PIPESIMVersion 2012.1

User Guide

Copyright 2013 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.

No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or translated in any form orby any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the priorwritten permission of Schlumberger Information Solutions, 5599 San Felipe, Suite 1700, Houston,TX 77056-2722, USA.

Use of this product is governed by the License Agreement. Schlumberger makes no warranties,express, implied, or statutory, with respect to the product described herein and disclaims withoutlimitation any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Schlumberger reservesthe right to revise the information in this manual at any time without notice.

PIPESIM User Guide

Table of Contents1 User Guide ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 11.1.1 Company profile .................................................................................................................. 11.1.2 Getting Started .................................................................................................................... 1

Applications ..................................................................................................................... 21.1.3 Reporting ........................................................................................................................... 221.1.4 Extensibility ....................................................................................................................... 221.1.5 PIPESIM Hot Keys ............................................................................................................ 22

File Hot Keys ................................................................................................................. 22Simulation Hot Keys ...................................................................................................... 23Windows Hot Keys ........................................................................................................ 23Tools Hot Keys .............................................................................................................. 23Editing or General Hot Keys .......................................................................................... 23

1.1.6 Main Toolbar ..................................................................................................................... 241.1.7 Toolbox ............................................................................................................................. 24

Single branch Toolbox ................................................................................................... 25Network Toolbox ............................................................................................................ 27

1.1.8 Wizard Feature .................................................................................................................. 28Steps ............................................................................................................................. 28

1.1.9 Find ................................................................................................................................... 29Finding an object in a network model ............................................................................ 29

1.1.10 PIPESIM versions ............................................................................................................. 29PIPESIM Suite (Build26) to PIPESIM Conversion ......................................................... 29

1.2 Building Models ........................................................................................................................... 321.2.1 Steps in building a model .................................................................................................. 32

Basic overview ............................................................................................................... 32Creating a new model .................................................................................................... 32Adding objects to a model and connecting them ........................................................... 32Adding data to an object ................................................................................................ 33Minimum data ................................................................................................................ 33Duplicating an object ..................................................................................................... 33Disconnecting objects .................................................................................................... 33Saving the model ........................................................................................................... 33

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1.2.2 Network Models ................................................................................................................ 34Creating a network model .............................................................................................. 34Network Operations ....................................................................................................... 34Source ........................................................................................................................... 34Sink ................................................................................................................................ 35Branch ........................................................................................................................... 36Network Separator ......................................................................................................... 36Production Well ............................................................................................................. 37Injection Well ................................................................................................................. 38Well Curves ................................................................................................................... 39Boundary Conditions ..................................................................................................... 40Network Constraints ...................................................................................................... 41Network Estimates ......................................................................................................... 41

1.2.3 Single Branch Models ....................................................................................................... 42Well Performance Analysis Overview ............................................................................ 42Pipeline tools ................................................................................................................. 81Source, Sink and Boundary Conditions ....................................................................... 108

1.3 Flow Correlations ...................................................................................................................... 1101.3.1 Selecting a flow correlation ............................................................................................. 110

Source ......................................................................................................................... 110Correlation .................................................................................................................. 111Options Control ........................................................................................................... 111

1.3.2 Defining User Flow Correlations ..................................................................................... 111Tuning flow correlations ............................................................................................... 111Data matching ............................................................................................................. 111Flow Correlation comparison ....................................................................................... 111Suggested correlations ................................................................................................ 111

1.3.3 Flow Regime Number and Flow Pattern ......................................................................... 1131.3.4 Configuration File for user specified flow correlations ..................................................... 114

1.4 Fluid modeling ........................................................................................................................... 1171.4.1 Modeling systems ........................................................................................................... 117

Water Systems ............................................................................................................ 117Gas Condensate Systems ........................................................................................... 117Dry Gas Systems ......................................................................................................... 118

1.4.2 Managing Multiple Fluid Models ...................................................................................... 119Precedence of Fluids when Multiple Fluids Defined .................................................... 121Local Fluid Data ........................................................................................................... 122

1.4.3 Black Oil Fluid Modeling .................................................................................................. 122Introduction .................................................................................................................. 122Black Oil Data Sets ...................................................................................................... 123Black Oil Options ......................................................................................................... 124Calibrate a Fluid to match lab data .............................................................................. 124Bubble point calibration data ....................................................................................... 125Gas Phase Contaminants ............................................................................................ 128Black Oil Thermal Data ................................................................................................ 128

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1.4.4 Compositional Fluid Modeling ......................................................................................... 129Compositional Template .............................................................................................. 129Specifying the Composition ......................................................................................... 136Compositional using MFL file ...................................................................................... 141Fluid Property Table (External PVT Tables) ................................................................ 142Solids Modeling ........................................................................................................... 142Compositional Flashing ............................................................................................... 145Stock tank Conditions .................................................................................................. 147Steam .......................................................................................................................... 148

1.5 Options ....................................................................................................................................... 1491.5.1 Common Options ............................................................................................................ 149

Project Data ................................................................................................................. 149Units ............................................................................................................................ 149Heat Transfer Options ................................................................................................. 151Engine Options ............................................................................................................ 151Output Options ............................................................................................................ 152Erosion and Corrosion Options ................................................................................... 155Engine Preferences ..................................................................................................... 157

1.5.2 Network Options .............................................................................................................. 158Speed up the calculation engine ................................................................................. 158Network Iterations ........................................................................................................ 159Fluid Models ................................................................................................................ 160

1.5.3 View Options ................................................................................................................... 161View Properties tab ..................................................................................................... 162Objects tab .................................................................................................................. 162General Tab ................................................................................................................. 163Viewing a large model ................................................................................................. 163Viewing flowline data ................................................................................................... 164

1.6 Database ..................................................................................................................................... 1641.6.1 New ESP/Pump/Compressor Curve ............................................................................... 164

ESP ............................................................................................................................. 164Generic Pump .............................................................................................................. 164Compressor/Expander ................................................................................................. 165New Reciprocating Compressor Curve ....................................................................... 165User Curves ................................................................................................................. 166Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP) Selection .......................................................... 167

1.6.2 New PCP Curve .............................................................................................................. 169Creating a New Curve ................................................................................................. 170Selecting a PCP from the Catalog ............................................................................... 170Standard PCP Curves ................................................................................................. 170Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP) Selection .................................................................. 171

1.6.3 Gas Lift Valve List ........................................................................................................... 1721.6.4 Flow Control Valves ........................................................................................................ 173

How to add an FCV to a completion ............................................................................ 1731.7 Operations .................................................................................................................................. 174

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1.7.1 Common Operations ....................................................................................................... 174Check model ................................................................................................................ 174Run Model ................................................................................................................... 174Abort Run .................................................................................................................... 175Terminate Run ............................................................................................................. 175

1.7.2 Single Branch .................................................................................................................. 175System Analysis .......................................................................................................... 175Pressure/Temperature profile ...................................................................................... 176Flow correlation comparison ........................................................................................ 177Data matching ............................................................................................................. 177Nodal Analysis ............................................................................................................. 179Horizontal length .......................................................................................................... 181Reservoir tables ........................................................................................................... 181Well Performance Curves ............................................................................................ 183Gas Lift rate vs Casing head pressure ........................................................................ 183Artificial Lift System Performance curves .................................................................... 184Wax Deposition ........................................................................................................... 184Sensitivity variables ..................................................................................................... 190User variable ............................................................................................................... 190

1.7.3 Network Operations ........................................................................................................ 191Restart Model .............................................................................................................. 191Well Optimization ......................................................................................................... 192

1.8 Artificial Lift analysis ................................................................................................................. 1921.8.1 How to create artificial lift performance curves ............................................................... 1931.8.2 General Gas Lift .............................................................................................................. 193

Gas Lift Operations - Deepest Injection Point ............................................................. 194Gas Lift Operations - Bracketing ................................................................................. 194Gas Lift Operations - Lift Gas Response Curves ........................................................ 195Gas Lift Design ............................................................................................................ 196Gas Lift Diagnostics ..................................................................................................... 209Gas Lift Theoretical background .................................................................................. 211Gas lift instability .......................................................................................................... 211Annular Gas Pressure Design Method ........................................................................ 213

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1.8.3 Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP) .............................................................................. 214General ........................................................................................................................ 214ESP System Components: Motor ................................................................................ 214ESP System Components: Pumps .............................................................................. 215Motor Selection ............................................................................................................ 218ESP Database ............................................................................................................. 218Selection ...................................................................................................................... 218Stage-by-stage modeling ............................................................................................. 218Install a Pump .............................................................................................................. 219ESP Design ................................................................................................................. 219ESP System Components: Cable ................................................................................ 219Errors ........................................................................................................................... 220ESP Design ................................................................................................................. 220ESP / Compressor / Pump data entry ......................................................................... 220

1.8.4 Rod Pump Module .......................................................................................................... 221About the Rod Pump Module ...................................................................................... 221Getting Started ............................................................................................................ 222RP Operation Menu ..................................................................................................... 222Components and Options ............................................................................................ 229Rod Pump Design ....................................................................................................... 230Selection of Design Methods ....................................................................................... 231Rod Pump Diagnostics ................................................................................................ 232Operations ................................................................................................................... 232Rod Pump Database Configuration ............................................................................. 232Open Project ................................................................................................................ 232Basis Input Data in PIPESIM ....................................................................................... 232RP Application from PIPESIM Drop-down Menu ......................................................... 232Optimization Design .................................................................................................... 233Operation Diagnostics ................................................................................................. 234Database ..................................................................................................................... 234

1.9 Reports ....................................................................................................................................... 2341.9.1 Plotting ............................................................................................................................ 234

Single branch plots ...................................................................................................... 235Network plots ............................................................................................................... 235PsPlot .......................................................................................................................... 235

1.9.2 Report Tool Details ......................................................................................................... 1051.9.3 Network Report Tool ....................................................................................................... 241

Exporting to Excel ........................................................................................................ 2431.10 Expert Mode ............................................................................................................................... 243

1.10.1 Expert Mode ................................................................................................................... 243Calculation engine ....................................................................................................... 243Network models ........................................................................................................... 243Single branch models .................................................................................................. 243

1.10.2 How to work in Expert mode ........................................................................................... 244

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1.10.3 Batch mode ..................................................................................................................... 244How to batch run a number of models, using Expert Mode ......................................... 244

1.10.4 Run Multiple Models ....................................................................................................... 2451.10.5 Expert Data Entry ............................................................................................................ 245

2 Tutorials ................................................................................................................... 2472.1 Condensate Pipeline Tutorial .................................................................................................. 248

2.1.1 Flow Assurance Considerations for Subsea Tieback Design ......................................... 249Task 1: Developing a Compositional PVT Model ........................................................ 249Task 2: Constructing the Model ................................................................................... 251Task 3: Sizing the Subsea Tieback ............................................................................. 253

2.1.2 Hydrates .......................................................................................................................... 254Task 4: Selecting Tieback Insulation Thickness .......................................................... 256Task 5: Determining the Methanol Requirement ......................................................... 256

2.1.3 Severe Riser Slugging .................................................................................................... 257Task 6: Screening for Severe Riser Slugging .............................................................. 259

2.1.4 Slug Catcher Sizing ......................................................................................................... 259Task 7: Sizing a Slug Catcher ..................................................................................... 264

2.2 Oil Well Performance Analysis Tutorial ................................................................................... 2652.2.1 NODAL Analysis ............................................................................................................. 265

Task 1: Building the Well Model .................................................................................. 266Task 2: Performing NODAL Analysis .......................................................................... 269Task 3: Performing a Pressure/Temperature Profile ................................................... 270

2.2.2 Fluid Calibration .............................................................................................................. 271Task 4: Calibrating PVT Data ...................................................................................... 273

2.2.3 Pressure/Temperature Matching ..................................................................................... 276Task 5: Evaluating Gas Lift Performance .................................................................... 277Task 6: Working with Multiple Completions ................................................................. 278

2.2.4 Flow Control Valve .......................................................................................................... 281Task 7: Modeling a Flow Control Valve ....................................................................... 283

2.3 Gas Well Performance Analysis Tutorial ................................................................................. 2832.3.1 Compositional Fluid Modeling ......................................................................................... 284

Task 1: Creating a Compositional Fluid Model for a Gas Well .................................... 2882.3.2 Gas Well Deliverability .................................................................................................... 2912.3.3 Task 2: Calculating Gas Well Deliverability ..................................................................... 291

Task 3: Calibrating the Inflow Model Using Multipoint Test Data ................................ 2942.3.4 Erosion Prediction ........................................................................................................... 295

Task 4: Selecting a Tubing Size .................................................................................. 2962.3.5 Choke Modeling .............................................................................................................. 298

Task 5: Modeling a Flowline and Choke ...................................................................... 299Task 6: Predicting Future Production Rates ................................................................ 300

2.3.6 Liquid Loading ................................................................................................................. 301Task 7: Determining a Critical Gas Rate to Prevent Well Loading .............................. 302

2.4 Looped Gas Gathering Network Case Study .......................................................................... 3032.4.1 Model a Gathering Network ............................................................................................ 303

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2.4.2 Task 1: Building a Model of a Network ............................................................................ 3042.4.3 Task 2: Performing a Network Simulation ....................................................................... 309

2.5 User Equipment DLL Tutorial - User Pump ............................................................................. 3132.5.1 Task 1. Write a DLL to define a piece of equipment for use with PIPESIM .................... 313

Introduction .................................................................................................................. 313How to write a DLL ...................................................................................................... 314Note on Fortran ........................................................................................................... 314Note on C/C++ ............................................................................................................. 314PIPESIM flash ............................................................................................................. 315Exporting routines ........................................................................................................ 316Build the DLL ............................................................................................................... 316

2.5.2 Task 2. Build a single branch model and use the DLL .................................................... 316Place the built DLL in the PIPESIM programs directory .............................................. 316Inform PIPESIM of the equipment DLL and its entry points ........................................ 316Build a single branch model with an Engine Keyword Tool to represent the pieceof equipment ................................................................................................................ 318Note on Network models ............................................................................................. 319

2.5.3 Task 3. Run the model and verify that the DLL worked .................................................. 3192.6 Field Data Matching Tutorial ..................................................................................................... 322

2.6.1 Measured Data ................................................................................................................ 3232.6.2 Model Setup .................................................................................................................... 3242.6.3 Task 1. IPR matching ...................................................................................................... 3242.6.4 Task 2. Optimizing Flow Correlation & Heat Transfer Coefficient ................................... 324

Load Measured Data ................................................................................................... 325Setup Optimizer Options ............................................................................................. 325Select flow correlation parameters and U factor .......................................................... 326

2.6.5 Task 3. Validate Match .................................................................................................... 3262.6.6 Task 4. Determine Choke Settings ................................................................................. 327

2.7 Liquid Loading Analysis Tutorial ............................................................................................. 3272.7.1 Task 1. Set up the Liquid Loading Model ........................................................................ 3282.7.2 Task 2. Control Liquid Loading Options in PIPESIM ....................................................... 3282.7.3 Task 3. Analyze Well for Liquid Loading ......................................................................... 3282.7.4 Task 4. Determine Critical Gas Rate to Prevent Well Loading ....................................... 329

2.8 Ramey Heat Transfer Model Tutorial ....................................................................................... 3292.8.1 Task 1. Set up Ramey Heat Transfer Properties ............................................................ 3292.8.2 Task 2. Set up Detailed Heat Transfer for the Tubing ..................................................... 3302.8.3 Task 3. Run the Model and View Results ....................................................................... 332

2.9 Converting Black Oil Models into Compositional Models using Multiflash for PIPESIM* .. 3322.10 Pipe Inline Heating ..................................................................................................................... 335

2.10.1 Tutorial Data .................................................................................................................... 3352.10.2 Task 1: Build a Representative PIPESIM Model ............................................................ 3362.10.3 Task 2: Screen for Hydrate Formation ........................................................................... 3402.10.4 Task 3: Prevent Hydrate Formation through Inline Heating ........................................... 3432.10.5 Task 4: Sensitize ILH Keywords .................................................................................... 345

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3 Support and Contact Information .......................................................................... 3493.1 Support ....................................................................................................................................... 349

3.1.1 SIS web support .............................................................................................................. 3493.1.2 On-site support ................................................................................................................ 3493.1.3 SIS Education ................................................................................................................ 349

4 Technical Description ............................................................................................. 3504.1 Flow Modeling ............................................................................................................................ 350

4.1.1 Flow Correlations ............................................................................................................ 350Flow Regimes .............................................................................................................. 350Horizontal Multiphase Flow Correlations ..................................................................... 352Vertical Multiphase Flow Correlations ......................................................................... 356Friction and Holdup factors .......................................................................................... 360Single Phase Flow Correlations .................................................................................. 361Swap Angle ................................................................................................................. 365deWaard (1995) Corrosion Model ............................................................................... 366Cunliffe's Method for Ramp Up Surge ......................................................................... 368Liquid by Sphere .......................................................................................................... 369Liquid Loading ............................................................................................................. 372

4.1.2 Inflow performance relationships (IPRs) ......................................................................... 373Inflow Performance Relationships for Vertical Completions ........................................ 373Inflow Performance Relationships for Horizontal Completions .................................... 402Oil / Water Relative Permeability tables ...................................................................... 416Coning ......................................................................................................................... 416

4.1.3 Chokes, Valves and Fittings ............................................................................................ 417Choke .......................................................................................................................... 417Choke Subcritical Flow Correlations ............................................................................ 420Choke Critical Pressure Ratio ..................................................................................... 423Choke Critical Flow Correlations ................................................................................. 424Flow Control Valves Mechanistic Theory .................................................................... 425Fittings ......................................................................................................................... 426

4.1.4 Compressors, Pumps, and Expanders ........................................................................... 429Centrifugal Pumps and Compressors .......................................................................... 429Reciprocating Compressor Operation ......................................................................... 432Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP) .......................................................................... 214Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP) ................................................................................. 439Expanders ................................................................................................................... 442

4.1.5 Multiphase Boosting Technology .................................................................................... 444Positive Displacement Type ........................................................................................ 448Dynamic Type .............................................................................................................. 452Helico-Axial Type ......................................................................................................... 452Contra-Rotating Axial Type ........................................................................................ 454Alternative approach .................................................................................................... 454Guide to Multiphase Booster Efficiencies .................................................................... 455

4.2 Heat Transfer Modelling ............................................................................................................ 456

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4.2.1 Energy Equation for Steady-State Flow .......................................................................... 4564.2.2 Heat Transfer Coefficient ................................................................................................ 457

Resistances in series ................................................................................................... 457Resistances in parallel ................................................................................................. 458Heat transfer models ................................................................................................... 459Note ............................................................................................................................. 460

4.2.3 Internal Fluid Film Heat Transfer Coefficient ................................................................... 460KREITH8 ..................................................................................................................... 460Single Phase General Correlations ............................................................................. 461Multiphase Correlations ............................................................................................... 463

4.2.4 Calculation of Conductive Heat Transfer Coefficients ..................................................... 464Wax Heat Transfer Coefficient .................................................................................... 465Pipe wall heat transfer coefficient ................................................................................ 465Conductive layer heat transfer coefficient ................................................................... 465

4.2.5 Calculation of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients ..................................................... 466Convection in a fluid filled vertical annulus .................................................................. 467Convection in a fluid filled horizontal annulus .............................................................. 467Fully exposed pipe ....................................................................................................... 467

4.2.6 Heat Transfer Between a Horizontal Flowline and the Ground Surface ......................... 467Fully Buried Ground Heat Transfer Coefficient ............................................................ 467Partially Buried Ground Heat Transfer Coefficient ...................................................... 469

4.2.7 Heat Transfer Between a Vertical Well and the Surrounding Rock ................................ 471Ramey Model .............................................................................................................. 471

4.3 Fluid Modelling .......................................................................................................................... 4734.3.1 Black Oil Fluid Modeling .................................................................................................. 474

Black oil Correlations ................................................................................................... 475Solution Gas-oil Ratio ................................................................................................. 476Oil Formation Volume Factor ....................................................................................... 481Oil Viscosity ................................................................................................................. 483Gas Compressibility ..................................................................................................... 490Gas Viscosity ............................................................................................................... 493Surface Tension .......................................................................................................... 494Black Oil Enthalpy ....................................................................................................... 495Black Oil Mixing ........................................................................................................... 496

4.3.2 Compositional Fluid Modeling ......................................................................................... 129Cubic Equations of State ............................................................................................. 504Non-cubic Equations of State ...................................................................................... 508Components for Cubic Equations of State .................................................................. 513Components for Non-Cubic Equations of State ........................................................... 518Viscosity Models for Compositional Fluids .................................................................. 483Solid Precipitation ........................................................................................................ 520

4.3.3 Fluid Property Table Files ............................................................................................... 523Internal fluid property tables ........................................................................................ 524

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4.3.4 Liquid Properties ............................................................................................................. 524Liquid Viscosity and Oil/Water Emulsions ................................................................... 524Liquid-gas Surface Tension ......................................................................................... 529

4.4 Solids Modeling ......................................................................................................................... 1424.4.1 PIPESIM-DBR Wax Deposition Models .......................................................................... 530

Single phase (oil) Wax Deposition Model .................................................................... 530Two Phase (Gas/Oil) Wax Deposition Model .............................................................. 530Nomenclature .............................................................................................................. 531

4.5 Workflows ................................................................................................................................... 5324.5.1 Solvers ............................................................................................................................ 532

Tolerance Equations .................................................................................................... 5324.5.2 Addressing Network Speed Issues ................................................................................. 532

4.6 Typical and Default Data ........................................................................................................... 5384.6.1 Limits ............................................................................................................................... 538

General ........................................................................................................................ 538Pipeline and facilities ................................................................................................... 538Well Performance ........................................................................................................ 538Network ....................................................................................................................... 538

4.6.2 Tubing and Pipeline Tables ............................................................................................. 539Tubing/Casing Tables .................................................................................................. 539Pipeline tables ............................................................................................................. 544

4.6.3 Typical Values ................................................................................................................. 548Fluid Properties ........................................................................................................... 548Roughness .................................................................................................................. 549Thermal Conductivities ................................................................................................ 549Permeability ................................................................................................................. 550Drainage Radius .......................................................................................................... 551Fittings ......................................................................................................................... 551

4.7 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................... 5534.7.1 Roman Letters ................................................................................................................. 5534.7.2 Greek Letters .................................................................................................................. 5564.7.3 Subscripts ....................................................................................................................... 557

4.8 Conversion Factors ................................................................................................................... 5574.8.1 Length ............................................................................................................................. 5584.8.2 Volume ............................................................................................................................ 5584.8.3 Mass ................................................................................................................................ 5584.8.4 Time ................................................................................................................................ 5584.8.5 Gravity ............................................................................................................................. 5584.8.6 Pressure .......................................................................................................................... 5584.8.7 Energy ............................................................................................................................. 5594.8.8 Power .............................................................................................................................. 5594.8.9 Dynamic viscosity ........................................................................................................... 5594.8.10 Permeability .................................................................................................................... 559

4.9 References ................................................................................................................................. 559

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5 Keyword Index ........................................................................................................ 5765.1 Keyword List .............................................................................................................................. 576

5.1.1 A ...................................................................................................................................... 5765.1.2 B ...................................................................................................................................... 5765.1.3 C ...................................................................................................................................... 5775.1.4 D E .................................................................................................................................. 5775.1.5 F ...................................................................................................................................... 5775.1.6 G ..................................................................................................................................... 5785.1.7 H ...................................................................................................................................... 5785.1.8 I ....................................................................................................................................... 5785.1.9 J ...................................................................................................................................... 5785.1.10 K ...................................................................................................................................... 5785.1.11 L ...................................................................................................................................... 5785.1.12 M ..................................................................................................................................... 5785.1.13 N ...................................................................................................................................... 5795.1.14 O ..................................................................................................................................... 5795.1.15 P ...................................................................................................................................... 5795.1.16 Q R .................................................................................................................................. 5795.1.17 S ...................................................................................................................................... 5795.1.18 T ...................................................................................................................................... 5805.1.19 U ...................................................................................................................................... 5805.1.20 V ...................................................................................................................................... 5805.1.21 W ..................................................................................................................................... 5805.1.22 XYZ ................................................................................................................................. 581

5.2 Input Files and Input Data Conventions .................................................................................. 5815.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 5815.2.2 Statements ...................................................................................................................... 5815.2.3 Delimiters ........................................................................................................................ 581

Examples ..................................................................................................................... 5825.2.4 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 582

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5835.2.5 Numeric data ................................................................................................................... 583

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5835.2.6 Units Description ............................................................................................................. 5835.2.7 Character Input ............................................................................................................... 584

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5845.2.8 Comment Statements and Blank Lines ........................................................................... 584

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5845.2.9 Multiple Value Data Sets ................................................................................................. 584

Examples ..................................................................................................................... 585

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5.2.10 Input Files ........................................................................................................................ 586General ........................................................................................................................ 586The main input ('.PSM' or '.PST') file ........................................................................... 586Included files and the INCLUDE statement ................................................................. 586AUTOEXEC.PSM ........................................................................................................ 587modelname.U2P or branchname.U2P ......................................................................... 587

5.3 General Data ............................................................................................................................... 5875.3.1 HEADER - Job Accounting Header (Required) ............................................................... 588

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5885.3.2 JOB - Job Title (Optional) ................................................................................................ 5885.3.3 CASE - Case Title (Optional) .......................................................................................... 5885.3.4 UNITS - Input and Output Units (Optional) ..................................................................... 588

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5895.3.5 OPTIONS Calculation Procedure Options (Optional) ..................................................... 5895.3.6 RATE: Fluid Flow Rate Data ........................................................................................... 6005.3.7 ITERN Iteration Data (Optional) ...................................................................................... 6015.3.8 INLET System Inlet Data ................................................................................................. 6035.3.9 PRINT Output Printing Options (Optional) ...................................................................... 604

Per-case output page options ...................................................................................... 605Attributes ..................................................................................................................... 607Point report subcodes .................................................................................................. 608One-off output pages ................................................................................................... 610

5.3.10 PLOT Output Plotting Options (Optional) ........................................................................ 6115.3.11 NOPRINT Output Print Suppression Options (Optional) ................................................. 6155.3.12 BEGIN , END - Block delimiters ...................................................................................... 615

Example ....................................................................................................................... 6155.3.13 PUSH - Remote Action Editing (optional) ....................................................................... 6165.3.14 PLOTFILEDATA .............................................................................................................. 6185.3.15 EXECUTE - deferred execution of a statement .............................................................. 6185.3.16 USERDLL - Equipment ................................................................................................... 618

5.4 Flow Modeling ............................................................................................................................ 6195.4.1 FLOW CORRELATION DATA ........................................................................................ 619

VCORR Vertical Flow Correlation Options .................................................................. 619HCORR Horizontal Flow Correlation Options .............................................................. 622SPHASE Single Phase Flow Options (Optional) ......................................................... 625USERDLL - Flow Correlations ..................................................................................... 627

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5.4.2 SYSTEM DATA ............................................................................................................... 627Changing Parameters within the System Profile ......................................................... 628CHOKE (Optional) ....................................................................................................... 629COMPCRV and PUMPCRV: Compressor and Pump performance curves ................ 633COMPLETION Completion Profile Delimiter ............................................................... 634COMPRESSOR Compressor (Optional) ..................................................................... 636CORROSION .............................................................................................................. 637RODPUMP: Rod- or Beam-pump ................................................................................ 637EROSION Erosion Rate and Velocity (Optional) ......................................................... 638EQUIPMENT Generic Equipment ............................................................................... 639EXPANDER Expander (Optional) ................................................................................ 641FITTING : Valves and Fittings ..................................................................................... 642FMPUMP (Optional) .................................................................................................... 644FRAMO 2009 (Optional) .............................................................................................. 644HEATER Heater/Cooler (Optional) .............................................................................. 645GASLIFT: Multiple Injection Ports in Gaslifted Wells ................................................... 645INJPORT Gas Lift Injection Valve ............................................................................... 649INJGAS: Injection Gas (Optional) and INJFLUID: Fluid Injection ................................ 651MPBOOSTER (Optional) ............................................................................................. 653MPUMP Multiphase Pump (Optional) .......................................................................... 654NODE System Profile Data (Required) ....................................................................... 656PIPE: Pipe or Tubing cross-section dimensions (Required) ........................................ 657PUMP Pump (Optional) ............................................................................................... 659COMPCRV and PUMPCRV: Compressor and Pump performance curves ................ 633REINJECTOR (Optional) ............................................................................................. 662RODPUMP: Rod- or Beam-pump ................................................................................ 637SEPARATOR Separator (Optional) ............................................................................. 663SLUG Slug Calculation Options (Optional) .................................................................. 664WELLHEAD Wellhead Profile Delimiter ...................................................................... 666

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5.4.3 WELL PERFORMANCE MODELING ............................................................................. 666INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 667WELLPI Well Productivity Index (Optional) ................................................................. 667WPCURVE (Optional) ................................................................................................. 668VOGEL Vogel Equation (Optional) .............................................................................. 668FETKOVICH Fetkovich Equation (Optional) ................................................................ 668JONES Jones Equation (Optional) .............................................................................. 669IFPPSSE : Data for the Pseudo Steady State Equation (Optional) ............................. 669WCOPTION Well Completion Data (Optional) ............................................................ 671IPRCRV or IFPCRV: Inflow Performance Curve ......................................................... 674IFPTAB Inflow Performance Tabulation (Optional) ..................................................... 676CONETAB Coning Relationship Tabulation (Optional) ............................................... 677BACKPRES Back Pressure Equation (BPE) (Optional) .............................................. 678HORWELL Horizontal Well Inflow Performance .......................................................... 678LAYER Reservoir Layer Properties ............................................................................. 680RESERVOIR ............................................................................................................... 682PERMCRV: Curves of Relative Permeability versus Saturation (Optional) ................. 682PERMTAB: Tabulation of Relative Permeability versus Saturation (Optional) ............ 683HVOGEL (Optional) ..................................................................................................... 684FORCHHEIMER (Optional) ......................................................................................... 684FRACTURE: Data for Hydraulic Fracture ................................................................... 684TRANSIENT: Data for the Transient Inflow equation (Optional) ................................. 684

5.5 HEAT TRANSFER DATA ........................................................................................................... 6865.5.1 Notes on Heat Transfer Output Printing .......................................................................... 6865.5.2 HEAT Heat Balance Options (Optional) .......................................................................... 686

Heat transfer mode ...................................................................................................... 6895.5.3 COAT Pipe Coat and Annular Space Medium Data (Optional) ....................................... 689

Example ....................................................................................................................... 6905.5.4 TCOAT Pipe Coat Thickness Data (Optional) ................................................................. 6905.5.5 KCOAT Pipe Coat Thermal Conductivity Data (Optional) ............................................... 691

Files ............................................................................................................................. 692Example ....................................................................................................................... 692

5.5.6 FLUID Fluid Thermal Conductivity Data (Optional) ......................................................... 6945.5.7 CONFIG: Pipe Heat Transfer Configuration Data (Optional) .......................................... 6945.5.8 Pipeline burial depth examples ....................................................................................... 695

5.6 Fluid Modeling ........................................................................................................................... 6965.6.1 BLACK OIL DATA ........................................................................................................... 696

BLACKOIL: Black Oil Fluid definitions ......................................................................... 696PROP Fluid Property Data (Optional) .......................................................................... 698LVIS: Liquid Viscosity Data (Optional) ......................................................................... 699CPFLUID: Fluid Heat Capacity Data (Optional) .......................................................... 705CPFLUID: Fluid Heat Capacity Data (Optional) .......................................................... 705TPRINT Black Oil Table Printing (Optional) ................................................................ 705CALIBRATE: Black Oil Property Calibration (Optional) ............................................... 706CONTAMINANTS Gas phase contaminants data (optional) ....................................... 707

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5.6.2 COMPOSITIONAL DATA ................................................................................................ 708AQUEOUS: Aqueous Component Specification ......................................................... 708CEMULSION Compositional Liquid Emulsion Data (Optional) .................................... 708COMPOSITION: Compositional Fluid Specification .................................................... 711LIBRARY: Library Component Specification ............................................................... 715MODEL: Model Properties Specification ..................................................................... 716PETROFRAC: Petroleum Fraction Specification ......................................................... 717COMPOSITIONAL DATA ............................................................................................ 708COMPOSITIONAL DATA ............................................................................................ 708

5.7 PIPESIM OPERATIONS OPTIONS ............................................................................................ 7185.7.1 NAPLOT: Nodal Analysis ................................................................................................ 7185.7.2 NAPOINT System Analysis Point .................................................................................... 7225.7.3 MULTICASE Introduction and Summary ........................................................................ 723

General Rules for use with MULTICASE ..................................................................... 7235.7.4 Explicit Subcodes ............................................................................................................ 7245.7.5 General Purpose Subcodes ............................................................................................ 726

Examples ..................................................................................................................... 7275.7.6 Combining MULTICASE and CASE/ENDCASE ............................................................. 7285.7.7 Multiple Case and PS-PLOT ........................................................................................... 7295.7.8 Reservoir Simulator Tabular Data Interface .................................................................... 7295.7.9 ASSIGN Changing Profile Data by Assignment .............................................................. 731

Example ....................................................................................................................... 7315.7.10 OPTIMIZE ....................................................................................................................... 732

Examples ..................................................................................................................... 7325.7.11 Wax deposition and Time Stepping modeling options .................................................... 184

Time subcodes ............................................................................................................ 733Termination subcodes ................................................................................................. 734Wax subcodes ............................................................................................................. 735BP, DBRS or DBRM method subcodes ....................................................................... 736Shell subcodes ............................................................................................................ 737

5.8 PIPESIM-Net keywords .............................................................................................................. 7395.8.1 SETUP ............................................................................................................................ 739

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7395.8.2 BRANCH ......................................................................................................................... 742

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7425.8.3 SOURCE ......................................................................................................................... 743

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7435.8.4 SINK ................................................................................................................................ 746

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7475.8.5 JUNCTION ...................................................................................................................... 748

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7485.8.6 NSEPARATOR .............................................................................................................. 748

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7495.9 Keyword Index ........................................................................................................................... 576

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5.9.1 Keyword List .................................................................................................................... 576A .................................................................................................................................. 576B .................................................................................................................................. 576C .................................................................................................................................. 577D E ............................................................................................................................... 577F .................................................................................................................................. 577G .................................................................................................................................. 578H .................................................................................................................................. 578I .................................................................................................................................... 578J ................................................................................................................................... 578K .................................................................................................................................. 578L ................................................................................................................................... 578M .................................................................................................................................. 578N .................................................................................................................................. 579O .................................................................................................................................. 579P .................................................................................................................................. 579Q R .............................................................................................................................. 579S .................................................................................................................................. 579T .................................................................................................................................. 580U .................................................................................................................................. 580V .................................................................................................................................. 580W ................................................................................................................................. 580XYZ .............................................................................................................................. 581

6 Open Link ................................................................................................................ 7557 Third party applications ......................................................................................... 756Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 757

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1User Guide

1.1 IntroductionPIPESIM was originally developed by a company called Baker Jardine. Baker Jardine was formed in1985 to provide software and consultanting services to the oil and gas industry. In April 2001, BakerJardine was acquired by Schlumberger.Schlumberger has invested in the redevelopment of the industry's leading Production Engineeringsoftware to ensure that it cansolve challenging multiphase flow problems. PIPESIM couples a leading-edge Graphical User Interface (GUI) with a field-proven computation engine.

1.1.1 Company profileSchlumberger has wide experience in the design and optimization of oil and gas production systemsparticularly in the transportation of live hydrocarbon fluids, a vital element in the production andprocessing of hydrocarbons. The development of efficient gathering and transportation systemsrequires a combination of detailed theoretical knowledge and practical experience of the complexbehavior of multiphase hydrocarbon mixtures.Schlumberger is at the leading edge of software development for the oil and gas industry with thesoftware products such as PIPESIM, OFM, and ECLIPSE. These tools have been successfullyapplied to numerous systems for the modelling and data management of new and existing oil andgas production and distribution systems for most major oil companies.PIPESIM is a steady-state, multiphase flow simulator used for the design and diagnostic analysis ofoil and gas production systems. PIPESIM software tools models multiphase flow from the reservoirto the separator.Schlumberger is actively involved in research and development of new of multiphase fluid flowtechnologies, and has managed a diverse range of joint industry projects in this field.

1.1.2 Getting StartedTraining courses on the use of PIPESIM can be arranged. Please contact your local SchlumbergerSupport office or visit www.pipesim.com.New users are encouraged to read the following sections in the user guide/help system:

PIPESIM User Guide

User Guide 1

Case Studies (p.247) (either Oil Well Design (p.265) or Condensate Pipeline (p.248)) for detailson how to build models.

Using the model wizard (p.28) to build a model.

ApplicationsPIPESIM offers a wide ranging capability for modeling entire production systems from the reservoirto the processing facility. Typical applications include:Well Performance analysis Well design Well optimization Well inflow performance modeling Gas Lift design and performance modeling ESP design and performance modeling PCP performance modeling Horizontal well modeling Injection well design Reservoir VFP table generation Detailed sensitivity analysis Automated model matchingPipeline and Facilities Point by point generation of pressure and temperature profiles Prediction of solids formation (hydrates, wax, asphaltene, scale) Slug catcher design (hydrodynamic slugs, pigging, ramp-up) Equipment selection (pumps, compressors, multiphase boosters) Pipeline design Comparing measured data with calculated dataNetwork analysis module Unique network solution algorithm to model wells in large networks Rigorous thermal modeling of all network components Multiple looped pipeline/flowline capability Debottlenecking studies Comprehensive pipeline equipment models Gathering and distribution networks Gas lift optimization

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User Guide 2

Technical Description of FeaturesDepending on the type of application, users may select from an extensive set of features to model awide variety of production systems and fluids. The following tables provide a technical summary ofthese features. Additional details are available throughout the online help system.

Feature DescriptionBlack Oil(p.474)

Latest industry standard fluid property correlations that cover all types ofpetroleum fluids from extra heavy oil to light oil and condensate. It can alsobe used for simplified gas, utility fluids, and so on.

Multi-level calibration from simple bubble point matching to advance fluidcalibration matching multiple sets of lab data measurements.

Wide range of viscosity correlations that includes options for user-specifieddead oil and emulsion viscosities.

Wide range of emulsion correlations covering tight to light emulsion types.Also, users can specify emulsion tables, and specify or calculate theinversion point.

Ability to plot fluid properties at lab or reservoirs conditions. Specify gas contaminants used for compressibility factor adjustment and

corrosion calculations. Specify thermal data for all phases of a black oil fluid for accurate thermal

modeling and some of the standard methods for fluid enthalpy calculation foraccurate energy balance prediction.

Comprehensive Fluid Mixing rules.Compositional(p.129)

Choices of Schlumberger developed and third party flash packages,including: Eclipse 300 Multiflash DBR GERG 2008 Refprop V8

These packages come with their own standard library of components andbinary interaction parameters. Most of these packages allow users to defineand calculate properties of pseudo components for accurate modeling of fluidproperties in the absence of detailed fluid characterization.

Has a wide range of equation of states and transport properties correlationsthat are based on selected flash packages: Flash Packages : 2-3-Peng-Robinson (standard and corrected), SRK

(standard and corrected), Association (CPA), BWRS, GERG-2008, NISTdefault, and so on. Correction for volume shift and Accentric factors asapplicable.

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User Guide 3

Feature Description Binary Interaction Parameters : OilGas1, OilGas2, OilGas3, OilGas4,

user specified Viscosity Models : Pederson, LBC, Aasberg-Petersen, NIST default Emulsion Methods : Woelflin, Volume ratio, continuous phase, none Surface Tension : Macleod-Sugden, NIST default

Generate Phase Envelopes, including quality lines and formation curves forhydrates, waxes and asphaltenes.

Has Quick Flash calculations to examine fluid properties at specified P-TFlash/Separation conditions.

Ability to perform phase ratio matching for water, Oil and Gas based on fieldmeasurement. This feature is useful for quick updates of fluid compositionbased on actual measurement of phases at the field separator.

Salinity analysis based on Ion, Salt Components and TDS (Multiflash).

Note: Listed features vary depending on selected flash package. Refer tothe PIPESIM application for available options against a given flash package.

PVT Files(p.142)

A number of third-party applications are capable of generating PVT files thatcan be used by PIPESIM. These applications include: PVTSim HYSYS UniSim ScaleChem DBRSolids GUTS

Steam (p.148) PIPESIM allows steam modeling and interprets the properties of fluid based onASTM97 Steam Tables. Steam models can be used for producers and injectorsin both single branch and network modules of PIPESIM.

Table 1.1: Fluid Property Modeling

Feature DescriptionSingle PhaseFlow Correlation(p.361)

Moody AGA (with tuning option for drag factor) Panhandle A (with tuning option for flow efficiency) Panhandle B (with tuning option fo