PIPESIM PIPESIM* production system analysis software Version 2011.1

User Guide

Copyright 2011 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.

No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or translated in any form orby any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the priorwritten permission of Schlumberger Information Solutions, 5599 San Felipe, Suite 1700, Houston,TX 77056-2722, USA.

Use of this product is governed by the License Agreement. Schlumberger makes no warranties,express, implied, or statutory, with respect to the product described herein and disclaims withoutlimitation any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Schlumberger reservesthe right to revise the information in this manual at any time without notice.

PIPESIM User Guide

Table of Contents1 User Guide ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 11.1.1 Company profile .................................................................................................................. 11.1.2 Getting Started .................................................................................................................... 1

Applications ..................................................................................................................... 21.1.3 Reporting ........................................................................................................................... 221.1.4 Extensibility ....................................................................................................................... 221.1.5 PIPESIM Hot Keys ............................................................................................................ 22

File Hot Keys ................................................................................................................. 22Simulation Hot Keys ...................................................................................................... 23Windows Hot Keys ........................................................................................................ 23Tools Hot Keys .............................................................................................................. 23Editing or General Hot Keys .......................................................................................... 23

1.1.6 Main Toolbar ..................................................................................................................... 241.1.7 Toolbox ............................................................................................................................. 24

Single branch Toolbox ................................................................................................... 25Network Toolbox ............................................................................................................ 26

1.1.8 Wizard Feature .................................................................................................................. 27Steps ............................................................................................................................. 27

1.1.9 Find ................................................................................................................................... 28Finding an object in a network model ............................................................................ 28

1.1.10 PIPESIM versions ............................................................................................................. 29PIPESIM Suite (Build26) to PIPESIM Conversion ......................................................... 29

1.2 Building Models ........................................................................................................................... 311.2.1 Steps in building a model .................................................................................................. 31

Basic overview ............................................................................................................... 31Creating a new model .................................................................................................... 32Adding objects to a model and connecting them ........................................................... 32Adding data to an object ................................................................................................ 32Minimum data ................................................................................................................ 32Duplicating an object ..................................................................................................... 33Disconnecting objects .................................................................................................... 33Saving the model ........................................................................................................... 33

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1.2.2 Network Models ................................................................................................................ 33Creating a network model .............................................................................................. 33Network Operations ....................................................................................................... 34Source ........................................................................................................................... 34Sink ................................................................................................................................ 35Branch ........................................................................................................................... 35Network Separator ......................................................................................................... 36Production Well ............................................................................................................. 37Injection Well ................................................................................................................. 38Well Curves ................................................................................................................... 39Boundary Conditions ..................................................................................................... 40Network Constraints ...................................................................................................... 41Network Estimates ......................................................................................................... 41

1.2.3 Single Branch Models ....................................................................................................... 42Well Performance Analysis Overview ............................................................................ 42Pipeline tools ................................................................................................................. 81Source, Sink and Boundary Conditions ....................................................................... 108

1.3 Flow Correlations ...................................................................................................................... 1101.3.1 Selecting a flow correlation ............................................................................................. 110

Source ......................................................................................................................... 110Correlation .................................................................................................................. 111Options Control ........................................................................................................... 111

1.3.2 Defining User Flow Correlations ..................................................................................... 111Tuning flow correlations ............................................................................................... 111Data matching ............................................................................................................. 111Flow Correlation comparison ....................................................................................... 111Suggested correlations ................................................................................................ 111

1.3.3 Flow Regime Number and Flow Pattern ......................................................................... 113Gas-Liquid ..................................................................................................................... 0Oil-Water ....................................................................................................................... 0

1.3.4 Configuration File for user specified flow correlations ..................................................... 1141.4 Fluid modeling ........................................................................................................................... 117

1.4.1 Modeling systems ........................................................................................................... 117Water Systems ............................................................................................................ 117Gas Condensate Systems ........................................................................................... 118Dry Gas Systems ......................................................................................................... 118

1.4.2 Managing Multiple Fluid Models ...................................................................................... 119Precedence of Fluids when Multiple Fluids Defined .................................................... 119Local Fluid Data ........................................................................................................... 120

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1.4.3 Black Oil Fluid Modeling .................................................................................................. 120Introduction .................................................................................................................. 120Black Oil Data Sets ...................................................................................................... 121Black Oil Options ......................................................................................................... 122Calibrate a Fluid to match lab data .............................................................................. 122Bubble point calibration data ....................................................................................... 123Gas Phase Contaminants ............................................................................................ 126Black Oil Thermal Data ................................................................................................ 126

1.4.4 Compositional Fluid Modeling ......................................................................................... 127Compositional Template .............................................................................................. 127Specifying the Composition ......................................................................................... 134Compositional using MFL file ...................................................................................... 139Fluid Property Table (External PVT Tables) ................................................................ 140Solids Modeling ........................................................................................................... 140Compositional Flashing ............................................................................................... 144Stock tank Conditions .................................................................................................. 145Steam .......................................................................................................................... 146

1.5 Options ....................................................................................................................................... 1471.5.1 Common Options ............................................................................................................ 147

Project Data ................................................................................................................. 147Units ............................................................................................................................ 147Heat Transfer Options ................................................................................................. 149Engine Options ............................................................................................................ 150Output Options ............................................................................................................ 150Erosion and Corrosion Options ................................................................................... 153Engine Preferences ..................................................................................................... 155

1.5.2 Network Options .............................................................................................................. 156Speed up the calculation engine ................................................................................. 156Network Iterations ........................................................................................................ 157Fluid Models ................................................................................................................ 159

1.5.3 View Options ................................................................................................................... 160View Properties tab ..................................................................................................... 160Objects tab .................................................................................................................. 160General Tab ................................................................................................................. 161Viewing a large model ................................................................................................. 162Viewing flowline data ................................................................................................... 162

1.6 Database ..................................................................................................................................... 1621.6.1 New ESP/Pump/Compressor Curve ............................................................................... 162

ESP ............................................................................................................................. 162Generic Pump .............................................................................................................. 163Compressor/Expander ................................................................................................. 163New Reciprocating Compressor Curve ....................................................................... 163User Curves ................................................................................................................. 164Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP) Selection .......................................................... 165

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1.6.2 New PCP Curve .............................................................................................................. 167Creating a New Curve ................................................................................................. 168Selecting a PCP from the Catalog ............................................................................... 168Standard PCP Curves ................................................................................................. 168Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP) Selection .................................................................. 169

1.6.3 Gas Lift Valve List ........................................................................................................... 1701.6.4 Flow Control Valves ........................................................................................................ 171

How to add an FCV to a completion ............................................................................ 1711.7 Operations .................................................................................................................................. 172

1.7.1 Common Operations ....................................................................................................... 172Check model ................................................................................................................ 172Run Model ................................................................................................................... 172Abort Run .................................................................................................................... 173Terminate Run ............................................................................................................. 173

1.7.2 Single Branch .................................................................................................................. 173System Analysis .......................................................................................................... 173Pressure/Temperature profile ...................................................................................... 174Flow correlation comparison ........................................................................................ 175Data matching ............................................................................................................. 175Nodal Analysis ............................................................................................................. 177Horizontal length .......................................................................................................... 179Reservoir tables ........................................................................................................... 179Well Performance Curves ............................................................................................ 181Gas Lift rate vs Casing head pressure ........................................................................ 181Artificial Lift System Performance curves .................................................................... 182Wax Deposition ........................................................................................................... 182Sensitivity variables ..................................................................................................... 188User variable ............................................................................................................... 188

1.7.3 Network Operations ........................................................................................................ 189Restart Model .............................................................................................................. 189Well Optimization ......................................................................................................... 190

1.8 Artificial Lift analysis ................................................................................................................. 1901.8.1 How to create artificial lift performance curves ............................................................... 1901.8.2 General Gas Lift .............................................................................................................. 190

Gas Lift Operations - Deepest Injection Point ............................................................. 191Gas Lift Operations - Bracketing ................................................................................. 192Gas Lift Operations - Lift Gas Response Curves ........................................................ 193Gas Lift Design ............................................................................................................ 194Gas Lift Diagnostics ..................................................................................................... 207Gas Lift Theoretical background .................................................................................. 209Gas lift instability .......................................................................................................... 209Annular Gas Pressure Design Method ........................................................................ 211

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1.8.3 Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP) .............................................................................. 212General ........................................................................................................................ 212ESP System Components: Motor ................................................................................ 212ESP System Components: Pumps .............................................................................. 213Motor Selection ............................................................................................................ 215ESP Database ............................................................................................................. 216Selection ...................................................................................................................... 216Stage-by-stage modeling ............................................................................................. 216Install a Pump .............................................................................................................. 216ESP Design ................................................................................................................. 217ESP System Components: Cable ................................................................................ 217Errors ........................................................................................................................... 218ESP Design ................................................................................................................. 218ESP / Compressor / Pump data entry ......................................................................... 218

1.8.4 Rod Pump Module .......................................................................................................... 218About the Rod Pump Module ...................................................................................... 219Getting Started ............................................................................................................ 220RP Operation Menu ..................................................................................................... 220Components and Options ............................................................................................ 226Rod Pump Design ....................................................................................................... 227Selection of Design Methods ....................................................................................... 228Rod Pump Diagnostics ................................................................................................ 229Operations ................................................................................................................... 229Rod Pump Database Configuration ............................................................................. 229Open Project ................................................................................................................ 229Basis Input Data in PIPESIM ....................................................................................... 229RP Application from PIPESIM Drop-down Menu ......................................................... 229Optimization Design .................................................................................................... 230Operation Diagnostics ................................................................................................. 231Database ..................................................................................................................... 231

1.9 Reports ....................................................................................................................................... 2311.9.1 Plotting ............................................................................................................................ 231

Single branch plots ...................................................................................................... 232Network plots ............................................................................................................... 232PsPlot .......................................................................................................................... 232

1.9.2 Report Tool Details ......................................................................................................... 1051.9.3 Network Report Tool ....................................................................................................... 238

Exporting to Excel ........................................................................................................ 2401.10 Expert Mode ............................................................................................................................... 240

1.10.1 Expert Mode ................................................................................................................... 240Calculation engine ....................................................................................................... 240Network models ........................................................................................................... 240Single branch models .................................................................................................. 240

1.10.2 How to work in Expert mode ........................................................................................... 241

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1.10.3 Batch mode ..................................................................................................................... 241How to batch run a number of models, using Expert Mode ......................................... 241

1.10.4 Run Multiple Models ....................................................................................................... 2411.10.5 Expert Data Entry ............................................................................................................ 242

2 Case studies ............................................................................................................ 2442.1 Condensate Pipeline Case Study ............................................................................................ 245

2.1.1 Flow Assurance Considerations for Subsea Tieback Design ......................................... 246Task 1: Developing a Compositional PVT Model ........................................................ 246Task 2: Constructing the Model ................................................................................... 247Task 3: Sizing the Subsea Tieback ............................................................................. 250

2.1.2 Hydrates .......................................................................................................................... 251Hydrate Mitigation Strategies in PIPESIM ..........................................................................Task 4: Selecting Tieback Insulation Thickness .......................................................... 253Task 5: Determining the Methanol Requirement ......................................................... 253

2.1.3 Severe Riser Slugging .................................................................................................... 255Task 6: Screening for Severe Riser Slugging .............................................................. 256

2.1.4 Slug Catcher Sizing ......................................................................................................... 257Hydrodynamic Slugging ......................................................................................................Pigging ................................................................................................................................Ramp-up .............................................................................................................................Evaluating Each Scenario ............................................................................................ 0Task 7: Sizing a Slug Catcher ..................................................................................... 261

2.2 Oil Well Performance Analysis Case Study ............................................................................ 2622.2.1 NODAL Analysis ............................................................................................................. 263

Getting Started ...................................................................................................................Task 1: Building the Well Model .................................................................................. 263Task 2: Performing NODAL Analysis .......................................................................... 266Task 3: Performing a Pressure/Temperature Profile ................................................... 267

2.2.2 Fluid Calibration .............................................................................................................. 268.............................................................................................................................................Single Point Calibration ......................................................................................................Multi-Point Calibration ........................................................................................................Task 4: Calibrating PVT Data ...................................................................................... 270

2.2.3 Pressure/Temperature Matching ..................................................................................... 273Task 5: Matching Flow Correlations ............................................................................ 274Task 6: Matching Inflow Performance ......................................................................... 277

2.2.4 Well Performance Analysis ............................................................................................. 278.............................................................................................................................................Task 7: Conducting a Water Cut Sensitivity Analysis .................................................. 278Task 8: Evaluating Gas Lift Performance .................................................................... 279Task 9: Working with Multiple Completions ................................................................. 280

2.2.5 Flow Control Valve .......................................................................................................... 284Task 10: Modeling a Flow Control Valve ..................................................................... 286

2.3 Gas Well Performance Analysis Case Study .......................................................................... 286

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2.3.1 Compositional Fluid Modeling ......................................................................................... 287Equations of State (EoS) ...................................................................................................Binary Interaction Parameter (BIP) Set ..............................................................................Task 1: Creating a Compositional Fluid Model for a Gas Well .................................... 291

2.3.2 Gas Well Deliverability .................................................................................................... 2942.3.3 Task 2: Calculating Gas Well Deliverability ..................................................................... 294

Task 3: Calibrating the Inflow Model Using Multipoint Test Data ................................ 2972.3.4 Erosion Prediction ........................................................................................................... 298

.............................................................................................................................................API 14 E .............................................................................................................................Salama ...............................................................................................................................Task 4: Selecting a Tubing Size .................................................................................. 299

2.3.5 Choke Modeling .............................................................................................................. 300Task 5: Modeling a Flowline and Choke ...................................................................... 302Task 6: Predicting Future Production Rates ................................................................ 303

2.3.6 Liquid Loading ................................................................................................................. 304Turner Droplet Model ..........................................................................................................Task 7: Determining a Critical Gas Rate to Prevent Well Loading .............................. 305

2.4 Looped Gas Gathering Network Case Study .......................................................................... 3062.4.1 Model a Gathering Network ............................................................................................ 306

Boundary Conditions ..........................................................................................................Solution Criteria ..................................................................................................................

2.4.2 Task 1: Building a Model of a Network ............................................................................ 3072.4.3 Task 2: Performing a Network Simulation ....................................................................... 313

Looped Gathering Network Data ........................................................................................2.5 User Equipment DLL Case Study - User Pump ...................................................................... 316

2.5.1 Task 1. Write a DLL to define a piece of equipment for use with PIPESIM .................... 316Introduction .................................................................................................................. 316How to write a DLL ...................................................................................................... 317Note on Fortran ........................................................................................................... 318Note on C/C++ ............................................................................................................. 318PIPESIM flash ............................................................................................................. 318Exporting routines ........................................................................................................ 319Build the DLL ............................................................................................................... 319

2.5.2 Task 2. Build a single branch model and use the DLL .................................................... 319Place the built DLL in the PIPESIM programs directory .............................................. 320Inform PIPESIM of the equipment DLL and its entry points ........................................ 320Build a single branch model with an Engine Keyword Tool to represent the pieceof equipment ................................................................................................................ 320Note on Network models ............................................................................................. 321

2.5.3 Task 3. Run the model and verify that the DLL worked .................................................. 3212.6 Field Data Matching Case Study .............................................................................................. 324

2.6.1 Measured Data ................................................................................................................ 3252.6.2 Model Setup .................................................................................................................... 3262.6.3 Task 1. IPR matching ...................................................................................................... 326

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2.6.4 Task 2. Optimizing Flow Correlation & Heat Transfer Coefficient ................................... 327Load Measured Data ................................................................................................... 327Setup Optimizer Options ............................................................................................. 327Select flow correlation parameters and U factor .......................................................... 328

2.6.5 Task 3. Validate Match .................................................................................................... 3282.6.6 Task 4. Determine Choke Settings ................................................................................. 329

2.7 Liquid Loading Analysis Case Study ....................................................................................... 3292.7.1 Task 1. Set up the Liquid Loading Model ........................................................................ 3302.7.2 Task 2. Control Liquid Loading Options in PIPESIM ....................................................... 3302.7.3 Task 3. Analyze Well for Liquid Loading ......................................................................... 3302.7.4 Task 4. Determine Critical Gas Rate to Prevent Well Loading ....................................... 331

2.8 Ramey Heat Transfer Model Case Study ................................................................................. 3312.8.1 Task 1. Set up Ramey Heat Transfer Properties ............................................................ 3322.8.2 Task 2. Set up Detailed Heat Transfer for the Tubing ..................................................... 3322.8.3 Task 3. Run the Model and View Results ....................................................................... 334

3 Support and Contact Information .......................................................................... 3353.1 Support ....................................................................................................................................... 335

3.1.1 SIS web and phone support ............................................................................................ 3353.1.2 On-site support ................................................................................................................ 3353.1.3 SIS Education ................................................................................................................ 3353.1.4 See Also: ......................................................................................................................... 335

3.2 How To Reach Us ...................................................................................................................... 3364 Technical Description ............................................................................................. 337

4.1 Flow Modeling ............................................................................................................................ 3374.1.1 Flow Correlations ............................................................................................................ 337

Flow Regimes .............................................................................................................. 337Horizontal Multiphase Flow Correlations ..................................................................... 339Vertical Multiphase Flow Correlations ......................................................................... 343Friction and Holdup factors .......................................................................................... 347Single Phase Flow Correlations .................................................................................. 348Swap Angle ................................................................................................................. 352deWaard (1995) Corrosion Model ............................................................................... 353Cunliffe's Method for Ramp Up Surge ......................................................................... 355Liquid by Sphere .......................................................................................................... 356Liquid Loading ............................................................................................................. 359

4.1.2 Inflow performance relationships (IPRs) ......................................................................... 360Inflow Performance Relationships for Vertical Completions ........................................ 360Inflow Performance Relationships for Horizontal Completions .................................... 389Oil / Water Relative Permeability tables ...................................................................... 403Coning ......................................................................................................................... 403

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4.1.3 Chokes, Valves and Fittings ............................................................................................ 404Choke .......................................................................................................................... 404Choke Subcritical Flow Correlations ............................................................................ 407Choke Critical Pressure Ratio ..................................................................................... 410Choke Critical Flow Correlations ................................................................................. 411Flow Control Valves Mechanistic Theory .................................................................... 412Fittings ......................................................................................................................... 413

4.1.4 Compressors, Pumps and Expanders ............................................................................ 416Centrifugal Pumps and Compressors .......................................................................... 416Reciprocating Compressor Operation ......................................................................... 419Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP) .......................................................................... 212Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP) ................................................................................. 426Expanders ................................................................................................................... 428

4.1.5 Multiphase Boosting Technology .................................................................................... 431Positive Displacement Type ........................................................................................ 434Dynamic Type .............................................................................................................. 438Helico-Axial Type ......................................................................................................... 438Contra-Rotating Axial Type ........................................................................................ 440Alternative approach .................................................................................................... 440Guide to Multiphase Booster Efficiencies .................................................................... 441

4.2 Heat Transfer Modelling ............................................................................................................ 4424.2.1 Energy Equation for Steady-State Flow .......................................................................... 4424.2.2 Heat Transfer Coefficient ................................................................................................ 443

Resistances in series ................................................................................................... 443Resistances in parallel ................................................................................................. 444Heat transfer models ................................................................................................... 445Note ............................................................................................................................. 446

4.2.3 Internal Fluid Film Heat Transfer Coefficient ................................................................... 446KREITH8 ..................................................................................................................... 446Single Phase General Correlations ............................................................................. 447Multiphase Correlations ............................................................................................... 449

4.2.4 Calculation of Conductive Heat Transfer Coefficients ..................................................... 450Wax Heat Transfer Coefficient .................................................................................... 451Pipe wall heat transfer coefficient ................................................................................ 451Conductive layer heat transfer coefficient ................................................................... 451

4.2.5 Calculation of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients ..................................................... 452Convection in a fluid filled vertical annulus .................................................................. 453Convection in a fluid filled horizontal annulus .............................................................. 453Fully exposed pipe ....................................................................................................... 453

4.2.6 Heat Transfer Between a Horizontal Flowline and the Ground Surface ......................... 453Fully Buried Ground Heat Transfer Coefficient ............................................................ 453Partially Buried Ground Heat Transfer Coefficient ...................................................... 455

4.2.7 Heat Transfer Between a Vertical Well and the Surrounding Rock ................................ 457Ramey Model .............................................................................................................. 457

4.3 Fluid Modelling .......................................................................................................................... 459

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4.3.1 Black Oil Fluid Modeling .................................................................................................. 460Black oil Correlations ................................................................................................... 460Solution Gas-oil Ratio ................................................................................................. 462Oil Formation Volume Factor ....................................................................................... 467Oil Viscosity ................................................................................................................. 469Gas Compressibility ..................................................................................................... 475Gas Viscosity ............................................................................................................... 478Surface Tension .......................................................................................................... 479Black Oil Enthalpy ....................................................................................................... 479Black Oil Mixing ........................................................................................................... 481

4.3.2 Compositional Fluid Modeling ......................................................................................... 127Cubic Equations of State ............................................................................................. 489Non-cubic Equations of State ...................................................................................... 492Components for Non-Cubic Equations of State ........................................................... 497Viscosity Models for Compositional Fluids .................................................................. 469Solid Precipitation ........................................................................................................ 499

4.3.3 Fluid Property Table Files ............................................................................................... 502Internal fluid property tables ........................................................................................ 503

4.3.4 Liquid Properties ............................................................................................................. 503Liquid Viscosity and Oil/Water Emulsions ................................................................... 503Liquid-gas Surface Tension ......................................................................................... 508

4.4 Solids Modeling ......................................................................................................................... 1404.4.1 PIPESIM-DBR Wax Deposition Models .......................................................................... 509

Single phase (oil) Wax Deposition Model .................................................................... 509Two Phase (Gas/Oil) Wax Deposition Model .............................................................. 509Nomenclature .............................................................................................................. 510

4.5 Workflows ................................................................................................................................... 5114.5.1 Solvers ............................................................................................................................ 511

Tolerance Equations .................................................................................................... 5114.5.2 Addressing Network Speed Issues ................................................................................. 511

4.6 Typical and Default Data ........................................................................................................... 5174.6.1 Limits ............................................................................................................................... 517

General ........................................................................................................................ 517Pipeline and facilities ................................................................................................... 517Well Performance ........................................................................................................ 517Network ....................................................................................................................... 517

4.6.2 Tubing and Pipeline Tables ............................................................................................. 518Tubing/Casing Tables .................................................................................................. 518Pipeline tables ............................................................................................................. 523

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4.6.3 Typical Values ................................................................................................................. 527Fluid Properties ........................................................................................................... 527Roughness .................................................................................................................. 528Thermal Conductivities ................................................................................................ 528Permeability ................................................................................................................. 529Drainage Radius .......................................................................................................... 530Fittings ......................................................................................................................... 530

4.7 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................... 5324.7.1 Roman Letters ................................................................................................................. 5324.7.2 Greek Letters .................................................................................................................. 5354.7.3 Subscripts ....................................................................................................................... 536

4.8 Conversion Factors ................................................................................................................... 5364.8.1 Length ............................................................................................................................. 5374.8.2 Volume ............................................................................................................................ 5374.8.3 Mass ................................................................................................................................ 5374.8.4 Time ................................................................................................................................ 5374.8.5 Gravity ............................................................................................................................. 5374.8.6 Pressure .......................................................................................................................... 5374.8.7 Energy ............................................................................................................................. 5384.8.8 Power .............................................................................................................................. 5384.8.9 Dynamic viscosity ........................................................................................................... 5384.8.10 Permeability .................................................................................................................... 538

4.9 References ................................................................................................................................. 5385 Keyword Index ........................................................................................................ 555

5.1 Keyword List .............................................................................................................................. 5555.1.1 A ...................................................................................................................................... 5555.1.2 B ...................................................................................................................................... 5555.1.3 C ...................................................................................................................................... 5565.1.4 D E .................................................................................................................................. 5565.1.5 F ...................................................................................................................................... 5565.1.6 G ..................................................................................................................................... 5565.1.7 H ...................................................................................................................................... 5575.1.8 I ....................................................................................................................................... 5575.1.9 J ...................................................................................................................................... 5575.1.10 K ...................................................................................................................................... 5575.1.11 L ...................................................................................................................................... 5575.1.12 M ..................................................................................................................................... 5575.1.13 N ...................................................................................................................................... 5585.1.14 O ..................................................................................................................................... 5585.1.15 P ...................................................................................................................................... 5585.1.16 Q R .................................................................................................................................. 5585.1.17 S ...................................................................................................................................... 5585.1.18 T ...................................................................................................................................... 5595.1.19 U ...................................................................................................................................... 559

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5.1.20 V ...................................................................................................................................... 5595.1.21 W ..................................................................................................................................... 5595.1.22 XYZ ................................................................................................................................. 559

5.2 Input Files and Input Data Conventions .................................................................................. 5595.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 5595.2.2 Statements ...................................................................................................................... 5605.2.3 Delimiters ........................................................................................................................ 560

Examples ..................................................................................................................... 5615.2.4 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 561

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5615.2.5 Numeric data ................................................................................................................... 562

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5625.2.6 Units Description ............................................................................................................. 5625.2.7 Character Input ............................................................................................................... 562

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5635.2.8 Comment Statements and Blank Lines ........................................................................... 563

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5635.2.9 Multiple Value Data Sets ................................................................................................. 563

Examples ..................................................................................................................... 5645.2.10 Input Files ........................................................................................................................ 564

General ........................................................................................................................ 564The main input ('.PSM' or '.PST') file ........................................................................... 565Included files and the INCLUDE statement ................................................................. 565AUTOEXEC.PSM ........................................................................................................ 566modelname.U2P or branchname.U2P ......................................................................... 566

5.3 General Data ............................................................................................................................... 5665.3.1 HEADER - Job Accounting Header (Required) ............................................................... 566

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5675.3.2 JOB - Job Title (Optional) ................................................................................................ 5675.3.3 CASE - Case Title (Optional) .......................................................................................... 5675.3.4 UNITS - Input and Output Units (Optional) ..................................................................... 567

Example ....................................................................................................................... 5685.3.5 OPTIONS Calculation Procedure Options (Optional) ..................................................... 5685.3.6 RATE: Fluid Flow Rate Data ........................................................................................... 5785.3.7 ITERN Iteration Data (Optional) ...................................................................................... 5805.3.8 INLET System Inlet Data ................................................................................................. 5825.3.9 PRINT Output Printing Options (Optional) ...................................................................... 583

Per-case output page options ...................................................................................... 583Attributes ..................................................................................................................... 586Point report subcodes .................................................................................................. 587One-off output pages ................................................................................................... 589

5.3.10 PLOT Output Plotting Options (Optional) ........................................................................ 5905.3.11 NOPRINT Output Print Suppression Options (Optional) ................................................. 5935.3.12 BEGIN , END - Block delimiters ...................................................................................... 593

Example ....................................................................................................................... 594

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5.3.13 PUSH - Remote Action Editing (optional) ....................................................................... 5955.3.14 PLOTFILEDATA .............................................................................................................. 5965.3.15 EXECUTE - deferred execution of a statement .............................................................. 5965.3.16 USERDLL - Equipment ................................................................................................... 597

5.4 Flow Modeling ............................................................................................................................ 5985.4.1 FLOW CORRELATION DATA ........................................................................................ 598

VCORR Vertical Flow Correlation Options .................................................................. 598HCORR Horizontal Flow Correlation Options .............................................................. 601SPHASE Single Phase Flow Options (Optional) ......................................................... 604USERDLL - Flow Correlations ..................................................................................... 606

5.4.2 SYSTEM DATA ............................................................................................................... 606Changing Parameters within the System Profile ......................................................... 607CHOKE (Optional) ....................................................................................................... 608COMPCRV and PUMPCRV: Compressor and Pump performance curves ................ 612COMPLETION Completion Profile Delimiter ............................................................... 613COMPRESSOR Compressor (Optional) ..................................................................... 615CORROSION .............................................................................................................. 616RODPUMP: Rod- or Beam-pump ................................................................................ 616EROSION Erosion Rate and Velocity (Optional) ......................................................... 617EQUIPMENT Generic Equipment ............................................................................... 618EXPANDER Expander (Optional) ................................................................................ 620FITTING : Valves and Fittings ..................................................................................... 621FMPUMP (Optional) .................................................................................................... 623FRAMO 2009 (Optional) .............................................................................................. 623HEATER Heater/Cooler (Optional) .............................................................................. 624GASLIFT: Multiple Injection Ports in Gaslifted Wells ................................................... 624INJPORT Gas Lift Injection Valve ............................................................................... 628INJGAS: Injection Gas (Optional) and INJFLUID: Fluid Injection ................................ 630MPBOOSTER (Optional) ............................................................................................. 632MPUMP Multiphase Pump (Optional) .......................................................................... 633NODE System Profile Data (Required) ....................................................................... 635PIPE: Pipe or Tubing cross-section dimensions (Required) ........................................ 636PUMP Pump (Optional) ............................................................................................... 638COMPCRV and PUMPCRV: Compressor and Pump performance curves ................ 612REINJECTOR (Optional) ............................................................................................. 641RODPUMP: Rod- or Beam-pump ................................................................................ 616SEPARATOR Separator (Optional) ............................................................................. 642SLUG Slug Calculation Options (Optional) .................................................................. 643WELLHEAD Wellhead Profile Delimiter ...................................................................... 645

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5.4.3 WELL PERFORMANCE MODELING ............................................................................. 645INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 645WELLPI Well Productivity Index (Optional) ................................................................. 646WPCURVE (Optional) ................................................................................................. 647VOGEL Vogel Equation (Optional) .............................................................................. 647FETKOVICH Fetkovich Equation (Optional) ................................................................ 647JONES Jones Equation (Optional) .............................................................................. 648IFPPSSE : Data for the Pseudo Steady State Equation (Optional) ............................. 648WCOPTION Well Completion Data (Optional) ............................................................ 650IPRCRV or IFPCRV: Inflow Performance Curve ......................................................... 653IFPTAB Inflow Performance Tabulation (Optional) ..................................................... 654CONETAB Coning Relationship Tabulation (Optional) ............................................... 656BACKPRES Back Pressure Equation (BPE) (Optional) .............................................. 656HORWELL Horizontal Well Inflow Performance .......................................................... 657LAYER Reservoir Layer Properties ............................................................................. 659RESERVOIR ............................................................................................................... 660PERMCRV: Curves of Relative Permeability versus Saturation (Optional) ................. 660PERMTAB: Tabulation of Relative Permeability versus Saturation (Optional) ............ 661HVOGEL (Optional) ..................................................................................................... 662FORCHHEIMER (Optional) ......................................................................................... 662FRACTURE: Data for Hydraulic Fracture ................................................................... 662TRANSIENT: Data for the Transient Inflow equation (Optional) ................................. 663

5.5 HEAT TRANSFER DATA ........................................................................................................... 6645.5.1 Notes on Heat Transfer Output Printing .......................................................................... 6655.5.2 HEAT Heat Balance Options (Optional) .......................................................................... 665

Heat transfer mode ...................................................................................................... 6675.5.3 COAT Pipe Coat and Annular Space Medium Data (Optional) ....................................... 668

Example ....................................................................................................................... 6695.5.4 TCOAT Pipe Coat Thickness Data (Optional) ................................................................. 6695.5.5 KCOAT Pipe Coat Thermal Conductivity Data (Optional) ............................................... 670

Files ............................................................................................................................. 671Example ....................................................................................................................... 671

5.5.6 FLUID Fluid Thermal Conductivity Data (Optional) ......................................................... 6725.5.7 CONFIG: Pipe Heat Transfer Configuration Data (Optional) .......................................... 6735.5.8 Pipeline burial depth examples ....................................................................................... 674

5.6 Fluid Modeling ........................................................................................................................... 6745.6.1 BLACK OIL DATA ........................................................................................................... 674

BLACKOIL: Black Oil Fluid definitions ......................................................................... 675PROP Fluid Property Data (Optional) .......................................................................... 677LVIS: Liquid Viscosity Data (Optional) ......................................................................... 678CPFLUID: Fluid Heat Capacity Data (Optional) .......................................................... 683CPFLUID: Fluid Heat Capacity Data (Optional) .......................................................... 683TPRINT Black Oil Table Printing (Optional) ................................................................ 684CALIBRATE: Black Oil Property Calibration (Optional) ............................................... 684CONTAMINANTS Gas phase contaminants data (optional) ....................................... 686

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5.6.2 COMPOSITIONAL DATA ................................................................................................ 686AQUEOUS: Aqueous Component Specification ......................................................... 687COMPOSITION: Compositional Fluid Specification .................................................... 687LIBRARY: Library Component Specification ............................................................... 691MODEL: Model Properties Specification ..................................................................... 692PETROFRAC: Petroleum Fraction Specification ......................................................... 693TPRINT Tabular Data Print Options (Optional) ........................................................... 694

5.7 PIPESIM OPERATIONS OPTIONS ............................................................................................ 6945.7.1 NAPLOT: Nodal Analysis ................................................................................................ 6945.7.2 NAPOINT System Analysis Point .................................................................................... 6985.7.3 MULTICASE Introduction and Summary ........................................................................ 699

General Rules for use with MULTICASE ..................................................................... 6995.7.4 Explicit Subcodes ............................................................................................................ 7005.7.5 General Purpose Subcodes ............................................................................................ 702

Examples ..................................................................................................................... 7035.7.6 Combining MULTICASE and CASE/ENDCASE ............................................................. 7045.7.7 Multiple Case and PS-PLOT ........................................................................................... 7055.7.8 Reservoir Simulator Tabular Data Interface .................................................................... 7055.7.9 ASSIGN Changing Profile Data by Assignment .............................................................. 707

Example ....................................................................................................................... 7075.7.10 OPTIMIZE ....................................................................................................................... 708

Examples ..................................................................................................................... 7085.7.11 Wax deposition and Time Stepping modeling options .................................................... 182

Time subcodes ............................................................................................................ 709Termination subcodes ................................................................................................. 710Wax subcodes ............................................................................................................. 711BP, DBRS or DBRM method subcodes ....................................................................... 712Shell subcodes ............................................................................................................ 713

5.8 PIPESIM-Net keywords .............................................................................................................. 7155.8.1 SETUP ............................................................................................................................ 715

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7155.8.2 BRANCH ......................................................................................................................... 717

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7185.8.3 SOURCE ......................................................................................................................... 719

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7195.8.4 SINK ................................................................................................................................ 722

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7225.8.5 JUNCTION ...................................................................................................................... 724

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7245.8.6 NSEPARATOR .............................................................................................................. 724

Subcodes ..................................................................................................................... 7245.9 Keyword Index ........................................................................................................................... 555

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5.9.1 Keyword List .................................................................................................................... 555A .................................................................................................................................. 555B .................................................................................................................................. 555C .................................................................................................................................. 556D E ............................................................................................................................... 556F .................................................................................................................................. 556G .................................................................................................................................. 556H .................................................................................................................................. 557I .................................................................................................................................... 557J ................................................................................................................................... 557K .................................................................................................................................. 557L ................................................................................................................................... 557M .................................................................................................................................. 557N .................................................................................................................................. 558O .................................................................................................................................. 558P .................................................................................................................................. 558Q R .............................................................................................................................. 558S .................................................................................................................................. 558T .................................................................................................................................. 559U .................................................................................................................................. 559V .................................................................................................................................. 559W ................................................................................................................................. 559XYZ .............................................................................................................................. 559

6 Open Link ................................................................................................................ 7317 Third party applications ......................................................................................... 732Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 733

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1User Guide

1.1 IntroductionPIPESIM was originally developed by a company called Baker Jardine. Baker Jardine was formed in1985 to provide software and consultanting services to the oil and gas industry. In April 2001, BakerJardine was acquired by Schlumberger.Schlumberger has invested in the redevelopment of the industry's leading Production Engineeringsoftware to ensure that it cansolve challenging multiphase flow problems. PIPESIM couples a leading-edge Graphical User Interface (GUI) with a field-proven computation engine.

1.1.1 Company profileSchlumberger has wide experience in the design and optimization of oil and gas production systemsparticularly in the transportation of live hydrocarbon fluids, a vital element in the production andprocessing of hydrocarbons. The development of efficient gathering and transportation systemsrequires a combination of detailed theoretical knowledge and practical experience of the complexbehavior of multiphase hydrocarbon mixtures.Schlumberger is at the leading edge of software development for the oil and gas industry with thesoftware products such as PIPESIM, OFM, and ECLIPSE. These tools have been successfullyapplied to numerous systems for the modelling and data management of new and existing oil andgas production and distribution systems for most major oil companies.PIPESIM is a steady-state, multiphase flow simulator used for the design and diagnostic analysis ofoil and gas production systems. PIPESIM software tools models multiphase flow from the reservoirto the separator.Schlumberger is actively involved in research and development of new of multiphase fluid flowtechnologies, and has managed a diverse range of joint industry projects in this field.

1.1.2 Getting StartedTraining courses on the use of PIPESIM can be arranged. Please contact your local SchlumbergerSupport office or visit www.pipesim.com.New users are encouraged to read the following sections in the user guide/help system:

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User Guide 1

Case Studies (p.244) (either Oil Well Design (p.262) or Condensate Pipeline (p.245)) for detailson how to build models.

Using the model wizard (p.27) to build a model.

ApplicationsPIPESIM offers a wide ranging capability for modeling entire production systems from the reservoirto the processing facility. Typical applications include:Well Performance analysis Well design Well optimization Well inflow performance modeling Gas Lift design and performance modeling ESP design and performance modeling PCP performance modeling Horizontal well modeling Injection well design Reservoir VFP table generation Detailed sensitivity analysis Automated model matchingPipeline and Facilities Point by point generation of pressure and temperature profiles Prediction of solids formation (hydrates, wax, asphaltene, scale) Slug catcher design (hydrodynamic slugs, pigging, ramp-up) Equipment selection (pumps, compressors, multiphase boosters) Pipeline design Comparing measured data with calculated dataNetwork analysis module Unique network solution algorithm to model wells in large networks Rigorous thermal modeling of all network components Multiple looped pipeline/flowline capability Debottlenecking studies Comprehensive pipeline equipment models Gathering and distribution networks Gas lift optimization

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Technical Description of FeaturesDepending on the type of application, users may select from an extensive set of features to model awide variety of production systems and fluids. The following tables provide a technical summary ofthese features. Additional details are available throughout the online help system.

Feature DescriptionBlack Oil(p.460)

Latest industry standard fluid property correlations that cover all types ofpetroleum fluids from extra heavy oil to light oil and condensate. It can alsobe used for simplified gas, utility fluids, and so on.

Multi-level calibration from simple bubble point matching to advance fluidcalibration matching multiple sets of lab data measurements.

Wide range of viscosity correlations that includes options for user-specifieddead oil and emulsion viscosities.

Wide range of emulsion correlations covering tight to light emulsion types.Also, users can specify emulsion tables, and specify or calculate theinversion point.

Ability to plot fluid properties at lab or reservoirs conditions. Specify gas contaminants used for compressibility factor adjustment and

corrosion calculations. Specify thermal data for all phases of a black oil fluid for accurate thermal

modeling and some of the standard methods for fluid enthalpy calculation foraccurate energy balance prediction.

Comprehensive Fluid Mixing rules.Compositional(p.127)

Choices of Schlumberger developed and third party flash packages,including: Eclipse 300 Multiflash DBR GERG 2008 Refprop V8

These packages come with their own stan