsches Institute fuer Normung DN Diameter Nominal (Nominal Diameter) (แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š) Dwg Drawing (แ€•) DWV Drain, Waste & Vent (แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€•แ€€) ea. Each (แ€แ€…แ€แ€…) Ecc. Red. Eccentric Reducer (แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ) ell. elbow (แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ)

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elev. elevation (แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„) Fab. Fabricate (แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ) Flg Flange (แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ) FF Flat Face FW Field Weld (แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€€) galv. Galvanized (แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š) gskt. Gasket HV Heating and ventilation (แ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…) HVAC Heating, Ventilating And Air Conditioning hex. Hexagon (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€•แŠ แ€†แ‚’แ€‚) horiz. Horizontal (แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Š) HP High Pressure (แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„) ID Inside Diameter (แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ) instr. Instrument insul. Insulation (แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ) IPS Iron Pipe Size (แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š) iso Isometric Drawing IFA Issued for Approval (แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ‹) IFC Issued for Construction (แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ‹) IFR Issued for Review (แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€…แ€›แ€” แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ‹) JIS Japanese Industrial Standards jt. Joint (แ€กแ€†แ€€) lat. Lateral (แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ) LP Low Pressure (แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€™) matl. Material max. Maximum (แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธ) min. Minimum (แ€กแ€”แ€™แ€†แ€ธ) MS Mild Steel NC Normally Closed (แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹) NPS Nominal Pipe Size NPT National Pipe Thread NO Normally Opened NRS Non Rising Stem NTS Not To Scale no. number OD Outside Diameter

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PE Plain End PI Pressure Indicator (Pressure Gauge แ€€ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹) prefab. Prefabricated prelim. Preliminary PRV Pressure Reducing Valve proj. Project PO Purchase Order PSI Pound per Square in PW Potable Water QO Quick Opening qty. Quantity rad. Radius ref. Reference Rev. Revised, Revision RF Raised Face RJ Ring Joint RS Rising Stem RW Raw Water sch. Schedule SMLS Seamless Steel (แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€• แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€) spec. Specification SO Flg Slip On Flange (แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ) SS Stainless Steel std. Standard SWE Socket Weld End temp. Temperature thk. Thickness TOC Top of Concrete (แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€…แ€šแ€€แ€™แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„) TOP Top of Pipe (แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„) TOS Top of Steel (แ€žแ€šแ€€แ€™แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„) typ. Typical (แ€…) UG Under Ground (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€) vac. vacuum WN Flg Weld Neck Flange (แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ) WOG Water, Oil & Gas (Working Pressure) XH Extra Heavy

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XS Extra Strong (pipe schedule) XXH Double Extra Heavy XXS Double Extra Strong (pipe schedule) แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Reading the Scale Drawings) (Reading the Scale Drawings) (Reading the Scale Drawings) (Reading the Scale Drawings)

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€˜แ€šแ€€แ€™ แ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ (Scale Ruler) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€แ€€ แ€€แ€€แ€”แ€”แ€–แ€แ€แ€แ€ž แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€–แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€• แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ (Triangle Ruler) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ† แ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธ แˆ แ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - 1:5 แ‚แ€„ 1:50, 1:10 แ‚แ€„ 1:100, 1:20 แ‚แ€„ 1:200, 1: 500 แ‚แ€„ 1:1000 แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Fan Shape Scale Ruler

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แ€šแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€• แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ (Fan Shape Scale Ruler) แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:25, 1:30, 1:50, 1:75, 1:100, 1:200 แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแ€ แ€™แ€ธแ€™ แแ‚ แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€•แ Title Block แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€Ÿแ€†แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€Ÿแ€แ€แ€„แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ Title Block แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ Iso Drawing แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€แ€›แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€•แ€–แ€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€œแ€„ 1:10 แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€• แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ 10mm แ€แ€„แ€ธแแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ 10x10=100 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ 50mm แ€แ€„แ€ธแแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌ แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ 50x10=500 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€™ แ€™แ€™แ

แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€แ€™ 1:10 แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€–แ€แแ€› แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€” แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ 100 แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€€แ€šแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ 100 แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Title Block แ€แ€ผแ€„ NTS แ€Ÿ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€‘แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€€

แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ‹ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแแ€™แ€› แ€Ÿ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ Iso Drawing แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธ แ€€แ€€ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Piping Drawings) (Piping Drawings) (Piping Drawings) (Piping Drawings) Piping Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‹ Schematic Diagram แ‚แ‹ Flow Diagram แƒแ‹ P & ID Drawing (Piping and Instrument Diagram) แ„แ‹ GA Drawing (General Arrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan) แ…แ‹ Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing) แ†แ‹ Spool Drawings

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แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Schematic Diagram Schematic Diagram Schematic Diagram Schematic Diagram

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€„ แ€œแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€กแ€›แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€… แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ‚€แ€แ€‚แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€• แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€• แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Schematic DrawingSchematic DrawingSchematic DrawingSchematic Drawing

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แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Flow Diagram (Flow Diagram (Flow Diagram (Flow Diagram (แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ปแ€• แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•))))

แ€‘แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ Schematic Diagram แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€”แ€…แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธแ€€ แฟแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š drawing แ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ Flow Diagram แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Flow DiagramFlow DiagramFlow DiagramFlow Diagram

แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ P & ID Drawing P & ID Drawing P & ID Drawing P & ID Drawing (Piping and Instrument(Piping and Instrument(Piping and Instrument(Piping and Instrumentationationationation Diagram) Diagram) Diagram) Diagram)

แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› Process and Instrumentation Diagram แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Schematic Diagram แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€†แ€ธแ€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€แ€…แ€ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

170

P & ID Drawing แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Major equipment and need valves) ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€˜แ€€ (System of all process lines, pipe size and Flow direction)

P & ID Diagram P & ID Diagram P & ID Diagram P & ID Diagram แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€

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๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ (Line Numbers and Codes along the line) ๏ฟฝ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Instrumentation and controlled devices)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€™แ€”แŠ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€›แŠ Check Valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ pump แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ flow meter แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ instrument แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ flow direction แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€™แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€ (air vent)แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€ (drain) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€™แ€› แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ P & ID แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€›แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ P&ID แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (instrumentation) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€€แกแ€›แ€ฌ แ‚แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Flow แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ F แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€” (Level) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ L แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” (Temperature) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ T แŠ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Pressure) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ P แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธ (Indicator) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ I, แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€…แ€€ (Recorder) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ R, แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Controller) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ C, แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Transmitter) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ T แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ FLOW แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Temperature แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - FI Flow Indicator TI Temperature Indicator FR Flow Recorder TR Temperature Recorder FC Flow Controller TC Temperature Controller FT Flow Transmitter TT Temperature Transmitter

แ€€แ€”แ€žแ€Š Level, Pressure แ€แ‚”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ P & ID diagram แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€š แ€€แ€ผแ€œแ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€คแ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š P & ID แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€† แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แŠ Heat Exchanger, Pump, Tank, Compressor, Valve Actuator แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ GA Drawing (General AGA Drawing (General AGA Drawing (General AGA Drawing (General Arrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan)rrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan)rrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan)rrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan) แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€‡แ€šแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€† แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€› แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€‡แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€…แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€…แ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€ แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’ แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€†แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€†แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€† แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€• (แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ€…แ€ธแพแ€€แ€Šแ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€•) (Plan View) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€œ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€คแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€žแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€€ General Arrangement Drawing แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ Piping Plan แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ GA Drawing แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹

GA Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแŠ แ€…แ€€แ€›แŠ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แŠ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€€แ€ผ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€กแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ผ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ก

แ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ - Pipe Size

Iso Drawing No.

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€

แ€Šแ€›แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ก

แ€ปแ€™แ€„ - Elevation

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€

แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ก

แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ก

แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ก

แ€ฑแ€แ€ธ

แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ - แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ S แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€˜แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ S 199000 แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€™แ€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” แแ‰แ‰ แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€Ÿ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

GA Drawing แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

176

GA Drawing แ€แ€…แ€แ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€…แ€ฅ

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แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€กแ€แ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ pipe support แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ flow meter, pressure gauge, Temperature Indicator แ€…แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ผ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ GA Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŒ แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ GA Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธ แ€€แ€€ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ GA Drawing แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ€…แ€ธแพแ€€แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€กแ€แ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Elevation แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแพแ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€™ แ€žแ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚”แ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

178

แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)

GA Drawing แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€”แ€€ แ€žแ€›แ€” GA Drawing แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ GA Drawing แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ Isometric Drawing (แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ Iso Drawing) แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Iso Drawing แ€€ แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€ (axis) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ X axis, Y axis แ‚แ€„ Z axis แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Š แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ X แ‚แ€„ Y แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แ€šแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€†แ€ผแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€€แ€™ Z แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€กแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€€ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€แ€…แ€”แ€… (Coordinate system) แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€€ elevation แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€แ€…แ€ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€š แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€• แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€œแ€„ + (แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌ) แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€€แ€”แ€™แ€œแ€„ - (แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌ) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…( Coordinate System) ( Coordinate System) ( Coordinate System) ( Coordinate System)

แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€” แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€œแ€™

แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€

แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„

แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ X Axis โ€“ X

แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹)แŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

(แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ Y Axis โ€“ Y แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹)แŠ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ Z Axis โ€“ Z แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹) แ€Ÿ แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€แŠ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€ธ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€œแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€•แ€… แ€™แ€แ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ แ€กแ€–แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€Š xy แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ แ€กแ€‘แ€™แ€ฌ z แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€™แ€† แ€คแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€†แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€ (Origin) แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€› แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ x แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ - แ€žแ€ŠแŠ y แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ - แ€žแ€ŠแŠ z แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ - แ€žแ€Š แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ (x,y,z) แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ (0,0,0) แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™ X แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ‚” แ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ + (แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ) แ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ - (แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ Y แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ + (แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ) แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ - (แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ Z แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ + (แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ) แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ - (แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

180

แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€œแ€„ Drawing แ€€ แ€–แ€แ€แ€แฟแ€•แ€Ÿ แ€™แ€†แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แคแ€ฌแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ€แ€แ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Iso Drawing แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€›แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ W396197 , S288303, EL -180 แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€›แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€‚แ€€แ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€ แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ (W) แ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” แƒแ‰แ†แแ‰แ‡ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„ (S) แ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ‚แˆแˆแƒแ€แƒ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแŠ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แแˆแ€ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€”แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€†แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€‚แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€›แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ แ€ฑแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€€แ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€™แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘ แ€€แพแ€žแ€’แ€”แ€ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€„(column) แ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€„แ€™ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€›แ€”แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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Iso Drawing Iso Drawing Iso Drawing Iso Drawing แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€•

Iso Drawing แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€… แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•

Title Block

Bill of Material

182

Iso Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€• แ‚แ‹ Title Block (แ€•แ แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€€) แƒแ‹ Bill of Material (แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธ)

แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•

แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€–แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ แ€˜แ€šแ€˜แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€ (N) แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€™ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š Iso Drawing No. W158015-E-15800-PI-2343-0409-0610 แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ แ€—แ€Ÿ แ€™ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€žแ‚” (Centre to Centre) แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š Iso Drawing แ€™แ€† แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ Centre to Centre แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€žแ€Š Revision 0 (แ€˜แ€ฌแ€™ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แŠ แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธ) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€™แ€œแ€‘แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Š แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€ Revision 1 แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Revision 2, Revision 3 แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ Rev 0, Rev 1, Rev 2 แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ cloud แ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚€แ€แ€‚แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ 1, 2 แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ‚€แ€แ€‚ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€”แ€•แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š Rev แ€”แ€•แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Pipe support แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌ แ€˜แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€”แ€•แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

184

Revision No.

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

elevation แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™ แแ…แ€ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ ( แ†แ€œแ€€แผ) แ€แ€”แ‚” แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Title Block ( Title Block ( Title Block ( Title Block (แ€•แแ€•แแ€•แแ€•แ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€€))))

Piping Class แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Iso Drawing No. แ€€ GA Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€ Revision แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ P&ID Diagram แ€”แ€•แ€ แ‚แ€„ Piping Plan (GA) แ€”แ€•แ€แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€žแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ GA Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

186

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€žแ€„แ€žแ€‘แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ‚”แ€€ Iso Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Iso Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Bill of Material Bill of Material Bill of Material Bill of Material or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO) or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO) or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO) or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO) ((((แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธ) ) ) ) Iso Drawing แ แ€Šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€คแ€•แŒแ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Workshop แŒ fabricate แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ install แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€คแ€”แ€•แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ(แ€œแ€€แ€™)

แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€คแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€ผ elbow แแ€ แ€œแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

188

แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธ แ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€›แ€” แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€” แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€š แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Notes and Specifications) (Notes and Specifications) (Notes and Specifications) (Notes and Specifications)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€™แ€แ€…แ€€ Notes and Specifications แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Operating Temperature and Pressure)แŠ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Testing Temperature and Pressure)แŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ (Type of Valves)แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ (insulation) แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแŠ แ€™แ€œแ‹ Pipe support แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€™แ€†แ€„แ€™ Iso Drawing แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€ž แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€˜แ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€†แ€”แ€†แ€” แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚” แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€†แ€œแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€”แ€ธ แ€™แ€žแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ‚แ€ธ แพแ€€แ€”แ‚” แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ 3 แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ 90 deg Elbow แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

GRE แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Pressure rating แ€™แ€ฌ 10 bar แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ 4 แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ Flange แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Bell End, FF Flange แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Pressure rating แ€™แ€ฌ 10 bar แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Class #150 , GRE Flg แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠแ…แŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ Spool DrawingsSpool DrawingsSpool DrawingsSpool Drawings GA Drawing แ€€ site แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Iso Drawing แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€˜แ‚” แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€… แ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ site แ€‘ แ€žแ€šแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ workshop แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€•แ€€ spool drawing แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ spool drawing แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Iso Drawing แ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Spool Drawing แ€‘แ€แ€›แ€” แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ Iso Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ site แ€‘แŒ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€€ (Field Weld or Field Joint) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€žแ€Š pipe fitter แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ piping supervisor แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€™ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š joint (แ€กแ€†แ€€) แ€€ FW (Field Weld) แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€žแ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ FW แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ แ€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€œแ€„ site แ€‘แŒแ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ FW แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€แ€šแ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ Iso Drawing แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ FW joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แแ‰แˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„ FW joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ€•แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ spool drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Spool # 1

Spool # 2

190

Spool # 1

Spool # 2

Spool # 3

Spool # 4

Spool # 5

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Spool Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Spool No. แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Spool No. แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€แŠ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ‚แ€„ Iso no. แ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ spool แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ spool no. แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Line No. - W158194, Location โ€“ 0409, Iso Drawing No. โ€“ 2071, Pipe Size โ€“ 1.5โ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ -

Spool No. 1 แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ โ€œW158194-0409-2071-1.5-1โ€ Spool No. 2 แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ โ€œW158194-0409-2071-1.5-2โ€ Spool No. 3 แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ โ€œW158194-0409-2071-1.5-3โ€ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ Project No., Location, System Name, Iso Drawing No. แ‚แ€„ Spool No. แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ -

Project No. โ€“ P201 Location โ€“ Block 13P System โ€“ Vent and Sounding System (VS) Drawing Page No. 6 Spool No. 1 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€„ -

Spool No. แ€€ โ€œ P201 โ€“ 13P โ€“ VS โ€“ PG6 โ€“ 1โ€ แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€Š Spool แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€œแ€€แ€› แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ค spool แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š system แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€œแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€แ€€แ€šแ€†แ€ผแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ spool no. แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€› แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Spool # 3 Spool # 4

Spool # 5

192

W158194-0409-2071-1.5-1

W158194-0409-2071-1.5-2

W158194-0409-2071-1.5-3

W158194-0409-2071-1.5-4

W158194-0409-2071-1.5-5

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Spool Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Joint No. แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Spool No. 1 แ€แ€ผแ€„ Joint No. แ€‘แ€Šแ€•แ€‘แ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ site แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Š joint แ€€ FW แ€Ÿ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ pipe fitter แ€€ แ€คแ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ site แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ fit up แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€• แ€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ค spool drawing แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ workshop แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ prefabrication แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ prefab แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

194

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ‰

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Fabrication and Installation) แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ workshop แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแŒ แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แŒแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€‘แ€™ workshop แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ pipeshop แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ prefabrication แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€šแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ installation แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Preparation) (Preparation) (Preparation) (Preparation)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (GA, P&ID, Iso Drawing) แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Calculation of BOM, pipe and fittings requirement) แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Tools and Equipments for pipe fabrication and installation) แ„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€แ€†แ€„ แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Consumables and PPE) แ…แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€—แ€€แ€†แ€ฌ แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Send supervisors and workers to necessary trainings) แ†แ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ‡แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (GA, P&ID, Iso Drawing) (GA, P&ID, Iso Drawing) (GA, P&ID, Iso Drawing) (GA, P&ID, Iso Drawing) แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแแ‹

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แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ€Šแ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ drawing แ€›แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€†แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€šแ‚แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ GA Drawing (Piping Plan), P&ID Drawing, Isometric Drawing แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€€ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š update drawing แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€”แŠ Latest Revision แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€™ แ€›แ€œแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š revision 0 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€กแ€› แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€ฅแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€™แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ แ€žแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€ผแ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€€แ€”แŠ แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€แ€ธแ€‘แฟแ€•แ€ธ register แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ Register แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ GA Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€•แŠ P&ID Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€•แŠ Iso Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€•แ€แ€ผแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ Iso Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ Drawing Register แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€” GA, P&ID แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€€แ€…แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ‹ แ€‘ drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€›แ€” material controller แ€žแ‚”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” production group แ€žแ‚” แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€žแ‚” แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€›แ€€แ€…แ€ผแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ production group แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š drawing แ€€ แ€€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ Drawing revision แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€„แ€ธ material controller แ‚แ€„ production แ€žแ‚” แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€ฑแ€™แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹

Revision แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ Rev. แ€กแ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ‚Šแ€„แ€™แ€•แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€กแ€žแ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€ธแพแ€€แ€Šแแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ project แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ€แ€„ drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€…แ€แ€”แ‚” แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ system แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€–แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ Master copy แ€แ€…แ€…แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ copy แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™ master copy แ€€ แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹

196

Issue to

Material

Controller

0, 2

3/9/2008

0, 2

3/9/2008

0, 2

3/9/2008

0, 2

3/9/2008

0, 2

3/9/2008

0, 2

3/9/2008

Issue to

Production

1, 1

8/10/2008

1, 1

8/10/2009

1, 1

8/10/2010

1, 1

8/10/2011

1, 1

8/10/2012

1, 1

8/10/2012

Rev & Re

civing

Date

Rev & Re

civing

Date

1, 15/10/2008

1, 15/10/2008

Rev & Re

civing

Date

0, 2

3/9/2008

0, 2

3/9/2008

0, 2

3/9/2008

0, 2

3/9/2008

0, 2

3/9/2008

0, 2

3/9/2008

Iso. Drawing No

.

E15800-PI2343-0409-0601

E15800-PI2343-0409-0381

E15800-PI2343-0409-0219

E15800-PI2343-0409-0337

E15800-PI2343-0409-1516

E15800-PI2343-0409-0306

Line No.

W158015

W158016

W158017

W158018

W158019

W158020

Sr No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

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แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Calculation of BOM (Calculation of BOM (Calculation of BOM (Calculation of BOM ) ) ) )

Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธ wastage (แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€„) แแ€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แแ…% แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ Iso Drawing แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Iso Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ BOM แ€แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š Material Description แ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€œแ€„ sch 40 or sch 80 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ (Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, FRP, PVC, UPVC, ABS แ€…แ€žแ€Š) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ 90 deg Elbow แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€„ LR แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ SR แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Flange แ€†แ€œแ€„ 150 lb Flange แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ 300 Lb Flange แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Gasket แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Bolt & Nut แ€†แ€œแ€„ Galvanized แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแŠ Cadmium coated แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€™แ€› แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€”แŒ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ‚€แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€แ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแŠแ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแŠแ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแŠแ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠแ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠแ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠแ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Tools and Equipments for pipe fabrication and (Tools and Equipments for pipe fabrication and (Tools and Equipments for pipe fabrication and (Tools and Equipments for pipe fabrication and installation) installation) installation) installation)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€šแ‚แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š Carbon Steel แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™ - แ€›แ€” แ€€แ€›แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€œแ€… แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€™ - แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€ซแ€ธแ€•แ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€™แ€Šแ€—แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€–แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ vice แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€‚แ€„แ€—แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€€แ€†แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€—แ€ธแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€” แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŒ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€‘แ€แ€…แ€€ Generator แ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€” wheel grinder แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Die grinder แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€” drilling machine แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Blower แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Exhaust Fan แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ 230V, 110V แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แŠ แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแŠ แ€…แ‚”แŠ แ€œแ‚ŠแŠ แ€แŠ แ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแŠ แ€’แ€ซแ€ธแ€„แ€šแŠ แ€€แ€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแŠ allen key แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€”แ€˜แ€œแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Tool Box แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹

198

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š fibreglass แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ fibreglass แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ fabricate แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - Shaving Tool, Mallet, come along, Jorgenson Clamp แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Fitting แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” pipe stand แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€แ แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” heater แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€› แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ (LEW- Licensed Electrical Worker) แ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ LEW แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€™ - แ€™แ€Š แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€†แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Lifting gears and belts) แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€แ€šแ€š แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€• แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ lifting gear แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€›แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€†แ€„แ€แ€†แ€„แ€แ€†แ€„แ€แ€†แ€„ แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Consumables and (Consumables and (Consumables and (Consumables and PPE)PPE)PPE)PPE)

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (consumable) แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„ (Personal Protective Equipment โ€“ PPE) แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ welding electrode แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ gas แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ grinding disc แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ sanding disc แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Chillie grinding stone แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ fibre cutting disc แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Masking Tapeแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Marker แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€† Chalk แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€กแ€แŠ แ€œแ€€แ‚แ€•แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ (Safety) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€› แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„ (PPE) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€€ (Helmet) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€˜แ€ผแ€แ€–แ€”แ€• (Safety Shoe) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (cotton glove, jean glove, rubber glove, welding glove)แŠ แ€™แ€€แ€™แ€” (Safety glass) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Ear Plug / Ear Muff แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Dust Mask แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Respirator แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€€แ€šแ€žแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ (Full Body Harness) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€ Rescue Equipment แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š PPE แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€™ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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199

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€—แ€€แ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€—แ€€แ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€—แ€€แ€†แ€ฌแ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€—แ€€แ€†แ€ฌ แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Send supervisors and (Send supervisors and (Send supervisors and (Send supervisors and workers to necessary trainings) workers to necessary trainings) workers to necessary trainings) workers to necessary trainings)

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€™ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€š แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€š แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€„แ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€€แ€ผ แ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€›แŒ แ€…แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€…แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ปแ€„แ€™แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€šแ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€œแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€„แ€™ แ€›แ€ฑแ€• แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแŠ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแŠ แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€• แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ‹) แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ - แแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Working at Height Safety Course แ‚แ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Hot Work Safety Course แƒแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Excavation Safety Course แ„แ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Electrical Safety Course แ…แ‹ แ€แ€”แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Lifting and Rigging Safety Course แ†แ‹ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Confined Space Safety Course แ‡แ‹ แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Hearing Protection Course แˆแ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€šแ€šแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Manual Handling Safety Course แ‰แ‹ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Environmental Awarness Course

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - fibreglass pipe แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€› แ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€› แ€™แ€Š แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€˜แ€šแ€žแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€˜แ€šแ€œแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€‚แ€ƒแ€”แ€ แ€žแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€แ€…แ€ผแ€กแ€†แ€ธ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธ (Flange) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€˜แ‚”แ€”แ€• (Bolt & Nuts) แพแ€€แ€•แ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„ แฟแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ

200

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€€ แ€†แ€ผแฟแ€•แ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ‚”แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€€แ€”แ€” แพแ€€แ€•แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ž แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€› แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ž แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€”แ€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€› แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ž (Rigger) แŠ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€ž (Signaler)แŠ แ€แ€”แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„ (Lifting Supervisor) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€•แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€› แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€” แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฅ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

(แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€™ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€แ€„แ€™ แ€แ€Šแ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€žแ€แ€กแ€œแ‚”แ€„แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹)

แ€…แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ Quality Control แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€™แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ Paper work (แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€…แฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€™แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€™แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€แ€„แ€™แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€‘แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€• แ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅ (Method Statement) แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€”แ€… (Safety Management System)แŠ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Safework Procedure)แŠ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€…แ€”แ€… (Environmental Control Plan) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ - แ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ -

๏ฟฝ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Welder Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Bonder Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€€แ€›แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ž แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Crane Operator Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€แ€”แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Lifting Supervisor Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ž แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Rigger Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€ž แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Signaler Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€ปแ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ž แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Scaffolder Certificate) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - ๏ฟฝ แ€€แ€›แ€”แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Lifting Machine Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€แ€”แ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Lifting Sling and Belts Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Chain Blocks Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Gas Cylinderโ€™s Certificate)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Pipe and Fittings Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Welding Electrodes Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Galvanization Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€˜แ‚”แ€”แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Bolt & Nuts Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Pressure Gauge Certificate) ๏ฟฝ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€† แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - Flow Meter) ๏ฟฝ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Valves Certificate)

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - ๏ฟฝ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ MSDS (Material Safety Data

Sheet) แ€‘แ€™แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚” (Permit

To Work) แ€€ แ€œแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ‚” แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€› (Certificate Holder) แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€œแ‚”แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€™แ€กแ€‘แ€™ supervisor แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‰แŠ แแŠ แ… แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Safety แ€žแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ‚แ€ธแพแ€€แ€”แ‚”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€›แ€• แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€แ€„แ€™แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ‚แ€ธแพแ€€แ€”แ‚”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€” แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠแŠแŠแŠ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€šแ€šแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€šแ€šแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€šแ€šแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€šแ€šแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‚แ€›แ€แ€…แ€€ แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€šแ€šแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€กแ€š แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซ แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€€แ แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแŠ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แพแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€” แ€กแ€แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแŠ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€™แ€™แ€แ€• แ€แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแแ€แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ธแ€แ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€šแ€•แ‚”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ€žแ€šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€แ€”แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™, แ€™ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™ แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€€แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€˜ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€œแ€…แ‚แ€„

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€™, แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€œแ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€™,แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ แ€žแ€แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™,แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ŠแŠ แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ lifting belt/ sling แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€™,แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™,แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

๏ฟฝ Fibre glass แ€•แ€€แŠ PVC แ‚แ€„ ABS แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€’แ€›แ€ผแ€ แ€แ€€ แ€†แ€ผแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€€แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€›แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€…แ€ฅ แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

Page 105: Piping Handbook

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แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ pipe rack แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€žแ€šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€…แ€ฅแ‹

204

๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€šแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€…แ€™แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€œแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€€แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€–แŠ แ€žแŠ แ€แŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€€แŠ แ€žแ€…แ€›แ€ผแ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แŠ แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ‚Šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แŠ แ€แ€›แŠ แพแ€€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€ปแ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ spool แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™ แ€กแ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€€แ€‘แ€…แ€€แŠ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ Flange แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€แ€…แ€™แŠ แ€šแ€™แ€™แ€Š แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” แ€€แ€แ€…แ€€แŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€… แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€–แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€š แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€–แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ Fibre glass แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ PVC, ABS แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Š แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แแ€‚แ€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œ แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€‘แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€แ‚” แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€‘แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€•แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ -

แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ pipe rack (แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€„) แ€•แ€…แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธ

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แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ) แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแแ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€‘แ€€ แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€แ€…แ‚แ€…แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ† แ€œแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ผแ€”แ€…แ€แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€ (Carbon Steel Pipes) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™, แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€€แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€™ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„ แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€œแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™, แ€™ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€‘แ€€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

Material controller แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€€ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€แ€ผแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€› แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š drawing แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š system แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ Log book แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ (register) แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€•แ€„ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแŒแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š drawing แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€œแ€• แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ drawing แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€šแ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€€แ€€แ€Š แ€•แ€ซแ€€ Main Warehouse แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Prefabrication) (Prefabrication) (Prefabrication) (Prefabrication)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€œแ€„ แ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Š แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€€แ€”แŠ แ€œแ€•แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€…แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€˜แ‚”แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€˜แ‚” แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌ drawing แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€Š drawing แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ drawing แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€™ แ€›แ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ drawing แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ drawing แ€Ÿแ€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€›แ€™แ€›แŠ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€™แ€” แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€œแ€„แ€›แ€™แ€› แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

206

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ Iso Drawing แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Cutting the required length of pipe) (Cutting the required length of pipe) (Cutting the required length of pipe) (Cutting the required length of pipe)

แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€” แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแŒ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€• แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€†แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€แ€Š แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ Butt Joint แ‚แ‹ Socket Joint แƒแ‹ Bell and Spigot Joint แ„แ‹ Threaded Joint แ…แ‹ Fillet Weld Joint

แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Butt Joint Butt Joint Butt Joint Butt Joint ((((แ€ฑแ€แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€†แ€€))))

แแŠ แ…แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แคแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ 90 Elbow, 45 Elbow แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ fitting แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Weld โ€“ neck flange, 90deg long radius Elbow แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Flange แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™ Elbow centre แ€‘แ‹ Elbow centre แ€™ Tee centre แ€‘ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ Flange แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™ 90deg LR Elbow centre แ€‘ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌ 2373 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€• แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ†แ„ แ€› แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™ Weld Neck Flange

แ แ€กแ€‘แ€™แ€ฌ แ„แ€œแ€€แผ (แแ€แ‚ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™ 90deg LR elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ centre แ€™ face แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€• แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ…แˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

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แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แผ (แƒแ€แ„ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แƒ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

8โ€ Weld Neck Flange แ แ€กแ€‘, Y = 102 mm 8โ€ 90deg LR elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ centre แ€™ face แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ, A = 304 mm แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€› gap = 3 mm Iso Drawing แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌ = 2373 mm

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Š = Iso dimension โ€“ (Y + A + 3mm + 3mm) = 2373 โ€“ ( 102+304+3+3) = 1961 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Butterfly Valve แ แ€กแ€‘ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

208

แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€•แ€„ แ€’แ€แ€š spool แŒ 8โ€ 90deg elbow centre แ€™ 8โ€ Equal Tee centre แ€‘ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€ 1228mm แ€Ÿ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ 8โ€ Equal Tee แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแŒแ€–แ€แ€œแ€„ centre แ€™ face แ€‘ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แˆ แ€œแ€€แผ ( 203mm) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ - 8โ€ Equal Tee แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ centre แ€™ face แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ, B = 203 mm แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘ spool แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Š = Iso dimension โ€“ (A + B + 3mm + 3mm) = 1228 โ€“ ( 304+203+3+3) = 715 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แ€” spool แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ 45deg Elbow, Reducer แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Socket Joint Socket Joint Socket Joint Socket Joint

แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Butt Joint fitting แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€œ socket joint fitting แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ socket fitting แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ Iso Drawing แ€žแ€Š GRP pipe, Marine GT250 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š socket joint แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Flange แ แ€กแ€‘ 79mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ socket แ€กแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ 72mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ 90deg LR elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ centre แ€™ face แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌ 394 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ socket แ€กแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ 76mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘ spool แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ 8โ€ Socket End Flange แ แ€กแ€‘, Y = 79 mm

Flange แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„, x = 72 mm

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แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ, y = 79 โ€“ 72 = 7 mm

8โ€ 90deg LR elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ centre แ€™ face แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ, A = 394 mm Elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„, x = 76 mm แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ, a = 394 โ€“ 76 = 318 mm Iso Drawing แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌ = 2373 mm

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Š = Iso dimension โ€“ ( y + a ) = 2373 โ€“ ( 7 + 318 ) = 2048 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Bell and Spigot Joint Bell and Spigot Joint Bell and Spigot Joint Bell and Spigot Joint

Bell and Spigot Joint แ‚แ€„ Socket Joint แ€™แ€ฌ แ€†แ€„แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Socket แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€” แ€‘แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Socket แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ fitting แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€•แ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

210

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Bell and Spigot แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€‘แ€‘แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€ แ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€–แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” (Taper shaving) แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

socket joint แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€œ Bell and Spigot Joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„ แ€›แ€ฌ Bell fitting แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ Iso Drawing แ€žแ€Š GRP Smith Fibreglass pipe, Green Thread แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š Bell and spigot joint แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Flange แ แ€กแ€‘ 102 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ spigot แ€กแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ 60 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ 90deg elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ centre แ€™ face แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌ 295 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ spigot แ€กแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ 76 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘ spool แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

8โ€ Bell End Flange แ แ€กแ€‘, Y = 102 mm Flange แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„, x = 60 mm แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ, y = 102 โ€“ 60 = 42 mm

8โ€ 90deg elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ centre แ€™ face แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ, A = 295 mm Elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„, x = 76 mm

Bell and Spigot แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ fitting แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€• แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€…แ€ฅแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ, a = 295 โ€“ 76 = 219 mm Iso Drawing แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌ = 2373 mm แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Š = Iso dimension โ€“ ( y + a ) = 2373 โ€“ ( 42 + 219 ) = 2112 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ Threaded Joint Threaded Joint Threaded Joint Threaded Joint ( ( ( (แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€… แ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€))))

Threaded Joint แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ„ แ€œแ€€แผแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แพแ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹

Flange แ แ€กแ€‘ B แ€™แ€ฌ 33 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ 90deg elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ centre แ€™ face แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌ 114 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ elbow แ€‘แ€žแ‚” thread แ€กแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ 27 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ 32 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘ spool แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ 4โ€ Threaded Flange แ แ€กแ€‘, B = 33 mm

Flange แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„, x = 33 mm

แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ fitting แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€…แ€ฅแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

212

แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ Flange แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ 4โ€ 90deg elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ centre แ€™ face แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ, A = 114 mm

Elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„, x = 27 mm แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ, a = 114 โ€“ 27 = 87 mm

Iso Drawing แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌ = 2373 mm แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Š = Iso dimension โ€“ ( a ) = 2373 โ€“ ( 87 )

= 2286 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ (Heat No.) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€ฑแ€™แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š drawing แ€™ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€• แ€กแ€™แ€แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€› แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแŠ แ‚แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€€แ€…แฅแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€€แ€” แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€’แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ Heat No. แ‚แ€„ Spool No. แ€€ แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ‹ Permanent Paint Marker แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€แ€ผ แ€ (blasting) แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ welding แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ (แ€—แ€Ÿแ€žแ€แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ blasting แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€แ€ผ แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€€แ€šแ€‘แ€Šแ€™ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€‘แ€‘แ€•แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹) แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€… แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Grinder แ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€€แ€… cutter แ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€€ (square cutting) แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€€แ€…แฅแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€‘ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Fibre Cutter แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ Fibre cutter แ€žแ€ธแ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ผ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Page 110: Piping Handbook

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แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Typ(Typ(Typ(Types ofes ofes ofes of cutting machines cutting machines cutting machines cutting machines)))) แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Wheel GrinderWheel GrinderWheel GrinderWheel Grinder or Angle Grinder or Angle Grinder or Angle Grinder or Angle Grinder

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Abrasive Cutting) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€’แ€ซแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Fibre cutting disc แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ diamond cutter แ€™แ€ฌ แ€€แ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€žแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€„แ€™ Orbital Pipe Saw แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€œแ‚Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ‚Šแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€Šแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€” แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€œ แ€œแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€… แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Portable Band Saw แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ‚Šแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Fibre cutting disc แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

Fibre cutting disc แ‚แ€„ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™ grinder

Diamond cutter แ‚แ€„ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™ grinder

Orbital Pipe Saw

Potable Band Saw

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แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€€แ€–แ€แ€…แ€€แ€–แ€แ€…แ€€แ€–แ€แ€…แ€€ (Auto Cutter) (Auto Cutter) (Auto Cutter) (Auto Cutter)

แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€€แ€€ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€šแ€šแ€›แ€œแ€ผแ€š แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€€แ€™แ€† แ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™ (100mm) แ€กแ€‘ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธ (45 degree bevel) แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€’แ€… แ‚แ„ แ€—แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€™แ€•แ€›แ‹ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แŠ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€… (remote control) แ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ‹ แ€’แ€”แ€žแ€แ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€™แ€•แ€›แ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€€แ€™แ€† แ€žแ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€†แ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€กแ€€แ€”แ€กแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Oxyfuel Cutter Oxyfuel Cutter Oxyfuel Cutter Oxyfuel Cutter ((((แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€† แ€กแ€€แ€†แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€†แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€†แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€†แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€ธแแ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€ธแแ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€ธแแ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€ธแ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„ Cutting Torch

แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ Nozzles

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แ€ค แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€แ€ฌ (Oxyfuel cutter) แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€แแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€™แ€แŠ แ€’แ€” แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ cutting torch แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€• แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€‚แ€ซแ€€แ€‚แ€„แ€‘แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (gouging)แŠ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€ŸแŠ แ€แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ abrasive cutting, band saw cutting, cold sawing, laser

แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€…แ€ฅ

แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ Portable Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Cutting Equipment

216

cutting, lathe cutting, shearing, oxyfuel cutting, waterjet cutting, plasma cutting แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผ แ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (PVC & PPR Pipe Cutters) (PVC & PPR Pipe Cutters) (PVC & PPR Pipe Cutters) (PVC & PPR Pipe Cutters)

PVC Pipe Cutter PPR Pipe Cutter

แŽแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€”แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€”แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€”แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ ( ( ( (End End End End FFFFinishinginishinginishinginishing))))

แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€œ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ (bevelling) แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€แ€ธแ€› แ€™แ€Šแ€€ WPS (Welding Procedure Specification) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€แ€ซแ€แ€› แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› แ†แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€แ€•แ€แ€œแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š (grinding) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€”แ€™แ€แ€„แ€™ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€”แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€Šแ€…แ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แŠ แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€™แ€€แ€„แ€›แ‹ แ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€Šแ€…แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€• แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ‹ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€€แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

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218

แ€•แ€—แ€… (PVC)แŠ แ€ฑแ€กแ€˜แ€กแ€€แ€… (ABS) แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแŒ แ€–แ€ผแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€แ€กแ‚แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€กแ€€แ€šแ Butt and Wrap joint แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ lamination แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ grinding แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Butt and Wrap joint แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€–แ€„แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€›แ€…แ€•แ€แ€€แ€ฌแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€–แ€„แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€›แ€…แ€•แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ lamination แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€• (gap) แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€Š grinding แ€แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™ แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Š lamination procedure แ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€ž แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€„ Socket Joint แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ‹ แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ shaving แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ scarfing แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Shaving แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ scarfing แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ

GRP แ€•แ€€แ€€ lamination แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€• GRP แ€•แ€€แ€€ lamination แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅ

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แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€šแ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€€ แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ FRP แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Bell and Spigot แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Socket Joint แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Socket joint แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„ (0 - แ€žแ€Šแ€’แ€‚แ€›) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ Bell and Spigot joint แ€€ taper (1 - แ€แ€…แ€’แ€‚แ€›) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ Smith Fiberglass Product แ€™ Scarfing Tool แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€‘แŠ แ€™แ€€แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€†แ€€แ€™ แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€†แ€€ (Threaded joint) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€œแ€„ แพแ€€แ€•แ€œแ‚” แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ NPT American Standard Pipe Taper Thread NPSC American Standard Straight Coupling Pipe Thread NPTR American Standard Taper Railing Pipe Thread

GT Marine แ€•แ€€แ€€ scarfing แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅ Scarfing แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Green Thread Marine แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€…แ€ฅ

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NPSM American Standard Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread NPSL American Standard Straight Locknut Pipe Thread NPTF American Standard Pipe Thread Tapered (Dryseal) BSPP British Standard Pipe Thread Parallel BSPT British Standard Pipe Thread Tapered

แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแพแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ฌ NPT (National Pipe Taper) or (National Pipe Thread) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€” แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€œแ€„แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™

แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€€ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ Fabricating Fabricating Fabricating Fabricating แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แŠ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

Pipe StandPipe StandPipe StandPipe Stand

แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€žแ€œแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แŠ แ€†แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” pipe stand แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ pipe stand แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€‘แ€™ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€’แ€แ€š แ€กแ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Water LevelWater LevelWater LevelWater Level ( ( ( (แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”))))

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€กแ€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€œแ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€” แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€•แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Set Square or Tri SquareSet Square or Tri SquareSet Square or Tri SquareSet Square or Tri Square

แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ alignment แ€Šแ€™แ€ŠแŠ 90 deg Elbow, 45 deg Elbow, Flange แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€™แ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€” Tri- square แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Tri- square แ€กแ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€œแ€ฌแ€œแ€„แ€™ Tri- square แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€•แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ (Measuring Tape) (Measuring Tape) (Measuring Tape) (Measuring Tape)

Welding Machine and ElectrodesWelding Machine and ElectrodesWelding Machine and ElectrodesWelding Machine and Electrodes

แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€žแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ Welding Machine แ‚แ€„ Electrodes แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Marker / Punch / Marker Pen / ChalksMarker / Punch / Marker Pen / ChalksMarker / Punch / Marker Pen / ChalksMarker / Punch / Marker Pen / Chalks

แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŠ Heat No., Spool No. แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” marker แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Permanent Marker/ Paint Marker แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€›แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แƒ แ€™แ€แ€ฌแŠ แ… แ€™แ€แ€ฌแŠ แˆ แ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€™แ€™แ‚แ€„แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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Wrap AroundWrap AroundWrap AroundWrap Around

แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” Wrap Around แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Wrap Around แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ square cut แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Š แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€แ€šแ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€€ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แŠ แ€กแ€‘ 3mm แ€™ 5mm แ€› แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แƒ แ€ฑแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€แ€”แ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€€แ€ฌ wrap around แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Hammer / Mallet (Hammer / Mallet (Hammer / Mallet (Hammer / Mallet (แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€))))

แ€•แ€€แ€€ alignment แ€Šแ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€แ€Šแ€™แ€แ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€Šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€›แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€แŠ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌ แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€–แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€–แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€–แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” Clamp Clamp Clamp Clamp แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€Šแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (clamps) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€–แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ‚” clamp แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Hammer

Mallet

Bar Clamp C Clamp Jorgensen Canvas Band Clamp

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แ€•แ€€แ€แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€แ€”แ€…แ€€ (Pipe Alig (Pipe Alig (Pipe Alig (Pipe Alignment Equipment)nment Equipment)nment Equipment)nment Equipment)

แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€” แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€Š แ€Šแ€›แ€” แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ€›แ€” แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Iso Drawings)แŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€—แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€แ€…แŠ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€ŠแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€’แ€ซแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€•แ€แŠ แ€แ€แŠ แ€™แ€แ€… แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แŠ แ€กแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แŠ แ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€€แŠ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€ปแ€•แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ (Pipe Schedule Table), แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€• แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„ (Fitting Bulletin)แŠ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€• แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€ (reference documents)แŠ Masking Tape (แ€…แ€€แ€แ€•)แŠ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€กแ€แŠ แ€แ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€žแ€„แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€…แฟแ€•แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹

Spool Drawing แ€›แ€œแ€„ Spool Drawing แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€„ Iso Drawing แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ FW (Field Weld) Joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ‹ 90elb แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ SR แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ LR แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ‹ Flange แ€†แ€€แ€› แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ #150 แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ #300 แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ‹ Alignment แ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌ แ€แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ Alignment Alignment Alignment Alignment แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€แ€” (alignment) แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€ (horizontal / longitu-dinal)แŠ แ€ฑแ€’แ€ซแ€„แ€œแ€€ (vertical)แŠ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€€ (lateral) แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€–แ€€แ€–แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€แ€”แ€› แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ Flange แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ bolt แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Hole level for Flanges)แŠ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” (alignment for pipe to pipe) แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ Flange Flange Flange Flange แ€€แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€€ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

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แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€”แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€„ (high โ€“ low) แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€• (gap) แƒแ‹ แ€˜แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€” (level of bolt holes) แ„แ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (alignment of flange surface)

High โ€“ Low แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ pipe alignment แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ tri โ€“ square แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€ 3mm แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€˜แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Šแ€› แ€˜แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€„ แ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€‘แ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€” แ€แ€„แ€€แ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€€ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€‘แ€€ แ€• แ€™แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ‹ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€€ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€™ แแ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€‘ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„ A แ€žแ€Š แ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€• แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ‚ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€…แ€ฅ แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€…แ€ฅ

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ 90deg Elbow 90deg Elbow 90deg Elbow 90deg Elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Alignment Alignment Alignment Alignment แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

90deg Elbow แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€… แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€›แ€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌ แ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€™ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™,แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ€›แ€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€œ แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ€™แ€€ แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ high โ€“ low แ€€แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€”แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€œ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

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แ€คแ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€” แ€œแ€ผแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€žแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€›แ€Šแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€œแ€ผแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ hi โ€“ low, gap แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ tacking แ€แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แƒแ‹ แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€› gap แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€”แ‹ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€˜แ€šแ€Šแ€ฌแ€› gap, alignment แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ€”แ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ tacking แ€แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ„แ‹ แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€˜แ€šแ€Šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€…แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ tacking แ€แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Tacking Tacking Tacking Tacking แ€แ€ผแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅ

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠ แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ 45454545deg Elbow deg Elbow deg Elbow deg Elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Alignment Alignment Alignment Alignment แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€” แ€™แ€แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ„แ…แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€”

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แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠ แ…แ…แ…แ…แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Tee Tee Tee Tee แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Alignment Alignment Alignment Alignment แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ hi โ€“ low, gap แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€˜แ€šแ€Šแ€ฌ แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Tacking แ€แ€ผแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ tacking แ€แ€ผแ€…แ€ฅ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠ แ†แ†แ†แ†แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe to PipePipe to PipePipe to PipePipe to Pipe แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Alignment Alignment Alignment Alignment แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ (Fit-up แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ) แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€™แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ spool แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€• (drawing) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€Šแ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ fit-up แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹ แ€†แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ inspection checklist box

Joint No. แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€

Spool No. แ€…แ€•แ€ธแ€œ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€

Fit - Up Date : แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€›แ€€

Fitter No. แ€†แ€„แ€žแแ€กแ€™แ€Š

Welding Date: แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€›แ€€

Welder No. แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ž

MPI Date:

แ€ (Tee) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ธ แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€€ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€แ€„แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€™ แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€€แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€€แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ NDT test แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Page 118: Piping Handbook

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แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€•แ€ธแ€œ (spool) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ (spool no.) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€™แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€„แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ spool แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š shop weld แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‘ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Š field weld (FW) แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Š shop weld แ€Ÿแ€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

Fit โ€“ up แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€• แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€–แ€™แ€„แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ ( แ… )แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€•แ€™ แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹ Bonding for PVC / ABS and FRP pipes Bonding for PVC / ABS and FRP pipes Bonding for PVC / ABS and FRP pipes Bonding for PVC / ABS and FRP pipes

แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ butt joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚” Fit-up แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹ Socket Joint แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ Bell and Spigot joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ Fit-up แ€œแ€• แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (bonding) แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€…แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ PVC, PE, PPR, Fibre Glass Pipe แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€†แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ (แ„) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

230

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Cutting the Pipe at any angle)

แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„ แแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ OD แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แˆ แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€œแ€„ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€‘ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแฟแ€•แ€„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ แ€™ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ ร˜ แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ 45 แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€‘

แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€‘ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ C1, C2, C3, C4 แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌ = แƒ.แแ„แ‚ x แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แˆ แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1 แ€Ÿ แ€กแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

ร˜ = Angle of Cut (แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„) OD = Outside Diameter of the pipe R = Radius = OD / 2 RA = R x Cos 45 = R x 0.707 C1 = OD x tan ร˜

C2 = (R + RA) x tan ร˜ C3 = C1 / 2 C4 = (R - RA) x tan ร˜

แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ

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แˆแ‹ แ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€‘แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚ แ‚แ€„ แˆ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ C4 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ‚ แ‚แ€„ แˆ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€… แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แƒ แ‚แ€„ แ‡ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ C3 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แƒ แ‚แ€„ แ‡ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ„ แ‚แ€„ แ† แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ C2 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ„ แ‚แ€„ แ† แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ… แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ C1 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ… แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‰แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€‘แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹ แแ€แ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€œแ€žแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€–แ‚” แ€‘แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€• -

แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ†แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€• แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ‚แˆ แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (OD) แ€€ แ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ OD แ€™แ€ฌ แˆ.แ†แ‚แ… แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แˆ.แ†แ‚แ… แ€œแ€€แ€™ = แˆ.แ†แ‚แ… x แ‚แ….แ„ = แ‚แแ‰ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ (OD = แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ)

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ = แƒ.แแ„แ‚ x แ‚แแ‰ แ€™แ€™ = แ†แˆแˆ แ€™แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ แˆ แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แˆแ† แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แˆ แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ = Circle, แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธ = circumference, แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ = Outside

Diameter (OD), แƒ.แแ„แ‚ แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„ (ฯ€) แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€› -

R = 2219

= 109.5 (แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€)

232

RA = R x Cos 45 = 77.44 C1 = OD x tan ร˜ C2 = (R + RA) x tan ร˜ = 219 x tan 60 = (109.5+77.44) x tan 60 = 219 x 1.732 = 186.98 x 1.732 = 379.4 = 323.8

C3 = C1 / 2 C4 = (R - RA) x tan ร˜ = 379.4 / 2 = (109.5 โ€“ 77.44) x tan 60 = 189.72 = 55.6

แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€œ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แแ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แŠ แ‚แ‚.แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แŠ แƒแ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แŠ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แŠ แ‡แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แŠ แˆแ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ tan แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ tan (แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€„) แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ tan แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ tan แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ tan 7.5 0.132 22.5 0.414 60 1.732 10 0.176 30 0.577 70 2.747 15 0.268 45 1 75 3.732 20 0.364 50 1.192 80 5.671

แ€•แ€€แ€€ แˆ แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€แ€แ€…แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€แ€œแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€•แ€แ€œแ€Š

แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€™แ€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€‘แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„

แ†แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€•

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แ€•แ€€ แ€€ แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€…แ€ แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€• แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แˆ แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€€แ€›แ€ธ แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€€แ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€œแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แˆ แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹

แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แแŠ แ‚แŠ แƒแŠ แ„ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ‚ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ C4 แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแŠ แƒ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ C3 แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹ Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (90, 45, 6 (90, 45, 6 (90, 45, 6 (90, 45, 60, 30 etc) (2pcs, 3pcs)0, 30 etc) (2pcs, 3pcs)0, 30 etc) (2pcs, 3pcs)0, 30 etc) (2pcs, 3pcs)

แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ (Miter Elbow) แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ miter elbow, miter tee แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€• แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€• แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

Angle of cutAngle of cutAngle of cutAngle of cut แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š Cut Angle แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

2 x Welds ofNumber Turn of Degree ofNumber Cut Angle =

แ€œแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ€’แ€‚แ€› (แ‰แ€แŠ แ„แ… แ€…แ€žแ€Š) แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ = ----------------------------------------------------- แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ x แ‚

แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ†แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแŠ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ‹ แƒแ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ‹ แ‚แ‚.แ… แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„

แ‰แ€ แ„แ… แ„แ… แ‚แ‚.แ… แ‚แ‚.แ… แแ.แ‚แ… แ†แ€ แƒแ€ แƒแ€ แแ… แแ… แ‡.แ…

234

แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€แ€กแ€‘ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ (cutback dimension) A แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ A แ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€šแ€•แ€€ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

A = (Pipe OD / 2) x ( tan of Cut Angle) A = แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€ x แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€„แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (OD) แ‚แ€„ tangent แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€„แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€š แ€แ€€แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ OD แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Outside Diameter โ€“ OD) แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š OD แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š OD แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š OD

แ แƒแƒ.แ„ แแ‚ แƒแ‚แ„ แ‚แˆ แ‡แแ แ‚ แ†แ€ แแ„ แƒแ…แ… แƒแ€ แ‡แ†แ‚ แƒ แˆแ‰ แแ† แ„แ€แ† แƒแ‚ แˆแแƒ แ„ แแแ„ แแˆ แ„แ…แ‡ แƒแ„ แˆแ†แ„ แ… แแ„แ แ‚แ€ แ…แ€แˆ แƒแ† แ‰แแ„ แ† แแ†แˆ แ‚แ‚ แ…แ…แ‰ แ„แ‚ แแ€แ†แ‡ แˆ แ‚แแ‰ แ‚แ„ แ†แแ€ แแ€ แ‚แ‡แƒ แ‚แ† แ†แ†แ€

แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€„แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Tangent Values) แ€’แ€‚แ€› Tan แ€’แ€‚แ€› Tan แ€’แ€‚แ€› Tan 60 1.732 30 0.577 15 0.268 50 1.192 22.5 0.414 10 0.176 45 1 20 0.364 7.5 0.132

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€• ---- แ†แ†แ†แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แŠแ€œแ€€แ€™แŠแ€œแ€€แ€™แŠแ€œแ€€แ€™แŠ แ„แ…แ„แ…แ„แ…แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€› Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow (2 pieces) (2 pieces) (2 pieces) (2 pieces) แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€šแ€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ฌ แ€šแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€แ‚แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€แ‚แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š Cut Angle แ€™แ€ฌ -

22.5 2 x 1

45 Cut Angle ==

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Š แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€šแ€ แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€ แ€€ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€œแ€•แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

cutback dimension A แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

OD of 6โ€ Pipe = 168 mm (แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ OD แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™) tan 22.5 = 0.414 (แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ tangent แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™) A = (Pipe OD/2) x (tan of Cut Angle)

236

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ A = (168/2) x 0.414 = 35 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€”แ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€

แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแแ€Šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แŒ แƒแ… แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Š แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแแ€˜แ€šแ€˜แ€€แŒ แƒแ… แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€แ€€ wrap around แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ‚แ„แ‚ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€œ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€š / แ€†แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธ=168 x 3.142 = 528

2 pieces 45 degree miter elbow แ€•แ€€แ€แ‚แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€™แ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ

3 pieces 90 degree miter elbow แ€•แ€€แ€แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€™แ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ

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แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ‚แ€…แ€แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ‚แ€…แ€แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ‚แ€…แ€แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ‚แ€…แ€แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌ แ‰แ€แ‰แ€แ‰แ€แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€’แ€‚แ€› Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ ( 3 pcs and 4 pcs 90deg Miter Elbow) ( 3 pcs and 4 pcs 90deg Miter Elbow) ( 3 pcs and 4 pcs 90deg Miter Elbow) ( 3 pcs and 4 pcs 90deg Miter Elbow)

แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ แ‚แ€… แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€žแ€ธแ€ (แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ‚แ€…แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌ)แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ (แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌ) แ€…แ€ž แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แพแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€‘แ€™ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ‚แ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ Angle of cut (แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„) แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

22.5 2 x 2

90 Cut Angle == แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ A

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€แแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ B แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ซ แ‰แ€แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€™แ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€†แพแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ Miter Radius (R) แ€™แ€ฌ แˆ x แ.แ… = แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€Šแ‹ (แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€™แ€แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹) แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™ = แแ‚ x แ‚แ….แ„ = แƒแ€แ… แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ (Cut Angle) = 22.5 degree แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ - A = แƒแ€แ… x tan 22.5 A = แƒแ€แ… x แ€.แ„แแ„ A = แแ‚แ† แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ B = A x 2 = แแ‚แ† x แ‚ = แ‚แ…แ‚ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ แ‰แ€แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€™แ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€ แ€•แ€ซแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ‚แ„แ„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€‘แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€™แ€€แ€แ€ฌ

A = Miter Radius x tan of Cut Angle A = R x tan 22.5 = R x 0.414 B = A x 2

แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ฅแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ‚แ„แ† แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

238

แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€šแ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ซ (แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌ) แ‰แ€แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€™แ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ

แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ Angle of cut (แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„) แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

15 2 x 3

90 Cut Angle == แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ A

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ B แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แแ€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ„ แ€แ€•แ€ซ แ‰แ€แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€†แพแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แแ€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ Miter Radius แ€™แ€ฌ แแ€ x แ.แ… = แแ… แ€œแ€€แ€™ (แƒแˆแ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€‘แ‚”แ€‘แ€€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ„แ€แ€ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹) แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ A = 381 x 0.268 = 102 mm แ‚แ€„ B = 102 x 2 = 204 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ Miter Bend Radius แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ ASME Pressure Piping Code แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ ASME B31 แ€กแ€•แ€’ ASME B31.1, B31.3 and B31.8 แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Internal Design Pressure, Angle of change in direction, Stress Value, Coefficient แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€œ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€แ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ Miter Radius แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Š Miter Bend Radius แ€™แ€ฌ 2D

tanA R +=

ฯ‘ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ - R = Radius of Miter Bend D = Outside Diameter of pipe

ฯ• = Cut Angle แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ A แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

T โ€“ c แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ แแƒ แ€‘แ€€แ€„แ€šแ€œแ€„ A = 25mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

A = Miter Radius x tan of Cut Angle A = R x tan 15 = R x 0.268 B = A x 2

แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ‚แ„แ€แŠ แ‚แ„แแŠ แ‚แ„แ‚ แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

Page 123: Piping Handbook

239

T โ€“ c แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ แแƒ แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ‚ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€„ A = 2 (T โ€“ c ) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

T โ€“ c แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ 22 แ€‘แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€„ 30 3c)-(T 2 A += แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ T แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ c แ€™แ€ฌ mechanical allowance แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€†แ€œ แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€€แ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ c แ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€œแ€„ 0.5mm แ€Ÿ แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

ASME B31 แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€™ แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แแ€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ miter radius แ€€ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€ Sch 40 แ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ Outside Diameter of 10โ€ Pipe = 10.75โ€ (273mm) Thickness of Sch 40, 10โ€ Pipe = 0.365โ€ (9.27mm)

ฯ• = 22.5 for 3 pieces miter elbow

แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ T โ€“ c < 13 , แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ A = 25

2D

tanA R +=

ฯ‘ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ -

2273

tan25 R +=

5.22 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ R = 197 mm แ€Ÿ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ

แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€‘แ‚”แ€‘แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€™แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€Ÿ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผ แ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€œ Miter Radius = Pipe Size x 1.5 แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€šแŠ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌ standard long radius elbow แ€แ€…แ€แ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

240

แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€€แ€…แฅแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ profile แ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€ แ‚แ€ฌ แ‚แ„แ€แŠ แ‚แ„แแŠ แ‚แ„แ‚ แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œ แ€…แ€แ€› แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€…แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ‚แ„แ€ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แˆ แ€…แ€แ€…แ€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€„ แแ‚ แ€…แ€แŠ แ‚แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€œแ€„ แแ† แ€…แ€แŠ แ€‘แ‚”แ€‘แ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ แ‚แ€แŠ แ‚แ„ แ€…แ€ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€™แ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€•แพแ€€แ€Šแ€™ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€€แ€šแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€€แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹ Branch Branch Branch Branch แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Equal, Reduci (Equal, Reduci (Equal, Reduci (Equal, Reducing, Lateral) ng, Lateral) ng, Lateral) ng, Lateral)

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Equal Tee, Equal Branch ( Equal Tee, Equal Branch ( Equal Tee, Equal Branch ( Equal Tee, Equal Branch (แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€ แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€šแ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€ (Header Pipe) แ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€ (Branch) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ (profile) แ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ Equal Tee, Equal Branch แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแแ‹

แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผ (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„

แแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ (แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€ A1 แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ A0 size) แ€ฑแ€•แš แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แแ‚ แ€…แ€ แ€…แ€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แแ† แ€…แ€แŠ แแˆ แ€…แ€แŠ แ€กแ€…แ€ แ‚แ€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ† แ€…แ€ (แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แˆ แ€…แ€) แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€ฌ แ„แŠ แ…แŠ แ†แŠ แ‡แŠ แˆแŠ แ‡แŠ แ†แŠ แ…แŠ แ„ แ€Ÿแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ = แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ x แƒ.แแ„แ‚ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€—แ€Ÿ แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แŒ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ…แ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แแ† แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€˜แ€šแ€˜แ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€ฌ แ„แŠ แ…แŠ แ†แŠ แ‡แŠ แˆแŠ แ‡แŠ แ†แŠ แ…แŠ แ„แŠ แ…แŠ แ†แŠ แ‡แŠ แˆแŠ แ‡แŠ แ†แŠ แ…แŠ แ„ แ€Ÿ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ†แ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€„ แƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€†แ€ผแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€‘แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€œแ€€แ€šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‡แ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแแ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ แ‚แ€…แ€†แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€

242

แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€Šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€„ แ… แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€”แ€•แ€ แ… แ€™ แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ แ… แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ† แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€Šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ† แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ‡ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€Šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ‡ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‰แ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ‚แ€…แ€†แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€„แ€€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ปแ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€„ แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€แ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€œแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ‚แ…แƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแแ‹ แแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ (แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€ A1 แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ A0 size) แ€ฑแ€•แš

แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ† แ€…แ€ (แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แˆ แ€…แ€) แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€ฌ แˆแŠ แ‡แŠ แ†แŠ แ…แŠ แ„แŠ แ…แŠ แ†แŠ แ‡แŠ แˆ แ€Ÿแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แƒแ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แแ† แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€ฌ แ€แŠ แแŠ แ‚แŠ แƒแŠ แ„แŠ แ…แŠ แ†แŠ แ‡แŠ แˆแŠ แ‡แŠ แ†แŠ แ…แŠ แ„แŠ แƒแŠ แ‚แŠ แแŠ แ€ แ€Ÿ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ แ‚แ€…แ€†แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แแ‚แ€…แ€†แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ…แ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€„ แƒ แ‚แ€„ แ„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€†แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€”แ€•แ€ แ… แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ… แ€แ‚” แ€†แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€˜แ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ† แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ† แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ‡ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ‡ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‡แ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹ แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜ แ€‘ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ‚แ€…แ€†แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแŒ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€„แ€€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€œแ€€ แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Reducing Tee, Unequal Branch ( Reducing Tee, Unequal Branch ( Reducing Tee, Unequal Branch ( Reducing Tee, Unequal Branch (แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€ แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€šแ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€ (Header Pipe) แ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€ (Branch) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€š แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ (profile) แ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ Reducing Tee, Reducing Branch, Unequal Branch แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแแ‹

แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผ (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„

แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€ (Equal Tee) แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€ (header pipe) แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€€ แ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€ผแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€› แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ (branch pipe - แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€) แ€™ แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€œแ€€แ€šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€• แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€†แ€ผแ€œแ€žแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€–แ‚” แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€แŠ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ„ แ‚แ€„ แ… แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€€ a, แ… แ‚แ€„ แ† แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€€

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b, แ† แ‚แ€„ แ‡ แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€€ c แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‘ แ€•แ€„แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™แ€แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹

246

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€ Lateral Lateral Lateral Lateral แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Equal Lateral Branches) (Equal Lateral Branches) (Equal Lateral Branches) (Equal Lateral Branches)

แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แŠ แ†แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€…แ€žแ€Š Lateral Tee แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€” แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€™แ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€†แ€™แ€แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€ผแ€› แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€šแ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•

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แแ‹ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

23 tan x 2OD a = , แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ 0.4245 x

2OD a = แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

68 tan x 2OD b = , แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ 2.475 x

2OD b = แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ wrap around แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€…แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ 1, 2, 3, 4 แ€Ÿ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แ€› แ€กแ€™แ€ แƒ แ€™ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ แ€˜แ€šแ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” a แ€แ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ A แ€Ÿ แ€กแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€ แƒ แ€™แ€•แ€„ แ€Šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” b แ€แ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ C แ€Ÿ แ€กแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ แ‚แ€„ แ‚ แ€žแ€Š B แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹

แƒแ‹ B แ€™ A แ‚แ€„ C แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹

แ„แ‹ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€กแ€‘แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ d = b แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ c = b โ€“ a แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€•แŒ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€…แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ 1, 2, 3, 4 แ€Ÿ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ แ„ แ€™ แ€œแ€€แ€šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” d แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€€ E แ€Ÿ แ€กแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ†แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ แƒ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€„ แ„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ

แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•

แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•

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แ€˜แ€šแ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” c แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ D แ€Ÿ แ€กแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€› แ€กแ€™แ€ แ แ‚แ€„ แ‚ แ€™ D แ‚แ€„ E แ€žแ‚” แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Fiber Cutter แ€œแ‚Šแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ‚Š Hack Saw แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€›แ€” แ€Šแ€Šแ€Šแ€ฌแ€Šแ€ฌแŠ แ€‚แ€›แ€แ€…แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ แ€คแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€™ แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€‘แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€•แ€†แ€ผแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ -

แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€ Lateral Tee แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€†แพแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ OD แ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ‚แ„แ… แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แแ†แˆ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹

แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ 0.4245 x 2OD a = แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ a = (แแ†แˆ / แ‚ ) x แ€.แ„แ‚แ„แ… = แƒแ….แ‡ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ

2.475 x 2OD b = แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ b = (แแ†แˆ / แ‚ ) x แ‚.แ„แ‡แ… = แ‚แ€แ‡.แ‰ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ‚แ‚.แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แŠ แƒแ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แŠ แ†แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แŠ แ‡แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ lateral แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› lateral แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚แƒ แ‚แ€„ แ†แˆ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Fiber Cutter

Hack Saw

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แ€™แ€แ€›แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” 2OD

แ€€ R แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแพแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ lateral แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Angle a Angle b a b 22.5 Lateral 11 79 a = R x 0.1943 b = R x 5.1445 30 Lateral 15 75 a = R x 0.2679 b = R x 3.732 40 Lateral 20 70 a = R x 0.364 b = R x 2.747 50 Lateral 25 65 a = R x 0.4663 b = R x 2.1445 60 Lateral 30 60 a = R x 0.5773 b = R x 1.732 70 Lateral 35 55 a = R x 0.7 b = R x 1.428 80 Lateral 40 50 a = R x 0.839 b = R x 1.1917

แˆแ€œแ€€แ€™แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ‰แŠ แแแŠ แ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Equal Tee) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผ แ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ (Circumference Line) แ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€™ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€ Lateral Lateral Lateral Lateral แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Reducing Lateral Branches) (Reducing Lateral Branches) (Reducing Lateral Branches) (Reducing Lateral Branches)

Reducing Lateral Tee แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€ lateral แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€œแ€• แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€ (Header) แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแŒ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚” แ€แ€› แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€€ a, b, c, d แ€Ÿ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘ a, b, c, d แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แแ† แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€‘แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€œแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€แˆ แ€™แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ‡ แ€™ แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ แ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ‡ แ‚แ€„ แ†

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แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ† แ‚แ€„ แ… แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ… แ‚แ€„ แ„ แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› lateral แ€€ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ…แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แŠ แ†แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€ Unequal Lateral Tee Unequal Lateral Tee Unequal Lateral Tee Unequal Lateral Tee แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€• แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ

แ€šแ€ แแ‚แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แˆแ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€€ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€†แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ - แแ‚.แ‡แ… แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แแ‚.แ‡แ… แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ€ฅแ€ธแ‹ แแ‚แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€€ แˆแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แˆ แ€œแ€€แผแ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แˆ.แ†แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แแ‚แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ŠแŒ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แˆ.แ†แ„ แ€œแ€€แผแ€› แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แแ€‘แ€•แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แˆ.แ†แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€‘แ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แˆ แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€œแ€„ แ‚แƒ แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€แŠ แแŠ แ‚แŠ แƒแŠ แ„ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แผแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แƒแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€˜แ€€ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€แˆ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ แˆ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€œแ€€แ€šแ€ฌ แ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ‡ แ€™แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ‡ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€”แ€•แ€แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€†แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€†แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹

แ„แ‹ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€” แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ = แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ x แƒ.แแ„แ‚ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ = แˆ.แ†แ„ x แƒ.แแ„แ‚ = แ‚แ‡.แแ… แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ แแ† แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€€ แ.แ‡ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€… แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ.แ‡ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€œแ€€ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แŠ แแŠ แ‚แŠ แƒแŠ แ„แŠ แ…แŠ แ†แŠ แ‡แŠ แˆแŠ แ‡แŠ แ†แŠ แ…แŠ แ„แŠ แƒแŠ แ‚แŠ แแŠ แ€ แ€Ÿ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แ…แ‹ แ„แ… แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แˆ แ€œแ€€แผแ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚” แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€ แ€ แ€™แ€ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€ แ€™แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€†แ€™แ€แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€†แ€™แ€แŠ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ‚ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ แ‚ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€†แ€™แ€แŠ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ แƒ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ แƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€†แ€™แ€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€†แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แˆแ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ†แ‹ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€™แแ‚ แ€œแ€€แผ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผ แˆ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€†แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€ แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แˆ แ‚แ€„ แ‡ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ.แ†แ‡แŠ แ‡ แ‚แ€„ แ† แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ.แ…แแŠ แ† แ‚แ€„ แ… แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ.แแ แŠ

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แ… แ‚แ€„ แ„ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€.แ„แ‚ แ€Ÿ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‡แ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€„ แ† แŒ แ€แ€„แ€ธแแ€›แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€‘แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ…แ‹

แ†แ‹

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แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€ฌ แ€†แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แˆ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แˆ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€™แ€แŠ แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ‡ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ‡ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€†แ€™แ€) แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€ แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ†แ†แ†แ†แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€ Wye Wye Wye Wye แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Wye Template Develompent)

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แ€ค Wye แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€€ แ€€แ€ผ แ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€†แ€ผแ€• แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€แ€žแ€Š Equal Tee, Reducing Lateral แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แฟแ€•แ€Ÿ แ€šแ€† แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ผแพแ€€แ€Šแพแ€€ แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€”แ‹

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แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Instruments), แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€แ€ฌ (Pressure Gauge), แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€แ€ฌ (Temperature Indicator) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Weldolet

แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€ แ€™แ€†แ€€แ€• แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Weldolet แ€€ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Weldolet แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€™

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แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Sockolet

Weldolet แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ butt joint แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ Sockolet แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ socket joint แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€žแ‚‘แ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠ แƒแƒแƒแƒแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Threadolet

Weldolet แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Sockolet แ€™แ€ฌ socket

joint แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Threadolet แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€žแ‚‘แ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠ แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Nippolet

Nippolet แ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€™ nipple outlet แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Nippolet แ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ‚แ€…แ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€œแ€ธ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠ แ…แ…แ…แ…แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Elbolet

Elbow แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€™ แ€‘แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ outlet แ€€ แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ elbolet แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ Sweepolet

Sweepolet outlet แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ weldolet, sockolet แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ‚” แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€†แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€• แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

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แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠ แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹ Half Coupling

แ€™แ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” Half coupling แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ coupling, cap แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€šแ€ฅแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ weldolet, sockolet, threadolet, nippolet, elbolet, sweepolet, half coupling แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠ แˆแˆแˆแˆแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Reducing Saddles

แ‰แŠ แแ‚แŠ แ แ€™ แ‰แŠ แแ‚แŠ แ‡ แ€‘ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€‘แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ Reducing Saddle แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Fiberglass แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Reducing Saddle แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แ แ€€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌ

แ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€… แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ Reducing Saddle แ€€ Bell outlet, Threaded outlet, Socket Outlet แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

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แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แแ€

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Pipe Supports)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€•แ€”แ‚” แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แแ€แ€”แ€แ€ซแ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€™แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€…แ€ฅ แ‚€แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (pipe supports)แŠ แ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (guides)แŠ แ€กแ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (anchors) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€› แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€แ€œแ€€แ€แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€…แ€ธ แ€™แ€›แ€˜ แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€‘แ€€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” (excessive bending)แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (thermal expansion)แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (water hammer) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ loop แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€™แ€ŠแŠ anchor แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ Stress Analysis แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€แ€™ stress analysis แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€œแ€€แ€แ€„แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€›แ€‚แ€›แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€„ support, guide, anchor, loop แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ stress analysis program แ€™แ€ฌ CAESAR Program แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€›แ€‚แ€›แ€™แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€šแ€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€žแ€„แ€›แ€‘แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Specifications) แ€€ ANSI, ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31.1, Factory Mutual (FM) แ€แ‚”แ€™ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แแ€แแ€แแ€แแ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€€ Structural steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, galvanized steel, aluminum, ductile iron แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™ แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฅแ€แ€’แ€ซแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€แพแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (hot dip galvanizing) แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3, ASTM-A36, ASTM-A53, ASTM-A120, ASTM-A123, ASTM-A153, ASTM-307, AWS-D1.1, MSS-SP58, MSS-SP69, MSS-SP77, UL203, FM1551, MFMA-2 แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€™แ€ปแ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ASME แ€™แ€ฌ American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASTM แ€™แ€ฌ American Society for Testing and Materials, MSS แ€™แ€ฌ Manufacturers Standardization Society, UL แ€™แ€ฌ Underwriters Laboratories แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ FM แ€™แ€ฌ Factory Mutual แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ€แแ€แแ€แแ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ - แแ‹ Pipe Shoe แ‚แ‹ Pipe Support แƒแ‹ Pipe Guide แ„แ‹ Anchor แ…แ‹ Shock Absorber - แ€Ÿ แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ปแ€แแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚” (Lateral movement) แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” guide แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚” (longitudinal movement) แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” anchor แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€ support แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€„แ€›แ€” pipe shoe แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Pipe support แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€แ€” แ€แ€ซแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” shock absorber แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Pipe Support แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š pipe shoe, guide แ‚แ€„ trunnion แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€‘แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€) แ€–แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€€ Iso Drawing แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ Pipe Support แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Pipe Support แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ pipe support drawing แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚” แ€‘แ€แ€†แ€ผแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Pipe Rack แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€€ pipe support แ€Ÿ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€แšแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แŽแ€žแ€Š steel structure แ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ pipe rack แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€ Pipe Support แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ pipe support แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€แŠ project

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แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ pipe support design แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Pipe Support, Type FT โ€“ โ€œTโ€ Post

Design guide for Type FT โ€“ โ€œTโ€ Post support

Max Concentric Load (KN)

Height "A" Size of Steel

Section 600 800 1200 1500 1800 2000 2200 2400

100 x 100 x 12 L 12 8 6

152 x 152 x 23 UC 43 29 22 18 14 12 10 9

203 x 203 x 46 UC 115 83 63 51 43 39 35 32

Base Plate

Size of Steel

Section

Plate

SQ(A)

Plate Thk

(B)

Hole Ctrs

(C)

Hole Dia

(D)

100 x 100 x 12 L 200 12 140 14

152 x 152 x 23 UC 300 15 230 22

203 x 203 x 46 UC 400 20 320 27

Anchor Bolts

Hole

Dia (D)

Stud Dia

(A)

Stud

Length (B)

Hole Dia

(C)

Hole Depth

(D)

Torque (E)

(Nm)

14 M12 160 14 110 45

22 M20 240 24 145 200

27 M24 295 32 180 350

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แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ L แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Angle Bar แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ UC แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ C Channel แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ U Channel แ€€แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Stud Dia M12 แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แแ‚แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€…แ€แ€•แ€˜แ‚” แ€€ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support, Type FU โ€“ โ€œUโ€ Frame (Hanging)

Design guide for Type FU โ€“ โ€œUโ€ Frame

Span 'A' (m) Size of Steel

Section 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.0

80 x 80 x 8 L 2.6 2.1 1.6

100 x 100 x 12 UC 34 24 16 9.0

152 x 89 CH 52 40 30 24

152 x 152 x 23 UC 80 78 55 43 35 29

266

แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แ…แ…แ…แ…แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support, Type FU โ€“ โ€œUโ€ Frame (Bolted to Concrete)

Design guide for Type FU โ€“ โ€œUโ€ Frame(Bolted to Concrete)

Max Vertical Load (KN) B โ‰ค A

Span "A" Size of Steel Section

0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.0

100 x 100 x 12 RSA 12 8 6

152 x 89 CH 43 29 22 18 14 12

152 x 152 x 23 UC 115 83 63 51 43 39

Base Plate

Size of Steel

Section

Plate

SQ(A)

Plate Thk

(B)

Hole Ctrs

(C)

Hole Dia

(D)

100 x 100 x 12 L 200 12 140 14

152 x 152 x 23 UC 300 15 230 22

Anchor Bolts

Hole

Dia (D)

Stud Dia

(A)

Stud

Length (B)

Hole

Dia (C)

Hole Depth

(D)

Torque (E)

(Nm)

14 M12 160 14 110 45

22 M20 240 24 145 200

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แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แ†แ†แ†แ†แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support, Type FC โ€“ Cantilever Bracket

Design guide for Type FC โ€“ Cantilever Bracket

Pipe Size

(in)

Size of Steel

Section

Dim

(B)

Dim

(C)

Hole Dia

(D)

Max Load

(KN)

2 80 x 80 x 8 L 60 71 12 1.1

3 80 x 80 x 8 L 75 103 14 1.1

4 100 x 100 x 12 L 90 128 14 2.2

6 100 x 100 x 12 L 120 187 18 2.2

8 152 x 152 x 23 UC 155 238 18 8.9

268

แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แ‡แ‡แ‡แ‡แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support, Type FA โ€“ Angle Bracket

Design guide for Type FA โ€“ Angle Bracket

Size of Dim. Dim. Dim. Max. Load

Steel Section A B C KN

50 x 50 x 6 L 600 450 315 2.2

80 x 80 x 8 L 900 600 520 3.6

100 x 100 x 12 UC 1200 900 750 8.9

127 x 64 CH 1200 900 750 17

152 x 152 x 23 UC 1200 900 750 25

Refer to standard baseplate drawing if end plate required for bolting to steel/concrete.

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แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แˆแˆแˆแˆแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support, Type FL โ€“ โ€˜Lโ€™ Bracket

Design guide for Type FL โ€“ โ€˜Lโ€™ Bracket

Size of Max. Vertical D

Steel Section Load (KN) Dia

80 x 80 x 8 L 1.8 14

100 x 100 x 12 L 5.0 18

127 x 64 CH 9.0 22

152 x 152 x 23 UC 11.7 22

Drilling

Dia

(D)

Stud Dia

(A)

Stud

Length (B)

Hole

Dia (C)

Hole

Depth

(D)

Torque

(E) (Nm)

14 M12 160 14 110 45

22 M16 190 18 125 100

27 M20 240 24 145 200

270

แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แ‰แ‰แ‰แ‰แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support, Type FB โ€“ Base Support (แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ†แ†แ†แ† แ€œแ€€แผแ€กแ€‘แ€œแ€€แผแ€กแ€‘แ€œแ€€แผแ€กแ€‘แ€œแ€€แผแ€กแ€‘))))

Design guide for Type FB โ€“ Base Support

Vertical Height 'A'

Member 300 450 600 750

50 x 50 x 6 L 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.7

80 x 80 x 8 L 2.7 2.0 1.6 1.4

100 x 100 x 12 L 5.5 4.2 3.4 2.9

Max. Vertical Load (KN)

Cross brace can be welded on site to suit vertical or horizontal pipe. A 30 x 30 x 10 shear lug may be welded to the pipe so that the bracket acts as a support, rather than a guide, for vertical pipes.

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แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแ€แแ€แแ€แแ€แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support, Type FTG โ€“ Trunnion Guide

Design guide for Type FTG โ€“ Trunnion Guide

Trunnion

NB (in)

Trunnion

'B' Plate

SQ (Ref)

A' SQ Plate

Thk 'B' Guide Section

Weight

(kg)

1 1/2 150 300 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 9.8

2 150 300 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 9.8

3 150 300 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 9.8

272

Trunnion

NB (in)

Trunnion

'B' Plate

SQ (Ref)

A' SQ Plate

Thk 'B' Guide Section

Weight

(kg)

4 200 350 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 12.9

6 250 400 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 16.4

8 300 450 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 20.4

10 350 500 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 24.9

12 450 650 12 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 53.6

14 450 650 15 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 53.6

16 550 750 15 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 75.0

18 550 750 15 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 75.0

20 600 800 15 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 79.0

24 750 900 15 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 99.0

Anchor Bolts : Use 4-M12 Bolts

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แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแแแแแแแแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support, Type FSW โ€“ Welded Pipe Shoe

274

แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแ‚แแ‚แแ‚แแ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support, Type FSC โ€“ Clamped Pipe Shoe

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แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแƒแแƒแแƒแแƒแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support, Type FVB โ€“ Vessel Mounted Bracket

Note: Use non-grip โ€˜Uโ€™ bolt configuration for guide.

แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแ„แแ„แแ„แแ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support, Type FVS โ€“ Vessel Mounted Support

แ€คแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ support แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌ guide แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Guide แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ pipe shoe แ‚แ€„ guide แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Support แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€€ stiffener แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ - 54KN แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ - 15KN

276

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แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแ…แแ…แแ…แแ…แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Small Bore) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„

แ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ(insulation) แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ 4.5kg/m แ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

278

Pipe

Size (in) Dimension 'A' (m) Dimension 'B' (m)

3/4 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.8 3.7 2.9 1.5 0.4 0.4

1 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.1 4.3 2.6 1.7 1.3 1.7

1 1/2 0.5 1.1 1.6 2.2 2.7 5.5 3.3 2.2 1.1 2.2

2 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 6.1 3.6 3.7 1.2 1.2

Column a b c d e a b c d e

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279

Pipe

Size (in)

Dimension 'C' (m)

3/4 1.6 0.8 1.1 1.8 1.2

1 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9

1 1/2 2.2 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.0

2 2.4 1.8 0.9 1.5 1.4

Column a b c d e

แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแ†แแ†แแ†แแ†แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Hanger Arrangement

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€ แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€œแ€„ แˆแ… แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Note: To find permissible

overhangs: Match column for

Dimension โ€˜Aโ€™ with similar column

for Dimension โ€˜Bโ€™ and Dimension

โ€˜Cโ€™.

280

แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแ†แแ†แแ†แแ†แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ ((((Pipe Shoe Arrangement)

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ แ€žแ€™แ€แŠ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ clamp shoe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€ shoe แ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแ‡แแ‡แแ‡แแ‡แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Guide Support Bracket (Single Pipe)

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แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแˆแแˆแแˆแแˆแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Suspended Bracket (Multi Pipes)

282

แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แแ‰แแ‰แแ‰แแ‰แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Tee Bracket

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แแแแแ€แ€แ€แ€แŠแŠแŠแŠ แ‚แ€แ‚แ€แ‚แ€แ‚แ€แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe to Pipe Bracket

284

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ‚แ‰แ† แ€™ แ€•แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Design Data for U-Bolt 'J' and 'H'

Supported

Line Size (in)

U Bolt Dia.

(mm)

Centre to Centre

Drilling (mm)

Dia. Of

Drilling (mm)

1/2 and 3/4 6 30/45 8

1 6 41 8

1 1/2 10 60 12

2 10 71 12

3 12 103 15

4 12 120 15

6 16 187 20

8 16 238 20

10 20 295 25

12 20 349 25

286

แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แแ‹แ‚แแ‹แ‚แแ‹แ‚แแ‹ Standard Pipe Support Components

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แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Nominal Pipe Size แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€€ แ€™แ€œ แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แผแ€€แ€œแ€แ€„แ€œแ€„ แŽแ€€ แ‚แ… แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - Nominal Pipe Size 100 แ€žแ€Š 100 / 25 = 4 แ€œแ€€แผ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ 15 แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€แŠ 20 แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€แŠ 40 แ€žแ€Š แ แ€œแ€€แผแ€แ€ผแŠ 80 แ€žแ€Š แƒ แ€œแ€€แผ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹

แ€šแ€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

I Beam แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ support แ€€ clamp แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•

288

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แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pipe Support Span

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€‘แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€• แ€แ€” แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ maximum bending stress แ€€ 6000 psi แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€.แ… แ€œแ€€แผแ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ€€แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ (Ref: http://pipingdesigners.com)

Carbon Steel - Schedule Standard (Sch 40) แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ -

แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€†แ€œแ€„ pipe support แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€กแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธ แ€–แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€›แ‚แ€„แฟแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธ แ€…แ€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ design แ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€ แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ผ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€คแ€žแ€Š แ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ แ€กแ€ แ€กแ€€แ€€แ€™ stress analysis แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

290

Pipe + Liquid + Insulation Bare Pipe

(Water Filled)

Up To 175ยฐC 176 To 315ยฐC Up To 175ยฐC

Span Weight Span Weight Span Weight

No

min

al P

ipe

Siz

e

Sch

ed

ule

(W

all

Th

ickn

ess

)

Co

rro

sio

n A

llo

wa

nce

M KG/M M KG/M M KG/M

3/4" 40 1.27 3.5 2.95 *

3.0 4.06 3.4 2.04

1" 40 1.27 4.0 4.08 3.5 5.36 4.0 3.06

1 1/2" 40 1.27 5.0 6.64 4.5 8.02 5.0 5.37

2" 40 2.54 5.0 9.45 4.5 12.07 5.5 7.60

2 1/2" 40 2.54 6.0 13.83 5.5 16.85 6.0 11.72

3" 40 2.54 6.5 18.50 6.0 21.86 6.5 16.06

4" 40 2.54 7.0 27.58 7.0 31.12 7.0 24.28

6" 40 2.54 9.0 51.22 8.0 58.60 8.5 46.91

8" 40 2.54 10.0 81.18 10.0 89.23 10.0 74.83

10" 40 2.54 11.0 118.87 10.5 128.44 11.5 111.20

12" STD 2.54 11.5 157.98 11.5 166.87 12.0 146.87

14" STD 2.54 12.0 182.78 12.0 192.30 12.5 170.28

16" STD 2.54 13.0 225.01 12.5 234.86 + 13.0 211.11

18" STD 2.54 13.5 271.44 13.0 283.05 + 13.5 255.80

20" STD 2.54 14.0 321.74 13.5 333.16 + 14.0 304.91

24" STD 2.54 14.5 434.54 14.0 449.57 + 15.0 415.39

Schedule extra strong แ‚แ€„ double extra strong แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Pipe + Liquid + Insulation Bare Pipe

(Water Filled)

Up To 175ยฐC 176 To 315ยฐC Up To 175ยฐC

Span Weight Span Weight Span Weight

No

min

al

Pip

e S

ize

Sch

ed

ule

(W

all

Th

ickn

ess

)

Co

rro

sio

n

All

ow

an

ce

M KG/M M KG/M M KG/M

3/4" 80 2.54 3.0 3.39 3.0 4.51 3.5 2.48

1" 80 2.54 4.0 4.72 3.5 6.16 4.0 3.70

1 1/2" 80 2.54 5.0 7.83 4.5 9.21 5.0 6.55

2" 80 2.54 5.5 11.24 5.0 14.00 6.0 9.40

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291

2 1/2" 80 2.54 6.0 16.25 6.0 19.27 6.5 14.14

3" 80 2.54 7.0 21.98 6.5 25.34 7.0 19.50

4" 80 2.54 7.5 33.02 7.0 36.56 8.0 27.74

6" 80 2.54 9.5 64.00 9.0 71.37 9.5 59.38

8" 80 2.54 10.5 100.59 10.0 108.65 11.0 94.11

10" XS 2.54 11.5 137.57 11.0 147.11 12.0 129.74

12" XS 2.54 12.5 178.52 12.0 187.33 13.0 167.44

14" XS 2.54 13.0 205.00 12.5 214.36 13.5 193.02

16" XS 2.54 13.5 250.82 13.0 261.14 + 14.0 237.31

18" XS 2.54 14.0 300.77 14.0 312.38 + 14.5 285.45

20" XS 2.54 15.0 355.92 14.5 368.28 + 15.0 338.04

24" XS 2.54 16.0 474.62 15.0 489.20 + 15.5 455.58

1" XXS 6.35 4.0 6.80 3.5 7.93 4.0 5.63

1 1/2" XXS 6.35 5.0 11.42 4.5 12.81 5.0 10.18

2" XXS 6.35 5.5 16.44 5.0 19.21 6.0 14.60

2 1/2" 160 6.35 6.0 19.32 5.5 22.34 6.5 17.21

3" 160 6.35 7.0 27.25 6.5 30.61 7.0 24.84

4" 120 6.35 7.5 38.19 7.0 41.73 8.0 34.97

6" 80 6.35 8.5 64.00 8.0 71.37 9.0 59.38

8" 80 6.35 10.0 100.59 9.5 108.65 10.0 94.11

10" XS 6.35 11.0 137.57 10.5 147.11 11.0 129.74

12" XS 6.35 11.5 178.52 11.0 187.33 11.5 167.44

14" XS 6.35 12.0 205.00 11.5 214.36 12.0 193.02

16" XS 6.35 12.5 250.82 12.0 261.14 + 12.5 237.31

18" XS 6.35 13.0 300.77 12.5 312.38 + 13.0 285.45

20" XS 6.35 13.5 355.92 13.5 368.28 + 14.0 338.04

24" XS 6.35 14.0 474.02 14.0 489.20 + 14.5 455.58

Bondstrand Fiberglass pipes แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ (Ref: Bondstrand Design Manual)-

Recommended Maximum Support spacing for pipe at 100 F(38 C) and 150 F(66 C)

operating temperatures (Fluid specific gravity = 1.0)

292

Recommended Support Spacing for PVC pipe (Ref: PVC Design Guide) -

Page 150: Piping Handbook

293

แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ ABS แ€•แ€€แŠ PN15 แ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ - (Ref: http://www.epco-plastics.com/abs_technical.asp )

NOMINAL BORE 20 ยฐ C 50 ยฐ C 60 ยฐ C

SPACING GIVEN IN METRES

3/8" 0.80 0.50 0.40

1/2" 1.00 0.80 0.60

3/4" 1.10 0.80 0.70

1" 1.20 0.90 0.80

1.1/4" 1.30 1.00 0.80

1.1/2" 1.40 1.10 0.90

2" 1.60 1.20 0.90

2.1/2" 1.70 1.40 1.00

3" 1.80 1.50 1.00

4" 2.20 1.80 1.10

5" 2.30 1.90 1.20

6" 2.50 2.00 1.30

8"

แŽแ€™แ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ PN15 แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€แ€„แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€› แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

PRESSURE RATING PN 4.5 PN 6 PN 9 PN 12.0

CORRECTION FACTORS 0.63 0.71 0.88 0.92

แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” แ†แ€แ€’แ€‚แ€› แ€…แ€„แ€แ€‚แ€›แ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€„ แ‚ แ€œแ€€แผ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแŠ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ PN15 แ€› ABS แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€.แ‰ แ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ PN4.5 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€.แ‰ x แ€.แ†แƒ = แ€.แ…แ‡ แ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€แ€œแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ www.engin-eeringtoolbox.com แ€™ แ€›แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

294

แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ (แ€ฑแ€•)

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š (แ€œแ€€แผ)

แ€žแ€•แ€€ (Sch: Standard)

แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€… แ€•แ€€

แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€ (Sch: 80)

แ แ‡ แแ‚ แ„.แ… แ.แ… แ‰ แแ„ แ… แ‚ แแ€ แแ… แ… แƒ แแ‚ แแ‡ แ† แ„ แแ„ แแ‰ แ‡.แ… แ† แแ‡ แ‚แ‚ แˆ.แ… แˆ แแ‰ แ‚แ„ แ‰.แ€

แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แƒแ‹แ‚แƒแ‹แ‚แƒแ‹แ‚แƒแ‹ แ‰แ€แ‰แ€แ‰แ€แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€™ แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‰แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ

แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

A = 1.5 x Dia of Elbow (DN) B = A โ€“ (OD/2) C = A + (OD/2) D = Degree of Fitting required K = Constant (แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ž) = 0.01746 L1 = D x C x K L2 = D x A x K

L3 = D x B x K L4 = A x 2 x Sin (D/2)

แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Dummy Support แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€” Dummy Support แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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295

แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Fabrication of Dummy Support Type 1

แ€‘ Dummy Support แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ (Centre Line) แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€ (Support Pipe) แ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€กแ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ (vertical pipe line) แ€แ€”แ€€ แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ -

1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D โ€“ C3 3 = 2D โ€“ C1 6 = 1.5D แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹

22

2114

22

2113

22

2112

22

2111

)(0.3827xR - )(R - R C

)(0.707xR - )(R - R C

)(0.9239xR - )(R - R C

)(R - )(R - R C

=

=

=

=

L1 = H5 โ€“ H1 L2 = H5 โ€“ H2 L3 = H5 โ€“ H3 L4 = H5 โ€“ H4 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ H1, H2, H3, H4 แ‚แ€„ H5 แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

296

22

2 )R(1.5D - (2D) H1 += 2

2A2

3 )R(1.5D - )C-(2D H2 +=

221 (1.5D) - )C-(2D H3 =

22A

23 )R(1.5D - )C-(2D H4 โˆ’=

22

2)R(1.5D - (2D) H5 โˆ’=

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ -

D = Outside Diameter of Elbow R1 = Outside Radius of Elbow = D / 2

R2 = Inside Radius of Support Pipe = Inside Diameter of Support Pipe / 2

R2A = R2 x Cos 45 = R2 x 0.707 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แŽแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€•แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แš แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Fabrication of Dummy Support Type 2

แ€‘ Dummy Support แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ (Bottom Surface) แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€ (Support Pipe) แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€(แ€žแ‚”) แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ (vertical pipe line) แ€แ€”แ€€ support pipe แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŒ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ support แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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297

D = Outside Diameter of Elbow size (N.P.S) d = Inside Diameter of Support Pipe t = Wall Thickness of Support Pipe

R1 = D / 2 R2 = d / 2 , R2A = 0.707 x R2

C1 = Cutback (First), 22

2111 )(R - )(R - R C =

C3 = Cutback (Third), 22A

2113 )(R - )(R - R C =

22t)-(2D - (2D) H1 =

222A

23 )R -Rt-(2D - )C-(2D H2 +=

22

21 )R -t-(2D - )C-(2D H3 =

22A2

23 )R -Rt-(2D - )C-(2D H4 โˆ’=

22d)t-(2D - (2D) H5 โˆ’=

Dummy Support

Type 2

1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D โ€“ C3 3 = 2D โ€“ C1

L1 = H5 โ€“ H1 L2 = H5 โ€“ H2 L3 = H5 โ€“ H3 L4 = H5 โ€“ H4

298

แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Fabrication of Dummy Support Type 3

Dummy Support Type 3

แ€‘ Dummy Support แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ (Bottom Surface) แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€ (Support Pipe) แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€–แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€ (แ€žแ‚”) แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ (vertical pipe line) แ€แ€”แ€€ support pipe แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŒ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ support แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

D = Outside Diameter of Elbow size (N.P.S) d = Inside Diameter of Support Pipe t = Wall Thickness of Support Pipe

R1 = D / 2 R2 = d / 2 , R2A = 0.707 x R2

C1 = Cutback (First), 22

2111 )(R - )(R - R C =

C3 = Cutback (Third), 22A

2113 )(R - )(R - R C =

1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D โ€“ C3 3 = 2D โ€“ C1

L1 = H5 โ€“ H1 L2 = H5 โ€“ H2 L3 = H5 โ€“ H3 L4 = H5 โ€“ H4

Page 153: Piping Handbook

299

21

2 d)t R-(1.5D - (2D) H1 ++=

22A21

23 )R Rt R-(1.5D - )C-(2D H2 +++=

221

21 )R tR-(1.5D - )C-(2D H3 ++=

22A21

23 )R -Rt R-(1.5D - )C-(2D H4 ++=

21

2 t) R-(1.5D - (2D) H5 +=

แ€คแ€™แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€กแ€›แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™ แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„แ€™ แ€šแ€„แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€žแ€œแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€• แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€แ€›แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

300

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แแ€

แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Plumbing)

แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€แ€”แ€…แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€• แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซ แ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€™ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€˜ แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธ(แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ)แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€œแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€›แ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€œแ€€ แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€ แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€แ€„ แ€™แ€™แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€œแ‚”แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€› แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ (LP โ€“ Licensed Plumber) แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€™ แ€žแ€ธแ€œแ‚”แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œ แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€š แ€™แ€›แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€แ€ผแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ‚”แ€•แ‚”แ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แŠ แ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€›แŠ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€›แŠ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€„ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แฟแ€™แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Plumbing Code, Sanitary Code แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Page 154: Piping Handbook

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แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€”แ€”แ€”แ€”แ€กแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ แ‚” แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Water Meters) (Water Meters) (Water Meters) (Water Meters)

แ€‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€žแ‚” แฟแ€™แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€™แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€™แ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€Šแ€™ แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€–แ€แแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€šแ€”แ€… แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€˜แ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€—แ€ฑแ€• แŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€€แ€—แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€…แ€ฅแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€€แคแ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (Master Valves)

แ€—แ€Ÿแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€กแ€™แ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€คแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ธแ€…แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ธแ€Šแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€•แ€/แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€–แ€ผแ€„////แ€•แ€แ€•แ€แ€•แ€แ€•แ€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€–แ€ผแ€„/แ€•แ€แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Water Pressure) (Water Pressure) (Water Pressure) (Water Pressure) แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Water Hammer) (Water Hammer) (Water Hammer) (Water Hammer)

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ 4 bar (45 to 60psi) แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ†แ€ แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€šแ€แ€แ€žแ€œแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€•แ€แ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ฅแŒ แ€กแ€žแ€ปแ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€แ€”แ€แ€ซแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€€ water hammer แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€แ€แ€›แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚” water hammer แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„ bracket แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€”แ€ปแ€™แฟแ€™แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

302

แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แแŠแแŠแแŠแแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Leaks) (Leaks) (Leaks) (Leaks)

แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€šแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ = แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แ†แ€)

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€œแ€€แ€™) แ€แ€…แ€œแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‚แ€ซแ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

ยผโ€ แ€แ€…แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ„แ€แ€ แ€แ€แ€

3/16โ€ แ‚แ‚แ… แ€แ€แ€ 1/8โ€ แแ€แ€ แ€แ€แ€ 1/16โ€ แ‚แ… แ€แ€แ€ 1/32โ€ แ† แƒแ€แ€

แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธ แ€œแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€œแ€„ แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€…แ€œแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‚แ€ซแ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ†แ€ แแ‰แ‚ แ‰แ€ แƒแแ€ แแ‚แ€ แ„แ‚แ‰

แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€œแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‚แ€ซแ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Š แƒ แ€œแ€€แผ

แแ€แ‰แ…

แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ† แ€œแ€€แผ

แ‚แแ‰แ€

แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€šแฟแ€•แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€ซแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€ซแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

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แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€œแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ sealing tape (แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธ แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€•แŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€€แ€–แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€แ€•แŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ PTFE Tape) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€œ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€•แ€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€”แ€… (Basic Water Supply and Water Distribution System) (Basic Water Supply and Water Distribution System) (Basic Water Supply and Water Distribution System) (Basic Water Supply and Water Distribution System) แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Pipe Selection) (Pipe Selection) (Pipe Selection) (Pipe Selection)

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€•แ€€ (Stainless Steel Pipe)แŠ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™ แ€žแ€•แ€€ (Galvanized Steel Pipe)แŠ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€ (Copper Tubing)แŠ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€ (PVC, CPVC, ABS, PE, PP, PEX, PEX-AL-PEX)แŠ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ž (Cast Iron Pipe), CPVC แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€› แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ (Amount of water to be supplied) แ‚แ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Water Pressure) แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (Corrosion factor) แ„แ‹ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€…แ€›แ€ (Cost) แ…แ‹ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ (Avalability)

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€šแ€›แŠ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€› แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Pipe (Pipe (Pipe (Pipe Size Size Size Size Selection)Selection)Selection)Selection)

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแแ‹ แแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ

(Water Pressure and friction loss through the length of the pipe) แ‚แ‹ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ (Number and kinds of fixtures installed) แƒแ‹ แ€แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ) (Numbers of fixtures in use at a given time) แ„แ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Š

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ (แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ (Ref: Plumbing, Pipe Fitting and Sewerage : FM 3-34.471, Aug, 2001)

304

แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€(แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€…) แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ„แ….แ€ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€‡แ€œ แ‡.แ… แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€”แ€ธ แแ….แ€ แ€€แ€„แ€„แ€šแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€€ แƒแ‰.แ… แ€กแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แŠ แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€‡แ€œ แ‚แ‚.แ… แ€กแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€‡แ€œแŠ แ€กแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€€ แแ….แ€ แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ‡.แ…

แ‚แ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ‚ แ€œแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ แ€แŠ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€‡แ€œ แ‚ แ€แŠ แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€‡แ€œ แ แ€แŠ แ€กแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€€ แ แ€œแ€ธแŠ แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ แ€ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ‚ แ€œแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ„แ… x แ‚ = แ‰แ€ แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ แ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แแ… x แ = แแ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€‡แ€œ แ‚ แ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‡.แ… x แ‚ = แแ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€‡แ€œ แ แ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚แ‚.แ… x แ = แ‚แ‚.แ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… แ€กแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€€ แ แ€œแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แแ… x แ = แแ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ แ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‡.แ… x แ = แ‡.แ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€…

แƒแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

(แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ = แ‰แ€ แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ + แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธ = แแ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ + แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€‡แ€œ = แแ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ+ แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€” แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€‡แ€œ = แ‚แ‚.แ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ + แ€กแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€€ = แแ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ + แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ = แ‡.แ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ) แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ = แแ†แ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€…

แ„แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€”แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‘แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€€ simultaneous โ€“ Use Factor แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ค factor แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Table of Simultaneous โ€“ Use Factor

Number of Fixtures Percent of Simultaneous use 1 โ€“ 5 (แ แ€แ€™ แ… แ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ) 100 โ€“ ((แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ โ€“ แ) x 12.75) 6 โ€“ 50 (แ† แ€แ€™ แ€กแ€ แ…แ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ) 50 โ€“ ((แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ โ€“ แ) x 0.56) 51 or more แ…แ แ€แ€™ แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธ แƒแ€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€‚แ€ซแ€œแ แƒแ€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€šแ€แ€กแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แˆ แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› -

Page 156: Piping Handbook

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50 โ€“ ((แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ โ€“ แ) x 0.56) = 50 โ€“ ((8-1)x0.56) = 46.08 - แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ 46.08 แ€™แ€ฌ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€’แ€™แ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€„ 0.46 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌ - 165 x 0.46 = 75.9 แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ 45 psi แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€ฑแ€• แ†แ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ แ‚แ€„ แ‚ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ†แ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚ แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€€ - แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€•แ€€แ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ„แ€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ‰แ€ แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€•แ€ซ แ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š (แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€•แ€€) แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€œแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€แ€›แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แƒแ‚แ แ€™ แƒแ‚แ† แ€‘แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution Design Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution Design Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution Design Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution Design (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ แ‚แ€„ แ‚ แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แƒ แ€™ แ† แ€กแ€‘ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹)

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ - แ (แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€šแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€) (แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… = แ€แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ซแ€œ)

306

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ - แ แ€กแ€†แ€€ (แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€šแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€) (แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… = แ€แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ซแ€œ)

Page 157: Piping Handbook

307

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ - แ แ€กแ€†แ€€ (แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€šแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€) (แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… = แ€แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ซแ€œ)

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ - แ‚ (แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€šแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€) (แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… = แ€แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ซแ€œ)

308

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ - แ‚ แ€กแ€†แ€€ (แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€šแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€) (แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ / แ€™แ€”แ€… = แ€แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‚แ€ซแ€œ)

Page 158: Piping Handbook

309

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แƒ (Allowance for Equivlent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss โ€“ Valve and Threaded Fittings)

310

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แƒ (Allowance for Equivlent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss โ€“ Valve and Threaded Fittings) (แ€กแ€†แ€€)

Friction Loss Using a Fairy Smooth Pipe (Example)

Page 159: Piping Handbook

311

Friction Loss, Rough Pipe

Head (in psi per 100 feet)

Head (in psi per 100 feet)

312

Friction Loss, Fairy Rough Pipe

Head (in psi per 100 feet)

Head (in psi per 100 feet)

Page 160: Piping Handbook

313

Friction Loss, Smooth Pipe

Head (in psi per 100 feet)

Head (in psi per 100 feet)

314

Friction Loss, Fairy Smooth Pipe

Head (in psi per 100 feet)

Head (in psi per 100 feet)

Page 161: Piping Handbook

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แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Installation) (Installation) (Installation) (Installation)

แ€…แ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€”แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ(Gate valve) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€• แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€… แ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€™แ€œแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€• (Hydrotesting) แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€ แ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚Šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€žแ€›แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ (แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€แ‚”แ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€„ แ€ปแ€• แ€ปแ€•แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€˜ แ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€žแ€›แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š แ€กแพแ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹) แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ (ppm) แ€•แ€€ แ…แ€ (แ€ฑแ€› 1 m3 แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธ แ…แ€ แ€…แ€…)

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€” แ…แ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€… แแ€แ€ (แ€ฑแ€› 1 m3 แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธ แแ€แ€ แ€…แ€…)

แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แแ…แ€ (แ€ฑแ€› 1 m3 แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธ แแ…แ€ แ€…แ€…)

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ ppm แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š parts per million แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ 100 ppm แ€žแ€Š 0.01% แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅ

แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ 3 ft/sec แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€”แ€…แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™ แ€‘แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แ€†แ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€€ แ‚แ„ แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™ แ„แˆ แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€‘ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€แ€•แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹

316

แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Sanitary Sewer and Drains) (Sanitary Sewer and Drains) (Sanitary Sewer and Drains) (Sanitary Sewer and Drains)

แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แŠ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€™ แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€› แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€™ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€‘ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€ Cast Iron Soil Pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€šแ€แ€กแ€แ€ซ CPVC แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ ABS แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€œแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚” แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€žแ€›แ€€แŠ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€แ€†แ‚” แ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ แ€ฑแ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€™แ€แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌ แ€†แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€…แ€œแ€„ แ‡.แ… แ€‚แ€ซแ€œ แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€› แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€•แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠแ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠแ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠแ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€€แŠ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แแ‹ แ€•แ€‘แ€™ Drain Fixture Units (DFU) แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

Fixture DFU Unit Values แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€” 1 แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€ 2 แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€” 2 แ€กแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€€ 2 แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€”แ€ธ 2 แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€แ€ผแ€€ 6 แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ 6

แ‚แ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แƒแแ… แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€šแ€›แ€œแ€„ -

แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ‚ แ€œแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ† x แ‚ = แแ‚ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ แ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚ x แ = แ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€‡แ€œ แ‚ แ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ x แ‚ = แ‚ แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€‡แ€œ แ แ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚ x แ = แ‚ แ€กแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€€ แ แ€œแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚ x แ = แ‚ แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ แ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚ x แ = แ‚

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ‚ แ€›แแ‹

Ref: Plumbing, pipe fitting and Sewerage

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แƒแ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€™แ€แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ ยผ" แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ‚ แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€ธ (แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š) แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ

แ‰แ† แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘ แ‰แ† แ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€˜แ€šแ€˜แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Horizontal Sanitary Drain Capacity (in DFUs)

Slope (inches per foot) Size of Pipe (inches) 1/8 1/4

1 ยผ 1 1

1 1/2 2 2

2 5 6 *

3 15 ** 18 *

4 84 96

5 162 216

6 300 450

8 990 1392

10 1800 2520

12 3084 4320

แ„แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€ฌ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠแแ€แŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Vent Pipes) (Vent Pipes) (Vent Pipes) (Vent Pipes)

* No water closet will discharge into a pipe smaller than 3 inches.

** No more than two water closets will discharge into any 3 inch horizontal branch house drain of house sewer.

แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•

318

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ A แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แŠ B แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแŠ C แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€” แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€•แ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

Fixture Minimum Size of Vent (inches) แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€” 1 ยผ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€”แ€ธ 1 ยฝ แ€กแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€€ 1 ยฝ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€แ€ผแ€€ 1 ยฝ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ 2

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แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แƒ แ€œแ€€แ€™แŠ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€—แ€…แŠ แ€…แ€•แ€—แ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€กแ€˜แ€กแ€€แ€… แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€• แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Water Closet plumbing detail

แ€คแ€™แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แฟแ€•แ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ‚ˆแ€• แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

320

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แแ

แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Marine Piping System)

แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Fuel System, Lub Oil System, Fire Water System, Sea Water Cooling System, Vent and Sound System, Ballest System, Sewage System, Potable Water System, Bilge System, Compressed Air System, Heating, Ventilation and Air System, Halon System, CO2 System แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€แš แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Tank แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌ Frame No.. แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ผ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€› แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€”แ€กแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ‚แ€ธแพแ€€แ€”แ‚”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ‚” แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ‚€แ€€แพแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€• แแ-แแ‹ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

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แ€• แแ - แ‚แ‹ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€…แ€ธแ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€•)

Key: A: AFT Diesel Generator room, Main switchboard room, Transformer room, Incinerator room, B: Forward Diesel Generator Room, Engine Room workshop C: Engine Casing D: PEM room, Converter rooms, Motor generator rooms E: Compressor Room F: Purifiers Room G: Engine control room H: Emergency diesel generator room

J: CO2 room

แ€• แแ - แƒแ‹ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€…แ€ธแ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€•)

322

แ€• แแ - แ„แ‹ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€•

แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Classification Societies, Statutory Bodies and Codes for Piping Classification Societies, Statutory Bodies and Codes for Piping Classification Societies, Statutory Bodies and Codes for Piping Classification Societies, Statutory Bodies and Codes for Piping ( ( ( (แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ))))

แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€† แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ‹ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€š แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แŠ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แพแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚” แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ - (แ) Classification Societies แ‚แ€„ (แ‚) Statutory Bodies แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Classification Society แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแฟแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Classification Society แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

Name Abbreviation Country of Origin

American Bureau of Shipping ABS USA

Lloydโ€™s Register of Shipping LRS UK

Det Norske Veritas DNV Norway

Bureau Veritas BV France

Germanischer Lloyd GL Germany

Nippon Kaiji Kyokai NKK Japan

แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ Statutory Bodies แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแŒแ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€œแฟแ€ แ€…แ€แ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆ (safety)แŠ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (construction) แ‚แ€„ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ (design) แ€…แ€แ€”แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€œ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€แ€”แ€…แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - IMO แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ปแ€•แ€„แŒ แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€œแฟแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€š แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€œแฟแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€™ MARPOL (Prevention of Marine Pollution) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Statutory Bodies แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

Name Abbreviation Country of Origin

International Maritime Organisation IMO International

Norwegian Maritime Directorate NMD Norway

Norwegian Petroleum Directorate NPD Norway

Danish Maritime Authority DMA Denmark

Health and Safety Department HSE UK

Department of Energy UK Den UK

Department of Transport DOT UK

Canada Oil and Gas Drilling Regulation COGLA Canada

Danish Energy Agency DEA Denmark

US Coast Guard USCG USA

แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€’ (Codes) (แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ code แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹

Name Abbreviation Country of Origin

American Society for Testing and Material ASTM USA

American National Standard Institute ANSI USA

American Petroleum Institute API USA

American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME USA

Japanese Industrial Standard JIS Japan

National Fire Protection Association NFPA USA

British Standard BS UK

Name Abbreviation Country of Origin

National Association of Corrosion Engineers NACE USA

German Industrial Standards DIN Germany

International Standards Organisation ISO International

แ€คแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹

324

แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Marine Piping Systems) (Marine Piping Systems) (Marine Piping Systems) (Marine Piping Systems)

แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‹ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Common Marine System) แ‚แ‹ แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Offshore System) แƒแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Emergency System)

แแ‹ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€•แ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ) แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Shipboard Utility Uses) แŽแ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€†แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (Fuel Oil System)แŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (Lube Oil System)แŠ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (Engine Cooling System) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

(แ‚) แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Domestic Uses) แ€คแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€ (Sewage System)แŠ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€ (Potable Water System) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€แ€ธ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€…แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Mud Process System, Drilling Water System แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€ (Firemain System), แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€€ (Sprinkler

System), แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€’แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€’แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (CO2 System), แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ (Bilge System)

แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Design pipe pressure, choice of

material type, method of

manufacture, surface coating

Classification

Societies, Statutory

Bodies

Select appropriate

material, standard size

Codes

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325

แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แƒแƒแƒแƒแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ (Pipe Material) (Pipe Material) (Pipe Material) (Pipe Material)

แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ - ๏ฟฝ Carbon Steel แ€€ Engine Cooling System แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ ๏ฟฝ Stainless Steel แ€€ High Pressure Instrumentation System แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ ๏ฟฝ Alloy Steel แ€€ Chemical System แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ ๏ฟฝ Copper แ€€ Domestic Fresh Water System แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ ๏ฟฝ Copper Nickel แ€€ Seawater System แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ ๏ฟฝ Fiberglass Pipe แ€€ Ballast System แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ ๏ฟฝ High Pressure Rubber แ€€ Hydraulic System แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€•แ€€ (แ€€แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ผแ€”แ€…แ€แ€ธ) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Raw Pipes) แ€€ Black Pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€†แ€แ€„แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ (inside fuel oil tanks) แ€แ€ผแ€„ black pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€แ€ผ แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€ (Blasted and Painted Pipes) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€ แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€•แ€€ (Galvanised pipe) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€ฌแ€ธแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - Seawater System แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแแแแแแแแŠแŠแŠแŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ Bilge P Bilge P Bilge P Bilge Piping System iping System iping System iping System ((((แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€•แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€…แ€™แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€•แ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ผ แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€…แ€™แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€› แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€…แ€•แ€‘แ€ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€”แŠ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€…แ€‡แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Check Valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€†แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Š Oily Water Separator แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ Non Return Valve แ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€™ แ€…แ€•แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Oily Water Separator แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€†แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€• แแ - แ… แ‚แ€„ แ€• แแ - แ† แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

326

แ€• แแ - แ…แ‹ Bilge System

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แแแแแแแแแŠแŠแŠแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ Ballast Piping System Ballast Piping System Ballast Piping System Ballast Piping System

แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€Šแฟแ€„แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆ (trim and stability) แ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€ธ (draft) แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€‘ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€€ Ballast Tank แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” Ballast piping system แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ (Ballast pump) แ‚แ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ seachest แ€™ แ€…แ€•แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€œ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€™ แ€แ€…แ€ แ€žแ‚” แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ suction manifold แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€• แแ - แ‡ แ‚แ€„ แ€• แแ - แˆ แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ Ballast pump แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ Bilge pump แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแแแแแแแแŠแŠแŠแŠ แ†แ†แ†แ†แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Fire Fighting Fire Fighting Fire Fighting Fire Fighting System System System System ( ( ( (แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…))))

แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Fire Main System, CO2 System แ‚แ€„ Sprinkler

System แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€• แแ - แ‰ แ‚แ€„ แ€• แแ - แแ€ แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แแแแแแแแแŠแŠแŠแŠ แ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Fire Main System Fire Main System Fire Main System Fire Main System ( ( ( (แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ‚แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€€ seachest แ€™ แ€…แ€•แ€šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ (Isolation Valve) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ COCOCOCO2222 System System System System ( ( ( (แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€’แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€’แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€’แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€’แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€’แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€’แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€’แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€’ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€…แ€”แ€… แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€›แ€” แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€’แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€’แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€™ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€žแ€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€Ÿแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€›แ€•แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€”แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ fire damper แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€™ แ€•แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

328

แ€• แแ - แ†แ‹ Bilge System (Schematic)

Page 168: Piping Handbook

329

แ€• แแ - แ‡แ‹ Ballast System

Connect to other Ballast Tank

330

แ€• แแ - แˆแ‹ Ballast System (Schematic)

Page 169: Piping Handbook

331

แ€• แแ - แ‰แ‹ Fire Main System

332

แ€• แแ - แแ€แ‹ Fire Main System (Schematic)

Page 170: Piping Handbook

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แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠแ†แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Sprinkler Sprinkler Sprinkler Sprinkler SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€•แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€ Fire Main แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€กแ€• แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ fire main แ€™ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€ธแ€แ€œแ€ (flow switch) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ค แ€แ€œแ€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€แ€”แ€ธ (control panel) แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Sprinkler system แ‚แ€„ fire main system แ€€ alarm check valve แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Sprinkler system แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€ fire main system แ€™ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š alarm check valve แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€ฌ Sprinkler system แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹ Vent and Sound Vent and Sound Vent and Sound Vent and Sound SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€€))))

แ€แ€„แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€…แ€ฅแŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€‘แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€žแ‚”แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€”แ€žแ€™ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€ แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ daily service tank แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (cross sectional area) แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€•แ€€ (filling pipe) แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€‘แ€€ แ.แ‚แ… แ€† แ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ - (แ‚ x แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘) = แ„.แ… - (แ‚ x แ€.แ‚แƒแ‡) = แ„.แ€แ‚แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌ -

2r pipe filling of area sectional Cross ฯ€=

= แƒ.แแ„แ‚ x แ‚.แ€แแƒ แ‚

แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ = แแ‚.แ‡แƒ แ€…แ€แ€›แ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ = แแ‚.แ‡แƒ x แ.แ‚แ… = แแ….แ‰แ แ€…แ€แ€›แ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ -

2.25" 15.91 r

area sectional Cross r

r area sectional Cross 2

==

=

=

ฯ€

ฯ€

ฯ€

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ‚.แ‚แ… x แ‚ = แ„.แ… แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ….แ€แ… แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ… แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

334

แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ vent head แ€žแ€Š แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แƒ แ€ฑแ€• แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€› แ€™แ€Šแ‹

Sound Pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€” แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แแ€‘แ€•แ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€แ€„แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€˜แ€€แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ free board deck แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€€แ€™ แ€แ€„แ€€แ แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€™ แ‚ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แแ€‘แ€•แ€€ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€–แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ (striking plate) แ€€ แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€•แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ quick acting self closing valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€™แ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ‚”แ€–แ€แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€แ€ฌ (small test clock) แ€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹ Sanitary Sanitary Sanitary Sanitary SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€คแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ (fresh water) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€€ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€„แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€œ (compressed air) แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€›แ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€› แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (flushing control valves) แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹ Deck Drainage Deck Drainage Deck Drainage Deck Drainage SySySySystemstemstemstem ( ( ( (แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€คแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€› แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ bilge holding tank แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

MARPOL แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ bilge holding tank แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€•แ‚”แ€€แ€ฌ แ€†แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ check valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€žแ€Šแ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™ แ€…แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€Ÿแ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€„แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€›แ€” แ€…แ€™ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€… แ€›แ€” isolation valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Isolation Valve แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€Šแ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€Ÿ แ€˜แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€™แ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€• แแ - แแƒ แ‚แ€„ แ€• แแ - แแ„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แ€• แแ - แแแ‹ Vent and Sound System (Schematic)

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แ€• แแ - แแ‚แ‹ Sanitary System (Schematic)

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แ€• แแ - แแƒแ‹ Deck and Drain System แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹ Sanitary Drainage Sanitary Drainage Sanitary Drainage Sanitary Drainage SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€))))

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ sewage holding tank แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€กแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€€ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€€ แ€›แ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ sewage holding tank แ€žแ‚”แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€•แ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€…แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ grease interceptor แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€† แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€•แ€…แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€™แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€˜แ€šแ€Šแ€ฌแ€› MARPOL Discharge station แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€• แแ - แแ… แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แ€• แแ - แแ„แ‹ Deck and Drain System (Schematic)

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แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹ Draft and Tank Gauge Draft and Tank Gauge Draft and Tank Gauge Draft and Tank Gauge SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ))))

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแพแ€€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€… แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€”แ€›แ€† แ€ฑแ€œแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™ hydrostatic pressure (แ€แ€Šแฟแ€„แ€™แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€• แแ - แแ† แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹แแ‚แ‹ Engine Cooling Engine Cooling Engine Cooling Engine Cooling SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…))))

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€€แ€€แ€€แ€€แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€… (Sea Water Cooling System) (Sea Water Cooling System) (Sea Water Cooling System) (Sea Water Cooling System)

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€”แ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€€ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€…แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€…แ€™ แ€…แ€•แ€šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€”แ€… (engine heat exchanger) แ€žแ‚” แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€šแ€”แ€… (heat exchanger) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€™ แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€…แ€•แ€šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€… แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€• แแ - แแ‡ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€แ€แ€แ€แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€›แ€›แ€›แ€แ€แ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€… ( ( ( (FreshFreshFreshFresh Water Cooling System) Water Cooling System) Water Cooling System) Water Cooling System)

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€›แ€˜ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€แ€„แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€…แ€•แ€šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€œแ€Š แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€‘แ€™ แ€†แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€… (oil cooler) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€™ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ (engine head), แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€แ€ธ (engine block) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€€ แ€…แ€•แ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€”แ€… (heat exchanger) แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€€ แŽแ€‘แ€™ แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€•แ€šแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธ แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€•แ€šแŠ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€• แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ water maker (distiller) แ€€แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€™ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ distiller แ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

340

แ€• แแ - แแ…แ‹ Sanitary Drainage Piping System

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แ€• แแ - แแ†แ‹ Tank and Draft Gauging System

342

แ€• แแ - แแ‡แ‹ Engine Cooling Piping System

Page 175: Piping Handbook

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แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแƒแแƒแแƒแแƒแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€… ( ( ( (Fuel OilFuel OilFuel OilFuel Oil System) System) System) System)

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„ (main engine)แŠ แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„ (auxiliary engine) แ‚แ€„ แ€’แ€‡แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€ แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€’แ€‡แ€šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€’แ€‡แ€šแ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธ แ€˜แ€š (port), แ€Šแ€ฌ (starboard) แ€› แ€†แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ filling station แ€™ แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€†แ€แ€„แ€€ (Fuel Oil Tank) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€• แแ - แแˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ€†แ€แ€„แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€†แ€•แ‚”แ€•แ€”แ‚” (fuel oil transfer pump) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€ฅแ€žแ€ธ daily service tank, fuel oil setting tank แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€‘ แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแ„แแ„แแ„แแ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€„แ€„แ€„แ€„ ( ( ( (แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†)))) แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€… ( ( ( (Lubrication OilLubrication OilLubrication OilLubrication Oil System) System) System) System)

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€•แ‚”แ€…แ€”แ€… (Lube oil supply system) แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€‘แ€แ€…แ€”แ€… (Dirty oil drain system) แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€แ€„แ€€ (Lube Oil Tank) แ€™ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€•แ€”แ‚” (Lube oil transfer pump) แ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แŠ แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แŠ แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€‚แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€…แ€ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€• แแ - แแ‰ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แŠ แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€‚แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€Šแ€…แ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€Šแ€…แ€แ€„แ€€ (Dirty Oil Tank) แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€†แ€• แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€› MARPOL station แ€™ แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซแŒแ€™ แ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแ…แแ…แแ…แแ…แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€‡แ€ฌแ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€‡แ€ฌแ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€‡แ€ฌแ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€‡แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€… ( ( ( (Engine ExhaustEngine ExhaustEngine ExhaustEngine Exhaust System) System) System) System)

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€‡แ€ฌแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€žแ‚” แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚” แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€œแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (spark arrester), แ€กแ€žแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (silencer) แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€ฌ (expansion bellow) แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€‡แ€ฌแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€€แ‚”แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€• แแ - แ‚แ€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แ€• แแ - แแˆแ‹ Fuel Oil Piping System

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แ€• แแ - แแ‰แ‹ Lube Oil Piping System

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แ€• แแ - แ‚แ€แ‹ Engine Exhaust Piping System

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แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแ†แแ†แแ†แแ†แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€œ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€… ( ( ( (Compressed AirCompressed AirCompressed AirCompressed Air System) System) System) System)

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ Service Air (แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œ) แ‚แ‹ Control Air (แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œ) แƒแ‹ Starting Air (แ€…แ€€แ€…แ€แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œ) แ€• แแ - แ‚แ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ Service Air แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Control Air แ€™แ€ฌ fire damper, tank gauging system แ‚แ€„ instrument control แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€€ แ€žแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Starting Air แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€…แ€€ (Air Compressor) แ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€…แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (air filter and air dryer) แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€” (air receiver) แ€žแ‚” แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€”แ€™ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ service air แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€ธ แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ฌ (emergency generator) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ air compressor แ‚แ€„ emergency air receiver แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘ emergency แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€ธแ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแ‡แแ‡แแ‡แแ‡แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แŠแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แŠแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แŠแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€… ( ( ( (Potable WaterPotable WaterPotable WaterPotable Water System) System) System) System)

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€› แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€› แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€• - แแ - แ‚แ‚ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€™ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€„แ€€ (pressure set tank) แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ‚” แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€€ U.V. Sterilizer แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€…แ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ Water Maker (distiller) แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€• แแ - แ‚แแ‹ Compressed Air System

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แ€• แแ - แ‚แ‚แ‹ Potable Water System

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แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแˆแแˆแแˆแแˆแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€Ÿแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€’แ€ฌแ€œแ€…แ€Ÿแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€’แ€ฌแ€œแ€…แ€Ÿแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€’แ€ฌแ€œแ€…แ€Ÿแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€’แ€ฌแ€œแ€… แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€… ( ( ( (HydraulicHydraulicHydraulicHydraulic System) System) System) System)

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌ แ€Ÿแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€’แ€ฌแ€œแ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€Ÿแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€’แ€ฌแ€œแ€…แ€†แ€€ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€†แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€• - แแ - แ‚แƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (pressure control valve) แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€†แ€žแ‚” แ€†แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (flow control valve) แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Actuator แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€Ÿแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€’แ€ฌ แ€œแ€…แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แแ‰แแ‰แแ‰แแ‰แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€… ( Refrigerant System) ( Refrigerant System) ( Refrigerant System) ( Refrigerant System)

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ€œแ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธ (freezer room) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Air Handling Unit แ€™ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Air cond ducts) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Air handling unit แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€… แ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•- แแ - แ‚แ„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ‚แ€แ‚แ€แ‚แ€แ‚แ€แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€… (Steam Heating System) (Steam Heating System) (Steam Heating System) (Steam Heating System)

แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฅแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•- แแ - แ‚แ… แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ แ€˜แ€ผ แ€„แ€œแ€ฌ (boiler) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€‘แ€แ€šแฟแ€•แ€ธ space heater แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ equip โ€“ ment heating coil แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ผ แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (steam condensate) แ€€ แ€˜แ€ผ แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€† แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€™แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…

แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€„แ€€ (Tank) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„ (deck) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€”แ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€”แ€› แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŒ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€› (water tight bulkhead ) แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€› (non-water tight bulkhead ) แ€Ÿ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€›แแ‹ แ€‘แ€”แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€• แแ - แ‚แƒแ‹ Hydraulic System

352

แ€• แแ - แ‚แ„แ‹ Refrigerant System

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แ€• แแ - แ‚แ…แ‹ Steam Heating System

แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ‚แแ‚แแ‚แแ‚แแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€”แ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€”แ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€”แ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€”แ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (Penetration Pieces)Penetration Pieces)Penetration Pieces)Penetration Pieces)

354

แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ‚แแŠแ‚แแŠแ‚แแŠแ‚แแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€คแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ penetration piece แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ‚” แ€แ€•แ€œแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€”แ€… แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€”แ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€กแ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ penetration piece แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€†แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€œแ‚” แ€แ€•แ€œแ‚” แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธ แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แŠ แ€แ€•แ€œแ€œแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€‘แ€แ€™ แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€”แ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (penetration piece) แ แ€•แ€…แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€แ€…แ€แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€ แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ non-watertight bulkhead แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ penetration piece แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ penetration piece แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚” แ€แ€Š แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ‚แแŠแ‚แแŠแ‚แแŠแ‚แแŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€›แ€œแ€›แ€œแ€›แ€œแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (NonNonNonNon----Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

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แแแŠแแแŠแแแŠแแแŠ แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Painting) (Painting) (Painting) (Painting)

แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€…แ€„แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€š แ€†แ€ฌแ€ธแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€‘แ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€กแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฅแ€แ€’แ€ซแ€แŠ แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€’แ€ซแ€แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€›แ€”แ€œแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™ (hot dip galvanised) แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€แ€ผ แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (de-greasing)แŠ แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (acid pickling) แŠ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (galvanising) แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” แ„แ„แ€ แ€™ แ„แ…แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€„แ€แ€‚แ€›แ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€กแ‚€แ€€)แ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ (pre-fabrication in workshop) แ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (field joints) แ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ cold galvanise แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€˜ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€แแ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

System Colour System Colour Steam Silver Compressed Air Salmon Pink Condensate Orange Bilge Black Heavy Fuel Oil Dark Brown CO2 Fire Fighting Red Diesel Oil Light Brown Refrigeration White Lubricating Oil Canary Yellow Fire Fighting Full Red Feed Water Orange Deck Wash Full Red Cooling Water Green Hydraulic Line Brown Ballast Sea Water Grass Green Vent and Sound Brown Fresh Water Oxford Blue

Page 182: Piping Handbook

357

Penetration Piece of Steel Pipe For Deck and Bulkhead (JIS)

Note: 1) The material of double plate shall be the same grade as hull structure, except general part. 2) The thickness of Doubler Plate (T1) must not be less than the thickness of hull structure (T), T) (T1 โ‰ฅ

3) Doubler Plate shall be marked with N.P *N.D*.

358

Sleeve for Steel Pipe (#80)

Page 183: Piping Handbook

359

Sleeve for Steel Pipe (#60)

360

Sleeve for Stainless Steel

Page 184: Piping Handbook

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แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แแ‚

แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Quality Control)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ (แˆ) แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€” แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌ แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€แ€”แ€…แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€Š แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€› แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€Šแ€™แ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€” QC (Quality Control) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ QA / QC Engineering แ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ž แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€˜แ‚”แ€”แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€†แ€™แ€กแ€… แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€•แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€› แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ QC แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แŠ Inspection and Test Plan แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€”แŠ Owner แ‚แ€„ Contractor แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€แ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€• แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€แšแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€Šแ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ QC แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แŒ แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€แ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€” แ€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ‹ แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€›แฟแ€• แ€†แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ QC แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€™แ€แ‚” แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€˜แ‚” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™แŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€™แ€” แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€žแ€แ‚” แ€œแ€•แ€แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€แ€”แ€…แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€„ แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€—แ€€แ€†แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€™ แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€šแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ QC แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ผ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

362

แแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ QC QC QC QC แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Duties and Responsibilities of a QC) (Duties and Responsibilities of a QC) (Duties and Responsibilities of a QC) (Duties and Responsibilities of a QC)

แแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€‚แ€ƒแ€”แ€แ€žแ€›แ€” Piping Specification แ€€ แ€–แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€™แ€†แ€„แ€™ (fabricating) แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ GA Drawing, P&ID Drawing แ‚แ€„

แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ Iso Drawing แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€€

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ pressure gauge แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅ (Welding Procedure Specification) แŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€žแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€žแŠ แ€•แ€€แพแ€€แ€• แ€™แ€Šแ€ž แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€™ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€œแ‚”แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ„แ‹ ITR (Inspection And Test Record) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ ITP (Inspection and Test Plan) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ Inspection Report แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š Pipe Spec. แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€Ÿแ€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ heat no. แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ†แ‹ Spool แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ Fit Up แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€‘ spool แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š Iso Drawing แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€Ÿแ€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แŠ Dimension แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€™แ€” แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ Fit Up Inspection แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ฌ Fit-up inspection แ€ฑแ€แšแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ‡แ‹ Joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ฌ visual inspection แ€ฑแ€แšแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ spool แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ NDT Test แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ NDT Test (MPI, Ultra Sound, Penetrant Test, X-Ray etc.) แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‰แ‹ Galvanise (แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ) แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘ spool แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ galvanise แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€•แ‚”แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ galvanise แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ€แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€‘ spool แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ hydro test แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Test Package แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Inspector แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแแ‹ Hydro Test แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Š Torque Wrench Cert. แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Pressure Gauge แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ calibration certificate แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ blind flange แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ certificate แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Pressure Recorder แ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘ recorder แ calibration cert. แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ test package แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ‚แ‹ Hydro Test แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€Š witness แ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€ แ€›แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Pressure / Temperature Recording Graph แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ Test Pack แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแƒแ‹ Chemical cleaning แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ cleaning section แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ‚”แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Certificate) แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

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แแ„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธแ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธแ€€ Hydro Test / Air Test แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€„ แแ€ แ‚แ€„ แแ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ…แ‹ Test แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€™ Pre Test Punch List แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Flange แ€†แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แพแ€€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€›แ‹ Vent แ‚แ€„ drain valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€™แ€›แ‹ Pipe Support แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แŠ แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ‹ แ€…แŠ แ€™แ€…แ‹ Pipe Support แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š drawing แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธ แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€ แ‚”แ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ supervisor แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€•แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ†แ‹ Punch List clear แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธแ€€ Hydro Test แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ Air Test แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ‡แ‹ Testing แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ Post Hydro Test Punch List แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€› แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ Test แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€šแ€ฌแ€šแ€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Temporary Blind Flange แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Pressure Gauge แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ vent แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ drain แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€› แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแˆแ‹ Test แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€€ Flushing แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แšแแ‹ Flushing แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ Inspector แ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‰แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€€แ€šแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ Box Up แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ Tie In แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Tie In แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - P & ID Drawing แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ P & ID Drawing แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€œ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€แ€™แ€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€คแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚” แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€… แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š โ€œAs Builtโ€ แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€†แ€•แ€แ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€™แ€› แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚” แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ โ€œAs Builtโ€ แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€†แ€•แ€แ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ‹ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€…แฟแ€• แ€†แ€œแ€„

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แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€‘ แ€กแ€•แ‚แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ Hand Over แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€… แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ owner แ€˜แ€€แ€™ แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แฟแ€• แ€Ÿ แ€™แ€ฑแ€แšแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€แ€„ แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€คแ€™แ€†แ€œแ€„ QC แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธ แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‚ - แแ‹ Welder Certificate แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ

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แแ‚ - แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ Mill Certificate แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ

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แแ‚แŠ แƒแ‹ Fit Up Inspection แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ

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แแ‚แŠ แ„แ‹ Visual Inspection แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ

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แแ‚แŠ แ…แ‹ Blasting And Painting Request แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ

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แแ‚แŠ แ†แ‹ Inspection Request แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ

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แแ‚แŠ แ‡แ‹ NDT MPI Inspection แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ

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แแ‚แŠ แˆแ‹ NDT X Ray Inspection แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ

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แแ‚แŠ แ‰แ‹ Work Completion Form แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ

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แแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠแแ‚แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Test Pack Test Pack Test Pack Test Pack แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€…แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€…แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€…แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€…

แแ‚ - แแ€แ‹ Test Package Cover แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌ

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แแ‚ - แแแ‹ Test Package แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€ฌ

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แแ‚ - แแ‚แ‹ Drawing List

แแ‚ - แแƒแ‹ แ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

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แแ‚ - แแ„แ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€Ÿ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Check List

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แแ‚ - แแ…แ‹ Hydro Test แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธ

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แแ‚ - แแ†แ‹ Hydro Test แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€™ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธ

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แแ‚ - แแ‡แ‹ Test Pack Specification

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แแ‚ - แแˆแ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ Hydro Test แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€žแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€

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แแ‚ - แแ‰แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌ

382

แแ‚ - แ‚แ€แ‹ Hydro Test แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€”แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธ

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แแ‚ - แ‚แแ‹ Hydro Test แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€

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แแ‚ - แ‚แ‚แ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (Job Completion Form)

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แแ‚ - แ‚แƒแ‹ Pre-Hydro Test Check List

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แแ‚ - แ‚แ„แ‹ Reinstatement Checklist (After Hydro Test)

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แแ‚ - แ‚แ…แ‹ Punch List

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แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แแƒ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

(Piping Design) แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€€แฟแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ

แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€‘แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€› แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€› แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€…แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€žแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€€แ€šแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€… แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแŠ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€™ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ PipingPipingPipingPiping Codes and Standards Codes and Standards Codes and Standards Codes and Standards

Piping Design Engineer แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Piping Codes and Standards แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Piping Codes and Standards แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€แ€„แ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€€ แ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ Piping Codes and Standards แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€Ÿแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€”แ€…แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€• แ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€• แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ Piping Codes and Standards แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ€€แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ code แ‚แ€„ standard แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Piping CodesPiping CodesPiping CodesPiping Codes

Piping Codes แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€™แ€œ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Piping StandradsPiping StandradsPiping StandradsPiping Standrads

Piping Standards แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแŒ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Codes and Standards แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€€ แ€žแ€œแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ ASME, ASTM, API แ€…แ€žแ€Š web site แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ ASME Codes and Standards ASME Codes and Standards ASME Codes and Standards ASME Codes and Standards

แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€›แ€€แ€” แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ธ American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) แ€€ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แแˆแˆแ€ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ASME Codes and Standards แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Code แ‚แ€„ Standard แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€…แ€€แ€™แปแ€ฌแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ code แ€™แ€ฌ ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แแ แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CodeASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CodeASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CodeASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ - แ แ‹ Power Boilers แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ - แ‚ แ‹ Material Specifications แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ - แƒ แ‹ Rules for Construction of Nuclear Power Plant Components แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ - แ„ แ‹ Heating Boilers แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ - แ… แ‹ Nondestructive Examination แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ - แ† แ‹ Recommended Rules for Care and Operation of Heating Boilers แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ - แ‡ แ‹ Recommended Rules for Care of Power Boilers แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ - แˆ แ‹ Pressure Vessels แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ - แ‰ แ‹ Welding and Brazing Qualifications แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ - แแ€ แ‹ Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ - แแ แ‹ Rules for In-Service Inspection of Nuclear Power Components

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แ€คแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แแŠ แ‚แŠ แƒแŠ แ„แŠ แ…แŠ แˆ แ‚แ€„ แ‰ แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠแ‚แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ ASMEASMEASMEASME B31B31B31B31

แ€แ€…แ€€แ€™แปแ€ฌแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ code แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ ASME B31 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Project B31 แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€…แ€แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ฌ ASME B31 โ€“ Standard Code for Pressure Piping แ€€ แแ‰แƒแ… แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ‚แ€•แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€›แ€€แ€”แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แแ‰แ‡แˆ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€™ แ€…แ€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ American National Standards Committee B31 แ€€ ASME Code for Pressure Piping B31 Committee แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… ASME แ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€• แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ ANSI (American National Standards Institute) แ€™ แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€แแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ ASME B31 แ€™ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€•แ‚แ€•แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ASME B31.1 Power Piping USAS B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping ASME B31.3 Process Piping ASME B31.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohol ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission And Distribution Piping System ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ ANSI ANSI ANSI ANSI Codes and StandardsCodes and StandardsCodes and StandardsCodes and Standards

ANSI (American National Standards Institute) แ€€ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€ American Standards Association (ASA) แ€Ÿ แ€œแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‰แ†แ‡ แ€™ แแ‰แ†แ‰ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€™ United Stated of America Standards Institute (USASI) แ€Ÿ แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ANSI แ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚” (ISO โ€“ International Organization for Standardization) แŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„ แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

ANSI แ€™ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€ปแ€–แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแฟแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆ (Safety) แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ ANSI Standards แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

A13.1-96 Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems

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A112.1.2-91 Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems A112.6.1M-88 Supports for Off-the-Floor Plumbing Fixtures for Public Use A112.18.1M-96 Plumbing Fixture Fittings A112.19.IM-94 Enameled Cast Iron Plumbing Fixtures A112.19.3M-87 Stainless Steel Plumbing Fixtures (designed for residential use) A112.21.1M-91 Floor Drains A112.21.2M-83 Roof Drains (revision of ANSI A112.21.2-1971) A112.36.2M-91 Cleanouts (revision of ANSI A112.36.2-1983) AG-1-94 Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads B1.20.1-83 Pipe Threads General Purpose (Inch) B1.20.3-76 Dryseal Pipe Threads (Inch) B16.1-89 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings B16.3-92 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings; Classes 150 and 300 B16.4.92 Cast Iron Threaded Fittings; Classes 125 and 250 B16.5-96 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings B16.9-93 Factory-Made Wrought Steel Butt- Welding Fittings B16.10-92 Face-To-Face and End-To-End Dimensions of Valves B16.11-96 Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded B16.12-91 Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings B16.14-91 Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Locknuts with Pipe Threads B16.15-85 Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings; Classes 125 and 250 B16.18-84 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings (R1994) B16.22-95 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings B16.23-92 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings B16.24-91 Bronze Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings; Classes 150 and 300 B16.25-97 Butt-Welding Ends B16.26-88 Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes B16.28-94 Wrought Steel Butt-Welding Short Radius Elbows and Returns B16.29-94 Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage

Fittings B16.32-92 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Fittings for Solvent Drainage

Systems B16.33-90 Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping

Systems up to 125 psig (sizes 1โ„2 through 2) B16.34-96 Valvesโ€”Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End

392

B16.36-96 Orifice Flanges B16.38-85 Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution (manually operated,

NPS 2 1โ„2 to 12, 125 psig maximum) (R1994) B16.39-86 Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions; Classes 150, 250, and 300 B16.40-85 Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas Shutoffs and Valves in Gas

Distribution Systems (R1994) B16.41-83 Functional Qualification Requirements for Power-Operated Active

Valve Assemblies for Nuclear Power Plants (R1989) B16.42-87 Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings; Classes 150 and

300 (R1997) B16.44-95 Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in House Piping Systems B16.45-87 Cast Iron Fittings for Solvent Drainage Systems B16.47-96 Large Diameter Steel Flanges NPS 26 through NPS 60 B18.2.1-96 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws (Inch Series) Including Hex

Cap Screws and Lag Screws; Supplement 1318.2.1 B18.2.2-87 Square and Hex Nuts (Inch Series) B18.2.3.1M-79 Metric Hex Cap Screws (R1995) B18.2.3.2M-79 Metric Formed Hex Screws (R1995) B18.2.3.3M-79 Metric Heavy Hex Screws (R1995) B18.2.3.4M-84 Metric Hex Flange Screws (R1995) B18.2.3.5M-79 Metric Hex Bolts; Errata-May 1981 (R1995) B18.2.3.6M-79 Metric Heavy Hex Bolts (R1995) B18.2.4.1M-79 Metric Hex Nuts, Style 1 (R1995) B18.2.4.2M-79 Metric Hex Nuts, Style 2 (R1995) B18.2.4.3M-79 Metric Slotted Hex Nuts (R1995) B18.2.4.4M-82 Metric Hex Flange Nuts (R1993) B18.2.4.5M-79 Metric Hex Jam Nuts (R1990) B18.2.4.6M-79 Metric Heavy Hex Nuts (R1990) B18.5-90 Round Head Bolts (Inch Series) B18.5.2.1M-81 Metric Round Head Short Square Neck Bolts (R1995) B18.5.2.2M-82 Metric Round Head Square Neck Bolts (R1993) B18.15-85 Forged Eyebolts (R1995) B18.18.1M-87 Inspection and Quality Assurance for General Purpose Fasteners B18.18.3M-87 Inspection and Quality Assurance for Special Purpose Fasteners B18.18.4M-87 Inspection and Quality Assurance for Fasteners for Highly

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Specialized Engineered Applications (R1993) B18.21.1-72 Lock Washers (Inch Series) B18.21.2M-94 Lock Washers (Metric Series) B18.22M-81 Metric Plain Washers (R1990) B18.22.1-65 Plain Washers B32.5-77 Preferred Metric Sizes for Tubular Metal Products Other than Pipe B32.6M-84 Preferred Metric Equivalents of Inch Sizes for Tubular Products

Other than Pipe (revision of ANSI B32.6-1977) (R1994) B36.10M-96 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe B36.19M-85 Stainless Steel Pipe (revision of ANSI B36.19) MFC-1M-91 Glossary of Terms Used in the Measurement of Fluid Flow in

Pipes MFC-6M-87 Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Vortex Flow Meters MFC-7M-87 Measurement of Gas Flow by Means of Critical Flow Venturi

Nozzles (R1992) N45.2.1-80 Cleaning of Fluid Systems and Associated Components for

Nuclear Power Plants N278.1-75 Self-Operated and Power-Operated Safety-Related Valves

Functional Specification Standard, Reactor Plants and Their Maintenance (R 1992)

NQA-1-1997 Quality Assurance Program Requirements for Nuclear Facilities TDP-1-85 Recommended Practices for the Prevention of Water Damage to

Steam Turbines Used for Electric Power Generation (Fossil) TDP-2-85 Recommended Practices for the Prevention of Water Damage to

Steam Turbines Used for Electric Power Generation B31 Guide-77 Corrosion Control for ANSI B31.1, Power Piping Systems B31 Guide-91 Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded

Pipelines (a supplement to ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping) 1001-88 Performance Requirements for Pipe Applied Atmospheric Type

Vacuum Breakers 1003-93 Performance Requirements for Water Pressure Reducing Valves 1037-90 Performance Requirements for Pressurized Flushing Devices

(Flusho meters) for Plumbing Fixtures 1045-87 Performance Standard and Installation Procedures for Aluminum

Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe with End Cap Components B16.20-93 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flangesโ€” Ring Joint, Spiral-Wound and

394

Jacketed B16.21-92 Non-metallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ AS AS AS ASTMTMTMTM Codes and StandardsCodes and StandardsCodes and StandardsCodes and Standards

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌ แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Determining and verifying characteristics) แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€กแ€† (Chemical composition), แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Tensile Strength)แŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Bending properties) แ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€• แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

ASTM Standards แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ†แ‡ แ€แ€ผ (67 volumes) แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€…แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€…แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ

แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€•แ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ†แ‡ แ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แแ† แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแแ‹ Vol 01.01, Vol 03.03, Vol 08.04 แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Section 1: Iron and Steel Products Volume 01.01 Steelโ€”Piping, Tubing, Fittings

Section 2: Nonferrous Metal Products Section 3: Metals Test Methods and Analytical Procedures

Volume 03.03 Non destructive Testing Section 4: Construction Section 5: Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels Section 6: Paints, Related Coatings, and Aromatic Section 7: Textiles Section 8: Plastics

Volume 08.04 Plastic Pipe and Building Products Section 9: Rubber Section 10: Electrical Insulation and Electronics Section 11: Water and Environmental Technology Section 12: Nuclear, Solar, and Geothermal Energy Section 13: Medical Devices and Services Section 14: General Methods and Instrumentation Section 15: General Products, Chemical Specialties, and End Use Products Section 00: Index

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แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠแ„แŠ แแแแแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ AS AS AS ASTMTMTMTM International International International International โ€“โ€“โ€“โ€“ StandardsStandardsStandardsStandards for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings

ASTM Standards แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แŠ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€” แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ธ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ธ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ ASTM Standards Section 1: Iron and Steel Products, Volume 01.01, Steelโ€”Piping, Tubing, Fittings แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ (January 2002 updated.)

SteelSteelSteelSteel Pipes Pipes Pipes Pipes

A53 - A53/A53M-99b - Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc- Coated, Welded and Seamless

A74 - A74-98 - Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings A105/A105M-01 - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping

Applications A106 - A106-99e1 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-

Temperature Service A126 - A126-95e1 - Specification for Grey Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and

Pipe Fittings A134 - A134-96 - Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes

NPS 16 and Over) A135 - A135-97c - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe A139 - A139-96e1 - Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4

and Over) A182 - A182/A182M-99 - Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges,

Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service A252 - A252-98 - Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles A312 - A312/A312M-00 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic

Stainless Steel Pipes A333 - A333/A333M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-

Temperature Service A335 - A335/A335M-99 - Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for

High-Temperature Service A338 - A338-84 (1998) - Specification for Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings, and

Valve Parts for Railroad, Marine, and Other Heavy Duty Service at Temperatures Up to 650ยฐF (345ยฐC)

396

A358 - A358/A358M-98 - Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

A369 - A369/A369M-92 - Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature Service

A376 - A376/A376M-98 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High- Temperature Central-Station Service

A377 - A377-99 - Index of Specifications for Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe A409 - A409/A409M-95ae1 - Specification for Welded Large Diameter Austenitic

Steel Pipe for Corrosive or High-Temperature Service A426 - A426-92 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe

for High-Temperature Service A451 - A451-93 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe

for High-Temperature Service A523 - A523-96 - Specification for Plain End Seamless and Electric-Resistance-

Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Pipe-Type Cable Circuits A524 - A524-96 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and

Lower Temperatures A530 - A530/A530M-99 - Specification for General Requirements for Specialized

Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe A648 - A648-95e1 - Specification for Steel Wire, Hard Drawn for Pre-stressing

Concrete Pipe A674 - A674-95 - Practice for Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile Iron Pipe for

Water or Other Liquids A691 - A691-98 - Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-

Welded for High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures A694 - A694/A694M-00 - Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe

Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service A716 - A716-99 - Specification for Ductile Iron Culvert Pipe A733 - A733-99 - Specification for Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel and

Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe Nipples A742 - A742/A742M-98 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic Coated and Polymer

Pre-coated for Corrugated Steel Pipe A746 - A746-99 - Specification for Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe A760 - A760/A760M-99 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated

for Sewers and Drains A761 - A761/A761M-98 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Structural Plate, Zinc-

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Coated, for Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches A762 - A762/A762M-98 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Polymer Pre-

coated for Sewers and Drains A790 - A790/A790M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic

Stainless Steel Pipe A796 - A796/A796M-99 - Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe,

Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm and Sanitary Sewers and Other Buried Applications

A798 - A798/A798M-97a - Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications

A807 - A807/A807M-97 - Practice for Installing Corrugated Steel Structural Plate Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications

A810 - A810-94 - Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Pipe Winding Mesh

A813 - A813/A813M-95e2 - Specification for Single- or Double-Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe

A814 - A814/A814M-96 (1998) - Specification for Cold-Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe

A849 - A849-99 - Specification for Post-Applied Coatings, Pavings, and Linings for Corrugated Steel Sewer and Drainage Pipe

A861 - A861-94e1 - Specification for High-Silicon Iron Pipe and Fittings A862 - A862/A862M-98 - Practice for Application of Asphalt Coatings to Corrugated

Steel Sewer and Drainage Pipe A865 - A865-97 - Specification for Threaded Couplings, Steel, Black or Zinc-Coated

(Galvanized) Welded or Seamless, for Use in Steel Pipe Joints A872 - A872-91 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic/Austenitic

Stainless Steel Pipe for Corrosive Environments A885 - A885/A885M-96 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc and Aramid Fiber

Composite Coated for Corrugated Steel Sewer, Culvert, and Underdrain Pipe

A888 - A888-98e1 - Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications

A926 - A926-97 - Test Method for Comparing the Abrasion Resistance of Coating Materials for Corrugated Metal Pipe

A928 - A928/A928M-98 - Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal

398

A929 - A929/A929M-97 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot- Dip Process for Corrugated Steel Pipe

A930 - A930-99 - Practice for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Corrugated Metal Pipe Used for Culverts, Storm Sewers, and Other Buried Conduits

A943 - A943/A943M-95e1 - Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes

A949 - A949/A949M-95e1 - Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe

A954 - A954-96 - Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless and Welded Pipe

A972 - A972/A972M-99 - Specification for Fusion Bonded Epoxy-Coated Pipe Piles A978 - A978/A978M-97 - Specification for Composite Ribbed Steel Pipe, Precoated

and Polyethylene Lined for Gravity Flow Sanitary Sewers, Storm Sewers, and Other Special Applications

A984 - A984/A984M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, Electric- Resistance-Welded

A998 - A998/A998M-98 - Practice for Structural Design of Reinforcements for Fittings in Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications

A999 - A999/A999M-98 - Specification for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe

A1005 - A1005/A1005M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Longitudinal and Helical Seam, Double Submerged-Arc Welded

A1006 - A1006/A1006M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Laser Beam Welded

Steel TubesSteel TubesSteel TubesSteel Tubes Superheater, boiler and Miscellaneous Tubes:Superheater, boiler and Miscellaneous Tubes:Superheater, boiler and Miscellaneous Tubes:Superheater, boiler and Miscellaneous Tubes:

A178 - A178/A178M-95 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes

A179 - A179/A179M-90a (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low- Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes

A192 - A192/A192M-91 (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure Service

A209 - A209/A209M-98 - Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy- Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes

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A210 - A210/A210M-96 - Specification for Seamless Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes

A213 - A213/A213M-99a - Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy- Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes

A249 - A249/A249M-98e1 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser Tubes

A250 - A250/A250M-95 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy- Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes

A254 - A254-97 - Specification for Copper-Brazed Steel Tubing A268 - A268/A268M-96 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and

Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A269 - A269-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel

Tubing for General Service A270 - A270-98ae1 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless

Steel Sanitary Tubing A334 - A334/A334M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-

Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service A423 - A423/A423M-95 - Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy

Steel Tubes A450 - A450/A450M-96a - Specification for General Requirements for Carbon,

Ferritic Alloy, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes A608 - A608-91a (1998) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel

High-Alloy Tubing for Pressure Application at High Temperatures A618 - A618-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength

Low-Alloy Structural Tubing A632 - A632-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel

Tubing (Small-Diameter) for General Service A688 - A688/A688M-98 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel

Feedwater Heater Tubes A771 - A771/A771M-95 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic

Stainless Steel Tubing for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components A778 - A778-98 - Specification for Welded, Unanneled Austenitic Stainless Steel

Tubular Products A789 - A789/A789M-00 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic

Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A803 - A803/A803M-98 - Specification for Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater

400

Heater Tubes A822 - A822-90 (1995) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel

Tubing for Hydraulic System Service A826 - A826/A826M-95 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic

Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components

A847 - A847-99a - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High Strength, Low Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance

A908 - A908-91 (1998) - Specification for Stainless Steel Needle Tubing A953 - A953-96 - Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel

Seamless and Welded Tubing

HHHHeateateateat----Exchanger and Condenser TubeExchanger and Condenser TubeExchanger and Condenser TubeExchanger and Condenser Tubessss

A179 - A179/A179M-90a (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low- Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes

A213 - A213/A213M-99a - Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy- Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes

A214 - A214/A214M-96 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes

A249 - A249/A249M-98e1 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser Tubes

A498 - A498-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon, Ferritic, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Heat-Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins

A851 - A851-96 - Specification for High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed, Austenitic Steel Condenser Tubes

SSSStructural Tubintructural Tubintructural Tubintructural Tubingggg

A 500 - A500-99 - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes

A501 - A501-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing

A847 - A847-99a - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High Strength, Low Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance

A618 - A618-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing

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MMMMechanical Tubinechanical Tubinechanical Tubinechanical Tubingggg

A511 - A511-96 - Specification for Seamless Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing A512 - A512-96 - Specification for Cold-Drawn Butt weld Carbon Steel Mechanical Tubing A513 - A513-98 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing A519 - A519-96 - Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing A554 - A554-98e1 - Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing

WWWWelded Fittingelded Fittingelded Fittingelded Fittingssss

A234 - A234/A234M-99 - Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service

A403 - A403/A403M-99a - Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings

A420 - A420/A420M-99 - Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service

A758 - A758/A758M-98 - Specification for Wrought-Carbon Steel Butt-Welding Piping Fittings with Improved Notch Toughness

A774 - A774/A774M-98 - Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Low and Moderate Temperatures

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ DIN DIN DIN DIN - Pipe, Tube and Fitt Pipe, Tube and Fitt Pipe, Tube and Fitt Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specificationsings Standards and Specificationsings Standards and Specificationsings Standards and Specifications

ASTM แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€„ DIN (Deutsches Institut fรผr Normung) Standard แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€€แ€„แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€žแ€ฌแ€› แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

DIN 76-2:1984 : Thread run-outs and thread undercuts for pipe threads conforming to ISO 228 part 1

DIN EN 259-1:2001 : Wall coverings in roll form - Heavy duty wallcoverings - Part 1: Specifications

DIN EN 259-2:2001: Wall coverings in roll form - Heavy duty wallcoverings - Part 2: Determination of impact resistance;

DIN 431:2000 : Pipe nuts with thread according to DIN ISO 228-1 DIN 906:1992 : Hexagon socket pipe plugs

402

DIN 909:1992 : Hexagon head pipe plugs DIN 1230-P1:1992 : Vitrified clay for sewerage; special fittings and adapters with

flexible mechanical joint and compatible accessories; dimensions DIN 1389:2001 : WC connectors - Requirements and testing DIN 1478:1975 : Turnbuckles Made from Steel Tube or Round Steel Bar DIN 1986-4:2003 : Drainage systems on private ground - Part 4: Fields of

application of sewage pipes and fittings of different materials DIN 1988-3 Beiblatt 1:1988 : Codes of practice for drinking water installations

(TRWI); examples for calculation; DVGW code of practice DIN 2406:1968 : Pipelines symbols - pipe classes DIN 2559-2:1984 : Edge preparation for welding; matching of inside diameter for

circumferential welds on seamless pipes DIN 2559-3:1990 : Preparation of welds; matching of inside diameters for

circumferential welds on welded pipes DIN 2559-4:1994 : Preparation of welds; part 4: matching of inside diameters for

circumferential welds on seamless pipes of stainless steels DIN 2609:1991 : Steel butt-welding pipe fittings; technical delivery conditions DIN 2614:1990 Cement mortar linings for ductile iron and steel pipes and fittings;

application, requirements and testing DIN 2615-1:1992 : Steel butt-welding pipes fittings; tees with reduced pressure

factor DIN 2615-2:1992 : Steel butt-welding pipe fittings; tees for use at full service

pressure DIN 2616-1:1991 : Steel butt-welding pipe fittings; eccentric reducers with reduced

pressure factor DIN 2616-2:1991 : Steel butt-welding pipe fittings; reducers for use at full service

pressure DIN 2617:1991 : Steel butt-welding pipe fittings; caps

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ†แ†แ†แ†แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ IIIISO SO SO SO ---- Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ ASTM แ‚แ€„ DIN แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€‘แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚” ISO (International Organization for Standardization) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ISO แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€›แ€ฌ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€• แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

ISO 7-1:1994-05 : Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads - Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation

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ISO 7-2:2000 : Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads โ€“ Part 2: Verification by means of limit gauges

ISO 49:1994 : Malleable cast iron fittings threaded to ISO 7-1 ISO 228-1:2000 : Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the

threads - Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation ISO 228-2:1987 : Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the

threads; Part 2 : Verification by means of limit gauges ISO 264:1976 : Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fittings with plain sockets for

pipes under pressure; Laying lengths; Metric series ISO 265-1:1988 : Pipes and fittings of plastics materials; fittings for domestic and

industrial waste pipes; basic dimensions: metric series; part 1: unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)

ISO 392:1986 : Asbestos-cement pipe fittings for building and sanitary purposes ISO 580:1990 : Injection-molded unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) fittings;

oven test; test method and basic specifications ISO 727-1:2002 : Fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U),

chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) with plain sockets for pipes under pressure - Part 1: Metric series

ISO 727-2:2002 : Fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) with plain sockets for pipes under pressure - Part 2: Inch-based series

ISO 881:1980 : Asbestos-cement pipes, joints, fittings/sewage/drain ISO 1179:1981 : Pipe connections, threaded to ISO 228/1, for plain end steel and

other metal tubes in industrial applications ISO 1635-2:1987 : Seamless wrought copper and copper alloy tube ISO 1651:1974 : Tube drawing mandrels ISO 1684:1975 : Wire, bar and tube drawing dies; Specifications ISO 2016:1981 : Capillary solder fittings for copper tubes; Assembly dimensions

and tests ISO 2035:1974 : Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) moulded fittings for elastic

sealing ring type joints for use under pressure; Pressure-resistance test ISO 2044:1974 : Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) injection-moulded solvent-

welded socket fittings for use with pressure pipe; Hydraulic internal pressure test

ISO 2048:1990 : Double-socket fittings for unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)

404

pressure pipes with elastic sealing ring type joints; minimum depths of engagement

ISO 2284:1987 : Hand taps for parallel and taper pipe threads; General dimensions and marking

ISO 2507-1:1995 : Thermoplastics pipes and fittings - Vicat softening temperature - Part 1: General test method

ISO 2507-2:1995 : Thermoplastics pipes and fittings - Vicat softening temperature - Part 2: Test conditions for unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) or chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) pipes and fittings and for high impact resistance poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-HI) pipes

ISO 2507-3:1995 : Thermoplastics pipes and fittings - Vicat softening temperature - Part 3: Test conditions for acrylonitrile /butadiene/styrene (ABS) and acrylonitrile /styrene / acrylic ester (ASA) pipes and fittings

ISO 2531:1998 : Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for water or gas applications

ISO 2804:1996 : Wire, bar or tube drawing dies - As-sintered pellets of hard metal (carbide) - Dimensions

ISO 2851:1993 : Stainless steel bends and tees for the food industry ISO 2852:1993 : Stainless steel clamp pipe couplings for the food industry ISO 3183-1:1996 : Petroleum and natural gas industries - Steel pipe for pipelines โ€“

Technical delivery conditions - Part 1: Pipes of requirement class A ISO 3183-2:1996 : Petroleum and natural gas industries - Steel pipe for pipelines โ€“

Technical delivery conditions - Part 2: Pipes of requirements class B ISO 3253:1998 : Gas welding equipment - Hose connections for equipment for

welding, cutting and allied processes แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹ JIS JIS JIS JIS ---- Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€‘แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ JIS - Japanese Industrial Standards แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแแ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€• แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

JIS G 3429:1988 : Seamless steel tubes for high pressure gas cylinder JIS G 3439 : Seamless steel oil well casing, tubing and drill pipe JIS G 3441:2004 : Alloy steel tubes for machine purposes JIS G 3442:2004 : Galvanized steel pipes for ordinary piping JIS G 3443:2004 : Coated steel pipes for water service

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JIS G 3444:2004 : Carbon steel tubes for general structural purposes JIS G 3445:1988 : Carbon steel tubes for machine structural purposes JIS G 3446:1994 : Stainless steel pipes for machine and structural purposes JIS G 3447:2004 : Stainless steel sanitary pipes JIS G 3448:2004 : Light gauge stainless steel tubes for ordinary piping JIS G 3451:1987 : Fittings of coated steel pipes for water service JIS G 3452:2004 : Carbon steel pipes for ordinary piping JIS G 3454:1988 : Carbon steel pipes for pressure service JIS G 3455:1988 : Carbon steel pipes for high pressure service JIS G 3456:2004 : Carbon steel pipes for high temperature service JIS G 3457:1988 : Arc welded carbon steel pipes JIS G 3458:1988 : Alloy steel pipes JIS G 3459:2004 : Stainless steel pipes JIS G 3460:1988 : Steel pipes for low temperature service JIS G 3465:1988 : Seamless steel tubes for drilling JIS G 3466:1988 : Carbon steel square pipes for general structural purposes JIS G 3468, : Large diameter welded stainless steel pipes JIS G 3469:2002 : Polyethylene coated steel pipes JIS G 3471:1977 : Corrugated steel pipes and sections JIS G 3474:1995 : High tensile strength steel tubes for tower structural purposes JIS G 3491:2004 : Asphalt protective coatings for steel water pipe JIS G 3492:1993 : Coal-tar enamel protective coatings for steel water pipe JIS G 4903:1991 : Seamless nickel-chromium-iron alloy pipes JIS G 5201:1991 : Centrifugally cast steel pipes for welded structure JIS G 5202:1991 : Centrifugally cast steel pipes for high temperature and high

pressure service JIS G 5525:2000 : Cast-iron drainage pipes and fittings JIS G 5526:1998 : Ductile iron pipes JIS G 5527:1998 : Ductile iron fittings JIS G 5528:1984 : Epoxy-powder coating for interior of ductile iron pipes and

fittings JIS H 0502:1986 : Method of eddy current testing for copper and copper alloy

pipes and tubes JIS H 0515:1992 : Eddy current inspection of titanium pipes and tubes JIS H 0516:1992 : Ultrasonic inspection of titanium pipes and tubes JIS H 3300:1997 : Copper and copper alloy seamless pipes and tubes

406

JIS H 3320:1992 : Copper and copper alloy welded pipes and tubes JIS H 3401:2001 : Pipe fittings of copper and copper alloys JIS H 4080:1999 : Aluminum and aluminium alloys extruded tubes and cold-drawn

tubes JIS H 4090:1990 : Aluminum and aluminium alloy welded pipes and tubes JIS H 4202:1998 : Magnesium alloy seamless pipes and tubes แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แˆแˆแˆแˆแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ ASTM GradesASTM GradesASTM GradesASTM Grades

Carbon steel pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ dimension แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ ASME B31.10M แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ stainless steel pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ dimension แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ ASME B31.19M แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ASTM standard แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (Chemical composition) แ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ grade แ€แ€ผแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ carbon steel pipe แ€€ Grade A แ‚แ€„ B แ€Ÿ แ€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Stainless steel pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Grade TP304, TP321 แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› ASTM A105N แ€Ÿ แ€œแ€ฌ แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ N แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Normalize แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Normalize แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ ferrous metal แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ internal stress แ€€ heat treat โ€“ ment แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ ASTM A106 แ Grade แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Stainless steel แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ grade แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ High Temp. แ‚แ€„ Low Temp. Alloy Steel แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

ASTM Grades

Material Pipes Fittings Flanges Valves Bolts & Nuts

A106 Gr A A234 Gr WPA A105 Gr A A216 Gr WCB A106 Gr B A234 Gr WPB A105 Gr B A216 Gr WCB Carbon Steel

A106 Gr C A234 Gr WPC A105 Gr C A216 Gr WCB

A193 Gr B7 A194 Gr 2H

A335 Gr P1 A234 Gr WP1 A182 Gr F1 A217 Gr WC1 A335 Gr P11 A234 Gr WP11 A182 Gr F11 A217 Gr WC6 A335 Gr P12 A234 Gr WP12 A182 Gr F12 A217 Gr WC6 A335 Gr P22 A234 Gr WP22 A182 Gr F22 A217 Gr WC9 A335 Gr P5 A234 Gr WP5 A182 Gr F5 A217 Gr C5

Carbon Steel Alloy High-Temp

A335 Gr P9 A234 Gr WP9 A182 Gr F9 A217 Gr C12

A193 Gr B7 A194 Gr 2H

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JIS H 3320:1992 : Copper and copper alloy welded pipes and tubes JIS H 3401:2001 : Pipe fittings of copper and copper alloys JIS H 4080:1999 : Aluminum and aluminium alloys extruded tubes and cold-drawn

tubes JIS H 4090:1990 : Aluminum and aluminium alloy welded pipes and tubes JIS H 4202:1998 : Magnesium alloy seamless pipes and tubes แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แˆแˆแˆแˆแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ ASTM GradesASTM GradesASTM GradesASTM Grades

Carbon steel pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ dimension แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ ASME B31.10M แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ stainless steel pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ dimension แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ ASME B31.19M แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ASTM standard แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (Chemical composition) แ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ grade แ€แ€ผแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ carbon steel pipe แ€€ Grade A แ‚แ€„ B แ€Ÿ แ€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Stainless steel pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Grade TP304, TP321 แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› ASTM A105N แ€Ÿ แ€œแ€ฌ แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ N แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Normalize แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Normalize แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ ferrous metal แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ internal stress แ€€ heat treat โ€“ ment แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ ASTM A106 แ Grade แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Stainless steel แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ grade แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ High Temp. แ‚แ€„ Low Temp. Alloy Steel แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

ASTM Grades

Material Pipes Fittings Flanges Valves Bolts & Nuts

A106 Gr A A234 Gr WPA A105 Gr A A216 Gr WCB A106 Gr B A234 Gr WPB A105 Gr B A216 Gr WCB Carbon Steel

A106 Gr C A234 Gr WPC A105 Gr C A216 Gr WCB

A193 Gr B7 A194 Gr 2H

A335 Gr P1 A234 Gr WP1 A182 Gr F1 A217 Gr WC1 A335 Gr P11 A234 Gr WP11 A182 Gr F11 A217 Gr WC6 A335 Gr P12 A234 Gr WP12 A182 Gr F12 A217 Gr WC6 A335 Gr P22 A234 Gr WP22 A182 Gr F22 A217 Gr WC9 A335 Gr P5 A234 Gr WP5 A182 Gr F5 A217 Gr C5

Carbon Steel Alloy High-Temp

A335 Gr P9 A234 Gr WP9 A182 Gr F9 A217 Gr C12

A193 Gr B7 A194 Gr 2H

407

A333 Gr 5 A420 Gr WPL6 A350 Gr LF2 A352 Gr LCB Carbon Steel Alloy Low-Temp

A333 Gr 3 A420 Gr WPL3 A350 Gr LF3 A352 Gr LC3 A320 Gr L7 A194 Gr 7

A312 Gr TP304A403 Gr WP304A182 Gr F304A182 Gr F304 A312 Gr TP316A403 Gr WP316A182 Gr F316A182 Gr F316 A312 Gr TP321A403 Gr WP321A182 Gr F321A182 Gr F321

Austenitic Stainless Steel

A312 Gr TP347A403 Gr WP347A182 Gr F347A182 Gr F347

A193 Gr B8 A194 Gr 8

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠแˆแŠ แแแแแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM แ€กแ€›แ€กแ€›แ€กแ€›แ€กแ€› แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ -

A106 = Carbon steel pipe for high temperature service A335 = Seamless ferritic alloy - steel pipe for high temperature service A333 = Seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipe intended for use low temperature service A312 = Seamless, straight-seam welded, and cold worked welded austenitic stainless steel pipe intended for high temperature and general corrosive service แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ (Fitting) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ -

A234 = Wrought carbon steel and alloy steel fittings of seamless and welded construction A420 = Wrought carbon steel and alloy steel fittings for low temperature service A403 = Wrought austenitic stainless steel fittings Flanges, Fitting, Valves แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ -

A105 = Forged carbon steel flanges, fittings, valves and similar parts for ambient pressure and higher temperature service conditions

A182 = Forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel flanges, forged fittings, valves and parts for high temperature service

A350 = Several grades of carbon and low alloy steel forged or ring-rolled flanges, forged fittings and valves for low temperature service

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Valves แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ -

A216 = Carbon steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, or other pressure-containing parts for high temperature service and of quality suitable for assembly with other castings or wrought-steel parts by fusion welding.

A217 = Steel castings, martensitic stainless steel and alloy steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, or other pressure-containing parts intended primarily for high temperature and corrosive service.

A352 = Steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts intended primarily for low temperature and corrosive service.

A182 = Forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel flanges, forged fittings, and valves and parts for high temperature service.

Bolt and Nuts แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ -

A193 = Alloy and Stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, valves, flanges and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications. A320 = Standard specification for Alloy Steel and Stainless steel bolting material for for low temperature service.

A194 = Standard specification for nuts in many different material types.

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‰แ‰แ‰แ‰แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (Design Bases)Design Bases)Design Bases)Design Bases)

Design base แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Physical attributes, loading and service conditions, environmental factors แ‚แ€„ materials-related factors แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ แ€€แ€€แ€”แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€˜แ‚” แ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Physical AttributePhysical AttributePhysical AttributePhysical Attributessss

Physical attributes แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€‘แŠ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแŠ แ€แŠ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œ แ€žแ€Š แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แŠ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

409

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Loading And Service ConditionLoading And Service ConditionLoading And Service ConditionLoading And Service Condition

Loading Condition แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ internal pressure, piping system deadweight, steady state or transient temperature, wind loads, snow and ice loads แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€› แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Service Condition แ€แ€ผแ€„ loading condition แ€™ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€…แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€ แ€…แฟแ€•แ€žแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€€แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ (แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€Š แ‚ แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€”แ‚”) แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€”แ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€” แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€” แ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€…แฟแ€•แ€„แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ service condition แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (characteristics) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ (viscosity)แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” (temperature), แ€กแ€…แ€„แ€กแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ (suspended solids concentration), แ€‘แ€กแ€…แ€„แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ธแ€† (density), แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (abrasiveness and corrosively) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แƒแƒแƒแƒแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Environmental FactorsEnvironmental FactorsEnvironmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors

Environmental factors แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€• แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แคแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€ฌแ€ธแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€šแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (degradation)แŠ แ€„แ€œแ€„แ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€€ แ‚”แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ environmental factor แ€แ€ผแ€„ erosion, corrosion, flow assisted corrosion แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ MMMMaterialsaterialsaterialsaterials----Related ConsiderationsRelated ConsiderationsRelated ConsiderationsRelated Considerations

Materials-Related Consideration แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ (chemical composition)แŠ แ€žแ€แ แ€‚แ€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€ธแŠ แ€›แ€•แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€แ€žแ€แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Š แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠแ‰แŠ แ…แ…แ…แ…แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Pressure IntegrityPressure IntegrityPressure IntegrityPressure Integrity

Pressure integrity แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€™แ€œแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘ pressure integrity แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ Code Code Code Code แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„ Standard Standard Standard Standard แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

Piping Code แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„ แ€›แ€” แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ allowable working stress, load sets แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€ŠแŠ internal pressure แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€€แ€šแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€„แ€œแ€„แ€’แ€ซแ€แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ Piping code แ€แ€…แ€แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€„แ€™ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€แ€…แ€แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€†แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌ code แ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Standard แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ standard แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Dimensional Standard แ‚แ€„ Pressure Integrity Standard แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹

Dimensional Standard แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€…แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€„แŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€™ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌ แ€แ€žแ€™แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹

Pressure Integrity Standard แ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€žแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แแ…แ€ (#150) แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€™ แ€‘แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€‘แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แแ…แ€ (#150) แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹ แ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ซแ€šแ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ซแ€šแ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ซแ€šแ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ซแ€š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ( Definitions) ( Definitions) ( Definitions) ( Definitions)

Compressible Fluid โ€“ แ€ฑแ€„แ‚”แ€ผแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ‚แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€„ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

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แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€€แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แŽแ internal energy แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Darcy Friction Factor, f โ€“ แŽแ€žแ€Š Reynolds Number แ function แ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (relative pipe wall roughness) dฮต

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

f แ‚แ€„ Re แ€€แ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ d แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ dฮต

แ€€ parameter แ€แ€…แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

In-Compressible Fluid โ€“ แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€™แ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ž แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€–แ€žแ€•แแ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€Ÿ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€šแ€† แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€žแ€•แแ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€„แŠ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€ผแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ internal energy แ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแแ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ‹

Laminar Flow โ€“ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแแ€กแ€œแ‚Šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€Ÿแ€ปแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Laminar flow แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ Re < 2100 แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ laminar flow แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Newtonian Fluids โ€“ Shear rate แ‚แ€„ shear stress แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ linear แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Non-Newtonian Liquids โ€“ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š Non-Newtonian Liquid แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Relative Roughness โ€“ absolute pipe wall roughness ฮต แ‚แ€„ inside diameter d แ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Resistance Coefficient, K โ€“ friction loss equation แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ‚”แ coefficient แ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ธแ€…แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ nominal diameter (แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š) แ function แ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Reynolds Number, Re โ€“ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€„แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธ(inertia) แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (viscous forces) แ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Shear Rate โ€“ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€„ (velocity gradient) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Shear Stress โ€“ แ€แ€…แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€› แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Sonic Velocity (Choked Flow) โ€“ แ€กแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแŒ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€žแ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Specific Gravity โ€“ แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€แ€…แ€แ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ธแ€† แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€แ€…แ€แ Specific gravity แ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Steam Hammer โ€“ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€€แ€ผ แ€แ€”แ€แ€ซแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Transition Flow โ€“ Laminar flow แ‚แ€„ Turbulent flow แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ laminar flow แ€™ turbulent flow แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€€แ€ธ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€› แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€แ€„แ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ laminar แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€€แŠ turbulent แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€€ 2100 < Re < 4000 แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Turbulent Flow โ€“ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€Ÿแ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Turbulent flow แ€แ€ผแ€„ shear stress แ‚แ€„ strain rate แ€แ‚”แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š

แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™ แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‚แ€แ€žแ€แ€แ‚”แ€€ turbulent flow แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Re แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ 4000 แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ turbulent flow แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€• แ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ turbulent flow แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€”แ€€แ€ฌ แ€แ€‚แ€šแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€œแ€€ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Viscosity โ€“ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€™ แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€› shear stress แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€› velocity gradient แ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€™แ‚ˆ (internal resistance) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€คแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€ Newtonian fluid แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Water Hammer โ€“ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€แ€แ€›แ€€แ€›แ€•แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แš แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€แ€แ€›แ€€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ dynamic pressure surge แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€แ€แ€›แ€€แ€•แ€แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ water hammer แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€›แ€•แ€‚แ€แ€žแ€ (Physical property) แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€€

413

แ€›แ€€แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€คแ€‚แ€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€‚แ€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

ViscosityViscosityViscosityViscosity (แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€€แ€”แ€ธ) - แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ Dynamic viscosity (แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› Absolute Viscosity แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹) แ‚แ€„ Kinematics viscosity แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Kinematics viscosity = Density Fluid ViscosityDynamic

แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ Weight DensityWeight DensityWeight DensityWeight Density แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ Specific Weight แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แŽแ แ€แ€…แ€šแ€”แ€… แ€‘แ€‘แ€Šแ€› แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Weight Density = Specific Weight = eUnit Volum

Weight

Specific VolumeSpecific VolumeSpecific VolumeSpecific Volume แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ Weight Density แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Specific Volume = DensityWeight 1

แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€แ€…แ€แ Specific GravitySpecific GravitySpecific GravitySpecific Gravity แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€แ€…แ€แ€› แ€‘แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ weight density แ‚แ€„ แ†แ€ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€Ÿแ€€แ€› แ€ฑแ€›แ weight density แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

F)60at (water

e}temperatur specificat liquid{any Soฯ

ฯ=

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ specific gravity แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€€ แ€˜แ€šแ‚แ€…แ€† แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€แ€…แ€แ specific gravity แ€žแ€Š 1.5 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€€ แ€แ€…แ€†แ€แ€ผแ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€Ÿ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ แ€œแ€แ€ฌแ€› แ€ฑแ€›แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€žแ€Š แ แ€€แ€œแ€‚แ€›แ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ แ€œแ€แ€ฌแ€› แ€‘แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ.แ… แ€€แ€œแ€‚แ€›แ€™ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€…แ€แ specific gravity แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€€ แ€˜แ€šแ‚แ€† แ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธ/แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€€ แ€†แ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ specific gravity แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

(air) M(gas) M Sg =

Mean VelocityMean VelocityMean VelocityMean Velocity Mean velocity แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€แ€แ€…แ€แŒ แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€‘แ€Šแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€› แ€•แ€€แ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

AQ V Velocity,Mean =

แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ V = mean velocity, ft/s (m/s)

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414

Q = volumetric flow rate, ft3/s (m3/s)

A = radius โ€“ sectional area, ft2 (m2)

Volumetric flow rateVolumetric flow rateVolumetric flow rateVolumetric flow rate Volumetric flow rate แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ (แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ) แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€แ‚” แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

ฯ

w Q rate, flow Volumetric =

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ w= mass flow rate, lbm/s (kg/s)

ฯ = weight density of fluid, lbm/ft3 (kg/m3) แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌ -

4D A Area,Sectional

2ฯ€= แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹แแแ‹ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Design Pressure) (Design Pressure) (Design Pressure) (Design Pressure) แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€” (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature)

Design Pressure แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š Piping Code แ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€ (stress limit) แ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ Design Pressure แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€”แ€„แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€‘ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€แ€”แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€… แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแŒ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€‘แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€†แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€”แ€„แ€›แ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ Design Pressure แ€‘แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Design Pressure แ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€…แ€”แ€…แ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€› แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Design pressure แ€™แ€ฌ แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ Design Pressure แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€แ€ฌแ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Š แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แƒแ€แ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แแ€แ€แ€ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€‘แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แƒแ€แ€ แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€›แ€Ÿ แ€†แ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ Design Pressure แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€”แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

- แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€”แ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ hydrostatic head - แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (back pressure) แ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ - แ€•แ€ผแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (Friction Losses)

415

- แ€แ€…แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ (in line) แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ shutoff head - แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆ - แ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š - - แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ safety valve แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ pressure relief valve แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (set pressure) - แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€™ pressure relief valve แ set pressure - แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ safety valve/ pressure relief valve แ€™แ€›แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ pump shutoff pressure

- แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ + 25 psi - แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แฟแ€แแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€†แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แŒแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Maximum allowable pressure in a straight pipe) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

A)- 2y(t - D A)- (t 2SE P

mo

m= where : P = maximum allowable pressure

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€” (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature)

Design Temperature แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แŒแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (insulated piping) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€” แ€€ -

๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€›แ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€œแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ‚แ€„

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€”แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ

แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (uninsulated piping) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€ -

๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแแ€กแ€•แ€แ€” C) (65 F 150 oo แ€‘แ€€แ€”แ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ (แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ

Page 212: Piping Handbook

416

แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ผแ€Šแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€) แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€ แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” C) (65 F 150 oo แ€‘แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€

แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ แ‰แ…% แŠ Flange แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‰แ€%, lap joint flange แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แˆแ…%, bolt แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แˆแ€% แ€Ÿ แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€›แ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€œแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Š แ€กแ€”แ€™แ€†แ€ธ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€‘แ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

Design Temperature แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€” + 25 F แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€š แ€šแ€†แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแ‚แแ‚แแ‚แแ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ ( ( ( (Material Selection of Pipe)Material Selection of Pipe)Material Selection of Pipe)Material Selection of Pipe)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ€แ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€Ÿแ€•แ€™แ€™แ€Š (compatible) แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€€แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ‹ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ‚”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ‹ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (strength), แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ‚ˆ (ductility), แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (toughness)แŠ แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ (corrosion resistance)แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (Thermal expansion)แŠ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (fabricability), แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€›แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆ (availability)แŠ แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€…แ€›แ€ (cost) แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Design Pressure)แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” (Design Temperature)แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ (Chemical Resistance)แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ (Temperature Pressure relationship)แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„ (Pipe support)แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แš แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (above ground issues)แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (under ground issues) แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€†แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€ธ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ (pipe size, pressure integrity and stress analysis) แ€กแ€€แ€šแแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ design criteria แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฅแ€ธแ‹

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แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€• แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ (แ‚) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹แแƒแ‹ แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแŠแ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแŠแ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแŠแ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (Corrosion) (Corrosion) (Corrosion) (Corrosion)

แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฅแ€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€” แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€™ แพแ€€แ€ฌแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€”แ€€แ€œแ€€แ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€™ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ Uniform Corrosion, Concentration Cell Corrosion, Intergranular Corrosion Atmospheric Corrosion แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” corrosion control and corrosion prevention techniques แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Materials resistant to Corrosion), แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Protective coatings), แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€žแ‚” (Cathodic protection), แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Corrosion Inhibitors) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ Corrosion Resistance Chart แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แŽแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ (Composition) (Composition) (Composition) (Composition)

Specification and PropertiesSpecification and PropertiesSpecification and PropertiesSpecification and Properties

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แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‹ uPVC - Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride แ‚แ‹ PE - Polyethylene PE63, PE80, PE100 แƒแ‹ PP - Polypropylene แ„แ‹ PVDF - Polyvinylidene Fluoride แ…แ‹ PVC-C - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride แ†แ‹ NBR - Butadiene-Acrylnitrile Rubber แ‡แ‹ EPM - Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer แˆแ‹ FPM - Vinylidene Fluoride Copolymer

แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€šแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€” แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€‚แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€šแ€œแ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€†แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚”แ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€”แ€แ€แ€€ แ€Ÿแ€€แฟแ€’แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€•แ€šแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌ แŽแ tensile strength แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€™ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€…แ€แ€แ€œแ€€แ€ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„แ€™ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€แ€šแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€กแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€กแ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€‚แ€”แ€…แ€†แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€‚แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€… แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€šแ€œแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€šแ€œแ€…แ€–แ€แ€… แ€Ÿแ€€แฟแ€’แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€Ÿแ€€แฟแ€’แ€€แ€œแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แŠ แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€แ€แ€œแ€€แ€แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€กแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€šแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€€แ€…แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€กแ€›แ€™แ€€แ€แ€… แ€Ÿแ€€แฟแ€’แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€„แ€”แ€›แ€šแ€กแ€ผ แ€„แ€ธ (แ€†) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€ แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€”แ€€แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€†แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ แ€Ÿแ€€แฟแ€’แ€€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€แ€™ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€€ แ€œแ€€แ แ€€แ€ผแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„

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แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ corrosion resistance guide แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผแ€–แ€แ€›แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแแแแ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แแ€แ€…แ€แแ€แ€…แ€แแ€แ€…แ€แ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (Operating Pressure of a Pipe)Operating Pressure of a Pipe)Operating Pressure of a Pipe)Operating Pressure of a Pipe)

แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ operating pressure แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ ISO equation แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€š แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Dmt x (HDS) 2 PR =

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ Hydrostatic Design Stress = Hydrostatic Design Basis x Design Factor แ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ HDB แ€žแ€Š 4000 psi แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ design factor แ€™แ€ฌ 0.5 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ HDS for PVC pipe = 2000 psi แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ -

tDm SDR = แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ Dm แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š Mean Outside Dia.

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ Average Outside Diameter แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ - Pressure Rating = Pressure Design Basis x Design factor แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” แ‚แƒ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€„แ€แ€‚แ€›แ€ (แ‡แƒ แ€’แ€‚แ€›แ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€Ÿแ€€) แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€… แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ HDS (psi) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

PVC 1120 2000 PE 2406 630 PVC 2116 1600 PE 2708 800 CPVC 4120 2000 PE 3408 800 PE 1404 400 PE 3608 800 PE 3708 800 POM 2110 1000 PE 3710 1000 PVDF 2016 1600 PEX 0006 630 PVDF 2020 2000 PEX 1006 630 PVDF 2025 2500

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ - PR = Pressure Rating , psi (Mpa) t = Minimum wall thickness, in. (mm) Dm = Mean Outside Diameter, in. (mm) HDS = Hydrostatic Design Stress, psi (Mpa) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ - PC = Pressure Class = Pressure Rating, SDR = Standard Dimension Ratio HDS = HSB x Design Factor แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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PEX 5006 630 PA 32312 1250 PEX 0008 800 PA 32316 1600 PEX 1008 800 PA 42316 1600

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ PVC = Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe, CPVC = Chlorinated PVC, PE = Polyethylene, PEX = Crosslinked Polyethylene, POM = Polyoxymethylene, PVDF = Poly Vinylidene Difluoride Pipe, PA = Polyamide แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแแแแ‡แ‡แ‡แ‡แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (Pressure Drop or Head Loss) (Pressure Drop or Head Loss) (Pressure Drop or Head Loss) (Pressure Drop or Head Loss)

Pressure drop แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€”แ€›แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ผแ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€šแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Š) แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€”แ‚” แ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€”แ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ head loss แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

Allowable pressure drop แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแฟแ€ แ€…แ€แ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€†แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€แ€”แ€แ€ซแ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Head Loss แ€€ Hazen โ€“ Williams formula แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ C แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธ (Flow Coefficient) แ€™แ€ฌ GRP แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ PVC แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ 150แŠ steel แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ 120 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€•แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ C = 70 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Hazen โ€“ Williams equation แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹

For British system: 1.852

2.63L (ID) CQ 1046 H

=

For Metric system: 1.852

2.63L (ID) CQ 1068 H

=

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ LH = Head loss (ft/100 ft of pipe), (meters per 100 meters of pipe)

Q = discharge (US gallons per minute), ( /secm3 ) C = Hazen-Willams Factor (Flow Coefficient) ID = Inside diameter of pipe (in), (cm)

แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ Dracy-Weisbach equation แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Dracy-Weisbach equation แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€† แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€ธ (full flow) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ laminar flow แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… turbulent flow แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€คแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ Darcy friction factor, f แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€€

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436

handbook แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ programmable calculator แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Dracy-Weisbach formula แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

2gV x

IDL f H

2

L

= แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ LH = Frictional resistance (meters)

f = Darcy friction factor L = length of pipe run (meters) ID = internal diameter of pipe (m) V = average velocity of fluid (m/s)

g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2

แ€คแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ f แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€€ Moody equation แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

++=

31

6

R10

ID 200001 0.0055 f ฮต

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ ฮต = pipe roughness (meters)

ยต

ยต ID R = = Reynoldโ€™s Number, ยต = kinematic viscosity of the fluid ( /secm2 )

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ R แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€žแ€Š 2000 แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ laminar flow แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แฟแ€•แ€ธ f แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

R64 f =

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ R แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€žแ€Š 4000 แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ turbulent flow แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แฟแ€•แ€ธ f แ€€ Colebrook แ แ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ‚ˆ ( ฮต - roughness factor) แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€€แ

แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Bondstrand GRP แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ 5.3 x 106 meter (1.7 x 106

feet) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ D Roughness Relative ฮต

= , D = Diameter แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

437

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแ‡แŠแแ‡แŠแแ‡แŠแแ‡แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Roughness of Various PipesRoughness of Various PipesRoughness of Various PipesRoughness of Various Pipes ( ( ( (Ref: http://www.efunda.com/formulae)

Absolute Roughness, e

micron

Pipe Material x 10-6

feet (unless noted)

Drawn Brass 5 1.5

Drawn Copper 5 1.5

Commercial Steel 150 45

Wrought Iron 150 45

Asphalted Cast Iron 400 120

Galvanized Iron 500 150

Cast Iron 850 260

Wood Stave 600 to 3000 0.2 to 0.9 mm

Concrete 1000 to 10,000 0.3 to 3 mm

Riveted Steel 3000 to 30,000 0.9 to 9 mm

PVC 7 2.1

Bondstrand GRP pipe 1.7 5.3

Sources: 1. Cameron hydraulic data book.

2. Enginereed Softwareโ€™s PIPE-FLO software 3. Fiberglass Pipe Handbook, SPI composites Institute

Micron = 10-6 m

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438

ยต , kinematic viscosity of the fluid แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Š แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌ

แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ kinematic viscosity แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ

0.000001115 /secm2 (0.000012 /secft2 ) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ kinematic viscosity แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ 16.97cSt แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแ‡แŠแแ‡แŠแแ‡แŠแแ‡แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Kinematic Viscosity of FluidsKinematic Viscosity of FluidsKinematic Viscosity of FluidsKinematic Viscosity of Fluids (Ref: http://engineeringtoolbox.com)

Temperature Kinematic Viscosity

Liquid (oF) (

oC)

CentiStokes

(cSt)

Seconds Saybolt

Universal (SSU)

61 16.1 0.305

Acetaldehyde CH3CHO 68 20 0.295 36

Acetic acid - vinegar - 10% CH3COOH 59 15 1.35 31.7

Acetic acid - 50% 59 15 2.27 33

Acetic acid - 80% 59 15 2.85 35

Acetic acid - concentrated glacial 59 15 1.34 31.7

Acetic acid anhydride (CH3COO)2O 59 15 0.88

Acetone CH3COCH3 68 20 0.41

68 20 1.6

Alcohol - allyl 104 40 0.90 cp 31.8

Alcohol - butyl-n 68 20 3.64 38

68 20 1.52 31.7

Alcohol - ethyl (grain) C2H5OH 100 37.8 1.2 31.5

59 15 0.74

Alcohol - methyl (wood) CH3OH 32 0 1.04

68 20 2.8 35

Alcohol - propyl 122 50 1.4 31.7

Aluminum sulfate - 36% solution 68 20 1.41 31.7

Ammonia 0

-

17.8 0.3

68 20 4.37 40

Aniline 50 10 6.4 46.4

77 25 159-324 737-1.5M

Asphalt RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 100 37.8 60-108 280-500

Automatic crankcase oil SAE 10W 0 -17.8 1295-max 6M-max

Automatic crankcase oil SAE 10W 0 -17.8 1295-2590 6M-12M

439

Automatic crankcase oil SAE 20W 0 -17.8

2590-

10350 12M-48M

Automatic crankcase oil SAE 20 210 98.9 5.7-9.6 45-58

Automatic crankcase oil SAE 30 210 98.9 9.6-12.9 58-70

Automatic crankcase oil SAE 40 210 98.9 12.9-16.8 70-85

Automatic crankcase oil SAE 50 210 98.9 16.8-22.7 85-110

Automotive gear oil SAE 75W 210 98.9 4.2 min 40 min

Automotive gear oil SAE 80W 210 98.9 7.0 min 49 min

Automotive gear oil SAE 85W 210 98.9 11.0 min 63 min

Automotive gear oil SAE 90W 210 98.9 14-25 74-120

Automotive gear oil SAE 140 210 98.9 25-43 120-200

Automotive gear oil SAE150 210 98.9 43 - min 200 min

Beer 68 20 1.8 32

32 0 1

Benzene (Benzol) C6H6 68 20 0.74 31

130 54.4 47.5 220

Bone oil 212 100 11.6 65

Bromine 68 20 0.34

-50 0.52

Butane-n 30 -1.1 0.35

68 20 1.61

Butyric acid n 32 0 2.3 cp 31.6

Calcium chloride 5% 65 18.3 1.156

Calcium chloride 25% 60 15.6 4 39

65 18.3 11.83

Carbolic acid (phenol) 194 90 1.26 cp 65

68 20 0.612

Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 100 37.8 0.53

32 0 0.33

Carbon disulfide CS2 68 20 0.298

100 37.8 259-325 1200-1500

Castor oil 130 54.4 98-130 450-600

69 20.6 308.5 1425

China wood oil 100 37.8 125.5 580

68 20 0.38

Chloroform 140 60 0.35

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440

100 37.8 29.8-31.6 140-148

Coconut oil 130 54.4 14.7-15.7 76-80

100 37.8 32.1 150

Cod oil (fish oil) 130 54.4 19.4 95

130 54.4 28.7 135

Corn oil 212 100 8.6 54

70 21.1 32.1 150

Corn starch solution, 22 Baumรฉ 100 37.8 27.5 130

70 21.1 129.8 600

Corn starch solution, 24 Baumรฉ 100 37.8 95.2 440

70 21.1 303 1400

Corn starch solution, 25 Baumรฉ 100 37.8 173.2 800

100 37.8 37.9 176

Cotton seed oil 130 54.4 20.6 100

60 15.6 3.8 39

Crude oil 48o API 130 54.4 1.6 31.8

60 15.6 9.7 55.7

Crude oil 40o API 130 54.4 3.5 38

60 15.6 17.8 88.4

Crude oil 35.6o API 130 54.4 4.9 42.3

60 15.6 23.2 110

Crude oil 32.6o API 130 54.4 7.1 46.8

0 17.8 2.36 34

Decane-n 100 37.8 1.001 31

Diethyl glycol 70 21.1 32 149.7

Diethyl ether 68 20 0.32

100 37.8 2-Jun 32.6-45.5

Diesel fuel 2D 130 54.4 1.-3.97 -39

100 37.8 6-11.75 45.5-65

Diesel fuel 3D 130 54.4 3.97-6.78 39-48

100 37.8 29.8 max 140 max

Diesel fuel 4D 130 54.4 13.1 max 70 max

122 50 86.6 max 400 max

Diesel fuel 5D 160 71.1 35.2 max 165 max

59 15 0.4

Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H3 68 20 0.49

Ethyl bromide C2H5Br 68 20 0.27

Ethylene bromide 68 20 0.787

Ethylene chloride 68 20 0.668

441

Ethylene glycol 70 21.1 17.8 88.4

Formic acid 10% 68 20 1.04 31

Formic acid 50% 68 20 1.2 31.5

Formic acid 80% 68 20 1.4 31.7

68 20 1.48

Formic acid concentrated 77 25 1.57cp 31.7

Freon -11 70 21.1 0.21

Freon -12 70 21.1 0.27

Freon -21 70 21.1 1.45

68 20 1.45

Furfurol 77 25 1.49cp 31.7

70 21.1 2.39-4.28 34-40

Fuel oil 1 100 37.8 -2.69 32-35

70 21.1 3.0-7.4 36-50

Fuel oil 2 100 37.8 2.11-4.28 33-40

70 21.1 2.69-5.84 35-45

Fuel oil 3 100 37.8 2.06-3.97 32.8-39

70 21.1 7.4-26.4 50-125

Fuel oil 5A 100 37.8 4.91-13.7 42-72

70 21.1 26.4- 125-

Fuel oil 5B 100 37.8 13.6-67.1 72-310

122 50 97.4-660 450-3M

Fuel oil 6 160 71.1 37.5-172 175-780

70 21.1 13.9 73

Gas oils 100 37.8 7.4 50

60 15.6 0.88

Gasoline a 100 37.8 0.71

60 15.6

Gasoline b 100 37.8 0.64

60 15.6 0.46

Gasoline c 100 37.8 0.4

68.6 20.3 648 2950

Glycerin 100% 100 37.8 176 813

68 20 5.29

Glycerin 50% water 140 60 1.85 cp 43

100 37.8 7.7M-22M 35M-100M

Glucose 150 65.6 880-2420 4M-11M

Heptanes-n 0 -17.8 0.928

Page 225: Piping Handbook

442

100 37.8 0.511

0 -17.8 0.683

Hexane-n 100 37.8 0.401

Honey 100 37.8 73.6 349

100 37.8 550-2200 2500-10M

Ink, printers 130 54.4 238-660 1100-3M

70 21.1 24.1 max 115 max

Insulating oil 100 37.8 11.75 max 65 max

Kerosene 68 20 2.71 35

Jet Fuel -30 -34.4 7.9 52

100 37.8 62.1 287

Lard 130 54.4 34.3 160

100 37.8 41-47.5 190-220

Lard oil 130 54.4 23.4-27.1 112-128

100 37.8 30.5 143

Linseed oil 130 54.4 18.94 93

70 21.1 0.118

Mercury 100 37.8 0.11

68 20 0.44

Methyl acetate 104 40 0.32 cp

68 20 0.213

Methyl iodide 104 40 0.42 cp

100 37.8 29.8 140

Menhaden oil 130 54.4 18.2 90

Milk 68 20 1.13 31.5

100 37.8 281-5070

1300-

23500

Molasses A, first 130 54.4 151-1760 700-8160

100 37.8 1410-13.2M 6535-61180

B, second 130 54.4 660-3.3M 3058-15294

100 37.8 2630-55M 12190-255M

C, blackstrap 130 54.4 1320-16.5M 6120-76.5M

176 80 0.9

Naphthalene 212 100 0.78 cp

100 37.8 49.7 230

Neatstool oil 130 54.4 27.5 130

Nitrobenzene 68 20 1.67 31.8

0 -17.8 1.728

Nonane-n 100 37.8 0.807 32

Octane-n 0 -17.8 1.266 31.7

443

100 37.8 0.645

100 37.8 43.2

Olive oil 130 54.4 24.1 200

100 37.8 47.8

Palms oil 130 54.4 26.4

100 37.8 42

Peanut oil 130 54.4 23.4 200

0 17.8 0.508

Pentane-n 80 26.7 0.342

130 54.4 20.5 100

Petrolatum 160 71.1 15 77

Petroleum ether 60 15.6 31(est) 1.1

32 0 1.52 cp

Propionic acid 68 20 1.13 31.5

Propylene glycol 70 21.1 52 241

Quenching oil

(typical) 100-120 20.5-25

100 37.8 54.1 250

Rapeseed oil 130 54.4 31 145

100 37.8 324.7 1500

Rosin oil 130 54.4 129.9 600

100 37.8 216-11M 1M-50M

Rosin (wood) 200 93.3 108-4400 500-20M

100 37.8 39.6 184

Sesame seed oil 130 54.4 23 110

Sodium chloride 5% 68 20 1.097 31.1

Sodium chloride 25% 60 15.6 2.4 34

Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 20% 65 18.3 4 39.4

Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 30% 65 18.3 10 58.1

Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 40% 65 18.3

100 37.8 35.4 165

Soya bean oil 130 54.4 19.64 96

100 37.5 21-23 110

Sperm oil 130 54.4 15.2 78

68 20 14.56

Sulphuric acid 100% 140 60 7.2 cp 76

Sulphuric acid 95% 68 20 14.5 75

Sulphuric acid 60% 68 20 4.4 41

3M-8M

Sulphuric acid 20% 650-1400

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444

70 21.1 600-1760

15M-

300M

Tar, coke oven 100 37.8 141-308 2M-20M

70 21.1 3300-66M 2500

Tar, gas house 100 37.8 440-4400 500

100 37.8 559 200-300

Tar, pine 132 55.6 108.2 55-60

68 20 0.68

Toluene 140 60 0.38 cp 185.7

400-440

Triethylene glycol 70 21.1 40 185-205

100 37.8 86.5-95.2 1425

Turpentine 130 54.4 39.9-44.3 650

68 20 313

Varnish, spar 100 37.8 143

Water, distilled 68 20 1.0038 31

60 15.6 1.13

Water, fresh 130 54.4 0.55 31.5

Water, sea 1.15 31.5

100 37.8 35-39.6 163-184

Whale oil 130 54.4 19.9-23.4 97-112

68 20 0.93

Xylene-o 104 40 0.623 cp

1 cSt (centiStokes) = 10-6 m2/s

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แแ€กแ€œแ€„ (design velocity of water flowing) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Service Condition Reasonable velocity, ft/s (m/s) Boiler Feed 8 โ€“ 15 (2.5 โ€“ 4.6) Pump suction and drain lines 4 โ€“ 7 (1.2 โ€“ 2.1) General service 4 โ€“ 10 (1.2 โ€“ 3.0) City Water to 7 (to 2.1)

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (head loss) แ€€ Resistance coefficient, K แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ head loss แ€€ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

445

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแ‡แŠแแ‡แŠแแ‡แŠแแ‡แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Resistance coefficient, KResistance coefficient, KResistance coefficient, KResistance coefficient, K

Resistance coefficient, K แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

)DL( fK =

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ f = friction factor L = Length of pipe D = internal diameter แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Friction Losses in Pipe Fitting and Valves

Resistance Coefficient K (Use in formula hf=Kv2/2g) Nominal Pipe Size

ยฝ ยพ 1 1ยฝ 2 2ยฝ-3 4 6 8-10 12-16 18-24 Fitting K Value

90หš Elbow 0.81 0.75 0.69 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.36

45หš Elbow 0.43 0.4 0.37 0.34 0.3 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.19

90หš LR Elbow 0.43 0.4 0.37 0.34 0.3 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.19

Equal Tee 0.54 0.54 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24

Ball Valve 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.40

Butterfly Valve 0.86 0.81 0.77 0.68 0.63 0.35 0.30

Gate Valve 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10

Globe Valve 9.2 8.5 7.8 7.1 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.1 4.8 4.4 4.1

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแˆแ‹แแˆแ‹แแˆแ‹แแˆแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€€แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Interna (Interna (Interna (Internal l l l PressurePressurePressurePressure))))

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Internal Pressure) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแพแ€€แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

t) - (OD

2st Pi = แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ iP = rated internal pressure, psi or kg/cm2

s = allowable hoop stress psi or kg/cm2

OD = minimum outside diameter (in or cm) t = minimum wall thickness (in or cm)

Page 227: Piping Handbook

446

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ แ€คแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€œแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™ แ€คแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แแ‰แ‹แแ‰แ‹แแ‰แ‹แแ‰แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (External (External (External (External Collapse Collapse Collapse Collapse Pressure)Pressure)Pressure)Pressure)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (External Collapse Pressure) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

3lc

3c

c )ID - (1t2E P

ฯ…ฯ…=

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ cP = external collapse pressure, psi or kg/cm2

cE = effective circumferential modulus of elasticity, psi or kg/cm2

ID = pipe inside diameter (in or cm) t = minimum wall thickness (in or cm) lฯ… = Poissonโ€™s ratio for contraction in the circumferential direction due to

tensile stress in the longitudinal direction cฯ… = Poissonโ€™s ratio for contraction in the longitudinal direction due to

tensile stress in the circumferential direction

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ€แ‚แ€แ‚แ€แ‚แ€แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Pipe Sizing) (Pipe Sizing) (Pipe Sizing) (Pipe Sizing)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Inside Diameter)แŠ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ (System flow rate)แŠ แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (Pressure drop) แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (allowable pressure drop) แ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€” (Phase) แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ธแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€†แ€œแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€˜แ€แ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€˜แ€แ€žแ‚”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€˜แ€แ€™ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€˜แ€ แ€žแ‚”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ ( design flow rate) แ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Design flow rate แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ Inside diameter แ€€ แ€แ€”แ€€แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ (trial and error) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€™แ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แ€กแ€‘แ€•แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€” แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™ แ€œแ€€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ (acceptable velocity in pipe) 2.1 ยฑ 0.9 m/s (7 ยฑ 3 ft/s) แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ (at point of discharge) แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€ (maximum

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velocity limit) แ€€ 2.1 m/s ( 7 fi/s ) แ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€… แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™ 15 ft/sec แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„) แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€คแ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Benoulliโ€™s Theorem, แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€ผแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ - Darcyโ€™s Formula แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ pressure drop แ€€ โ€œpsi/100 ft of pipeโ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ (velocity) แ€€ ft/sec แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แƒแ‹ Fluid flow แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€” Reynolds number แ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ Reynolds number แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€€แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ธแ€† แ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (slug, laminar, transition, turbulent) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Sanitary system (แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€”แ€…) แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€™ turbulent flow (Reynolds number >4,000) แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (inside pipe diameter) แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แŽแ€žแ€Š pressure drop, Reynolds number, velocity แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€•แ€€แแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ (roughness of pipe) แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแŠ แ€•แ€ผแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ‹ แ€•แ€ผแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€–แ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ€กแ€›แ€Š) - แŽแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (actual pressure) แ€žแ€Š pressure drop แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€–แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”) - แŽแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (actual pressure) แ€žแ€Š pressure drop แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹

แแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Š (Incompressible flow) - แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌ แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€€ 0.5 to 1.0 psi/100ft แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€œแ€„แ€™ 1.0 to 2.0 psi/ 100ft แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€žแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€€แ€”แ€ธ (viscosity) 10 cp แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€‘แ‚”แ€‘แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€€แ€”แ€ธ 10 cp แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™ pressure drop แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ Reynolds number แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” (Compressible Flow) - แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€€ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ pressure drop แ€žแ€Š supply pressure แ 10% แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ Saturated steam

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(แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€Š) แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แŠ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ PV = nRT แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Hazen โ€“ Williams equation แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

V = 0.35464 C D0.63 I0.54

Q = 0.27853 C D2.63 I0.54

I = 10.666 C -1.85 D-4.87 I1.85

แ€คแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€†แ€ผแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ แ€™แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธ (flow velocity), แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ (flow volume) แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ (Ref: Kubota Ductile Iron Pipeline Design Manual, Kubota Corp., July, 2009)Hazen-Williams formula แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ Colebrook-White formula แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€š แ€แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Gravity sewer แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ Manning Formula แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€• -

120 m3 of water is required at the delivery point 4000m away the water source.

The delivery point is 75m higher than the water source. The head available at the source is 145m and the required head at the delivery point is 20m. What nominal diameter of pipe is required?

Discharge: Q = 120 m3/h = 33.3 lit/s

Equivalent loss of head (i.e. hydraulic gradient) I:

m m/1000 4.75 )(4000/1000

3 - 12 10 I =+

=

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ K แ€žแ€Š linear measurement แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ 0.1 แ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Re แ€žแ€Š Raynolds Number แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ n แ€žแ€Š coefficient แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ ductile iron แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ 0.0010 แ€™ 0.0013 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ R = A/P , A = Sectional Area of pipe, P = Circumferential Length of pipe to be contacted with the fluid (m)

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ C = Flow Coefficient I = Hydraulic Gradient (unit head loss of pipe line) = h / L

Q = Fow Volume ( /secm3 )

451

แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ„แ†แ„ แ€™ แ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š DN200 (แˆ แ€œแ€€แผแ€•แ€€) แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แแ‚แแ‚แแ‚แแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (De (De (De (Determination of the Piping Wall Thicknesstermination of the Piping Wall Thicknesstermination of the Piping Wall Thicknesstermination of the Piping Wall Thickness))))

แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€”แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ Pressure integrity ๏ฟฝ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Mechanical Strength, corrosion, erosion, wear, threading,

grooving แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€†แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€‘ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œ (tolerance) ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ)

ASME piping code แ€แ€ผแ€„ pressure-integrity design แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Py)2(SEPD t

+= แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

2SEPD t =

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ - t = design minimum wall thickness required to ensure pressure integrity, in P = design pressure, psig D = outside diameter of pipe, in S = allowable stress, psi

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452

E = weld joint efficiency factor (some codes also specify a casting quality factor F for cast piping materials) y = coefficient (function of material and temperature) usually 0.4

แ€กแ€แ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€™ แ€‚แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€€แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

( )PYSEW 2PD t

+= , แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ W แ€žแ€Š weld joint strength reduction factor แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Coefficient YCoefficient YCoefficient YCoefficient Y

โ‰ค 900 F

โ‰ค 482 C

950 F 510 C

1000 F 538 C

1050 F 566 C

1100 F 593 C

โ‰ฅ1150 F โ‰ฅ621 C

Ferritic Steels

0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Austenitic Steels

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7

Other Ductile Metals

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Cast Iron 0.0 ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

ASME B31.4, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids, Par. 404.1.2, Pressure Design of Straight Pipe แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

S 2D P t i= , units metric in

S 20D P t i= , At tn +=

แ€žแ€•แ€€แ แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€กแ€‘แ€žแ€Š tn แ‚แ€„แ€แ€œแ€„แ€แŠ แ€™แ€แ€œแ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ t = pressure design wall thickness, in. (mm)

tn = nominal wall thickness satisfying requirements for pressure and

tolerances, in (mm) A =sum of allowances for threading, grooving, corrosion, etc. in (mm) (แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ แ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แˆ แ‚แ€…แŠ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌ 0.02 in/yr แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ A แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ A = 8 x 0.02 = 0.16 in แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹)

Pi = internal design gage pressure, psi (bar) D = outside diameter, in (mm)

453

S = applicable allowable stress value, psi (MPa)

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™ Allowable stress value, S , แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

S = 0.72 x E x Specified Minimum Yield Strength of pipe, psi (MPa)

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ 0.72 = design factor on nominal wall thickness E = weld joint factor แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Weld Joint Factor, E, แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Weld Joint Factor, E, for Steel Pipe Pipe Type Joint Factor Seamless 1.00 Electric Resistance Weld 0.85 Furnace Butt Weld 0.60 Single Fusion Weld 0.80 to 1.00 Double Fusion Weld 0.85 to 1.00 API 5L SAW, GMAW 0.95

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Weld Joint Factor แ€€ แ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” C)(510 F950 oo แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ 1.00

๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” C)(815 F1500 oo แ€› แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ 0.5

๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฌ (linearly interpolate) แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Minimum Yield Strength of pipe แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

For Seamless Standard and Line Pipe Grades MYS (psi) MTS (psi) Grade 1 (ASTM A252) 30,000 50,000 Grade 2 (ASTM A252) 35,000 60,000 Grade 3 (ASTM A252) 450,000 66,000 Grade A (ASTM A53, A106, A523, API 5L PSL1) 30,000 48,000 Grade B (ASTM A53,A106, A523, API 5L PSL1) 35,000 60,000 Grade C (ASTM A106) 40,000 70,000

PSL1 PSL2 For API pipes MYS (psi) MTS (psi) MYS (psi) MTS (psi) API 5L X42 42,000 63,000 46,000 63,000

แ€คแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€š แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ low alloys, stainless steels แ‚แ€„ nickel alloy แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€œแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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454

API 5L X46 46,000 60,000 42,000 60,000

API 5L X52 52,000 66,000 52,000 66,000

API 5L X56 56,000 71,000 56,000 71,000

API 5L X60 60,000 75,000 60,000 75,000

API 5L X65 65,000 77,000 65,000 77,000

API 5L X70 70,000 82,000 70,000 82,000

MYS = Minimum Yield Strength, MTS = Minimum Tensile Strength

At tn += แ€™ A แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€…แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€œแ€แ‚”

แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (threading)แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (grooving) แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (shaving)แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€• แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€ (longitudinal) แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€€ (circumferential โ€“ hoop stress) แ€Ÿ แ€›แ€›แ€ฌ hoop stress แ€™แ€ฌ longitudinal stress แ€‘แ€€ แ‚แ€…แ€†แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ longitudinal stress แ€‘แ€€ hoop stress แ€€ แ€•แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€• (From Piping Handbook, Seventh Edition, Mcgraw-Hill, Year 2000) A carbon-steel pipe having a required minimum inside diameter of 11.2 in (284 mm) is to transport water at 700 psig (4830 kPa gage) and 90หšF (32หšC). The design code is ASME B31.1, and the design life is 8 years. The water has a nominal oxygen content of 1 ppm. Butt-welded construction is used. Calculate the required minimum wall thickness.

Evaluation: An economical grade of seam-welded carbon-steel pipe (ASTM A53Grade A) is selected. FromASMEB31.1, the allowable working stress at 90หšF (32หšC) is 10,200 psi (70.4 MPa), the corrosion rate is estimated at 0.02 in (0.5 mm) per year.

From ASME B36.10M, NPS 12 (DN 300) [12.75-in (324-mm) OD] is tentatively selected. Using the stated 8-year design life and 0.02 in/yr corrosion rate, the total corrosion allowance of 8 x 0.02 = 0.16 in (4 mm) is calculated. Butt-welded construction is specified; therefore, no additional wall thickness allowance for joining (threading, grooving, etc.) is required. From ASME B31.1, y = 0.4 is selected for ferritic steels at temperatures at or below 900หšF (482หšC).

455

The pressure-integrity design will be based upon ASME B31.1. Then

mm) (14.9 in 0.586

0.16 700) x 0.42(10,200

12.75 x 700

A Py)2(SE

PD tm

=

++

=

++

=

แแแแแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠแƒแŠ แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‚แ‹ Hoop StressHoop StressHoop StressHoop Stress

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ Hoop Stress แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แŽแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

3-

nh 10 x

2tPD S = แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ hS = hoop stress, MPa

nt = pipe nominal wall thickness, mm

P = design pressure, kPa D = outside diameter of pipe, mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€Š net longitudinal stress (แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ) แ‚แ€„ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š hoop stress แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€’แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

T x S 0.90 S -S Lh โ‰ค ( LS แ€žแ€Š + แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€คแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแแ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Š

แ€™แ€ฌ tension (แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€)

Longitudinal compression stress แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

)T -(T E -S v S 12chL ฮฑ=

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ hS = hoop stress due to design pressure, MPa

LS = longitudinal compression stress, MPa

v = Poissonโ€™s Ratio

ฮฑ = Linear coefficient of thermal expansion, C-1o

cE = modulus of elasticity of steel, Mpa

2T = maximum temperature at time of restraint, Co

1T = ambient temperature at time of restraint, Co

S = specified minimum yield strength, MPa T = temperature factor

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Restrained Span pipe line แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ T x S S S -S BLh โ‰ค+ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ BS = absolute value of beam bending compression stress resulting from

live and dead loads, MPa แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Thermal expansion stress range แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

T x S 0.72 SE โ‰ค แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ = thermal expansion stress, MPa

S = specified minimum yield strength, MPa T = temperature factor

แ€ฑแ€œแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€ แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

TL x x F x S S S 0.5 Bh โ‰ค+ แ€คแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แƒแ‹แ‚แƒแ‹แ‚แƒแ‹แ‚แƒแ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (Water Hammer Water Hammer Water Hammer Water Hammer แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ Hydraulic Shock) Hydraulic Shock) Hydraulic Shock) Hydraulic Shock)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€แ€แ€›แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€” แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€„ แ€›แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„ water hammer แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€œ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€œแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€œ แ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€˜แ‚”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ (surge pressure + operating pressure ) แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (water hammer) แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€œแ€„ (Liquid Velocity) ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€Š (Length of pipe run) ๏ฟฝ Modulus of Elasticity of piping material ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Inside Diameter of Pipe) ๏ฟฝ แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€› แ€กแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€‘ (Pipe Wall Thickness) ๏ฟฝ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€›แ€” แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€” (Valve and Pump closing times) ๏ฟฝ แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œ (Entrapped Air)

แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€›แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

457

21

R 2) - (D Ek1

4600 a

+

=

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - DR21 แ‚ แ€œแ€€แผ PVC แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ wave velocity แ€™แ€ฌ -

[ ]

ft/sec 1177.9 2) - (21 0.751

4600 a21 =

+

= แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€šแ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแแ€กแ€œแ€„ แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ Pressure Surge แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

g 2.31

aV P =

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€Š 12 ft/sec แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซ แ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ Maximum Pressure Surge แ€™แ€ฌ -

32.2 x 2.3112 x 1178 P = = 190 psi แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Maximum Pressure Surge แ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€žแ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€€ แ€แ€”แ€†แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€€

critical closing time (Tc) แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ

แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

aL x 2 Tc >

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ a = 1178 ft/sec แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€ฑแ€• แแ€แ€ แ€› แ‚ แ€œแ€€แผ DR21 แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ -

sec. 0.17 1178

100 x 2 Tc => แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Solenoid controlled diaphragm valve แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (upstream and downstream) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€‘แ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€•แ€แ‚แ€„แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€œแ€œแ€€ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ แ‚แ… แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€œแ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€„

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ - P = Pressure Surge, psi V = Velocity change, ft/sec

g = Acceleration of gravity, 32.2 ft/ sec2

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ Tc = Critical Valve Closure Time, sec. L = Length of the pipe run, ft. a = Sonic Velocity of the pressure wave, ft/sec.

Page 233: Piping Handbook

458

แ€œแ€€แ€แ€”แ แ€•แ€‘แ€™ แ‚แ… แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Flow Rate Vs Valve Closing Time

Water Hammer Water Hammer Water Hammer Water Hammer แ€€แ€€แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

Water Hammer แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Water Hammer แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แŽแ€€ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€™แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Water Hammer แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (maximum operating pressure + surge

pressure) แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€„ แ… แ€ฑแ€• (5 ft/sec) แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€› แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€… แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€Š แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ„แ‹ แ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€™ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€–แ€ผแ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€…แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€œแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ check valve แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€” แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€…แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€ฑแ€œแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แˆแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แฟแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€‚แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

459

แ‰แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€€แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - pressure relief valve, surge arrestor, shock absorber แ€…แ€žแ€Š) แ€แ‚”แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ„แ‹แ‚แ„แ‹แ‚แ„แ‹แ‚แ„แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธ (Aboveground Pipe Design) (Aboveground Pipe Design) (Aboveground Pipe Design) (Aboveground Pipe Design)

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แŠแŠแŠแŠ แ€€ แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Thermal Expansion and Contraction)(Thermal Expansion and Contraction)(Thermal Expansion and Contraction)(Thermal Expansion and Contraction)

แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แŠ แ€€แ‚”แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ T L L โˆ†=โˆ† ฮฑ แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ L แ€€ per 100 ft แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ T โˆ† แ€€ )T-T ( 21 แ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€€ -

100L x

10)T - (T

L 21ฮฑ=โˆ† แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ Lโˆ† = Expansion of pipe (in)

ฮฑ = coefficient of thermal expansion (in / F10o / 100ft)

1T = Maximum Temperature ( Fo )

2T = Minimum Temperature ( Fo )

L = length of pipe run (ft)

แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แŠ แ€€แ‚”แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ค Thermal expansion/contraction แ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ PVC แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ ฮฑ แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€žแ€Š 0.36 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - How much expansion will result in 300 ft of PVC pipe installed at F50o and

operating at F125o ?

in 8.1 100300 x

1050) - (125 x 0.36 L ==โˆ†

แ€–แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€‚แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ฮฑ แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ 18x10-6 mm/mm/ Co แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€• แแ€แ€ (30.48 m) แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€ C50o แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ 50 x 30.48x 10 x 18 L -6=โˆ† = 27.4 mm แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ Expansion Expansion Expansion Expansion แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„ Contraction Contraction Contraction Contraction แ€€แ€€แ€€แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€€ แ‚”แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (tensile force) แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (compressive force) แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€…แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ loop แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ offset แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

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460

แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Expansion joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€™ expansion loop, offset แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€žแ€Š F30o ( C17o ) แ€‘แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ expansion loop แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Expansion Loop Formula :

S 2L)( ED 3 L โˆ†

= แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ L = Loop length (in)

E = Modulus of elasticity at maximum temperature (psi) S = Working stress at maximum temperature (psi) D = Outside diameter of pipe (in) Lโˆ† = Change in length due to change in temperature (in)

แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€• - What would be the loop length to be to compensate for 4โ€ of expansion of 3โ€ PVC

Sch 80 pipe with a minimum temperature of F110o ? (Outside diameter of 3โ€ PVC pipe = 3.5โ€ , E = 371,000, S = 1500)

S 2

L)( ED 3 L โˆ†= =

1500 x 24 x 3.5 x 371000 x 3 L = = 74.83 in

Expansion Loop

461

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€•แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€•แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€•แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (ThermalThermalThermalThermal Stress and Longitudinal Force Stress and Longitudinal Force Stress and Longitudinal Force Stress and Longitudinal Force))))

แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€€แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€’แ€ซแ€ แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

TE St โˆ†= ฮฑ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ St = Stress (psi)

E = Longitudinal Modulus of elasticity (psi x 510 )

ฮฑ = Coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/ -5Fx10o )

Tโˆ† = Temperature change between the installation temperature and max/min temperature, whichever

produces the greater differential ( Fo ) แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€• - What is the induced stress developed in 2โ€ Sch 80 PVC pipe with the

pipe restricted at both ends? (Assume the temperature extremes are from F70o

to F100o ).

psi 324 70)-(100x 10 x 3.0x 10 x 3.6 TE St -55 ==โˆ†= ฮฑ

Longitudinal force แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ stress แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (cross sectional area) แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€œแ€’แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ -

F = St x A แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ F = Force (lbs)

Offset

Page 235: Piping Handbook

462

St = Stress (psi)

A = Cross sectional area (in2) = )ID -(OD 4

22ฯ€

แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€• - With the stress as shown in the previous example (324 psi), calculate the amount of force developed in the 2โ€ Sch 80 PVC pipe.

Cross sectional area of 2โ€ pipe = A = )ID -(OD 4

22ฯ€

222 in 1.556 )1.913 - (2.375 4

3.1416 ==

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ F = St x A = 324 psi x 1.556 2in = 504 lbs. แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠ แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹แ„แ‹ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Length Change Due to Pressure) (Length Change Due to Pressure) (Length Change Due to Pressure) (Length Change Due to Pressure) 1. Unrestrained S1. Unrestrained S1. Unrestrained S1. Unrestrained Systemystemystemystem ( ( ( (แ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€•แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€•แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€•แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€•แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…)))) แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (internal pressure) แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (thrust force) แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€‘แŠ Poissonโ€™s Ratio, Axial Modulus of Elasticity, Circumferential Modulus of Elasticity แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

=โˆ†

cm

2

iclm

2

E D2t (ID) p -

E D4t (ID) pL L ฯ…

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ lm

2

E D4t (ID) p

แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€ซแ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ cm

2

ic E D2t (ID) p ฯ… แ€žแ€Š

แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€€ แ‚”แ€แ€„แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ€€ แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ -

EE 2 - 1

E D4t (ID) pL L

c

lic

lm

2

=โˆ† ฯ… แ€Ÿ แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ -

L = length of the pipe (in or cm)

p = internal pressure (psi or kg/cm2)

icฯ… = Poissonโ€™s Ratio for contraction in the longitudinal direction due to the strain in

the circumferential direction

cE = circumferential modulus of elasticity (psi or kg/cm2)

lE = longitudinal modulus of elasticity (psi or kg/cm2)

mD = mean diameter of pipe wall = ID + t

463

ID = Inside Diameter of the pipe (in or cm) t = thickness of pipe wall (in or cm)

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€• - Find the length change in 10 m of Bondstrand series 2000M, 8โ€ pipe

which is subjected to an internal pressure of 145 psi (10 bars) at F75o ( C24o ).

a. English Unita. English Unita. English Unita. English Unit

icฯ… = 0.56 , cE = 3,600,000 psi , lE = 1,600,000 psi

ID = 8.22 in , t = 0.241 in , mD = 8.46 in

L = 394 inches , p = 145 psi

psi 3,600,000psi 1,600,000 x 0.56 x 2 - 1

psi 1,600,000 in) (8.46 in) 4(0.241 in) (8.22 psi 145 in) (394 L

2

=โˆ†

in 0.147 L =โˆ† b. Metric Unitb. Metric Unitb. Metric Unitb. Metric Unit

icฯ… = 0.56 , cE = 253105 kg/cm2 , lE = 113490 kg/cm2

ID = 20.9 cm , t = 0.612 cm , mD = 21.5 cm

L = 1000 cm , p = 10 bars = 10.02 kg/cm2

kg/cm 253105kg/cm 113490 x 0.56 x 2 - 1

kg/cm 113490 cm) (21.5 cm) 4(0.612 cm) (20.9 kg/cm 10.02 cm) (1000 L 2

2

2

22

=โˆ†

cm 0.373 L =โˆ†

Page 236: Piping Handbook

464

2222. . . . RRRRestrained Systemestrained Systemestrained Systemestrained System ( ( ( (แ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€•แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€•แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€•แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€•แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…))))

Restrained system แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

E D2t

(ID) p L L cm

2

ic

โˆ’=โˆ† ฯ… แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (ThThThThrustrustrustrust Due to Pressure in Due to Pressure in Due to Pressure in Due to Pressure in an an an an Anchored System)Anchored System)Anchored System)Anchored System)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€™แ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€•แ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

)(- x EE x

2ID D p P lc

c

lm ฯ…ฯ€

=

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ P = Thrust Force (lbf or kg) ID = internal diameter (in or cm)

lE = longitudinal modulus of elasticity (psi or kg/cm2)

cE = circumferential modulus of elasticity (psi or kg/cm2)

icฯ… = Poissonโ€™s Ratio

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€• - For 6โ€ Bondstrand fiberglass pipe, ID = 6.26โ€, mD = 6.44 in, P = 100

psi, lE = 1.6x106 psi, cE = 3.6x106 psi, icฯ… = 0.56 , then

(tension) lbf 1580 (0.56) x (3.6)(1.6) x

2(6.26) (6.44) (100) 3.142 P ==

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ Thrust Due to Pressure On A Closed EndThrust Due to Pressure On A Closed EndThrust Due to Pressure On A Closed EndThrust Due to Pressure On A Closed End

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€•แ‚แ€…แ€˜แ€€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

465

p x 4

(ID) P2ฯ€

= แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ 100 psi แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ† แ€œแ€€แผ Bondstrand แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แš แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ -

lbf 3080 100 x 4(6.26) x 3.142 P

2== แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠ แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹แ‡แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€Šแ€™แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€„แ€Šแ€™แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€„แ€Šแ€™แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€„แ€Šแ€™แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ธแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Support Spacing for Uniformly Distributed Load)(Support Spacing for Uniformly Distributed Load)(Support Spacing for Uniformly Distributed Load)(Support Spacing for Uniformly Distributed Load)

แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แŽแแ€€แ€šแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€” แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€Šแ€™แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€•แ€…แ€•แ€…แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Permissible deflection แ€€ 0.5 in แ€Ÿ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

W(El) 0.258 L

41

= แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ L = Support spacing, ft

(EL) = Beam stiffness (lb-in2)

W = Total uniformly distributed load (lb/in)

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ metric แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€œแ€„ -

41

W(El) 0.124 L

= แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ L = Support spacing, m

(EL) = Beam stiffness (kg-cm2)

W = Total uniformly distributed load (kg/m)

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€• - Calculate the recommended support spacing for 6โ€ Bondstrand series

2000M pipe full of water at F150o .

ft 16.5 1.36

19.0 x 1,200,000 0.258 L 41

=

=

Page 237: Piping Handbook

466

Support spacing แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Š Modulus of elasticity of Bondstrand GRP pipe

Temperature El

100 Fo (38 Co ) 1,500,000 psi (105,500 kg/cm2)

150 Fo (66 Co ) 1,200,000 psi (84,400 kg/cm2)

200 Fo (93 Co ) 900,000 psi (63,300 kg/cm2)

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠ แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹แˆแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€”แ€กแ€€แ€”แ€กแ€€แ€”แ€กแ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€žแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แแ‚”แ€กแ€žแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แแ‚”แ€กแ€žแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แแ‚”แ€กแ€žแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ แ€แ€Šแฟแ€„แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€แ€Šแฟแ€„แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€แ€Šแฟแ€„แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€แ€Šแฟแ€„แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€ผ แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€กแ€ผ แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€กแ€ผ แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€กแ€ผ แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Use Euler and Roark Euqations to check the stability of the restrained lines)(Use Euler and Roark Euqations to check the stability of the restrained lines)(Use Euler and Roark Euqations to check the stability of the restrained lines)(Use Euler and Roark Euqations to check the stability of the restrained lines)

21

AT I L

โˆ†=

ฮฑฯ€

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ L = unsupported length or guide spacing (in or cm)

I = beam moment of inertia (in4 or cm4 )

ฮฑ = coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/ Fo or m/m/ Co )

A = cross sectional area ((in2 or cm2 )

Tโˆ† = change in temperature ( Fo or Co )

แ€•แ€€แ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€แ€Šแฟแ€„แ€™แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š (guide แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Š) แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Euler แ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€šแ€€แ€ฌ Roark แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

)4KL -

4KL (tan

2KP-WL y =

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ 21

ElP K

= แ‚แ€„ E A T

LEl P 2

2โˆ†== ฮฑ

ฯ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

El= longitudinal modulus of elasticity (psi or kg/ cm2 )

W = uniform horizontal load (lb/in or kg/cm) L = guide spacing (in or cm)

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€แ€™แ‚ˆ y แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€ (1.27cm) แ€‘แ€€แ€„แ€šแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€กแ€ผ แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ L แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ y แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ L แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ Roark แ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ y แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ y แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

467

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠ แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹ Expansion joint Expansion joint Expansion joint Expansion joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ Guide Spacing Guide Spacing Guide Spacing Guide Spacing แ€€แ€€แ€€แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ ((((Calculating the GuidCalculating the GuidCalculating the GuidCalculating the Guide Spacing of Pipe Runs Containing Expansion Jointse Spacing of Pipe Runs Containing Expansion Jointse Spacing of Pipe Runs Containing Expansion Jointse Spacing of Pipe Runs Containing Expansion Joints))))

21

21

FIEl

TAI L

=

โˆ†=

ฮฑฯ€

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ L = guide spacing (in or cm) F = TAEl โˆ†ฮฑ = force of compressing an expansion joint (lb or kg)

ฮฑ = coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/ Fo or m/m/ Co ) lE = longitudinal modulus of elasticity at highest operating temperature

(psi or kg/cm2)

Tโˆ† = change in temperature ( Fo or Co )

I = beam second moment of inertia (in4 or cm4 )

A = cross sectional area ((in2 or cm2 )

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠแ‚แ„แŠ แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹แแ€แ‹ Anchors in Piping SystemAnchors in Piping SystemAnchors in Piping SystemAnchors in Piping System

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” anchor แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Anchor แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฌ แ€แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Anchor แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

๏ฟฝ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€žแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ๏ฟฝ loop แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ expansion joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” ๏ฟฝ แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€œแ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€€แ€ผ แ‚” แ€™แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” ๏ฟฝ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ‚แ€„ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ€แ€œแ€•แ€แ€”แŒ

แ€‘แ€–แ€ผแ€„/แ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ…แ‹แ‚แ…แ‹แ‚แ…แ‹แ‚แ…แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Underground Installation (PVC Pipe)) (Underground Installation (PVC Pipe)) (Underground Installation (PVC Pipe)) (Underground Installation (PVC Pipe))

แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€…แ€›แ€แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€›แ€Šแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€šแ€ฅแ€œแ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€ผแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€€ แ€กแ€† แ…แ€ แ€•แ แ€€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ ductile iron แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€€ แแ€ แ€† แ€•แ แ€€แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ AWWA แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€žแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•

Page 238: Piping Handbook

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แ€แ€€แ€กแ€› แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚แ€… แแ€แ€ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€›แ€Šแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แˆแ… แ‚แ€…แŠ Ductile iron แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ‚แ€… แ†แ€ แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€Ÿ แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) แ แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ แ€ฑแ€•แ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ€‘แ‚แ€…แ€แ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌ) แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Minimum soil stiffness E = 1000 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€›แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แƒ แ€ฑแ€• แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ€‘แ‚แ€…แ€ แ€กแ€”แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌ) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€Šแ€Šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ผแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€Šแ€Šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ‚”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ‚”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€Šแ€€แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€–แ‚”แ€œแ€„ แ† แ€œแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€‘แ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ‚”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แˆแ… แ€™ แ‰แ€ แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€‘ แ€•แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€–แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ‚”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€…แ€€ (vibrator) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€–แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€–แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌ แ€Šแ€Šแ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€–แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€–แ‚”แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ แ€™แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€”แ€š แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€–แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€žแ€›แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€žแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€Šแ€…แ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€—แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€†แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ผแ€œแ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ผแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€œแ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€€ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ผแ€œแ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ผแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€Ÿแ€แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Loop Offset (in) for Contraction Table

Maximum Temperature Variation, Fo ( Co ), Between Time of Joined Pipe and Final Usage

Source: Adapted from NIBCO, Inc. Data

469

Pipe Snaking

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ…แŠแ‚แ…แŠแ‚แ…แŠแ‚แ…แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€–แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€–แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€–แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Earth Pressure due to Earth Cover) (Earth Pressure due to Earth Cover) (Earth Pressure due to Earth Cover) (Earth Pressure due to Earth Cover)

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€” ( ( ( (แ€€แ€€แ€€แ€€) Prism Formula) Prism Formula) Prism Formula) Prism Formula

แ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€”แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ‚ แ€™แ€แ€ฌ (แ† แ€ฑแ€•) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€‘แ‚”แ€‘แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ H 0.001 Wf ฮณ=

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ - Wf = Earth pressure due to earth cover (MPa)

ฮณ = Unit weight of back filling soil (kN/m3 )

H = Depth of earth cover (m)

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€” ( ( ( (แ€แ€แ€แ€) Marstonโ€™s Formula for ditch condition) Marstonโ€™s Formula for ditch condition) Marstonโ€™s Formula for ditch condition) Marstonโ€™s Formula for ditch condition

แ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€”แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ‚ แ€™แ€แ€ฌ (แ† แ€ฑแ€•) แ€‘แ€€ แ€•แ€”แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

)Be - (1 tan 2k 0.001 W H/B tan 2k-

fฯ†

ฯ†

ฮณ=

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470

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ B = Width of trench at the top of the pipe (m)

ฯ† = Internal friction angle of backfilling soil (deg.)

ฯ†+

ฯ†=

sin 1 sin - 1 k

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ unit weight of backfilling soil แ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌ แ„แˆแˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€–แ€แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€” ( ( ( (แ€‚แ€‚แ€‚แ€‚) Marstonโ€™s Formula for positive) Marstonโ€™s Formula for positive) Marstonโ€™s Formula for positive) Marstonโ€™s Formula for positive----projection conditionprojection conditionprojection conditionprojection condition

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€” แ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ positive projection แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซ แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ D 0.001C W cf ฮณ=

cC = Coefficient

D = Diameter of pipe (m)

Typical Soil Characteristics (Unit Weight of Backfilling Soil) (Ref: Lindeburg, Civil Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam, 8th ed.)

Soil Type

g

(lb/ft3)

gsat

(lb/ft3)

g

(kN/m3)

gsat

(kN/m3)

Sand, loose and uniform 90 118 14.14 18.54

Sand, dense and uniform 109 130 17.12 20.42

sand, loose and well graded 99 124 15.55 19.48

Sand, dense and well graded 116 135 18.22 21.21

glacial clay, soft 76 110 11.94 17.28

glacial clay, stiff 106 125 16.65 19.64

Cc แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€™

แ€–แ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

471

Calculation coefficient : Cc Calculation coefficient : Cn

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€” ( ( ( (แ€ƒแ€ƒแ€ƒแ€ƒ) Marstonโ€™s Formula for negative) Marstonโ€™s Formula for negative) Marstonโ€™s Formula for negative) Marstonโ€™s Formula for negative----projection conditionprojection conditionprojection conditionprojection condition

Negative projection แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ B 0.001C W nf ฮณ=

nC = coefficient

(แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€™ แ€–แ€แ€šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ B = width of trench

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ…แŠแ‚แ…แŠแ‚แ…แŠแ‚แ…แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ€›แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€›แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€›แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€›แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Earth Pressure due to (Earth Pressure due to (Earth Pressure due to (Earth Pressure due to Vehicle LoadVehicle LoadVehicle LoadVehicle Load))))

แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ€›แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ Boussinesq แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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472

P10F W ฮฑ=t

Wt = Earth pressure due to truck load (MPa) F = Impact Factor ( = 1.5) P = Load of one rear tire of truck

ฮฑ = Coefficient

Coefficient ฮฑ for one truck

Depth of earth cover (m)

Coefficient ฮฑ for two truck

Depth of earth cover (m)

473

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ…แŠแ‚แ…แŠแ‚แ…แŠแ‚แ…แŠ แƒแƒแƒแƒแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€˜แ€’แ€‡แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€˜แ€’แ€‡แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€˜แ€’แ€‡แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€˜แ€’แ€‡แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ป แ€ป แ€ป แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (Caterpillar Load by BulldozerCaterpillar Load by BulldozerCaterpillar Load by BulldozerCaterpillar Load by Bulldozer))))

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€žแ€Š แ€˜แ€œแ€’แ€‡แ€ฌ แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€”แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€ฑแ€ž แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

ฯ‘+

+=

tan 2H b) i 1 (q n W B

B

H = Depth of earth cover

ฯ‘ = Distribution angle of caterpillar load (normally ฯ‘ = o45 i = impact factor (i=0.2 for weak ground and i = 0 for others) b = Width of caterpillar (m)

Bq = Vertical pressure of vehicle (MPa) (แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)

Class of Bulldozer qB (Mpa) b (m) Distance of caterpillars (m)

30kN 0.033 0.30 1.19

60kN 0.046 0.35 1.42

80kN 0.048 0.41 1.54

110kN 0.058 0.46 1.88

150kN 0.060 0.51 1.88

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ†แ‹แ‚แ†แ‹แ‚แ†แ‹แ‚แ†แ‹ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€… แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Thrust Anchoring (Thrust Anchoring (Thrust Anchoring (Thrust Anchoring))))

แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€‘ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (thrust

WB = Earth pressure due to truck load (MPa) n = Number of caterpillars affects on the pipe (n=1 or 2)

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474

force) แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€‘แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€€ Thrust Anchoring แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Bends) (Bends) (Bends) (Bends) แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Tee) (Tee) (Tee) (Tee) แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠ แƒแƒแƒแƒแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Reducer Reducer Reducer Reducer แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ

2 Sin2pA P ฮธ

=

where P = Thrust Force p = Internal Pressure A = Sectional area of pipe ฮธ = Angle of Bend

P = pa

where P = Thrust Force p = Internal Pressure a = Sectional area of branch pipe

P = p (A โ€“ a)

where A - a = Changed Sectional area

475

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠ แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€•แ€แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€•แ€แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€•แ€แ€•แ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€•แ€ (Pipe Ends) (Pipe Ends) (Pipe Ends) (Pipe Ends) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ

Thrust Force at 0.1MPa pressure, in kN

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Thrust force) แ€žแ€Š 0.1MPa แ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - DN600 (24โ€) แ€•แ€€แ แ„แ…แ€’แ€‚แ€› elbow แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ 0.5MPa แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ Thrust force แ€žแ€Š 24.239 x 5 = 121.195 kN แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€› แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€•แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€› แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (precast blocks) แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

P = p A

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476

แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Concrete Protective Covering

477

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Šแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Šแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Šแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

l)h -(h C 21 E 2

12

2e ฮณ=

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ - P = Thrust Force

W = Total weight at the block bottom (=W1+W2+W3)

W1= Weight of the soil on the block

W2 = Weight of water and pipe in the block

W3 = Weight of Block

ยต W= Friction force

ยต = Friction coefficient between concrete block and soil

E = Passive earth pressure at the backside of the block

) 2 (45tan C 2

eฯ†

+= o แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ eC = = = = Coefficient of passive earth pressure

ฮณ = Unit weight of soil

l = Projection length of the block แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Horizontal bends) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ

แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

EW P +ยต<

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478

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠ แ†แ†แ†แ†แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Upward Vertical Bends) (Upward Vertical Bends) (Upward Vertical Bends) (Upward Vertical Bends)

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ - P = Thrust Force 1P = Horizontal component of thrust force

2P = = = = Vertical component of thrust force

)P-(W 2ยต = Friction Force

E = Passive earth pressure at the backsides of the block F = Active earth pressure at the both sides of the block

แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ - Thrust force แ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Horizontal component) แ€€ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ -

E)P-(W 2 Sin P P 21 +ยต<ฮธ

=

- Thrust force แ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Vertical component) แ€€ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ -

FW 2 Cos P P2 +<ฮธ

=

ยต+ฮณ== ) (B 2 )h -(h s C 21 2F F 2

12

2'

e'

l

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ W = Width of block l = Length of block

'eC = coefficient of active earth pressure

) 2 (45tan C 2'

eฯ†

โˆ’=o

479

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠแ‚แ†แŠ แ‡แ‡แ‡แ‡แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€› แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Downward Vertical Bends) (Downward Vertical Bends) (Downward Vertical Bends) (Downward Vertical Bends)

แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ - Thrust force แ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Horizontal component) แ€€ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ -

E)P(W 2 Sin P P 21 ++ยต<ฮธ

=

- Thrust force แ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Vertical component) แ€€ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ -

2 Cos P P2ฮธ

=

a2

BLP W ฯƒ<

+=ฯƒ

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ ฯƒ = Required bearing capacity of the ground

aฯƒ = Allowable bearing capacity of the ground

แ€กแ€€แ€šแ allowable bearing capacity of the ground แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€˜แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€•แ€‘แ€Š แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€™แ€œ Hydro-test แ€…แ€™แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€Šแแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€˜แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Friction Coefficient แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Friction Coefficient, ยต

Type of Soil Friction Coefficient, ยต

Gravel 0.6

Clay 0.2 โ€“ 0.5

Dry Sand 0.5

Wet Sand 0.33

Allowable Bearing Capacity of Ground, aฯƒ

Type of Soil Allowable Bearing Capacity (kN/m2)

Clay 50- 200

Soil mixed with sand 300 - 400

Wet Sand 10 - 300

Dry Sand 300 - 500

Unit Weight, ฮณ and Internal Friction Angle, ฯ† of Soil

Unit Weight Internal Friction Angle

Type of Soil Conditions (kN/m3) (degree)

Normal Soil Dry 14 30 - 40

Wet 16 45

Saturated 18 25 - 30

Sand Dry 16 30 - 35

Wet 18 40

Saturated 20 25

Sand mixed with

clay Dry 15 40 - 45

Wet 19 20 - 25

Clay Dry 16 40 - 45

Wet 20 20 - 25

Gravel Dry 18 35 - 40

Wet 19 27 - 40

Silt --- 17 10 - 20

481

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ‡แ‹แ‚แ‡แ‹แ‚แ‡แ‹แ‚แ‡แ‹ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€žแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ‚แ‹ Mechanical joint แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€€แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€…แ€†แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€€ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‚แ€„แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€™ แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€†แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ผแ€œแ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ผแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€–แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€„แ€แŠ แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€กแ€แŠ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€žแ€›แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€…แ€กแ€‘แ€„ แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€…แ€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€แ€›แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€€แ€›แ€…แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌ แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แˆแ‹แ‚แˆแ‹แ‚แˆแ‹แ‚แˆแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Piping Insulation) (Piping Insulation) (Piping Insulation) (Piping Insulation)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€กแ€•แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™ แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Š/แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ‚”แ€™ แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€™ แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€›แ€Š/แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€œแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ‚”แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€™ แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€€แ€”แ€‘แ€›แ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€™แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Š shout circuit แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Short circuit แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€žแ‚”แ€šแ€…แ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€• แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€ธแŠ แ‚แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€•แŠ แ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€• แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แˆแŠแ‚แˆแŠแ‚แˆแŠแ‚แˆแŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€•แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€กแ€•แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€กแ€•แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€กแ€•แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€™ แ€กแ€• แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

xT t A K Q โˆ†โ€ข

=

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ Q = Heat gain or loss (Btu)

483

K = Thermal conductivity of the pipe ( FHR--ft / in - Btu 2 o )

T โˆ† = Temperature difference of inside and outside pipe walls ( Fo )

A = Surface Area ( 2ft )

x = Wall thickness (in) t = Time (hrs)

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - What is the heat loss over 1 hr of a 1 foot long section of 2โ€ PVC Sch 80

pipe with a temperature difference of F80o ?

K = 1.2 FHR--ft / in - Btu 2 o (for PVC) D = 2.375โ€ for 2โ€ Sch 80 PVC pipe

A = ฯ€ DL = (3.141) (2.375 in)(1 ft/12 in) (1 ft) = 0.621 2ft X = 0.218 in.

Btu 273.47 0.218

80 x 0.621 x 1 x 1.2 x

T t A K Q ==โˆ†โ€ข

=

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แˆแŠแ‚แˆแŠแ‚แˆแŠแ‚แˆแŠ แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€•

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

A. Ring B. Shoe C. Clevis

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Split Ring Hanger

485

แ€คแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Clevis Hanger แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€‘แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€žแ‚”แ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Shield แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ saddle (แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ 5 แ‚แ€„ 6) แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€™แ€‘แ€™แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€€แ€ผ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š Shield แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ saddle แ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€–แ€™แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ‹

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แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌ (heat tracing) แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€–แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ (metal jacketing or lagging) แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€™แ€แŠ แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€™แŠ coated steel แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€€แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€€แ€กแ€…แ€•แแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€‘แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€•แ€–แ‚” แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€แ€„แ€†แ€ผแฟแ€• แ€†แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€”แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€™แ€œแ€…แ€…แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€šแแ€œแ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

487

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€‘แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

Insulation Nominal Thickness NPS OD,

in.

ID,

in. 1 1โ€“ยฝ 2 2โ€“ยฝ 3 3โ€“ยฝ 4 4โ€“ยฝ 5

ยฝ 0.8 0.9 2.9 4 5 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8

ยพ 1.1 1.1 2.9 4 5 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8

1 1.3 1.3 3.5 4.5 5.6 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8

1โ€“ยผ 1.7 1.7 3.5 5 5.6 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8

1โ€“ยฝ 1.9 1.9 4 5 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8

2 2.4 2.4 4.5 5.6 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8

2โ€“ยฝ 2.9 2.9 5 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14

3 3.5 3.5 5.6 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14

3โ€“ยฝ 4 4.0 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 12.8 14

4 4.5 4.5 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14 15

4โ€“ยฝ 5 5.0 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14 14 15

5 5.6 5.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14 15 16

6 6.6 6.7 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14 15 16 17

7 7.6 7.7 10.8 11.8 12.8 14 15 16 17 18

8 8.6 8.7 11.8 12.8 14 12 16 17 18 19

9 9.6 9.7 12.8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

10 10.8 10.8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€…แ€ฅ Different Types of Insulation

Materials

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11 11.8 11.8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

12 12.8 12.8 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

14 14 14.1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

NPS = Nominal Pipe Size, OD = Pipe Outside Diameter, ID = Insulation Inside Dia. แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ‰แ‹แ‚แ‰แ‹แ‚แ‰แ‹แ‚แ‰แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€”แ‚” แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Choosing the Pump Capacity for specific piping sy (Choosing the Pump Capacity for specific piping sy (Choosing the Pump Capacity for specific piping sy (Choosing the Pump Capacity for specific piping system)stem)stem)stem)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ (capacity) แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€” แ€•แ€‘แ€™ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ Head Loss แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ P1 แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€”แแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€‘แ€ผแ€€ (discharge) Q1 แ€‘แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ€ธแแ€•แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (Pressure loss) แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€„ แ€•แแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ operating pressure P2 แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€‘แ€ผแ€€ Q2 แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€œแ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€™ แ€กแ€žแ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ‰แŠแ‚แ‰แŠแ‚แ‰แŠแ‚แ‰แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ HeadHeadHeadHead แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ

(R (R (R (Required Head equired Head equired Head equired Head of Pump)of Pump)of Pump)of Pump) แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ (suction point) แ€™ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€œแ€• แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘ (discharge into the atmosphere) แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š head* แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

โ€ข head = แ€ฑแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ‹ แ€ฑแ€•แŠ แ€œแ€€แ€™แŠ แ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ Ha แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹

แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€…แ€แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ แ€ฑแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

489

Hda

Ha

Hsa

Hs

hs

Ha = Hsa

hs

Hs

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490

H = Total Head (m)

aH = Actual Head (m)

saH = Actual Suction Head (m)

daH = Actual discharge Head (m)

sH = Total suction head (m)

sh = Total loss of suction head (m)

dh = Total loss of discharge head (m)

2gV 2s = Suction velocity head (m)

2gV 2d = Discharge velocity head (m)

แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ โ€œTotal Headโ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€• แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

ฮณ

+++=) P- (P 1000

2gV h H H sd

2d

a l

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ H = Total Head (m) aH = Actual Head (m)

h

l= Total head Loss (m)

dV = Flow velocity at the end of the discharge piping (m/s)

2gV 2d = Discharge velocity head (m)

dP = Pressure exerted on the discharge water surface (MPa)

sP = Pressure exerted on the suction water surface (MPa)

ฮณ = Specific weight of pumped liquid (kN/m3)

แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ head แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

2gV h H H

2d

a ++=l

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ l

H H H a +=

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ l

H แ€žแ€Š total head loss แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ discharge velocity head แ€•แ€ซ แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

491

แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ‰แŠแ‚แ‰แŠแ‚แ‰แŠแ‚แ‰แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แแ€•แ€”แ‚”แแ€•แ€”แ‚”แแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€„แ€ธแ€„แ€ธแ€„แ€ธ (((( Required Required Required Required Power of Pump)Power of Pump)Power of Pump)Power of Pump) แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

(kW) QH 0.163 C Ptpฮทฮท

ฮณ= (HP)

4.5 QH C P

tpฮทฮท

ฮณ=

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ P = Power required for the prime mover C = Excess : Motor ; 0.11 โ€“ 0.12 Engine; 0.115 โ€“ 0.125

Q = Capacity of flow volume (m3 / min), H = Total Head

pฮท = Pump efficiency (%)

tฮท = Transmission efficiency (%)

Reduction gear box with horizontal spur gears; 0.92 โ€“ 0.98 Reduction gear box with bevel gears; 0.90 โ€“ 0.95 Flat Belt; 0.90 โ€“ 0.93 V - Belt; 0.93 โ€“ 0.95 Shaft coupling; 1.0

Capacity, m3/min

Approximate Pump Efficiency, pฮท

Pump Efficiency, pฮท แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€Šแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แš

แ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ Pump Efficiency, pฮท แ€€แ€–แ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ

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แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ head loss แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Imperial แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ -

v = 0.4085 q / d2

แ€™แ€€แ€‘แ€›แ€…แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ -

v = 1.274 q / d2

แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ head loss แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ minor loss แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ

equivalent length (Leq) (แ€‘แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€Šแ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Leq แ€€

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Dx DL L eq

eq = แ€คแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ DLeq แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซ

แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Typical Values of DLeq

Item

DLeq

Globe Valve (Conventional) 400 Globe Valve (Y-Pattern) 160 Gate Valve (Full open) 10 Gate Valve (75% open) 35 Gate Valve (50% open) 150 Gate Valve (25% open) 900 Standard Tee (Flow through run) 10 Standard Tee (Flow through branch) 60

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ -

v = velocity (ft/s) q = volume flow (US gal. /min) d = pipe inside diameter (inches)

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ -

v = velocity (m/s)

q = volume flow (m3/s)

d = pipe inside diameter (m)

493

90deg Standard Elbow 30 45deg Standard Elbow 16 Return Tee 50

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แแ€แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ gate valve แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แŽแŒแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€Š head loss แ equivalent length of pipe แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ Gate valve แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ DLeq แ€žแ€Š 10 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ -

Dx DL L eq

eq = = 10 x 10 = 100 inches แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€› แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแŠ แ€•แ€€แ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€šแ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠแแƒแŠ แ‚แ‰แŠแ‚แ‰แŠแ‚แ‰แŠแ‚แ‰แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€ แ‡ แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€™แ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Š/แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌ ft3/hr,

Liter/minute แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ m3/hr แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€€แ€”แ€ธ (viscosity) แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ viscosity conversion chart แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€„ (แ) แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ€›แ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€™แ€Š pump capacity แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ„แ‹ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

(Helical gear, spur gear, internal eccentric gear แ€…แ€žแ€Š) แ€แ‚”แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€…แ€”แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€™แ€Š แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ…แ‹ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€„ (แ€…แ€•แ€•แ€€) แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แแ€แ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€•แ€€ แ แ€กแ€แ€‘แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€ suction distance แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ suction distance แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€ แ€€แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€™ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€…แ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€€ suction distance, 7m แ€œแ€™แ€Š แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€ฌ แแ€แ€แ€ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€€ suction distance แ€™แ€ฌ 6m แ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚” แ€กแ€ แ€™แ€แ€ฌ แ‚แ€แ€แ€ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€ suction distance แ€™แ€ฌ 5 m

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แ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€•แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€• แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€ แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€‘แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€„แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€œแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€™ แ€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแแ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ†แ‹ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€‘แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แŽแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€€แ€”แ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‡แ‹ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€ซ (Hp, kW) แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Š แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€™ แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€กแ€•แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ efficiency แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€‘ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ Gear Box แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ Belt แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹

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แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แแ„

Stress Analysis แ€™แ€แ€†แ€€ (Introduction to Stress Analysis)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ Stress Analysis แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€™ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ stress analysis แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€œ แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€แ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€คแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ผ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€€แ€„ แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€Š แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ pipe guide แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ anchor แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ Loop แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€‘แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแŠ Guide, Anchor, Loop แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€… แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ Stress Analysis แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ‹ Stress Analysis แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€™แ€žแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€œแ‚”แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹แแ‹ Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€œแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€†แ€†แ€แ€ผแ€€แ แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€›แ‚‰แ€™แ€œแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€€ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ฌแ€“แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€แฟแ€•แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€…แ€€แ€›แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Stress Analysis แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€›แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Stress Analysis แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแŠ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€–แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€… แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ Stress Analysis แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แฟแ€แ€„แ แ€กแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

497

แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€”แŠ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€”แ€žแ€™ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ‚แ‹ แ€‘แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€™แ€ŠแŠ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€

แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€›แ€•แ€‚แ€แ€žแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แƒแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€˜แ€šแ€Šแ€ฌ (แ€žแ€ธแ€˜แ€€) แ€™ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€†แ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ„แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš (แ€žแ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€™) แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€Š แ€แ€”แŠ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€’แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ…แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€›แ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€… (stress pattern)

แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€žแ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ (within the failure limit) แŒแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€…แ‹

แ€šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ stress analysis แ€€ แ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€›แ€‚แ€›แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ CAEPIPE, CAESAR แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ stress analysis แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€• แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ‚แ€„แ€’แ€ซแ€แ‚แ€„แ€’แ€ซแ€แ‚แ€„แ€’แ€ซแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€• (Stress (Stress (Stress (Stress โ€“โ€“โ€“โ€“ Strain Relationship) Strain Relationship) Strain Relationship) Strain Relationship)

แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Stress) แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แŽแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€’แ€ซแ€ (Strain) แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€…แ€•แ€€แ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Stress โ€“ Strain Diagram แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ‚” แ€แ€…แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€› แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (stress) แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ แ€แ€…แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (strain) แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€š แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€‚แ€›แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€œแ€™แ€แ€™ yield strength แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ซแ€”แ€ธแ€‘ stress แ‚แ€„ strain แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ yield strength แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ซแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€‘ แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ธ แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€”แ€šแ€•แ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ‚Šแ€ แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€…แ€™แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ elastic region แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ yield strength แ€กแ€”แ€ธ elastic limit แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€™ แ€žแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€™แ€› แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แŽแ€€ permanent set แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Yield strength แ€กแ€™แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€žแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€˜แ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Ultimate Tensile strength แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€€ แ€†แ€ผแ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€žแ€Š

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แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€›แ€” แ€…แ€แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ necking แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€œแ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€†แ€ผแ€œแ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€žแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Šแ€‘ แ€†แ€ผแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ breaking strength แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹แƒแ‹ Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ

Stress Analysis แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ผแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€„แ€œแ€„แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Š static load, dynamic load แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Š code and standards แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ stress analysis แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ แ€Ÿแ€™ - แแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแฟแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ‚แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€œแ€ธแฟแ€แ€…แ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€›แ€ฑแ€… แ€›แ€” แƒแ‹ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€แ€™แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” - แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แ„แ„แ„แ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ (How Piping and Components Fail) (How Piping and Components Fail) (How Piping and Components Fail) (How Piping and Components Fail)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แ€•แ€œแ€แ€…แ€แ€… แ€•แ€•แ€€แ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (Failure by Excessive Plastic Deformation) (แ€€) Yielding at Sub Elevated Temperature (แ€) Yielding at Elevated Temperature

แ‚แ‹ แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆ (Failure by Fracture) (แ€€) แพแ€€แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Brittle Fracture) - แพแ€€แ€ผแ€•แ€†แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€) แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Fatigue) - แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€”แ€”แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€Šแ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹)

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แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹แ…แ‹ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ (When Piping and Components Fail (Theories of Failure) (When Piping and Components Fail (Theories of Failure) (When Piping and Components Fail (Theories of Failure) (When Piping and Components Fail (Theories of Failure)

แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€กแ€›แ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€† แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€š แ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแแ€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€กแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ Maximum Principal Stress Theory

แ€คแ€žแ€กแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€œแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€Ÿแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ Maximum Shear Stress Theory

แ€คแ€žแ€กแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ Tensile Test แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ฅแ€€ yield point แ€› shear stress แ€‘แ€€ maximum shear stress แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€”แ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ -

In the tensile test, at yield, S1 = Sy (yield stress), S2 = S3 = 0.

So yielding in the components occurs when:

Maximum Shear Stress = ฯ„ max = S1 - S2 /2 = Sy / 2

Note: Maximum or Minimum normal stress is called principal stress.

แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹แ†แ‹ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Stress Categories) (Stress Categories) (Stress Categories) (Stress Categories)

แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Primary, Secondary แ‚แ€„ Peak stress แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แ€™แ€œแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Primary Stresses)

แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€” (แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€…แ€žแ€Š) แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ (internal and external forces) แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ (equilibrium) แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ (Primary stresses are not self-limiting.)

แ‚แ‹ แ€’แ€แ€šแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Secondary Stresses)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚” แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ anchor

501

point แ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (Secondary stresses are self-limiting.)

แƒแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Peak Stresses)

Secondary stress แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€™แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ peak stress แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€™แ€ฑแ€…แ€•แ€ซแ‹ Peak stress แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ€†แ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แ‡แ‡แ‡แ‡แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€”แ€”แ€”แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ( ( ( (ClassificatiClassificatiClassificatiClassification of Loads)on of Loads)on of Loads)on of Loads)

แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ Primary Load แ‚แ€„ Expansion Load แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แ€™แ€œแ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Primary Loads)

แ€™แ€œแ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€€แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš normal แ‚แ€„ shear stress แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€–แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ plastic deformation แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€™แ€แ€†แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€œแ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ stress แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ‚”แ€™แ€›แ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€แ€œแ€ธ แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€™แ€œแ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€) แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Sustained Loads) แ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€แ€œแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€” แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€) แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€›แ€™ แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Occasional Loads)

แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€• แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€„แ€œแ€„แ€’แ€ซแ€แŠ แ€™แ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€ซแ€ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Secondary Loads or Expansion Loads)

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€€แแ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€€แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ)แŠ แ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€”แ€แ€ซแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€• (anchor) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€

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แ€กแ€ฅแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Secondary load แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š cyclic แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€€แ€œแ€€

แ€€แ€œแ€€แŠ แ€€แ‚”แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€šแ€œแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ‹ แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แˆแˆแˆแˆแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Stress Stress Stress Stress แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ stress แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ coordinate system แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€•แ€€แ axial แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ longitudinal direction (แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€) แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ stress, แ€•แ€€แ radial direction (แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€) แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ stress, แ€•แ€€แ circumferential direction (แ€…แ€€แ€แ€”แ€ธ) แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ stress แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ normal stress แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ principal stress แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘

principal stress แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ (maximum) S1 , แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€กแ€œแ€ S2 แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ

(minimum) S3 แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ แ€›แ€œแ€’แ€žแ€Š external stress แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€’แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ -

SL + SH + SR = S1 + S2 + S3 แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ -

SL = Axial Stress, SH = Circumferential Stress, SR = Radial Stress แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹แ‰แ‹ Axial Load Axial Load Axial Load Axial Load

503

แ€•แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (Axial force) FL แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š compressive force (แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ tensile force (แ€†แ€ผแ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ FL แ€™แ€ฌ tensile force แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€žแ€Š Axial stress (SL) แ€€

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (cross sectional area of pipe wall normal to the load

direction) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€€แคแ€ Am แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ Axial stress (SL) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ

แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

m

LL A

F S = แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ Am แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

diameter) outside on (basedt d

diameter) average on (based 2t d(d

(rigorous) 4

d-(d A

o

io

2i

2o

m

ฯ€=

+ฯ€=

ฯ€=

)

)

Axial Load แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แแ€แแ€แแ€แแ€แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Internal / ExternalInternal / ExternalInternal / ExternalInternal / External PressurePressurePressurePressure

แ€กแ€›แ€Š / แ€กแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€šแ€šแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ (internal pressure) แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ jacketed pipe แ‚แ€„ heat exchanger แ€› tube แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ external pressure

แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ axial stress SL แ‚แ€„

circumferential stress SH แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ radial stress SR แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€…แ€œแ€›แ‚ˆแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Internal pressure แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ axial load แ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘ internal pressure แ‚แ€„

แ€•แ€€แ cross sectional area แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€’แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

4dP F

2i

Lฯ€

=

แ€กแ€€แ€šแแ€žแ€ฌ outside diameter แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ cross sectional area แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€šแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ axial stress แ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

4tdP S o

L =

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504

Internal pressure แ€žแ€Š circumferential direction แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ stress แ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แ Inner radius แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ stress แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ outer radius แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š radius แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€†แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Hoopeโ€™s stress แ€€ Lameโ€™s Equation แ€กแ€› แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

)r - (r )/rrr (r P rat S 2

i2

o

22o

2i

2i

H+

=

แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™ radial stress แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€œแ€…แ€œแ€›แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Membrane

theory แ€กแ€› SH แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

2tdP S o

H = or 2tdP S i

H =

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ external pressure Pext แ‚แ€„ แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ radial

stress แ€žแ€Š compressive แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ fluid pressure Pabs แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แแแแแแแแแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Bending LoadBending LoadBending LoadBending Load

แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ Bending load (แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ normal and shear stress แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€›แแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ uniform load แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ concentrated load แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Internal pressure แ€žแ€Š Radial stress แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„ radial stress แ€žแ€Š compressive

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ atmospheric pressure Patm

505

แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ‚แ€…แ€แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แแ€™แ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€ แ€ฑแ€… (bending) แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ‚แ€…แ€แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€” แ€Šแ€™แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ (uniformly distributed load) แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ‚แ€…แ€แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ bending moment แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€žแ€Š W, แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ‚แ€…แ€แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š L แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ‚”แ‹

แ€แ€…แ€šแ€”แ€…แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€” (Weight per unit length, w) แ€žแ€Š L W w = แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Beam theory แ€กแ€› แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ‚แ€…แ€แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ maximum

bending moment แ€™แ€ฌ Pin support แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ 8

wL M2

max = แ‚แ€„ Pin support แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ 12wL M

2

max = แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„

แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€• แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ 10wL M

2

max = แ€€

แ€šแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แฟแ€•แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ concentrated load แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ gate valve แ€แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ maximum bending moment แ€™แ€ฌ Pinned Support แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

LWab Mmax = แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ Rigid support (fixed supports) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

2

2

max LbWa M = แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ a แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€”แ€›แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ‚” แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€•แแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

Pinned support

Fixed support

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แ€คแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€œแ€„ a แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ b แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ zero (แ€žแ€Š) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€€ bending moment แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€คแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ concentrated load (แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แฟแ€•แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ) แ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Š แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ bending moment แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€… แ€œแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ tensile stress แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแŠ compressive stress แ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€‘ stress แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ axial stress แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ แ€แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ tensile stress แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แŽแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ compressive stress แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€กแ€™แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š stress แ€€แ€™ แ€™แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ (neutral point) แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ แ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ (centre line) แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ Centre Line แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธ c แ€› bending moment M

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ axial tensile stress แ€™แ€ฌ Ic M S b

L = แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ I

แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€ cross section (แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ) แ moment of inertia แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€™แ€ฌ64

)d- (d I 4i

4oฯ€

= แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ c แ แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ

(outside diameter) แ‚แ€„แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ maximum tensile stress แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ซ -

Pinned support

Fixed support

507

ZM

Ir M S bob

L == แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ Z แ€žแ€Š section modulus of pipe แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ

แ€แ€”แ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ orI

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แแ‚แแ‚แแ‚แแ‚แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Shear LoadShear LoadShear LoadShear Load

Shear stress แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ shear load แ€ปแ€–แ€…แแ‹ shear load แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€šแ€˜แ€šแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ shear load แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ shear force แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹ Shear stress แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ axial stress แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€—แ€Ÿแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ stress analysis แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œ แ€‘แ€Šแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€‘แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€

แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ AQV m

max =ฯ„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„ Q แ€žแ€Š shear form factor แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ mA

แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ cross sectional area แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แแƒแแƒแแƒแแƒแ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Torsional LoadTorsional LoadTorsional LoadTorsional Load

Shear stress แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ torsional load แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ Torsional load แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ shear stress แ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ torsional moment แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€€แ dimension แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Z 2M

I 2r M

Rr M ) r r (at ToT

T

oTo ====ฯ„

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แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แแ„แแ„แแ„แแ„แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

1. Outside diameter of pipe, wall thickness (or nominal diameter, schedule number) 2. Temperature, internal pressure 3. Material of piping. (Expansion coefficient, Young's modulus, and material density will be selected for this material.) 4. Insulation thickness and insulation material. (If not given, standard thickness for calcium silicate will be selected.) 5. Specific gravity of contents 6. Any wind load to be considered? If yes, the direction of application is important. 7. Any anchor initial translation. (For towers, exchangers, and so on, nozzle initial translation is important.) 8. Corrosion allowance for piping 9. Flange rating, (ANSI B16.5) 10. Standard valve weight and flange weight will be used. (For special valves mark the weight on pipe stress isometric.) 11. Long radius elbows will be used. (If short radius or any other bend radius, mark on the isometric.) For short-radius elbow, radius= diameter 12. Any allowable loading from manufacturers on pumps, turbines, compressors? (From the vendor drawing for equipment.) 13. Any preference to use expansion loops, expansion joints, and so on, if needed? 14. Mark type of intersection (reinforced fabricated tee, etc.) 15. Mark support locations (available steel crossing, and so on) on the isometric 16. Is hydraulic testing load condition to be considered to get structural support loads? 17. Pipe stress isometrics (x-, y-, z-axis) piping plans, and sections are necessary.

509

แแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠแแ„แŠ แแ…แแ…แแ…แแ…แ‹แ‹แ‹แ‹ Code Requirements Code Requirements Code Requirements Code Requirements

Code requirement แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€˜ แ€žแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€”แ€™แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Subsection NB

แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š Nuclear piping, Class 1 แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ code requirement แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ‹ ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Subsections NC and ND

แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ Nuclear piping, Class 2 แ‚แ€„ Class 3 แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ code requirement แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แƒแ‹ ASME B31.1 Power Piping Code

แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š Nclear piping แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€ฌแ€˜แ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ fossil-fuel power plant แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€› แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แŠ แ€†แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แŠ แ€–แ€œแ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€—แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‚แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€˜แ‚”แ€”แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ design requirement แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€™แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€€แ€ผ แ€’แ€ซแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (overstressing) แ€™แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€š แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€‘แ€”แ€ธ (guide) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ„แ‹ ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code

แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ŠแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€” แ‚แ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€—แ€’แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€Š แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹

แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ 15 psi (103.5 kPa) แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”

366 Fo (186 Co ) แ€‘แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ B31.1, B31.4, B31.8 แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซ pressure, weight (live and dead loads), impact, wind, earthquake-induced horizontal forces, vibration, discharge reactions, thermal expansion and contraction, temperature gradients, and anchor movements แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

Piping Stress แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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1. . . . Stresses due to sustained loads.

Pressure, weight, and other sustained loads แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š longitudinal stresses (SL) แ€žแ€Š basic allowable stress at maximum metal temperature (Sh) แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ‹ SL แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€€แ nominal thickness แ€™ mechanical, corrosion, and corrosion allowance แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š thickness แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ 2. . . . Stresses due to occasional loads

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€œแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€แ€€แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ Pressure, weight, and other sustained loads แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ longitudinal stresses แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š 1.33Sh แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€„แ€œแ€„แ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ‹

3. Stress range due to expansion loads.

Displacement stress range SE แ€žแ€Š SA แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ‹

SS A E โ‰ค where 21

2t

2b E )S 4 (SS +=

bS = resultant bending stress, psi

[ ]

Z)M (i ( S

21

2oo

2

b+

=)iM i

iM = in-plane bending moment, in-lb

oM = out-of-plane bending moment, in-lb

ii = in-plane stress intensification factor

io = out-of-plane stress intensification factor

tS = torsional stress, psi , 2ZM S t

t =

tM = torsional moment, in-lb

aS = allowable displacement stress range

[ ] LhLhc

hcA

S S when S - )S (S 1.25 f )S 0.25 S (1.25 f S

>+=

+=

cS = basic allowable stress at minimum metal temperature, psi

f = stress range reduction factor แ…แ‹ ASME B31.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum

511

Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols Piping Code

ASME B31.4 แ€žแ€Š for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia แ‚แ€„ Alcohols แ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€žแ€šแ€•แ‚”แ€…แ€”แ€… แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผ แ€ธ (condensate)แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€Š (liquefied petroleum gas)แŠ แ€กแ€šแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแŠ Anhydrous ammonia แ€กแ€›แ€Š แ‚แ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€”แŠ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€” แ€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€›แŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€†แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€”แ€ธแ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€›แŠ แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ค B31.4 แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ‚”แ€ผแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€†แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€†แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ 15 psi (103.5 kPa) แ€‘แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€„แ€ธ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” 20 Fo (29 Co ) แ€‘แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ 250 Fo (121 Co ) แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ 15 psi (103.5 kPa) แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ ASME B31 แ‚แ€„ แฟแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€”แ€ธแ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€žแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ†แ‹ ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping Code

แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” - 320 Fo (- 196 Co ) แ€‘แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€…แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€€ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€„แ€šแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ 15 psi (103.5 kPa) แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‡แ‹ ASME B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Code

แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€œแ€œแ€€ แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š

แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€ธแ€”แ€›แ€กแ€•แ€แ€” 450 Fo ( 232.2 Co ) แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ - 20 Fo

(- 29 Co ) แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ ASME B31 แ‚แ€„ แฟแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แ€“แ€ซแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€–แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€แ แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แแ‰-แแ‚-แ‚แ€แแ€ แ€Š แ‰ แ€”แ€ฌแ€› แแ† แ€™แ€”แ€… Blk 134A, Kang Ching Road Singapore 619062