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pma&;olonf wif;epfupm;0goemygNyD; rEÅav;

]]u,fvD [kdufpul;ausmif;}}wGif aepOfu ESpfBudrf wkdifwkdif

ausmif;csefyD,efjzpfchJygonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfa&mufaom

tcgwGifvnf; qufvufí wif;epfupm;cJh&m wpfOD;csif;csef

yD,ef rjzpfvifhupm; ukd0if;ESifhwGJí ESpfa,mufwGJ wif;epfNydKif

yGJwGif okH;BudrfwkdifcsefyD,efqk qGwfcl;&&SdcJhzl;ygonf/ xkdYtjyif

wuúodkvfwif;epftoif;\Ouú|ESpfBudrfjzpfcJhygonf/

wuúokdvfrS 0dZÆmbGJY&NyD;aemuf Oya'0dZÆmwef;quf

wufcJhygonf/ rlv&nf&G,fcsufrSm tpfukdBuD;\ajc&mudk eif;

í a&SUaetjzpf toufarG;&efjzpfaomfvnf; &nfrSef;csuft

wkdif; jzpfrvmbJ oHtrwfBuD;wpfOD;tjzpf ESpfaygif; 25-ESpf

wmumvrQ ygupöwef? xkdif;? zdvpfykdif? avm? uarÇm'D;,m;?

urÇmhukvor*¾(e,l;a,muf)? tD*spf? qD;&D;,m;? &k&Sm;? csuf

udkpvkdAufuD;,m;? ykdvef? rav;&Sm;? pifumylEkdifiHrsm;odkYoGm;

a&mufí wkdif;jynfwm0efukd xrf;aqmifcJh&NyD; 1972-ckESpfwGif

tem;,lum trSwf 81? tufzf? pkaygif;vrf;? tif;,m;NrdKif

wGif ZeD;a':ararcifESifhaexkdifvsuf&Sdygonf/

pma&;olonf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;? ocifoef;xGef;?

ocifEkwkdYESifhausmif;om;b0uwnf;u oduRrf;cJholjzpfaomf

vnf; EkdifiHa&;vkyf&ef &nf&G,fcsuf rlvur&SdcJhyg/ odkYaomf pdwf

0ifpm;rI&Sdoljzpf&m jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qkdaepOf

wGif &Srf;jynf\aemifa&;twGuf yg0ifaqmif&Gufvm&mrS Akdvf

csKyfatmifqef;u EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJ qGJoGif;í zqyvtzGJY

csKyftvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY0ifwpfOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? zqy

vOD;pD;tzGJY0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? zqyvtzGJYcsKyfwGif awmif

wef;e,fa'otwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;aqmif

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

13

cJh&if; yifvkHpmcsKyfjzpfay:vma&;twGuf t"duusaomt

cef;u@rS yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJholjzpfygonf/ xkdYtjyif AkdvfcsKyfwkdY

vkyfMuHcH&NyD;aemuf ocifEk OD;aqmifaom tpkd;&tzGJYwGif 0ef

BuD;wpfOD;tjzpfvnf; yg0ifcJhygonf/

pma&;ol\EkdifiHa&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk EkdifiHawmf

u todtrSwfjyKaomtm;jzifh r[moa&pnfolbGJYESifhEkdifiHh*kPf

&nfbGJY(yxrqifh)wkdYudk csD;jr§ifhcJhygonf/

&Jacgifarmifarmif

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

aOD;azcif

14

ed'gef;

a&Twd*kHtv,fypö,H zqyvnDvmcHBuD;ESifhyifvkHpm

csKyfjzpfay:vmykHtaMumif;udk rpwifrD yifvkHü tpnf;ta0;

rnfokdYrnfykH pwifcJh&onfudk yPmrtaejzifh wifjyvdkygonf/

urÇmhjzpf&yfBuD;rsm; tm;vkH;rSm ao;i,faom t

aMumif;t&mrsm;u pwifcJhonfhom"uajrmufjrm;pGm &Sdyg

aMumif; txl;wifjy&ef vkdrnfrxifyg/

xkdYtwlyif orkdif;0ifyifvkHpmcsKyfBuD;ay:aygufvmykH

rSmvnf; ao;i,faom a,bk,saqG;aEG;rIrS pwifcJhjcif;jzpf

ayonf/

yifvkHtpnf;ta0;[kqkd&mwGif 1946-ckESpf? rwfv

1-&ufaeYrS 12-&ufaeYtxd usif;ycJhaomyxryifvkHtpnf;

ta0;ESifhf1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 3-&ufrS 13-&ufaeYt

xd usif;ycJhaom 'kwd,yifvkHtpnf;ta0;rsm; jzpfygonf/

yxryifvkHtpnf;ta0;usif;y&ef tMuH&vmykHrSm

1945-ckESpf? tv,favmufwGif tmZmenfrkdif;yGefapmfbGm;

BuD; p0fpHxGef;\r[ma'0Dtokbtcrf;tem;odkY wufa&muf

vmMuaom te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;pka0;í tm

vmyov’my ajym&if; pwifcJhonfqkdvQif tHhMoMuvdrfhrnf[k

xifygonf/

xkdtcsdefumvrSm 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;pjzpfí urÇm

ay:&Sd udkvkdeDEkdifiHrsm;u vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qkdMuovkd

jrefrmEkdifiHuvnf; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;aeonfhtcg

or,jzpfayonf/

¤if;apmfbGm;rsm;u urÇmhtajctae? jrefrmhtajct

aersm;udk aqG;aEG;Mu&if; rdrdwkdYvnf; tem*wftwGuf rnf

odkY aqmif&GufMurnfudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&eftcsdef a&mufae

NyDjzpfaMumif; oabmaygufvmMuonf/

apmfbGm;rsm;\pum;0kdif;wGif EkdifiHa&;tjrifESifhwuf

wuf<u<u OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;Muolrsm;rSm anmifa&TapmfbGm;

BuD;p0fa&Tokduf? oxkHNrdKUpm;BuD;p0fcGefMunfESifhrkdif;yGefapmfbGm;

BuD;p0fpHxGef;wkdYjzpfMuygonf/

apmfbGm;rsm;tm;vkH;u rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;tm;enf;

vrf;rsm;&SmMuH&ef wm0efay;vkdufygonf/ rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;

onf ¤if;\r[ma'0Dtokbudpörsm; NyD;qkH;oGm;NyD;aemuf

1945-ckESpf? 'DZifbmvtv,favmufwGif &Srf;jynfawmifykdif;

rkdif;ukdifNrdKUodkY apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;tm; tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfusif;

y&ef zdwfac:vkdufygonf/

,if;tpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;wGif enf;vrf;&SmaqG;aEG;

Mu&mrS &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; yifvkHNrdKUwGif ]]&Srf;jynfvufrIynm

jyyGJ}}wpf&yf usif;y&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufMuonf/

]]&Srf;jynfvufrIynmjyyGJ}}[k tcsdeftcg tajctae

t& trnfwyfxm;aomfvnf; ,if;jyyGJodkY jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;

acgif;aqmifAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm;vnf;aumif;? *VKefOD;

apmtygt0if tjcm;EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhawmiffwef;

a'orS ucsif? csif;? u&ifeD(u,m;)wkdYtm;vnf;aumif; zdwf

Mum;cJhojzifh ,if;jyyGJrSm EkdifiHa&;toGifvu©Pmaqmifvsuf&Sd

aMumif; odomayonf/

,if;jyyGJodkY AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd,fwkdif rwufa&muf

EkdifcJhaMumif;? ¤if;udk,fpm; ocifEkOD;aqmifaomtzGJY wuf

a&mufcJhaMumif; ponfwkdYudk vmrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif tus,f

az:jyxm;ygonf/

jyyGJwGif &Srf;jynfa'otoD;oD;rS vufrIynmESifhxkwf

ukefrsm;? ykHpHtm;jzifh tif;av;rS ykd;xnfcsnfxnfrsm;? rkdif;

ukdifrS rkdif;udkifpuúLtrsKd;rsKd;? rkd;eJrS aiG"m;rsm;? usKdif;wkHrS a&T

cs,Gef;xnfrsm;? rkdif;yGefrS emrnfBuD; a&waumif;ESifhajrxnf

rsm;? vif;ac;rS Am*sD;eD;,m;aq;wHaomufaq;rsm; ponfwkdY

udk wJrsm;xkd;í jyoxm;ygonf/

jyyGJrSm txl;pnfum;í jyyGJvm{nfhy&dowfrsm;tm;

XmetoD;oD;rS wm0ef&SdolwkdYu rdrdwkdYXmetvkduff aqmif&Guf

&onfhvkyfief;rsm;ESifhtem*wfaqmif&Guf&ef tpDtpOfrsm;udk

vnf;aumif;? ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;u rdrdwkdY\xkwfukefrsm;t

aMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? a[majymMuygonf/ rSwfrdoa&GU wif

jy&ygvQif vif;ac;rS OD;xGef;jrifhu ¤if;\Am*sD;eD;,m;aq;

&GufBuD;rsm;taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? OD;wif{u ynma&;

ESifhywfoufívnf;aumif;? a[majymMuNyD; ocifEku &Srf;-

ArmcspfMunfa&;orkdif;ukdvnf;aumif;? *VKefOD;apmu 'kdrDeD,H

taMumif;udkvnf;aumif; a[majymygonf/

þodkYjzifh yxrtBudrf yifvkHnDvmcHBuD; jzpfay:vm

cJhjcif;jzpfayonf/

yxrtBudrfnDvmcHusif;y&mwGif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;

&if;ESD;em;vnfrIrsm; &wefoa&GU &cJhojzifh tusKd;&Sdaom

aMumifhf aemifESpfwGifvnf; tvm;wl awGYqkHaqG;aEG;Mu&ef qkH;

jzwfcJhMuygonf/

xkdodkYqkH;jzwfcJhpOfu 'kwd,yifvkHnDvmcHBuD;udk EkdifiH

a&;tESpfom&jzifh usif;y&ef &nf&G,fcJhjcif; r&SdcJhyg/ yxrt

Budrf nDvmcHuJhodkYyif taxGaxGaqG;aEG;Mu&ef &nfoefcJhay

onf/

odkYaomf tcsdeftcg tajctaeft& 'kwd,tBudrf yif

vkHnDvmcHBuD;\ta&;yg t&ma&mufrIrSm txGwftxdyfodkY

a&mufcJh&ygonf/

1946-ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyf

a&;ay;a&;udpöESifhywfoufí tufwvDu jrefrmukd,fpm;

vS,ftzGJYudk NAdwdefEkdifiHokdY zdwfac:cJhygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmif

qef;acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYonf vef'efodkY

oGm;í tufwvDESifhawGYqkHaqG;aEG;ta&;qkdcJh&mrS atmifqef;

-tufwvDpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhonfhtajctaeodkYqkduf

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

15

a&mufcJhygonf/

,if;pmcsKyfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;onfh

tcg awmifwef;e,fa'orsm;udkyg wpfygwnf; xnfhoGif;ay;

&efudpöESifhywfoufí ,if;awmifwef;e,fa'oom;rsm;\o

abmxm;udk avhvm&ef vkdtyfaMumif;? ,if;wkdY\qEoabm

xm;udk avhvm&ef usif;y&efvsmxm;onfhyifvkHaqG;aEG;yGJwGif

jzpfap? oD;jcm; ,if;udpötwGuf tpnf;ta0;BuD;ac:,lí

jzpfap avhvm&ef[laomtcsufwpf&yf yg0ifygonf/

AkdvfcsKyfonf ,if;udpöESifhfywfoufí taqmwvsif

ylylaEG;aEG; aqmif&GufrSjzpfrnf[k oabm&í ,if;udpötwGuf

oD;jcm;tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfac:,lcsdeftxd rapmifhawmhbJ

vGefcJhaomyxryifvkHtpnf;ta0;u qkH;jzwfxm;onfht

wkdif; yifvkHwGif awGYqkHMurnfh'kwd,yifvkHtpnf;ta0;odkY udk,f

wkdifwufa&mufcJhygonf/

þodkYAkdvfcsKyfukd,fwkdifvnf; wuf? EkdifiHa&;t& t

a&;ygaom tqkH;tjzwf ay;&rnfhudpöudkvnf; þtpnf;t

a0;wGif wifjyaqG;aEG;NyD; tqkH;tjzwfcH,lcJh&&m omrefawGY

qkH&ef &nf&G,fíf csdef;qkdac:,lcJhonfh'kwd,yifvkHnDvmcHESifh

yifvkHpmcsKyfwkdYrSm urÇmwnfoa&GU t"GefY&SnfMumpGm wnfwHhcdkif

NrJaernfhjrefrmhorkdif;armfuGef; rSwfwkdifBuD;tjzpf a&muf&SdcJhay

awmhonf/

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

aOD;azcif

16

a&Twd*kHnDvmcHonf zqyvtzGJYcsKyfu BuD;rSL;usif;

yonfhtpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;rsm;wGif yxrtBuD;tus,ftcrf;

tem;qkH; nDvmcHBuD;jzpfayonf/ zqyvtzGJYcsKyfjzpfay:vm

ykHudk tenf;i,fwifjy&ygvQif zqyvtzGJYcsKyfonf 1944-

ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\OD;aqmifrIjzifh wnf

axmifzGJYpnf;cJhonfhtzGJYtpnf;jzpfygonf/ zqyvtzGJYcsKyf\

rlv&nf&G,fcsufrSm zufqpf*syefwkdY\tkyfcsKyfrIudk wkdufzsuf

a&;yifjzpfojzifh (zwz)zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;tzGJYcsKyf (Anti-

Fascist Organization) yifjzpfayonf/

aemufydkif;wGif tjcm;tjcm;aom EkdifiHa&;tzGJYt

pnf;rsm;yg yl;aygif;yg0ifvmEkdifatmif wkd;csJUvkdufojzifh zw

yv zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;? jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyf (Anti-

Fascist People Freedom League) trnfcHaomtrsKd;om;wyf

OD;trnfjzifh vIyf&Sm;cJhygonf/ aemifaomfftcgwGif zufqpf

qefYusifa&;jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyf(zqyv)[k jzpfvm

onf/

zqyvtzGJYcsKyf\yxrOD;qkH;&nfrSef;csufrSm zuf

qpf*syefrsm;tm; awmfvSefwkdufcdkufarmif;xkwfypfa&;jzpfí

'kwd,&nf&G,fcsufrSm aemifxyf0ifvmrnfhNAdwdoQe,fcsJUwkYdxH

rS vGwfvyfa&;,l&eftwGuf EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJrsm; qufvufqif

ETJ&ef jynfolwpf&yfvkH;tm; pnf;&Hk;í toifhjyifqifxm;a&;

yifjzpfonf/

aeol&defnDvmcH

,if;'kwd,&nf&G,fcsufatmifjrifa&;twGuf aeol

&defZmwf&kHBuD;wGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u jyifqifrIrsm; jyKvkyf

cJhygonf/

a':refprpf jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvmvQif &mxl;jyí qGJ

aqmifpnf;&kH;NyD; acgif;aqmifydkif;udk NzdKcGJrnfhta&;ukd AkdvfcsKyf

u BudKwifawG;rdonf/ odkYjzpfí tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfaeaom

ygwDtzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf;jzpfapcsifonf/

odkYjzpfí *VKefOD;apm\rsKd;cspfygwD? a'gufwmAarmf\r[mArm

^qif;&Jom;ygwD? OD;cspfvIdif? OD;yk? OD;xGef;atmifausmf(vIdif?

yk? ausmf)wkdYacgif;aqmifaomtzGJY? wkdYArmtpnf;t&kH;ponfh

ygwDaygif;pkHrS EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;tm; zdwfMum;í

aeol&defnDvmcHusif;yNyD; pnf;&Hk;cJhonf/ ,if;nDvmcHrSyif

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; zqyv(wyfaygif;pkBuD;)\Ouú|t

jzpf wnDwnTwfwnf; a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufvkdufygonf/(Akdvf

csKyfwiful;awG;xifxm;onfhtwkdif;yif a':refprpfu &mxl;

jyí qGJaqmifpnf;&kH;&modkY ygoGm;Muonfukd awGY&ygonf/)

]]a':refprpfjyefvmNyD}} {nfhcHyGJrdefYcGef;

bk&ifcHqm a':refprpfonfvnf; jrefrmjynfESifhywf

oufonfh (Burma Statement of Policy by H.M.G, 1945) NAdwdoQ

wkdY\rl0g'(trsm;odonfh puúLjzLpmwrf;)ukd o,faqmifvsuf

qif;rvm;rS jrefrmjynfwGif;odkY jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcJhNyD;

aemufwpfaeY 1945-ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv(17)&ufaeYwGif

NrdKUawmfcef;rü usif;yonfh¤if;tm;*kPfjyKonfh{nfhcHyGJü jref

rmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIrSm NyD;qkH;oGm;NyDjzpfaMumif;? r

MumrDrSmyif tajctaeay;onfESifhwNydKifeuf zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyf

ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;twGuf wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfa&G;

aumufyGJusif;yay;awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; [dwfBuD;[efBuD;jzifh

0ifh<um;pGm xnfhoGif;ajymMum;oGm;avonf/

a':refprpfu qufvufajymMum;&mwGif a&G;aumuf

yGJusif;yay;a&; rjyKrDtawmtwGif; 1935-ckESpf? jrefrmEkdifiH

tpkd;& tufOya'(The Government of Burma Act; 1935) ukd

acwå&yfqkdif;xm;NyD; ,if;puúLjzLpmwrf;t& bk&ifcHwpfOD;

wnf; tkyfcsKyfonfhpepfjzifh okH;ESpfrQ tkyfcsKyfoGm;rnfjzpf

aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/

rxl;qef;yg

ol\aMunmcsufrSm &kd;aeNyDjzpfí uRefawmfwkdY(t

xl;ojzifh *syefudk awmfvSefcJhonfhacwfvli,fwkdY)tm; qGJaqmif

EkdifpGrf;r&Sdyg/ xkdtcsdefrSm wkdufyGJaygif;rsm;pGm qifETJtEkdifBuJcJh

onfhArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf(Patriotic Burmese Forces) uvnf;

vufeuftyf zsufodrf;jcif;jyK&ef qEr&Sdao;yg/ uRefawmfwkdY

taejzifhvnf; a':refprpfajymqkdonfwkdYudk vufcHNyD; okH;ESpf

okH;rkd; olYoabmESifhol pdk;rkd;tkyfcsKyfrnfhudpöudk vufcHMurnf

r[kwfyg/ olajymonfhvGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ NyD;qkH;oGm;NyDqkdjcif;

ukdvnf; vufrcHEkdifyg/ uRefawmfwkYdtaejzifh *syefu ay;cJh

onfhtwkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;wGif bmrQrvkyfEkdifcJhonfht

awGYtMuKH&SdcJhNyDjzpfí vufawYGusonfhvGwfvyfa&; tppftrSef

udkom vkdvm;vsuf&Sd&m AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwkdifu ]]wpfESpftwGif;

vGwfvyfa&;ay;&rnf}}[k twdtvif; awmif;qkdcJhaMumif;udk

aemufydkif;wGif awGY&rnfjzpfayonf/

olwkdYtrSm;

ppfNyD;acwf 'Dbufydkif;wGif EkdifiHa&;t& Ekd;Mum;wuf

<uvsuf&SdonfhjrefrmwkdY\tajctaerSefudk rodaom ukdvkdeD

tmPmykdifrsm;u a&Twd*kHnDvmcHBuD;tm; ppfrjzpfrDumvu

EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfpk\vIHYaqmfa&;tpnf;ta0;avmuf

tcef;(1)

yifvkHpmcsKyfrsKd;aphcs&m a&Twd*kHnDvmcH

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

17

omjzpfonf[k ,lqjcif;rSm rSm;,Gif;aeygonf/

pifppftm;jzifh a&Twd*kHnDvmcHBuD;rSm zqyvtvH

awmfatmuf&Sd tzGJYtpnf;rsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; pkHpkHnDnD

wufa&mufvmMuonfh(rMumrDaomumvwGif ay:aygufvm

rnfjzpfonfhtrsKd;om;nDnTwfa&;udk ckdifNrJaprnfh)orkdif;0if

yifvkHpmcsKyfBuD;ukd rsKd;aphcsay;onfhnDvmcHjzpfaMumif; awGY

jrifMu&ayvdrfhrnf/

awmifwef;a'orsm;

uRefawmfonf 1945-ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif ysOf;rem;

NrdKUü usif;ycJhaom Arm-rGwfqvifuGef*&uff(A-r-u)rS a&T

wd*kHnDvmcHBuD;odkY wufa&muf&ef tmZmenfq&mBuD;OD;&mZwf?

0efBuD;a[mif;OD;cifarmifvwfwkdYESifhtwl ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf

apvTwfjcif;cH&oljzpfygonf/ A-r-urSm zqyvtzGJYcsKyfBuD;

\tvHawmfatmuf&Sd tzGJYtpnf;wpfckjzpfygonf/

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rsm;)(Scheduled Area) [kvnf;ac:ao;onf/ þodkYZ,m;0if

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shan

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30

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onf/

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usKd;eyfoifhoavmuf eyfonf[k qkd&ayrnf/

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ajrmufa&;tzGJYcsKyfrS acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhqufvufaqG;aEG;

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trIaqmifrsm;jzpfMuaomf udktkef;az? udkb&DESifh&JabmfbaX;

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odrf;qnf;oGm;Muonf/

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í uRefawmftpD&ifcH&m ocifEku uRefawmfhtm; csufcsif; &ef

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vef'efrS vdar®mfoD;

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rSm vef'efrSvmaom owif;rSmvnf; aumif;csdefjzpfygonf/

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awmif;qkdxm;aom ]]wpfESpftwGif; vkH;0vGwfvyfa&; &&Sd&ef

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ukd az:jyvkdygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfwkdY aqG;aEG;onfhudpö atmifjrif

vQif vdar®mfoD; (Orange) [kaMu;eef;&kduf&efESifhratmifjrif

vQif oHy&moD; Lemon [k&kduf&ef pDpOfxm;cJh&m OD;ausmfNidrf;u

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vufrSwfa&;xkd;

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yifjzpfayonf/ awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifhywfoufí rl&if;pm

csKyfwGif-

(u) awmifwef;a'oESifhjrefrmjynfr taESmifht,Suf

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rdwfqufpum;

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eif;vrf;aetdrfü awGYqkHpOf rdwfqufpum; ajymMum;&mü-

]]usKyfwkdYArmjynftaMumif; ajymMum;wJhtcgwkdif;

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txufwGifaz:jyyg&Sdonfhpnf;urf;csuftykd'f(c) ESifh

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wpf&m 0ifvmEkdifonf/ odkYjzpfí rMumrD usif;yrnfhyifvkHnD

vmcHwGifom aqmif&Gufp&mrsm;udk tcsdefrqGJbJ aqmif&Guf

jcif;uom ydkípdwfcs&rnf[k ,lqojzifh vef'efrSjyefa&mufí

&uftenf;i,ftwGif; yifyef;aeonfudk y"merxm;bJ yif

vkHnDvmcHodkYc&D;quf&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufavonf/

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twGuf tylwjyif;pDpOfcJhMuonf/

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&ef um;rsm;jzifh vma&mufBudKqkdMuonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;

\um;ukd uRefawmfudk,fwkdif armif;ygonf/

csD;usL;Mobmay;

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um;udk &yfxm;&onf/

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uJcwfavhvm&efomjzpfonf[k aumufcsufcs&efom&Sdayonf

odkYjzpfí tcsKdUtaemufwkdif;orkdif;okawoDrsm;u ]]u&ifwkdY

u nDvmcHodkYavhvmolav;a,mufapvTwfcJhaomfvnf; ¤if;

wkdYtm; wkdifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;r&Sd}}[k a&;om;jcif;rSm uRefawmf

wkdYtcsif;csif;f txiftjrifvGJrSm;atmif zefwD;jcif;rQomjzpf

ayonf/ ([,lwifum; (Hugh Tinker \jynfaxmifpkjrefrm

EkdifiH pm-24)

0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;

þae&mwGif u&ifukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYacgif;aqmifOD;

vSaztaMumif;udk tenf;i,fwifjyvkdygonf/ OD;vSazrSm Ekdif

iHa&;tawGYtMuKHEke,folwpfa,muf r[kwfyg/ 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;

orm;BuD;wpfOD; jzpfayonf/ olonf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rwkdif

rDu ygvDreftrwfjzpfí vTwfawmf'kwd,Ouú|wpfOD;vnf;

jzpfayonf/ (xkdpOfu vTwfawmfOuú|rSm acgif;aqmifBuD;OD;

cspfvIdfifjzpfonf/)OD;vSazonf EkdifiHa&;tajctaeudk trsm;

uJhodkYyif od&Sdem;vnfoljzpfay&m oHvGifu&iftrsKd;om;rsm;

udpöukd nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;&ef &Sdygu rnfolurQ ¤if;tm;

wm;rnfvnf; r[kwfyg/ wm;jrpfydwfyifívnf; &rnfr[kwf

yg/ okdYaomf bmrQ OD;vSazu rwifoGif;cJhyg/

odkYjzpfí ¤if;wkdYtaejzifh wkdifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;vnf;

rjyKcsif? twkdifyifvnf; rcHcsifaomaMumifh wrifcyfcGmcGmae

NyD; aemufqkH;tcsdefusrS vma&mufjcif;jzpfonfqkdvQif txuf

wGif az:jycJhonfh taemufwkdif;orkdif;okawoDrsm; a&;om;

csufxuf ykdrkdrSefuefeD;pyfrnf[k uRefawmf,lqonf/

OD;vSazrSm &nfrSef;csufBuD;rm;oljzpfonfhtm;avsmf

pGm acwfaemufusí ao;i,fonfhe,frS oHvGifu&ifeDtrsKd;

om;tenf;i,favmufudk ukd,fpm;jyKacgif;aqmifjcif;r[kwf?

us,fjyefYaomEkdifiHa&;e,fy,fwGif EkdifiHa&;upm;aejcif;jzpf

ayonf/ olonf autif(ef),ltzGJYu oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,f

udk yifv,fxGufaygufESifhwuG weoFm&Dc&kdif wpfc&kdifvkH;tyg

t0if NAdwdoQ"eo[m,tzGJY0iftjzpf ay;&efawmif;onfukd

axmufcHolwpfOD;vnf; jzpfayonf/

xkdYjyif ArmjynfrrS oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonfh&Srf;? ucsif?

csif;ESifhu&ifeDe,fwkdYyg0ifaom zuf'&,fvfEkdifiHBuD;wpfck

(Grand Federation) tjzpf wnfaxmif&ef MuHpnfcJholvnf;jzpf

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aOD;azcif

42

ayonf/ odkYjzpfí OD;vSazrSm taemufwkdif;orkdif;q&mwkdYu

uRefawmfwkdYtm; ,kHMunfapvkdonfhvl&kd;vlNydef;wpfOD;r[kwf

aMumif;udk uRefawmfwkdYtaejzifh rSwfwrf;wif&ayvdrfhrnf/

u&ifeDe,frSmrl ,ckyifvkHwGif aqG;aEG;&ef pka0;ae

onfh (Schedulded Areas) [kac:onfhawmifwef;a'orsm;wGif

yg0ifonfhe,fwpfe,f r[kwf? oD;jcm;wnf&SdaeonfhvGwfvyf

aom e,fjzpfí[laom taMumif;jycsufjzifh nDvmcHudk wuf

&ef jiif;qkdcJhonf/ odkYrwufvQif olwkdYtusKd;,kwfrnf? olwkdY

twGuf tEÅ&m,f&Sdonfudkrl olwkdYod&SdMuojzifh rrDvkdufrSmudk

pkd;&drfcJhMuí apm0PÖESifhapmodef;wkdYESpfOD;ygaom omrefavh

vma&;ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwpfzGJYtaejzifh AkdvfcsKyftm; tvGwf

oabmvma&mufawGYqkHcJhayonf/ aemufydkif;wGif u,m;jynf

e,ftjzpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHwGif yg0ifvmcJhayonf/

&Srf;vlrsKd;u yxrqkH;or®w

xkdaeY wpfaeYwm tpnf;ta0;NyD;oGm;aomtcg Akdvf

csKyfu ]]yxrqkH;or®wtjzpf &Srf;trsKd;om;wpfOD;udkay;

vQif raumif;bl;vm;? cifAsm; b,fvkdoabm&ovJ}}[kuRef

awmfhtm; ar;ygonf/ þodkYar;jcif;rSm vlrsKd;taeESifhaumif;

raumif; ar;jcif;r[kwfbJ &Srf;trsKd;om;xJrS rnfoludk ay;

vQif aumif;rvJ? oifhovJqkdonfudk ar;jcif;omjzpfrnf[k

,lqí awmifykdifapmfbGm;BuD;udk a&G;vQif aumif;rnf[k xif

onf[k tMuHjyKvkdufygonf/

awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD;tm; uRefawmftqkdjyKvkduf&

jcif;rSm ftaMumif;&Sdygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYwuúokdvfausmif;om;

b0u &Srf;jynfe,fausmif;om;rsm;toif;wGif uRefawmfonf

yxrOD;qkH;twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvmonf/ Ouú|rSm anmifa&TrS

apmausmftHhjzpfygonf/

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awmfwkdYa&;qGJMu&ygonf/ ,if;odYk a&;qGJNyD;aomtcg toif;

atmifjrifpGm wnfaxmifcJhNyD;jzpfonfhtaMumif;? &efykHaiGrsm;

xnfh0ifygrnfhtaMumif; toif;pnf;rsOf;yg yl;wGJvsuf &Srf;

apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;xH arwåm&yfcHpmrsm; uRefawmfa&;om;ay;

ydkYcJhygonf/ tjcm;rnfonfhapmfbGm;rsm;xHurQ jyefpmwpf

apmifwpfavrQ r&cJhaomfvnf; awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD;u uRef

awmfwkdYtoif;twGuf aiG 500d ukd aMu;eef;jzifh &ufa&mpGm

vSL'gef;cJhygonf/ þonfrSm uRefawmfwkdYtzkdY olYtm; arh

aysmufí r&EkdifavmufonfhtxifBuD;p&m taMumif;wpf&yf

jzpfvmygawmhonf/ þodkYjzifh ¤if;tm; acgif;xJwGif pGJxif

vsuf&Sdaeay&m AkdvfcsKyfuar;aomtcg ¤if;trnfudk csuf

csif;yif tMuHjyKvkdufjcif;jzpfygonf/

xdkYtjyif ¤if;onf vltrsm;av;pm;avmufonfh Oy

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onf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u olYudk enf;enf;yg;yg; wD;acguf

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aumif;bl;vm;[k tMuHjyKonfudk AkdvfcsKyfu vG,fvG,fulul

yif oabmwlvkdufonf/

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tm; uHtm;avsmfpGm wpfOD;wnf;&Sdaeonfudk awGY&ojzifhuRef

awmfvma&mufjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; yGifhvif;&if;ESD;pGm ajymjyEkdif

cJhygonf/ apmfbGm;BuD;u]]rvkyfyg&apESifhudkazcif&m or®w

tdrfawmfxJrSm uRefawmfaxmifusaewmESifh wlaeygtkH;r,f}}

[k&,fum armumjzifh csufcsif;wkefYjyefvkdufygonf/ xdkYaemuf

apmfbGm;BuD;u qufvufí olYxuf 0g&ifhonfhapmfbGm;BuD;awG

&Sdao;aMumif; ajymygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfu &Srf;trsKd;om;wpfOD;

udk yxrqkH;or®wtjzpf a&G;cs,fcefYtyfvkdygu apmfbGm;rsm;

tcsif;csif;nd§EIdif;NyD; oifhawmfolwpfOD;udk trsm;oabmwl

a&G;cs,fay;onfu ydkrkdtqifajyrnf[k ,lqaMumif;jyefvnf

tMuHjyKygonf/

aeYv,fpm pm;a&;udpöESifhywfoufírl apmfbGm;BuD;

u AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm {nfhonftjzpf yifvkHodkY a&muf&Sdae

jcif;jzpfojzifh {nfhcH&rnfhwm0efrSm ¤if;\wm0efjzpfaMumif;

ajymygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfu bmBudKufovJ[k uRefawmfhtm; ¤if;

uar;&m AkdvfcsKyftaejzifh(xrif;ESifh[if;ukdom pm;ae&zef

rsm;í tajymif;tvJwpfckckvkyfvQif aumif;rnf[k,lqNyD;)

yvmwmESifhqdwfom;ubwf? rqvmESifhcsufonfhMuufom;

[if;BudKufonf[k ajymvkdufygonf/ trSeftwkdif;ajym&vQif

uRefawmfudk,fwkdfifvnf; BudKufonfhtpm;tpm jzpfygonf/

aemufwpfaeY aeYv,fpmpm;yGJokdY AkdvfcsKyfESifhuRefawmf

oGm;&m apmfbGm;BuD;xHwGif odEDéapmfbGm;BuD;vnf; a&mufae

onfudk awGY&ygonf/

AdkvfcsKyfu &Srf;vlrsKd;wpfOD;tm; yxrqkH;or®wt

jzpfcefYvkdonfhqEudk odEéDapmfbGm;BuD;tm; awmifykdifapmfbGm;

BuD;u ajymxm;ESifhNyDjzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/ a&G;cs,fenf;ESifh

ywfoufí apmfbGm;BuD;ESpfOD;pvkH;rSm woabmwnf;jzpfae

onfudk awGY&ygonf/ rnfoludkyJ a&G;a&G; ta&G;cH&olrSm t

rsm;\qEt& wnDwnTwfwnf; a&G;cs,fay;vkdufolomjzpf

&rnfjzpfaMumif; ¤if;wkdYu AkdvfcsKyftm; ajymjyygonf/

[dwf[efr&Sd az:a&G

aeYv,fpm pm;&if; pum;pjrnf ajymMu&mrS anmif

a&TapmfbGm;BuD;tm; ¤if;wkdY&nfrSef;xm;ykH&onfudk uRefawmf

wkdY&dyfrdygonf/ xrif;pm;yGJwGif pum;pNyD;ajymMu&mü yGifhvif;

az:a&GrI&Sdonfukd awGY&NyD; AkdvfcsKyfuvnf; [dwfBuD;[efBuD;

rvkyfbJ &if;&if;ESD;ESD; yg0ifaqG;aEG;onfudk awGY&ygonf/

wnfMunfajzmifhrwfíf opöm&SdNyD; udk,fusKd;rMunfh

onfhtjyif tvGefYtvGef&kd;om;onfhAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm;

apmfbGm;BuD;ESpfOD;pvkH;u oabmusaeonf[k uRefawmfajym

E-bo

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a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

43

Ekdifygonf/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;u AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; cuf

xefí ta&mw0if raeonfhppfAkdvfcsKyf? rmeBuD;onfhEkdifiH

a&;orm;[kxifjrif,lqonfhtcsufESifhAkdvfcsKyf\yuwdyHkoGif

rS ododomomBuD; jcm;em;aeonfudkvnf; ¤if;wkdYjrifawGYoGm;

Muayonf/

tm;vkH;jcKHíMunfhvQif awGYqkHrIrSm tvGefyifaumif;

aom awGYqkHyGJwpf&yf jzpfonf[kqkd&ygrnf/ uRefawmfa&G;cs,f

vkdufonfhyvmwmESifhMuufom;[if;? qdwfom;ubwfwkdYudk

vnf; AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwkdif Nrdef&SufpGm okH;aqmifonfukd awGY&í

uRefawmf tawmfyif yDwdjzpfrdygonf/

awmifwef;om;acgif;aqmifwkdYwifonfhrlMurf;

yifvkHnDvmcHukd aemufwpfaeY qufvufusif;yonf/

xkdaeYwGif ta&;BuD;onfhjyóemwpf&yfjzpfaom vGwfvyfNyD;

aemufydkif;wGif jynfrESifhawmifwef;om;wkdYMuHhMuHhckdifckdifyl;aygif;

aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh twdwfumvu txiftjrifvGJrSm;rIwkdYudk

acszsufypfa&;tajccHjyóem&yfukd aqG;aEG;pOf;pm;Mu&rnf

jzpfygonf/

,if;tpnf;ta0;ü wifjyaqG;aEG;onfhtaMumif;

jcif;&mwkdYESifhywfoufí az:jyjcif;rjyKrD &Srf;jynfwGif rnfonfh

a'orsm;yg0ifonfudkvnf;aumif;? ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;

awmif;aeonfhucsifjynfe,fwGif rnfonhfa'orsm;ygrnfukd

vnf;aumif; az:jyvdkygonf/

&Srf;jynfe,f

&Srf;jynfe,frSm apmfbGm;rsm;? NrdKUpm;rsm;? aiGcGefrSL;

rsm;[k ¤if;wkdY tkyfcsKyfpkd;rkd;&m a'o\tus,ft0ef;udkrlwnf

í ac:a0:okH;pGJonf/ pkd;rkd;tkyffcsKyfolrsm; tkyfcsKyf&onfhc&kdif

aygif; (33)c&dkif&Sdygonf/ ,if;c&kdifrsm;udk aygif;&kH;í t*Fvdyf

tac:tm;jzifh (Federated Shan States) &Srf;jynf[kac:xm;yg

onf/

ucsifjynfe,f

ucsifjynfe,fESifhywfoufírl tajctaecsif;rwlyg?

&Srf;jynfuJhodkY ucsifawmifwef;a'owGif þrnfaomae&m

rsm;rSm rdrdwkdYydkifeufyg[k awmif;qkdavmufatmif owfrSwf

xm;onfhqufpyfonfhe,fedrdwf[lír&SdcJhyg/ awmifxlxyfaom

a0;vHonfha'oawmifukef;rsm;ay:wGif [kdwpf&Gm 'Dwpf&Gmom

&Sdygonf/

odkYjzpfí ucsiftenf;pkrQom&Sdaom &Srf;jrefrm? &Srf;

w&kwftrsm;tjym; aexkdifvsuf&Sdonfhjynfrtykdif;(2) {&d,m

Part II [kac:aomjrpfBuD;em;ESifhAef;armfc&kdifrsm;udkom xnfh

ray;vQif ucsifjynfe,f[lí jzpfvmEkdifrnf r[kwfyg/

'l;0g;

ucsifrsm;\tBuD;tuJudk 'l;0g;rsm;[kac:Muonf/

&Srf;jynf&Sd apmfbGm;wkdYESifhtwlonfhtcsufrSm 'l;0g;rsm;tm; NAd

wdoQwdkYu &GmolBuD;avmufom oabmxm;NyD; apmfbGm;rsm;

uJhodkY pDrHtkyfcsKyfol (Rulers) rsm;tjzpf oabmrxm;yg/

csif;0daoowkdif;

csif;0daoowkdif;rSm zvrf;ESifhwD;wdefc&kdifrsm;? &ckdif

&kd;rawmifaMumrsm;yg0ifygonf/ csif;wkdYtaejzifhrl oDjcm;

jynfe,fawmif;cHjcif; rjyKcJhyg/

jrefrmjynfrS ppfukdif;wkdif;twGif;wGif em*? vla&Sp

onfhfawmifay:a'oom; tenf;tusOf;vnf; &Sdao;onf/

olwkdYonf yifvkHnDvmcHokdY wufvnf; rwuf? xl;jcm;aom

awmif;qkdcsufrsm;vnf; awmif;qkdjcif; r&SdcJhyg/

u&if

u&ifrsm;rSmrl jrefrmjynftESHYtjym;wGif aexkdifMuol

rsm;jzpfNyD; pkpkpnf;pnf;aexkdifvsuf&Sdonfha'orSm oHvGifc&kdif

omjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif a&SUydkif;wGif az:jycJhonfhtwkdif; ¤if;

wkdYonf nDvmcHü aqG;aEG;rIrsm; NyD;qkH;cgeD;rS yifvkHodkYa&muf

vmcJhMuygonf/

u&ifeD

u&ifeDukd,fpm;vS,frsm;rSmrl omrefavhvmolrsm;t

jzpf vma&mufMuNyD; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhwoD;wjcm; awGYqkH

qufoG,frIrjyK&kHrQty nDvmcHwGif yg0ifaqG;aEG;jcif;rjyKcJh

Muyg/

OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;ol

þokdYjzifh yifvkHnDvmcHwGif OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;olrsm;

rSm &Srf;ESifhucsifwkdYomjzpfMuí tjcm;awmifwef;om;rsm;udk

yg ukd,fpm;jyKajymMum;oGm;onfhoabmjzpfygonf/ ¤if;wkdYt

aejzifh awmifwef;om;rsm; nDnTwfa&;aumifpDtrnfjzifh

awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ygonfhpmwrf;&SnfBuD;wpfck wifoGm;ygonf

,if;pmwrf;wGifyg0ifonfhtcsufrsm;rSm-

1/ jrefrmwkdYESifhtqifhtwef;wl tcGifhtvrf;wl &ykdifcGifhwl 'D

rkdua&pDusus cHpm;cGifh&Sd&rnf/

2/ trIaqmifaumifpDwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufMuaom &Srf;udk,f

pm;vS,fESifhucsifudk,fpm;vS,fwkdYonf rdrdwkdYvlrsKd;toD;oD;\

jynfwGif;a&;&m tm;vkH;twGuf wm0ef,laqmif&GufMu&rnf?

xkdYtjyif umuG,fa&;? EkdifiHjcm;a&;? rD;&xm;taumufawmf

tp&Sdaom tm;vkH;ESifhqkdifonfhudpörsm;twGuf tm;vkH;pkaygif;

wm0ef,l aqmif&GufMu&rnf/

3/ ucsifwkdYu oD;jcm;ucsifjynfe,ftvkd&SdaMumif; awmif;qkd

E-bo

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aOD;azcif

44

csufudk þaumfrwDu axmufcHonf/

4/ jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;ESifhbk&if{u&mZftpkd;&\o

abmwlnDcsufrsm;onf &Srf;? ucsifwdYkESifhrywfoufap&/

5/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;onfhaemuf ]]jrefrmjynfaxmifpk}}rS uREkfyf

wkdY cGJxGufvkdvQif uREkfyfwdYkoabmusonfhtcsdefwGif cGJxGufEkdif

cGifh &Sdaprnf[líjzpfygonf/

zuf'&,fpepf

txufyg awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh ol

wkdYvkdcsifonfrSm zuf'&,fpepftpkd;&rsKd;xuf tcsKyftjcm

tmPmydkif wef;wl&nfwl r[mrdwfEkdifiHrsm;tcsif;csif; csKyfqkd

onfhpmcsKyfrsKd;udk vkdcsifaMumif; ay:vGifayonf/

txufyg awmif;qkdcsufrsm;teuf pwkw¬awmif;qkd

csufrSm awmifwef;om;wkdYu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\OD;aqmif

rIudk todtrSwfrjy&ma&mufaeygonf/

AdkvfcsKyfu ol NAdwdoQtpkd;&ESifhawGYqkHaqG;aEG;cJhpOf

awmifwef;om;wkdYudk ukd,fpm;jyKygonf[k rajymcJhaomaMumifh

,if;awmif;qkdcsufudk pyfqkdifjcif; r&dSonfhtcsufjzpfí xnfh

oGif;pOf;pm;&ef rvdkonfhtcsuf[k owfrSwfvkdufygonf/ Akdvf

csKyf vef'efwGif ajymonfrSm Mum;vl0ifr&IyfbJ uRefawmffwkdY

tcsif;csif;aqG;aEG;&efom vTwfxm;ygu awmifwef;om;rsm;

ESifhjynfrrS uRefawmfwkdYtm;vkH; tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; o

abmwlnDcsuf&rnf[laom tcsufomjzpfygonf/

awmifwef;a'otwGuf trIaqmifaumifpD0ifwpf

OD;udk bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpD0iftjzpf cefYtyfa&;udpörSm

tufwvDESifhcsKyfqkdaompmcsKyfü BudKwifaz:jyyg&SdNyD; jzpfí

jyóemr&Sdawmhyg/ (Ä tvsOf;oifhí az:jy&ygvQif awmif

wef;e,fa'orS bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpD0if&&ef awmif;

qkdjcif;rjyKrDuwnf;uyif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u NAdwdoQtpkd;

&xH tqkdjyK&mü yg&dSNyD;jzpfygonf/)

xkdYtwlyif jynfaxmifpkwpf0ef;&Sd EkdifiHom;tm;vkH;

rSm wef;wl&nfwljzpfojzifh jynfwGif;ü wlnDonfh'Drkdua&pDt

cGifhta&; &&Sdrnfomjzpfygonf/

ucsifjynfe,fudpö

ucsifjynfe,fwpfck zefwD;ay;a&;udpörSmrl vG,ful

onfhudpöwpf&yfr[kwfyg/ þodkYqkdjcif;rSm ]]rl}}udk uefYuGuf

onfhoabmr[kwfyg/ wu,fwrf; vufawGYaqmif&Guf&mwGif

awGYMuKH&onfhtcuftcJaMumifhomjzpfygonf/ &Srf;jynfonf

jynfe,fwpfckwGif &Sdtyfaom vlOD;a&yrmP? e,fy,f? wlnD

aombmompum;ESifh,Ofaus;rI? pD;yGm;a&;t& &yfwnfEkdifrI

tp&Sdonfht*Fg&yfrsm;ESifhjynfhpkHrI&Sdaomfvnf; ucsifjynfe,f

wGifrl þodkYaom t*Fg&yfrsm; r&Sdyg/

a'ocHwkdYuefYuGuf

ucsifjynfe,ftaejzifh txl;owfrSwfxm;onfha'

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tae &Sdrnfr[kwfyg/ xkdYtjyif tcuftcJ&Sdaom tcsufwpf

&yfrSm az:jyygc&kdifESpfckü aexkdifMuoltrsm;pkonf ucsifrsm;

r[kwfbJ tbufbufrS wkd;wufaeonfhjrefrm? &Srf;ESifh&Srf;w

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aemufjyefoGm;ouJhodkY jzpfaeojzifh ucsifjynfe,fxJodkY oGwf

oGif;jcif;udk a'ocHrsm;u jyif;jyif;xefxef uefYuGufMujcif;

jzpfygonf/

ucsifwkdY\awmif;qkdcsufrsm;

ucsifjynfe,fudpö tacstwif aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif

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jzpfojzifh ¤if;wkdY\qEudkvnf; av;pm;oifhaMumif; AkdvfcsKyf

u axmufjyonfudk vufrcH? rdrdwkdYqkH;jzwfxm;onfhtwkdif;

vkdcsifonfukdom pGJpGJNrJNrJ ravQmhwrf; awmif;qkdaeojzifh Akdvf

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jzpfygonf/Ä

pdwfrcsrf;omjzpf

xkdpOf anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;taejzifh tjyifyef;tm;

General Statement by the Burma Delegationacgif;pOfjzifh NAdwdoQtpkd;&xH jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYu wifoGif;cJhonfhpmwrf;tykd'f

(4)udk Munfhyg/ Ä uGufckdifwGif ucsifudk,fpm;vS,frsm; aqG;aEG;csufrSwfwrf;ukd aemufqufwGJ(u) &Iyg/

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jzifh &Srf;vlrsKd;\tusKd;udk vkdvm;oa,mifjyaomfvnf; pifppf

tm;jzifh apmfbGm;rsm;\ya'o&mZf tmPmwnfNrJap&efom

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ay;t,lvkyfvkdY rvG,fuloljzpfaMumif;udk awGY&aomtcg Akdvf

csKyfrSm vGefpGmyif pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfoGm;ayonf/

&Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;u (Complete Internal Autonomy)

awmif;qkd&mwGif ¤if;wkdY\tmPmESifhvuf&SdtcGifhta&;rsm;

wnfNrJ&efESifhvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;onfhaemufydkif;wGifvnf; rdrdwkdY

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a'otkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif 'kdrDeD,Htjzpfaevkdu ae&ef ¤if;

wkdY\(Memorandum) pmwrf;wGifaz:jyxm;onfhtwkdif;aqmif

&GufoGm;Ekdif&efwkdY jzpfygonf/

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onf/

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EXTRACT FROM THE GENERAL STATEMENT BY BURMA DELEGATION TO LONDON - JANUARY 1947

THE FRONTIER AREAS.

We are aware that the long-term policy of His Majesty's Government in regard to Burma is that there should be a unitedor federated Burma including the whole of British Burma and perhaps also the Karenni States. We respectfully subscribe to thispolicy but are anxious that the peoples of these areas should be given an opportunity of sharing immediately in the constitutional advance to be achieved by the Burmese. To that end we propose that representatives of the frontier Areas should beassociated forthwith in the work of the Executive Council in a manner which would retain for these Areas autonomy in mattersof internal administration. This, in our opinion, could be done by bringing the Frontier Areas within the scope of the ExecutiveCouncil and by appointing a representative of the Frontier Areas to the charge of the new portfolio and providing him with twoor three Deputy Counsellors representing the Frontier races of which he is not a member. Our desire is that the people of theFrontier Areas should regain their freedom together with the Burmese and enjoy equal rights with them in all respects.

When constitutional reforms were introduced to Burma in 1919 Burma was divided for administrative purpose intoBurma Proper and the "Backward Areas". The backward in any way. Before 1886, when Upper Burma was under Burmese rule,good relations between the Chiefs of the Frontier races and the Burmese Kings were normal. Such members of the Frontier racesas happen to reside in the plains have acquired the same political rights as the Burmese.

The delegation are aware that the demand for a kachin State amongst the Kachin was inspired by some military officersduring the time of the operations against the Japanese.

It has also come to the knowledge of the delegation that in a letter from the Burma Office, dated the 30th Novemember1943, to the Governor, it was stated that for reasons of Imperial Defence it may be desirable for His Majesty's Government toexercise a more direct control over the Frontier Areas of Burma than over Burma itself after the latter has been granted self-government.

For sixty years, the conditions of these so-called backward tribes, administered by British authorities without Bur-mese aid, have remained without imporvement. The Delegation do not hold the view that they are politically backward and stillincapable of self-government but if such is the view of His Majesty's Government, the Delegation maintain that no governmentoutside Burma should have any claim to the privilege of trusteeship over these areas. The Delegation proposal is, however, notfor the Burmese political position, actual and impending, and to a distinct share in the administration of the country to whichthey, the Burmese and all other races of Burma alike belong."

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48

uRefawmfESifhanmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;wkdY pum;ajymae

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rSmvm;? nDvmcH&JUuHMur®m[m ra&&m raocsm taetxm;?

vrf;qkHvrf;cGa&mufaeNyD? vrf;rSm;bufodkY wdrf;apmif;oGm;wm

ESifhwpfNydKifeuf rawG;0Hhavmufatmif tajctaeqkd;&Gm;oGm;

Ekdifw,f/ 'gaMumifh nDvmcHysufroGm;atmif xdef;xm;zdkYvkd

w,f/ xdef;Ekdifrnfhol[mvnf; AkdvfcsKyfwpfa,mufyJ&Sdw,f}}

ponfhtawG;rsm;jzifh avQmuf&if; AkdvfcsKyf\wJodkY uRefawmf

wkdYa&mufrSef;rod a&mufoGm;Muonf/

AkdvfcsKyf\wJt0odkY a&mufaomtcg uRefawmfwkdYESpf

a,mufpvkH;rSm pdk;&drfpdwfu vTrf;rkd;aeojzifh wJxJ0if&ef ajc

vSrf;rsm; wkHYaES;aeonf/

AkdvfcsKyftm; wifjy

wJxJodkY a&mufaomtcg AkdvfcsKyftm; tem;,lNyD;

aemuf vef;qef;aeonfudk awGY&onf/ uRefawmfu aemuf

qkH; tajctaersm;udk AkdvfcsKyftm; wifjyonf/ rkdif;yGefapmf

bGm;BuD;ESifhanmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;wkdYtm; awGYqkHaqG;aEG;cJhonfh

taMumif;rsm;vnf; ygonf/ uRefawmfhwifjycsufudk olvufcH

onfhtaetxm;&Sdonfudk awGY&í tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; txuf

wGif az:jycJhonfhwpfvrf;vkH; uRefawmfawG;vmcJhonfhtcsuf

rsm;udk AkdvfcsKyftm; jyefvnfwifjyvkdufonf/

av,mOfysH rSmNyD;NyDvm;

AkdvfcsKyfu uRefawmf\wifjycsufrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;

pGm em;axmifNyD;aemuf av,mOfysHrSmvkdufNyDvm;[k &kwfw&uf

ar;vkdufonf/ csufcsif; bmajym&rSef;rodjzpfNyD; uRefawmf

ESifhAkdvfxGef;vSwkdY wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf MunfhvkdufMujyef

onf/ rrSm&ao;[kqdkvQif AkdvfcsKyftaejzifh bmrsm;ajymrvJ

[k pkd;&drfpdwfu uRefawmfwkdYtm; vTrfrkd;aeí rMum;wMum;

]]rrSm&ao;bl;}}[k ajymvkdufMuonf/

aeygapawmh

AkdvfcsKyfu ]]'DvkdqdkvQifvnf; aeygapawmh}}[kajym

vkdufonf/ uRefawmfwkdYtaejzifh þpum; Mum;&onfhtcg

rnfrQ0rf;omoGm;rnfudk pm&Iol pOf;pm;MunfhvQif odEkdifygrnf?

AkdvfcsKyfu qmarmifBuD;? OD;wifxG#f? OD;atmifZHa0ESifhAkdvfcif

armifuav;wkdYtm; xkdaeYnaewGifyif tpnf;ta0;ac:ckdif;

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shan

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a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

49

vkdufonf/

oabmwl

uRefawmfonf tpnf;ta0;wGif vuf&Sdtajctae

txd jzpfay:wkd;wufrIrsm;ukd wifjycJhonf/ tm;vkH;u nDvm

cHrysufatmif xdef;xm;zkdYwnDwnTwfwnf;oabmwlMuonf?

awmifwef;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;\awmif;qkdcsufrsm;rS pdwf

vIyf&Sm;rIESifhZa0Z0gjzpfrIrsm;udky,f&Sm;vkdufrnfqkdvQifoabm

wlnDEkdifrnfhtcsuftvufrsm; ay:aygufvmEkdifygonf[ktm;

vkH;u xifjrifygonf/

pnf;vkH;nDnTwfa&; a&S;&I

xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;? tjrifrsm; wifjyMuonfudk em;

axmifNyD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ucsifjynfe,f awmif;

qkdonfhudpöESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;taejzifh olawmif;

qkdcsufudk rjyifbJ wif;cHaevQif oabmwlnDcsuf &a&;rSm

vG,frnfrxifaMumif;? ucsifawmifwef;a'owGifryg0ifaom

jrpfBuD;em;? Aef;armf? uomc&kdifrsm;udk ¤if;awmif;qkdonfht

wkdif; ucsifjynfe,ftjzpf xnfhoGif;ay;&ef rqkdxm;bd? ,if;

c&kdifrsm; rygbJESifhyif ucsifjynfe,fwpfcktjzpf zefwD;ay;&ef

rdrdwGif vkyfykdifcGifh r&SdaMumif;? odkYaomf trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nD

nTwfa&;udk a&S;&Ií ucsifjynfe,fwpfcktjzpf zefwD;ay;&ef

rltm;jzifh rdrd vkdufavsmNyD; zqyvtpnf;ta0;wGif &Sif;jy

rnfjzpfaMumif;? ,if;ucsifjynfe,fwGif rnfonfha'orsm;yg

onfqkdjcif;udkrl wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfwGifwifjyaqG;aEG;

rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;oGm;yonf/

þvkdufavsmrIrSm &ufa&maom vkdufavsmrIjzpfo

jzifh 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;tm; qGJaqmifEkdifvdrfhrnf[k vlBuD;rsm;u

,lqMuonf/

cGJxGufa&;udpö

Ä cGJxGufa&;udpöESifhywfoufírl AkdvfcsKyfu ]]raygif;

cifu cGJa&;udpöajymwmawmh ravsmfuefygbl;Asm}}[kajymyg

onf/ þcGJxGufa&;udpörSm tvGefta&;BuD;onfhudpöjzpfí þ

tpnf;ta0;BuD;u qkH;jzwfEkdifrnfr[kwfaMumif;? wkdif;jyKjynf

jyKvTwfawmfwGif wifoGif;í av;av;eufeuf okH;oyfNyD;rS

pOf;pm;qkH;jzwf&rnfhudpöjzpfaMumif; wifjy&m trsm;u vufcH

Muygonf/

a&;qGJ

þodkYjzifh reufjzefwGif usif;yrnfhnDvmcHodkY wifoGif;

&ef txufwGif az:jycJhonfhtcsufrsm;yg0ifaom oabmwl

nDcsuf rlMurf;wpfckudk a&;qGJMuygonf/

1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 10 &ufaeY eHeuf 9-em&D

wGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yifvkHnDvmcHusif;y&mtpnf;ta0;

cef;rBuD;qDodkY aysmfaysmfyg;yg;wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf vSrf;

EIwfqufoluEIwfqufNyD; pum;wajymajymESifh0ifvmMuonf/

pum;vufqkHus

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm olYae&mwGif xkdifí tpnf;t

a0;obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Guf&rnfhawmifykdifapmfbGm;BuD;ESifh

&if;&if;ESD;ESD;pum;vufqkHusaeonfukd awGY&onf/ uRefawmf

onf rpöwmabmfwGrfavESifhAkdvfxGef;vSwkdYMum;wGif xkdifí Akdvf

csKyf 'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm b,fvkdpum;rsKd;rsm; ajymrnfvJ[k

pdwfvIyf&Sm;pGmjzifh aq;wHudkom wtm;zGmaeawmhonf/

ylp&mr&Sd

ykdíqkd;onfrSm uRefawmfhpdwfwGif 1946-ckESpf? 'DZif

bmvtwGif;u awmifBuD;wGif usif;yonfhapmfbGm;rsm;ESifh

awGYqkHyGJü AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ]]bk}}ajymcJhonfukd jyefvnf

xif[yfvmonfhtcsufjzpfygonf/ ,if;tcsufrSm fAkdvfcsKyfu

jrefrmEkdifiHopfukd tiftm;enf;í &yfwnfEkdifpGrf;r&SdwJe,frsm;

ukd ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;ay;um a&maESmwnfaqmufrnfhtpm;

vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;pkaygif;í awmifhwif;ckdifrmwJhEkdifiHtjzpf wnf

axmifoGm;vkdaMumif;? vdkwmxuf ykdaewJhajrae&mawG? tvQH

y,fayg<u,fwJho,HZmwESifhtpm;tpmawG&SdwJhtwGuf vlOD;

a&aygif; oef; 50 avmuf&Sdvmonhfwkdifatmif bmrQylp&m

r&SdaMumif;? pnf;urf;&Sd&SdESifhBudK;BudK;pm;pm; tvkyfudk vkyfMu

r,fqkd&if zGHYNzdK;wkd;wufNyD; awmifhwif;ckdifrmwJhEkdifiHjzpfatmif

usKyfwkdYbmom usKyfwkdY xlaxmifEkdifaMumif;? tJ'Dvkd jzpfvmwJh

tcg ta&SUawmiftm&SrSmomr[kwfbJ urÇmhtv,frSmyif vl

&kdao &Sif&kdaoEkdifiHtqifhodkY a&mufvmEkdifrnfjzpfaMumif;ajym

NyD;aemuf ]]wpfESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&rnfhudpö}}ESifhywf

oufNyD; AkdvfcsKyfu rnfonfhtiftm;pkurQ þvrf;aMumif;rS

aoGznfoGm;atmif vkyfvkdY&rnf r[kwfaMumif;? taESmifht

,Sufay;vmvQif rnfolYukdrqkd ]]cifAsm;wkdY apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;

tygt0ifudkyif wkdufrnf}}[k cyfjywfjywf ajym&m apmfbGm;

rsm;aemufwGefYoGm;ovkdyif ¤if;wkdYESifh&if;ESD;em;vnfrI? nDnTwf

rI&&Sda&;twGuf aygif;ul;qufoG,faqmif&Gufay;ae&ol uRef

awmfhrSmvnf; tae& txkdif& tawmfcufoGm;cJhzl;onfht

csufyifjzpfygonf/

þodkYwJhwkd;ajymwwfjcif;? olbmajymrnfqkdonfudk

arQmfrSef;vkdYr&jcif;? ajymp&m&SdvQif wkdwkdESifhbGif;bGif;ajymavh

&Sdjcif;wkdYrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\t&nftaoG;rsm;yif jzpf

Ä ucsifjynfe,ftjzpfjzifh ¤if;wkdYawmif;qkdonfhtwkdif; jrpfBuD;em;? Aef;armfESifhuomc&kdifrsm;udk xnfhoGif;ay;vkduf&aomaMumifh zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif ucsifjynfe,ff

taejzifh cGJxGufEkdifonfhta&; ryg&SdcJhyg/ (1947-ckESpf? zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 178ukd&Iyg/)

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aOD;azcif

50

onf/

odkYaomf ]]olu AkdvfcsKyf r[kwfvm;? olYudk cifAsm; bm

ajymrSmvJ? 'DvkdrajymESifh? [kdvkdajym[k b,folu 0ifNyD; q&m

vkyfvkdY&rSmvJ}}[k uRefawmfhbmom uRefawmf pdwfxJ wxifh

xifhjzpfaerdavonf/

nDvmcH rdefYcGef;

nDvmcHpaomtcg AkdvfcsKyfxí rdefYcGef;ajym&m uRef

awmfpkd;&drfaeouJhodkY r[kwfbJ az:a&GajyjypfpGm ajymvkdufo

jzifh uRefawmfrsm;pGm pdwfoufom&m &oGm;ygonf/

AkdvfcsKyfajymonfhtcsufrsm;wGif ol\wJxJü uRef

awmfwkdY aqG;aEG;cJhpOfu olajymcJhonfhtwkdif;yif-

Ä atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfudk vufcHjcif;rjyK[l

aomudpörSm ,ckaqG;aEG;aeonfhudpörsm;ESifhpyfqkdifjcif;r&Sdo

jzifh a0zefaqG;aEG;&ef rvkdaMumif;/

Ä 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&; wef;wl&nfwl ay;a&;ESifh

ywfoufírl AkdvfcsKyfu vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf jrefrmEkdifiH

wGif tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;jcif;r&Sdap&efESifhtm;vkH;wef;wl&nf

wl cHpm;cGifh &&Sd&ef tpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif tmrcHcsuf ay;

aMumif;? tm;vkH;[kqkd&mwGif tkyfcsKyfolapmfbGm;rsm;omr[kwf

ya'o&mZfpepfatmufwGif þtcGifhta&; rcHpm;&aom t

tkyfcsKyfcHjynfolrsm;yg yg0ifaMumif;/

«xkdtcsufukd ajymMum;&m - ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;(txl;

ojzifh vlxkukd,fpm;vS,frsm;)u wpfcJeufMobmay;Muonf»

Ä bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpDwGif e,fjcm;a'oqkdif

&m aumifpD0ifwpfOD; cefYtyfxnfhoGif;ay;&efqkdaomtcsuf

rSm ¤if;wkdYawmif;qkdjcif; rjyKrDuwnf;u rdrdtaejzifh awmif;

qkdcJhí tufwvDuvnf; oabmwlcJhNyD;jzpfaMumif; ajymMum;

oGm;cJhygonf/

Ä yifvkHnDvmcHysufoGm;avmufonfhtajctaersKd;

txd a&mufoGm;onfhucsifjynfe,fawmif;onfhudpöESifhywf

oufí AkdvfcsKyfu tajctaet&yf&yfukd jyefvnfokH;oyfwif

jyNyD;aemuf tvGefta&;BuD;onfhtcsufwpf&yfudk rdefYMum;

vkdufygonf/

,if;tcsufrSm ucsifawmifwef;a'owGif tusKH;r

0ifonfhjrpfBuD;em;? Aef;armfc&kdifESifhuomajrjyeffYa'orsm;ryg

bJ ucsifjynfe,f[k jynfe,fwpfcktjzpf &yfwnfEkdifvdrfhrnf

[k rdrdr,kHMunfaMumif;/ odkYaomf rdrdtaejzifh vkyfydkifcGifhr&Sd

aomfvnf; ucsifvlrsKd;rsm; vkdvm;awmifhwvsuf&Sdonfhucsif

jynfe,f jzpfvma&;udk av;pm;í rltm;jzifh rdrdvufcHaMumif;

,if;udpöukdvnf; &ufowåywftenf;i,ftwGif; &efukefü

usif;yrnfhzqyvnDvmcHwGif rdrdukd,fwkdif tqkdwifoGif;rnf

jzpfaMumif; ajymMum;vkduf&m udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vkH;u wpfcJ

eufMobmay;Muonf/

þtcuftcJwpf&yfudk ausmfvTm;EkdifNyDjzpfaomtcg

tajctaet&yf&yfrSm vG,fulacsmarGYoGm;avawmhonf/

AkdvfcsKyfu qufvufí cGJxGufykdifcGifhudpöudk aqG;aEG;

ygonf/

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\oabmxm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHvGwf

vyfa&;[k qkdvkdufonfESifhawmifwef;e,fa'orsm;tygt0if

wpfjynfaxmifvkH; vGwfvyfa&;udk qkdvkdonf[kcH,lNyD; wpnf;

wvkH;wnf;aomEkdifiHtjzpf jrifa,mifNyD; ajymqkdjcif;jzpfay

onf/

AkdvfcsKyfjrifvkdaom vGwfvyfonfhjrefrmEkdifiHrSm vlOD;

a& oef; 50 avmufjzifh urÇmhtv,fwGif xnf0gcHhnm; trsm;

av;pm;avmufonfhtiftm; awmifhwif;aom wpfjynfaxmif

pepf (Unitary State) ac:EkdifiHrsKd;jzpfygonf/

AkdvfcsKyfu jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtjzpf wnfaxmif

zGJYpnf;&mwGif pnf;vkH;nDnTwfpGmjzifh rcGJwrf; aexkdifoGm;vkd

onfhoabm&Sdayonf/ cGJxGufa&;udk rvkdvm;cJhyg/

odkY&mwGif jynfrrS jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm;ESifhawmifwef;

e,fa'orS vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; oHo,pdwfrsm;

tvGefBuD;xGm;vsuf&Sdao;onfhtjyif awmifwef;e,fa'oESifh

jynfromru awmifwef;e,fa'otcsif;csif;yif wkd;wufrI

taetxm; uGm[rIrsm;&Sdaeay&m wpfjynfaxmifpepfEkdifiH

rsKd; jzpfay:a&;rSm tcsdefumvtawmfMumatmif apmifh&OD;

rnfjzpfí avmavmq,ftm;jzifh pdwful;,OftdyfrufuJhodkYjzpf

ayrnf/

odkYjzpfí 'kwd,taumif;qkH;jzpfaom]]jynfaxmifpk}}

wpfckjzpfvma&;udk AkdvfcsKyfu taumiftxnfaz:jcif;jzpfay

onf/ ,if;]]jynfaxmifpk}}wpfck atmifjrifpGm ay:xGef;vm

a&;twGuffyif rvTJra&Smifomonfh nd§EIdif;rIrsm;? tavQmhay;

rIrsm; jyKvkyfcJh&ayonf/ odkY&mwGif tjyeftvSef tay;t,l

rQwrI&SdNyD; trkef;ryGm;? &efNidK;rodkbJ aqmif&GufcJhonfhaus;

Zl;aMumifh atmifjrifcJhayonf/

vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qkdonfhxkdtcsdefxkdumv

u EkdifiHa&;tajctaerSm tvGefvdr®myg;eyfpGm ukdifwG,fjcif;

rjyKygu vGwfvyfa&;ESifhtvSrf;a0;oGm;Ekdifonfhtajctae

rsKd;&SdaMumif; az:jycJhNyD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;t& ay:vGif

aeNyDjzpfygonf/

awmifwef;e,fa'orS vlrsKd;pkrsm;rSm ESpfaygif;rsm;

pGm NAdwdoQwkdY\aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif jynfrESifhcGJxm;o

jzifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; pdrf;um;vsuf&SdNyD; euf&Idif;pGm oHo,0if

aecsdefjzpfaMumif;ukdvnf; txl;wifjy&efyif rvkd[kxifyg

onf/

þrQ euf&Idif;aom r,kHMunfrI? oHo,&SdrIwkdYaMumifh

jynfrESifhwpfygwnf; vGwfvyfa&;awmif;NyD; jynfaxmifpkt

jzpf &yfwnfonfhtcgwGif rdrdwkdY tESdrfrcH&a&;twGuf vuf

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ukd,fawGYyifvkH

51

eufaumif;wpfcktjzpf cGJxGufEkdifaom tcGifhta&;udk aqG;

aEG;ajymqkdvmMujcif;jzpfygonf/

þoabmxm;tjrifjzifh &IjrifokH;oyfygu cGJxGufEkdif

aom tcGifhta&;awmif;jcif;rSm rdrdwkdYxuf omvGefí wkd;wuf

rI&SdonfhjynfrESifhaygif;jcif;jzifh tay:pD;,loGm;jcif; cH&rnfh

ta&;? acgif;ykHjzwfcH&rnfhta&;wkdYudk ([kwfwm r[kwfwm

tyxm;)pdk;&drfaMumifhusrIaMumifh olwkdYudk,folwkdY umuG,fvkd

MuonfrSm bmrQtHhMop&m? emMunf;í rcHEkdifp&m r[kwfyg/

yifvkHnDvmcHponfESifhawmifay:om;rsm;nDnTwf

a&;OD;pD;tzGJYcsKyf (Supreme Council Of United Hill People

SCOUHP) uvnf; ¤if;wkdYtaejzifh jynfrESifhtem*wfyl;aygif;

a&;ESifhywfoufí ¤if;wkdYvkdvm;csufrsm;ygaom pmwrf;wpf

apmifudk AkdvfcsKyfxH wifoGif;cJhaMumif;udkvnf; az:jycJhNyD;jzpf

ygonf/ ,if;awmif;qkdcsufrsm;wGif ]]cGJxGufEkdifcGifhvnf; wpf

csuftygt0if}}jzpfaMumif; pm&IolrSwfrdygvdrfhrnf/

AkdvfcsKyfonf þuJhodkY ]]cGJxGufa&;}}udpöudk rvkdvm;

aomfjim;vnf; vlrsKd;pk\oabmxm;udk ,wdjywf y,frcs

vkdufbJ ]]cifAsm;wkdYu jynfaxmifpkzGJYzkdYrlt&awmifrS oabm

rwl&ao;cif cGJxGufa&;pum; ajymwmawmh raumif;ygbl;

Asm}}[k &,fumarmumjzifhajym&m trsm;oabmaygufoGm;yg

onf/ odkYaomf awmif;qkdcsufudkum; r&kyfodrf;yg/

txufwGif wifjycJhonfhtajctaersm;t& awmif

wef;om;wkdY\oabmqEtwkdif; vkdufavsmjcif;r&SdbJ wif;cH

aernfqkdygu jynfrESifhraygif;jzpfatmif trsKd;rsKd;aoG;xkd;

aeaom e,fcsJUrsm;twGuf ydkí tcGifhaumif;ay;vkdufouJhodkY

jzpfoGm;rnfhtjyif rdrdwkdYjynfrtaejzifh oabmxm;rBuD;&m

usrnfjzpfojzifh awmifwef;om;wkdY\qE´udk vkdufavsm&efrS

wpfyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdawmhonfudk AkdvfcsKyfu odygonf/

odkYaomf ,wdjywf rqkH;jzwfcJhbJ ,if;udpörSm tem*wf

umv jrefrmEkdifiH&yfwnfa&;twGuf tvGefYtvGef ta&;yg

aomudpöjzpfojzifh wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfusif;ycsdefxd a&TU

qkdif;xm;oifhonf[k wifjyaqG;aEG;ygonf/

,if;odkY wifjycsdefwGif tpnf;ta0;wufvmolukd,f

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AkdvfcsKyfonf atmifhtnf;onf;cHEkdifrI? cHEkdif&nf&SdrI

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ykH^atmifqef;

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59

AkdvfcsKyftm; tjzpfrSefudk ajym&aumif;rvm;[k csdefqaeyg

onf/ odkYaomf um;xJwGif Nidrfoufwdwfqdwfaeonfhtajct

aeaMumifh ,ckrajymbJ xdef;xm;NyD; tajctaeaumif;rSyJ

ajymawmhrnf[k qkH;jzwfvkdufygonf/

uRefawmfonf um;armif;&if; wpfavQmufvkH; OD;yk

av;wkdYum;udk aemufMunfhrSefrS Munfhvmygonf/ 10 rdepfceffY

Mumaomtcg uRefawmhfum;udk ukuúKdyifBuD;wpfyif t&dyf

atmufodkY xkd;&yfNyD; ylaomaMumifh AkdvfcsKyftm; t&dyfxJqif;

í avaumif;avoefY &SLzkdYajymygonf/ ol bmrQ rajymrDyif

uRefawmfum;ay:u t&ifqif;vkdufNyD; AkdvfcsKyfqif;zdkY um;

wHcg;udk zGifhay;vkdufygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfonf uRefawmfajymonf

udk aumif;w,f raumif;bl; bmrQrajymbJ um;ay:u qif;

vkdufygonf/

OD;ykav;vnf; prlqmxkyfBuD; wpfxkyfukdifí uRef

awmfwkdYqDodkY cyfokwfokwf avQmufvmygonf/ uRefawmfu

AkdvfcsKyftm; ]]aysmfbG,fblwmem;u qkdifrS prlqmodyfemrnf

BuD;w,f? aumif;w,f AkdvfcsKyf pm;MunfhygtkH;}}[k ajymygonf

AkdvfcsKyfuprlqmwpfckudk ,lpm;vkdufNyD;]]aumif;om;

yJ}}[kajymum aemufwpfck xyf,lygonf/ tajctaeaysmh

aysmif;oGm;onfukdodí uRefawmft&JpGefYNyD; aysmfbG,frSm jzpf

cJhwJhudpötwGuf olYtm; awmif;yefí tajctaerSefudk ajymjy

vkdufygonf/

uRefawmfu ,if;tajctaerSefrsm;udk ajymzkdYtwGuf

uRefawmfod&wm aemufusoGm;aMumif;/ odonfhtcsdefwGif

AkdvfcsKyfrSm um;ay:wufxkdifaeNyD;jzpfí tajctaeudk &Sif;jy

NyD; jyefqif;zdkYvnf; rajym&JaMumif; &Sif;jyygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfu

bmwpfcGef;rQ rajymaomfvnf; prlqmrsm; qufípm;aejcif;

udk Munfhjcif;jzifh pdwfajyoGm;onf[k xif&aomfvnf; uRef

awmhfvkdyif oHo,&Sdaumif; &Sdaernfjzpfygonf/

xkdYaemuf OD;ykav;wkdYfum;udk uRefawmfwkdY a&SUu xGuf

zkdYajymNyD; &rnf;oif;wGif AkdvfcsKyfpm;zdkYtwGuf jyifqif&ef rSm

vkdufygonf/ &rnf;oif;a&mufaomtcg AkdvfcsKyfacgufqGJ

aMumfpm;NyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdY c&D;qufMuygonf/

zqyvtzGJYcsKyf nDvmcH

&efukefa&mufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf AkdvfcsKyfrSm tvkyf

xJwGif epfjrKyfaejyefygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfajymMum;cJhonfhtwkdif;

]]wpfESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;&ap&r,f}}qkdaomuwdukd jznfh

qnf;aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf ckepfvomvkdawmhíf tcsdefudk vk

NyD;vkyfaeMu&ygonf/

wkdawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif;wGif zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHt

ajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;? tem*wfumvwGif aygif;&kH;zGJYpnf;&rnfh

jynfe,frsm;ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf tao;pdwfykH

oP²mefrsm; a&;qGJa&;wkdYuJhodkYaom cufcJeufeJonfhvkyfief;

BuD;rsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyf&ef &Sdao;onf/

1947-ckESpf? arvwGif wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrS

zqyvtzGJY0ifrsm;\yPmrjyifqifrI nDvmcHwpf&yfudk tajc

cHOya'a&;qGJa&;twGuf tajccHrlrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef *sLAvD

a[mü ac:,lusif;ycJhygonf/

,if;nDvmcHwGif tzGJY0ifaygif;(111)OD; yg0ifí (10)

OD;rSm zqyvtzGJYcsKyfA[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY0ifrsm;jzpfMu

NyD;(25)OD;rSm zqyvtzGJYcsKyfA[kdOD;pD;tzGJY0ifrsm;jzpfMuum

(45)OD;rSm wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrS a&G;cs,fay;vkdufolrsm;

jzpfMuygonf/ usef (30)OD;rSm zqyvtzGJYcsKyf\c&kdifukd,fpm;

vS,frsm; jzpfMuygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYtm;vkH; rarmEkdif ryef;

Ekdif tvkyfvkyfMu&ygonf/ txl;ojzifh AkdvfcsKyfrSm aumfrwD

rsm;ESifhawmufavQmuff tpnf;ta0;vnf; xkdifao;? aew"l0

tpkd;&vkyfief;udpöt00udkvnf; aqmif&Guf&ao;ESifhtvGef

yif tvkyfrsm;aeygonf/

zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'ESifhywfoufí a'guf

wmarmifarmif\]]jrefrmEkdifiH\zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'

pmtkyf}}pmrsufESm(83)wGif ]]1947-ckESpf? arv(23)&ufaeY

wGif zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'rlMurf;udk nDvmcHodkY wif

oGif;twnfjyKcJhygonf/ zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif

jrefrmEkdifiHonf tcsKyftjcmtmPm ykdifpdk;aom vGwfvyfonfh

or®wEkdifiHtjzpf ay:xGef;vm&rnfjzpfNyD; Zmwdra&G;? ukd;uG,f

&mbmomra&G;? a,musfm;rdef;rra&G; EkdifiHom;wkdif;\'Drkdu

a&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnf[laomt

csufESifh'Drkdua&pDpepfESifhqkd&S,fvpf0g'wkdYudk jrwfEkd;aomor®w

EkdifiHjzpfonf[laomtajccHtcsufwdYkudk zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHt

ajccHOya'\tESpfomt&tjzpf xnfhoGif;az:jy&ef AkdvfcsKyf

ukd,fwkdif vrf;nTef&Sif;vif;cJhygonf}}[ka&;om;az:jyxm;yg

onf/

,cktxd uRefawmfwkdY\ EkdifiHa&; &nfrSef;csufrSm

]]wpfESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;&ap&rnf}}[laom t"duOD;

wnfcsufatmifjrif&eftwGuf OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufvsufyif

&Sdayonf/ vlxkonfvnf; EkdifiHa&;todpdwf"gwf Ekd;Mum;wuf

<uvsuf&SdNyD; AkdvfcsKyf\EkdifiHa&;a[majymyGJwkdif;udk pdwftm;

xufoefpGmjzifh c&D;a0;rsm;rSyif vma&mufem;axmifMuonf/

pD;yGm;a&;taMumif;qkdvQifrl vlrsm;u NiD;aiGYp&maumif;í

pdwf0ifpm;avhr&SdMuyg/

odkY&mwGif EkdifiHa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;udk cGJjcm;í r&ojzifh

'GefwGJqufpyfaqmif&Guf&rnfudkrl AkdvfcsKyfu rsufjcnftjywf

rcHay/ omrefvlrsm;tMum;wGif þtcsufrSm a&yef;pm;onf

jzpfap? rpm;onfjzpfap ppf'PfaMumifh tBuD;tus,fysufpD;

qkH;&IH;oGm;&onfh uREkfyfwkdYwkdif;jynfudk jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;

vkyfief;rsm; vkyf&rnfudkum; AkdvfcsKyftaejzifh ajym&ayOD;

rnf/ ,if;udpötvkdYiSm EkdifiHa&;orm;ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;rS t

E-bo

ok is

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ated

by

shan

yom

aOD;azcif

60

&m&SdBuD;rsm;yg0ifaom uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifh]]ukdvkdeDpD;yGm;a&;

pepfudk ajymif;vJypf&efESifh ukd,fpm;vS,fpD;yGm;a&;pepf xl

axmif&eftwGuf}}aqG;aEG;&ef tpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;wpf&yfukd

AkdvfcsKyfu OD;aqmifí usif;ycJhayonf/

,if;tpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;udk qkd&efwkdADvmtaqmuft

tkH(,ck [Hom0wDt0dkif;em;&Sd pmayAdrmef0if;twGif;rS t

aqmufttkH)ü usif;yonfudk tpGJjyKí qkd&efwkdADvmuGefz&ifh

(Sorrento Villa Conference) [kac:Muygonf/ ,if;uGefz&ifh\

yxraeYtpnf;ta0;udk 1947-ckESpf? ZGefv(6)&ufaeYwGif p

wifusif;ycJh&mü ]]jynfolydkifjyKvkyfa&;ESifhpufrIvufrIxlaxmif

a&;}}udpö&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;Muygonf/

AkdvfcsKyfonf 1947-ckESpf? ZGefvwpfvvkH; zGJYpnf;tkyf

csKyfykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;ESif;pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;udpö&yfrsm;

jzpfonfhtrsKd;om;a&;udpöESpf&yftwGuf tcsdefjynfhtvkyfvkyf

cJh&ygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfonf vrf;nTefrIay;&kHomr[kwfbJ tao;

pdwf aqG;aEG;&müvnf; yg0ifcJhayonf/

zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;ESifh ywfouf

ívnf; aemiftcgwGif a&SUaecsKyfw&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf w&m;

olBuD;jzpfvmrnfhOD;csefxGef;tm; wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfOy

a'tMuHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf cefYí ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;? tdEd,? t

*Fvef? tar&duefjynfaxmifpktygt0if EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;odkY

rlMurf;a&;qGJa&;qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;udk qnf;yl;avhvm&ef

ESifhjrefrmEkdifiH\tajctaeESifhukdufnDrnfhtajccHOya'rsm;ukd

nd§EIdif;avhvmcJh&eftwGuf avhvma&;c&D;rsm; apvTwfcJhay

onf/ OD;csefxGef;rSm pdwf&Snfonf;cHolwpfa,mufjzpfNyD; t

rsm;\qE´udk av;pm;um nd§EIdif;aygif;pyffaqmif&Gufwwfol

wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygonf/

wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf

1947-ckESpf? ZGefv(10)&ufaeYwGif yxraeY wkdif;jyK

jynfjyKvTwfawmfudk AkdvfcsKyfu xl;xl;jcm;jcm;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f

aumif;atmif zGifhcJhygonf/ wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf trwf

rsm;udk xkdaeYeHeufu AEKvyef;jcHü pk&kH;apNyD; AkdvfcsKyfu OD;

aqmifí twGif;0ef&kH;a[mif;(,ck 0efBuD;rsm;&kH;)twGif;&Sd

jynfolYvTwfawmfodkY pDwef;csDwufoGm;Muonf/ þonfrSm

vGwfvyfa&;udk w&m;0ifraMunm&ao;aomfvnf; txdrf;

trSwfwpfckESifhvGwfvyfa&;rkcfOD;odYk trSefwu,fcsDwufonfh

oabmoufa&mufayonf/ trSeftm;jzifhqkdvQif uRefawmf

wkdYonf NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESifhem;vnfrIt& tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk

usifhokH;vsuf&Sday&m w&m;0ifrSwfwrf;rSwf&mtjzpf urÜnf;

wifa&;om;az:jy&efom vkdayonf/

jynfolYvTwfawmfodkY pk&kH;a&muf&SdaeMuaom uRefawmf

wkdYtzkdY jynfolYvTwfawmfa&SU&Sd tvHwkdifay:rS uRefawmfwkdY\

awmfvSefa&;tvHudk jzefYvTifhum tav;jyKvkdufjcif;onf rnf

olurQ taESmifht,Sufray;bJ ukd,fhpdwfwkdif;us zGJYpnf;tkyf

csKyfykHtajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ&ef wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfudk cHh

nm;wnfMunfaom þtcrf;tem;jzifh tcsKyftjcmtmPm

tyfESif;vkduf&m a&mufoGm;ayawmhonf/

þonfrSm 1885-ckESpfrSpí usL;ausmfjcif;cH&onfh

twGuf awmfvSefvmaomuREkfyfwkdY\awmfvSefa&;c&D; NyD;qkH;

oGm;NyD[k qkdEkdifygrnfavm/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdvQif ]]NyD;qkH;

oGm;NyD}}[k qkd&rnfjzpfayonf/ NAdwdoQwkdY\"eo[m,t

wGif;wGif aeonfjzpfap? tjyifwGifaeonfjzpfap jrefrmEkdifiH

vGwfvyfNyDjzpfaMumif; NAdwdefbk&ifrif;jrwf\tpkd;&ukd,fpm;Ä

pDtm&ftufwvDESifhjrefrmEkdifiHukd,fpm; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdY

u 1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (27)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(10)? a'gif;

eif;vrf;? vef'efNrdKUü pmcsKyfcsKyfqkdvufrSwfa&;xkd;vkdufonfh

tcsdefuwnf;u tvkyfoabmt& awmfvSefa&;um; NyD;qkH;

oGm;ayNyD/

okdY&mwGif tjcm;enf;vrf;tm;jzifh ajym&ygrl ]]rNyD;

qkH;ao;}}[k qkd&ayrnf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf uREkfyfwkdYquf

avQmuf&rnfhc&D;wGif a&omckdaeírjzpfbJ ppftwGif;u ysuf

pD;qkH;&IH;rIrsm;udk uREkfyfwkdY jyKjyif&efESifhacwfESifhtnD &ifaygif

wef;Ekdif&eftwGuf qwufxrf;ydk;wkd;í uREkfyfwkd YBudK;pm;

aqmif&Guf&ef &Sdao;aomaMumifhjzpfayonf/ uREkfyfwkdY&ifqkdif

&aomjyóemrsm; csufcsif;vufiif; aqmif&Guf&rnfhjyóem

rsm;udk avhvmtuJcwfod&SdEkdif&eftwGuf 1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g

&DvrS ZGefvtwGif; AkdvfcsKyfaqmif&GufcJh&onfhta&;BuD;aom

vkyfief;&yftcsKdUudk xkwfEkwfwifjyvkdygonf/

1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 13-&uf trSwf (10)

a'gif;eif;vrf;? vef'efNrdKUwGif uvD;rifh(wf)tufw

vD Clement Attle acgif;aqmifaom NAdwdoQudk,fpm;

vS,ftzGJYESifhfffffff AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifonfh

jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwkdY jrefrmhtem*wfa&;udkaqG;

aEG;Muonf/

1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 27-&uf? atmifqef;-tufwvDpm

csKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhonf/

1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 4-&uf? t*FvefrS jyefa&mufvmNyD;

rdrdESifheef;&if;0eftufwvDwkdY csKyfqkdcJhonfhpmcsKyft

aMumif; wkdif;jynfodkY toHvTifhtpD&ifcHonf/

1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 8-&uf? orkdif;0ifyifvkHnDvmcHBuD;

udk wufa&muf&eftwGuf rdw¬DvmodkYav,mOfjzifhxGuf

cGmcJhonf/

1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 9-&ufrS 10 &uf? awmifwef;e,f

a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtylwjyif;nd§EIdif;aqG;aEG;

onf/

Ä atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfudk aemufqufwGJ ]]p}}tjzpf wifjyxm;ygonf/

E-bo

ok is

cre

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yom

a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

61

1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 12-&uf? yifvkHpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;

xkd;onf/

1947-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 27-&uf? jrefrmEkdifiHukefonfBuD;

rsm;toif; ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0; (xkdpOfu t

vGefta&;ygonfhtwGuf bk&ifcHudk,fwkdifwufa&muf

onfhtpnf;ta0;)wGif rdefYcGef;ajymMum;cJhonf/

1947-ckESpf? rwfvESifh{NyDv? wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfukd,fpm;

vS,frsm; a&G;cs,fjcif;ESifh zqyvtzGJYcsKyf udk,fpm;

wpfEdkifiHvkH; vSnfhvnfpnf;&kH;onf/

1947-ckESpf? arv 19-&ufrS 23-&uftxd? zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH

tajccHOya'yxrrlMurf;a&;qGJa&;twGuf zqyv

yPmrjyifqifrInDvmcHusif;yjcif;? ,if;nDvmcHüzGJY

pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif ygoifhaomtajccH

tcsuftvufrsm;udk AkdvfcsKyf udk,fwkdif vrf;nTefcJh

onf/

1947-ckESpf? ZGefv 6-&uf? t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepfrSonf Ekdif

iHykdifjyKvkyfa&; pufrIvufrIxlaxmifa&;twGuf qkd

&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepfodkY ajymif;vJ&ef? trsKd;om;

uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifh qkd&efwkdADvm taqmufttkHü

nDvmcHzGifhonf/

1947-ckESpf? ZGefv 10-&uf? r[mAEKv yef;jcHrS ygvDreff t

aqmufttkHodkY wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftrwfrsm;

ESifhpDwef;csDwufcJhonf/

1947-ckESpf? ZGefv 16-&uf? wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfwGif zGJY

pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'\ tajccH vrf;nTef

csufrsm;ukd wifoGif;onf/

þonfwkdYtjyif bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpD'kwd,

Ouú|(0efBuD;csKyf)tjzpftpkd;&\aeYw"l0aqmif&Guf&onfhvkyf

ief;rsm; zqyvtzGJYcsKyftvkyftrIaqmif aumfrwDOuú|t

aejzifh aqmif&Guf&rnfhvkyfief;rsm;vnf; &Sdayao;onf/ Akdvf

csKyfESifh&mxl;csif;? wm0efcsif;wlonfhEkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS

acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ydwf&ufrsm;wGif em;em;aeaetem;

,lEkdifouJhodkY uRefawmfwkYdAkdvfcsKyf tem;r,lEkdifcJh/ olYtzkdY em;

&onf[lír&Sd? aumfrwDtoD;oD;wGif obmywdtjzpf aqmif

&Gufjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? c&kdifrsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;

vufcHawGYqkHjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? olYvkdtvkyfukd ydkNyD;BudK;BudK;

pm;pm;vkyfMu&ef vlxktm;ynmay;aqG;aEG;a[majymjcif;jzifh

vnf;aumif; wpfywfvQif ckepf&uftjynfh AkdvfcsKyftvkyfvkyf

cJhygonf/

þrQtvkyfrsm;jym;aeonfhMum;rS olvkyfcJhwmawG?

olbmqufvkyfrnfqkdwmawGudk tcsdef,lNyD; vlxkodkY jyefvnf

tpD&ifcHcJhao;onf/ þodkYaom tpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;wpf&yfudk

NrdKUawmfcef;ra&SU r[mAEKvyef;jcHwGif 1947-ckESpf? Zlvkdifv

(13)&ufaeYu jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ (xkdvlxkpnf;ta0;yGJBuD;wGif

AkdvfcsKyfu NrdKUawmfcef;r qif0ifay:rSaeí rdefYcGef;>rufMum;

cJhygonf/)

þtaMumif;a&;&if; 0ifpwefcsmcsD(Winston Chur-

chill) \aoG;? yifyef;rI? rsuf&nfESifhacR;qkdonfhausmfMum;aom

rdefYcGef;ESifhAkdvfcsKyf\xkdaeYrdefYcGef;rSm tESpfom&ESifhyGifhvif;rIwkdY

ü oGm;wlaeonfudk owd&rdonfhtaMumif; tenf;i,fwifjy

vkdygonf/ csmcsDu olYpum;ESifhajym&vQif ppfbDvl;\&ufpuf

Murf;MuKwfrI? [pfwvm\emZD0g'ESifha&&SnfppfyGJqifETJcgpt

csdef ajymMum;jcif;jzpfí AkdvfcsKyfuvnf; tvm;wlqdk;oGrf;

&ufpufonfhppfbDvl;(*syef\zufqpf0g')udkwkdufckdufatmif

yGJcHNyD;aemufydkif;wGif ajymMum;cJhjcif;jzpfayonf/ tajctae

jcif;rSm(csmcsDu ppftpwGif ajymMum;jcif;jzpfí AkdvfcsKyfu ppf

tNyD;wGif ajymMum;jcif;jzpfojzifh)jcm;em;rI&Sdaomfvnf; pGefY

vTwftepfemcHa&;? BudK;BudK;pm;pm; tyiftyef;cHí tvkyf

vkyfa&;? pnf;vkH;nDnTwfrI&Sda&;ESifhpnf;urf;ao0yfrI&Sda&;qkd

onfwkdYwGif twlwlyif jzpfayonf/

1940-jynfhESpf? arv(13)&ufaeYwGif ol\tpdk;&t

ay: t,kHtMunf&Sda&;twGuf rJqG,fw&m;a[majymyGJü csm

csDu ]]rif;wkdYtwGuf igbm(arQmfvifhcsuf)rQ ay;p&mr&Sd? 'D

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(3) aZmfaem (jrpfBuD;em;)

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(5) u&ifaemf(jrpfBuD;em;)

(6) 'def&wef(jrpfBuD;em;)

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(10) 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;(Aef;armf)

(11) yH&ef;v(Aef;armf)

(12) vbef*a&mif;(Aef;armf)

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ukd,fawGYyifvkH

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aemufqufwGJ(c)

MEMORANDUM ON THE SHAN STATES SUBMITED BY THE EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE OF THE SHAN STATES SAOHPA'S COUNCIL.

From the earliest times, even during the Burmese regime, the Shan States have been recognised as a seperate entity,apart from Burma proper. This view is confirmed by the following extract from the recent publication entitled "British Rule inBurma, 1824 - 1942," by G.E.Harvey, N.C.S.(Retired), an officer who for many years served in Burma and the Shan States:-

"Most of the Shan States (not all) were tributary to the king of Burma, but, even when the tribute was more thannominal, it was paid to his Burma Majesty in person, not to his Ministers. The Shan Chiefs were kings in subordinate alliancewith their overlord, the king of Burma, and they were not subordinate to his Ministers."2. On the annexation of Upper Burma, the whole of Upper Burma, including the Shan States, was declared to be part of BritishIndia. The British Government then automatically succeeded to the rights of the king of Burma in the Shan States. In the speechdelivered at Rangoon on the 24th February 1886 His Excellency the Viceroy and the Governor General of India, the Marquess ofDuffarin and Ava, declared that the Shan Chiefs would be treated as in subordinate alliance with the British Government. ACopy of an extract from this speech which, apparently formed the basis of Mr. Harvey's remarks, was incorporated in the ShanChiefs' Memorandum submitted to His Majesty's Secretary of State for india in 1930.3. The Shan States Act of 1888 and the Burma Laws Act of 1893 made it clear that the Shan States were a special area with aspecial system of administration. The Rulers were "recognised" and powers and rights embodied in the Sanads granted tothem. The reason for this special treatment is obvious, namely that nowhere eles in Burma proper were there traditional andhereditary rulers like the Shan Chiefs. Even as recently as the 18th June 1934 the special status of the Shan States vis-a-visBurma proper was recognised-vide paragraph 435 at page 240 of the Report of the Joint Committee on Indian ConstitutionalReform (Session 1934-34)Volume I (Part II), Proceedings, wherein it was stated:-

"We should perharps explain that the Shan States, though British territory, are a quasi-automous area administered bythe Shan Sawbwas (Saohpas) or Chiefs under the general supervision of the Governor (of Burma), and that since 192 they havebeen formed into a species of Federation for certain common purpose. The Finances of the Federation have always been keptdistinct from the provincial finances of Burma, and we think it desirable that arrangement should contiue."

And, again, at page 241 ibid:-"The Shan States are a compact areas, and for all common purposes form a single orgainsed administrative unit."

4. The Shan States Federation came into being on the 1st October 1922 and a Federal Council of Shan Chiefs was formed. Witheffect from 1st July 1925 a seperate Commissioner was appointed for the Federated Shan States and he became president of theCouncil. The functions of the Council were purely of an advisory nature. Legislative power, in respect of the Shan States, wasvested in the Governor under sub-section(2) of Section 40 of the Government of Burma Act, 1935, subject, of course, to thepowers of His Majesty in parliament.5. The Federal Council of the Shan Chiefs and the Standing Committee continued to function until the evacuation of Burma andthe Shan States by the legal Government. As subsequent to the reoccupation it was felt that an efficient central co-ordinationfo Administration for an unified progress within the Federated Shan States was essential, the Saohpas of the Shan States mettogether in March 1946 and formed a SHAN STATES SAOHPAS' COUNCIL composed of all the saohpas and all the Adminis-trator in the Federated Shan States. As this was a somewhat unwiedly body, diffcult to convene in a country with bad meansof communication rendered worse by the ravages of War, it was resolved at a later meeting, held in July 1946, that for theimmediate future, an Executive Committee of Seven Saphpas by selected for the purpose of deciding all questions of futureadministration and policy without reference to all the individual Saohpas of the Council. This was accordingly done, and it isfrom this Executive Committee that this Memorandum emanates. We Shans feel that, with the historical background set forthabove, we are in no wise inferior to the Burmans culturally, politically, or otherwise, and that, if in the near future, His Majesty'sGovernment is pleased to grant independence to Burma proper, the Federated Shan States should be granted a similar status atthe same time.6. It may be said that our form of government in the Shan States autocratic. This statement may have been made with somedegree of accuracy a century ago, but is no longer true. The war had many devastating effects, but one good effect it had wasto bring us into contact with many nations from all parts of the World, and to cause amongst us an awakening to politicalconciousness. The right of our people to take a part in the administration of the country has been recognised, and StateAdvisory Councils have already been started. Furture, we are now in the process of constituing a Constituent Assembly andalso a Shan States Federal Council including members popularly elected in both cases.7. Since the reoccupation of Burma, a new department has been opened at the headquarters of the Government of Burma. It iscalled the Frontier Areas Administration, and as its name implies, it controls all the "Frontier Areas", including the Shan States,the Kachin Hill-Tracts, the Chin Hills, the Karen Tracts and so on, that is to say all the areas specified in Part I and II of theSecond Schedule to the Government of Burma Act, 1935 (26. Geo. 5, c.3).8. It has been declared that the ultimate aim of the policy of the Frontier Areas Administration is some form of amalgamation withthe Frontier Areas with Burma proper. Since that declaraion was made events have moved quickly in Burma proper.9. In the King's message to Burma, after the return of the Civil Government in October 1945, His Majesty had a special word tosay to tell the hill peoples of Burma, "who have with such steadfast courage maintained for three long years to fight against theenemy."

The message went on to say:-"Seperate arrangements will be made for your administration os that special care and attention may be given to your

welfare and your indigenous institutions may be developed. I hope that the day is not far distant when you, too, will desire of

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your own free will to take your place in self-governing Burma, and my Government will do all in the power to forward this laststep in the historic task of the unification of Burma."10. With due respect the Executive Committee of the Council of Shan States Saohpas would submit that the time has not yetarrived for the amalgamation is the Shan States with Burma proper. The first consideration is the need for the preservation of theShan race. The experience of the past few centuries has shown that wave after wave of Shan immigrants who went South intoBurma proper have been submerged in the populations there and have lost all their racial distinction. In the absence of any formof declaration made by His Majesty's Government with regards to the Federated Shan States, we do not know where we stand,if we were to stay aloof from Burma and remain within Frontier Areas Administration. Then agian, from the Constitutional pointof view we do not yet feel in a position to deal with ad adjoining "Independent Burma," unless we receive guarantees andassuracnces as indicated in the notes or resolutions below, prepareed or passed by Executive Committee from time to time.SUBJECT:- Demands made by the Shan States.

Peoples all the World over are now demanding their national birth-right in respect of self-determination regarding theproblems, either racial, politional, or otherwise, from the dominating governments concerned. Time is now ripe for us, the Shansone of the communities in the citizenship of this world, to demand our rights in accordance with the spirit of democracy. Wetherefore consider that the time has come when our rights should be recognised as follows:-

1. The powers of recruitment, appointment, and removal of officers for service in the Federated Shan States heretoforevested in the Governor of Burma and the Secretary of State for Burma should, without any reservation, be delegated to theFederal Council of the States.

2. Powers to appropriate receipts and control expenditure out of revenue accruing, either in or out of the Shan States,to the Shan States, should be transferred to the Federal Council of the Shan States, and no longer exerciseed by either theSecretary of State or the Governor of Burma.

3. Relationships with different Countries within the British Empire.On the basis of managing and controlling their own respective internal affairs, the Shans, the Chins, the Kachins, the

Karens, and the Burmans should determine, upon agreement with the consenting parties, the ways and means of their interre-lation with one another.

4. Foreign Affairs.The rights and privileges enjoyed by other members of the British Commonwealth of Nations should, in equal

measure, be extended and given to the Shan States for the period of her membership of the said Commonwealth.And also the right to have intercourse with her neighbouring foreign countries, such as China, French Indo-China and

Thailand, when such occasion arises, for the inhabitants of these neighbouring tracts are nearly all Shan by races and in origin.The four items enumerated above were discussed and unanimously agreed to by all the Saohpalong in their meetings,

held successively at Mong Kung, Panlong, and Taunggyi; as such the Saohpalongs, together with indigenous races of theShan States, should not remain content and inactive unless and until the demands as herein set out are fully met with.

"(a) The Saohpalongs of the Shan States are willing to negotiate on the question of Federation with Burma on theunderstanding and basis of full autonomy for the Shan States, this condition to be duly provided for and guaranteed in thefuture constitution for Burma whether as a Dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations or a complete Sovereigninternational state, with the right to secede from the Federation if so desired."11. A copy of an extract from the minutes of a meeting of the Shan States Saohpas' Council held in July 1946, which was attendedby the Deput Director of Frontier Areas, is reproduced below, and it is requested that come immediate arrangements should bemade regularly to revive the Shan States Federal Fund, with necessary amendments of the shares of the Federated Shan Statesin certain heads of Central Revenue such as Customs etc.

EXTRACTS FROM MINUTES."The Mong Pawn Saohpa raised the question of the Federal Fund Order which expired three years after 1941. i.e 1941,

and also said that according to this Order in Council which was based on the decision of a Special Tribunal, the Federated ShanStates did not get its fair share of Customs from Burma Revenues. The Deputy Director, Frontier Areas, replied that althoug theOrder expired in 1944 a seperate Accounts Officer for the Federated Shan States regarding the share of the Federated ShanStates out of Burma Revenues. According to the Act of Parliament no one can touch it. It is for the Saohpas to put the matterup to the Government."12. To sum up, we desire to reamain, for the time being, within the frame-work of the Frontier Areas Administration, side by sidewith the other hill areas, which, like our Shan Hills, are geographically, definitely seperate from Burma proper. At the same timewe shall continue our friendly relations with that country. Nevertheless, if the question of Federation with Burma proper israised, the Federated Shan States claim the right and privelege as an equal parter in any Burma Federation of treating direct withHis Majesty's Government in the matter of financial or other adjustments. It is necessary, however, to emphasise on the fact thatthe Shan Saohpas are only willing to negotiate fon the question of federation with Burma proper on the understanding andbasis of full autonomy for the Federated Shan States, this condition to be duly provided for and guaranteed in the BritishCommonwealth of Nations or as a completely independent Sovereign States, with the further condition that the Federated ShanStates shall have the right at any time to secede from any such Burma Federation if they so desire. As regards internaladministration, our aim is to have our own Constitution, a Federation of the Shan States.Dated Camp Hsipaw sd. Hkun Pan Sing,the 16th January 1947. President,

Executive Committee,Council of Federated Shan States, Saohpas.

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aemufqufwGJ (*)

SECOND MEMORANDUM ON THE SHAN STATES SUBMITTED BY THE EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE OF THE SHAN STATES SAOHPAS COUNCIL.

Since drafting our first Memorandum we have received official intimation that His Majesty's Government is about togrant independence to Burma, and has invited to England a delegation from the Executive Council of the Government of Burma.The Right Hon'ble Mr. Attlee's pronouncement on the subject contains no refercence to the Frontier Areas. Our misgivings asto the future status of the Federated Shan States, are therefore, doubled. In paragraph 10 of our first Memorandum we have setforth the reasons militating against the amalgamation of our States with Burma proper, and in paragraph 12 we have clearlyspecified the guarantees and conditions on which we are willing to negotiate on the question of federation with Burma proper.And as regards our internal administration, we desire to repeat that our aim is to have our own Constitution, a Federation of theShan States, as a self-governing entity.2. The four points of vital importance coneded by His Majesty's Government to Burma may be brieftly summarised as shownbelow:-

A. That the Burma white Paper of 1946 may be discarded;B. That the people of Burma may decide their own future, where or not to remain within the Commonwealth;C. That the new Constitution for Burma may be settled by the nationals of Burma; andD. That the Burmese Government that has now been formed may within the existing constitution exercise a fullmeasure of authority in Burma.

3. Basing our claims on the historical background and on the other facts set forth in our first Memorandum, we beg to demandthat the four points cited above shall apply, with immediate effect, to the federated Shan States, and we shall now proceed toexamine in what manner this may be done.4. "A" calls for no remarks.5. As regards "B", we have already expressed our willingess to reamin, for the present, within the frame-work of the FrontierAreas Administration, provided that if, at any time, the question of federation with Burma proper is raised, we shall claim theright and privilege to negotiate on that question on the understanding and basis of full autonomy for the Federated ShanStates, and guaranteed by His Majesty's Government in the future constitution for Burma.6. For carryingf out the terms of "C", we have already suggested to the Governor of Burma that he should, under the powersvested in him by sub-section (2) of Section 40 of the Government of Burma Act, 1935, issue a Regulation declaring the Councilof the Federated Shan States consisting of all the Saohpas, Administrators and equal number of popularly elected representivesof the people which will be assembled by Novemember 1947 to be a Constituent Assembly for the drafting of a new Constitutionfor Federated Shan States. All the members of the proposed Constituent Assembly will be nationals of the Shan States. So that,in this respect also, these States will fall into line with India and Burma.7. There now remains "D". It appears at this stage to be necessary to consider in some detail the system of administration inforce in the Shan States. In pre-annexation days the Chiefs were held to be "in subordinate alliance" to the king of Burma andin no way subject to His Majesty Ministerial Government. Even subsequent to the annexation, that is during the past sixtyyears or more the Chiefs have enjoyed the same status; their territories have been recognised "quasi-autonomous areas."Dyarchical Government at first and later Ministerial Government in Burma proper did not affect the rights and powers of theChiefs to administer their country on the traditional and hierarchical sysytem. It is true that in their Sanads, the documentsrecognising their titles, powers, and rights, they were enjoined to exercise them subject to the guidance of their superinten-dents, but most Government Officers, who have served in the Shan States will, it is submitted, readily admit that such guidancewas seldom called for, and if necessary, merely took the form of advice. The reason for this can easily be explained. The Rulersare hereditary. Leaving out of consideration the areas notified under Chapter X of the Burma Municipal Act and special miningareas, which, we are told, will shortly be returned to the States concerned the rule in each States is framed on a basis commonto all States. Hence, it will be an easy step from ruler by one in one State to rule by a centralised body like the ExecutiveCommittee over all the States.8. The autonomous nature of the system in force in our States has been tested by the passage of time and is still considered themost suitable for our country.9. But we the people of the Shan States, like the people of other nations of the World, move with the times. Since the last war,we have recognised the need for some form of centralised government, while at the same time admitting, into that Governmenta democratic Policy, so that our people may learn and develop the principles of self-government. With the first object in viewmany of our brother Chiefs, in supreme act of self abnegation, have surrendered their powers and privileges to a centralExecutive Committee of the Shan States Saohpas' Council, to which reference was made in our first Memorandum and also here.For this praiseworthy gesture of unselfishness the Chiefs concerned deserve a high tribute of thanks, in that they havevolutarily foregone their undisputed and hereditary rights.10. With the second object in view, namely the gradual development of democratic principles, we are now in the process ofincluding, in the immediate future, within our Council and Committee, populary elected members.11. It is for Executive Committee of the Shan States Saohpas' Council, which has been regularly established by convention, thatwe beg that a full measure of authority in the Shan States be forthwith elevated, such authority including executive, completefinancial autonomy and legislative power. The latter will, necessarily, under the present constitution, be subject to the powerexercised by the Governor of Burma to issue Regulations applicable to the Shan States under the authority vested in him by

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section 40 (2) of the Government of Burma Act 1935. This power may be exercised until a new Constitution for the Shan Statesis brought into force.12. As regards the other sphere of administration, apart from legislative, there are sufficient powers for the Saohpas to act underthe Sanads granted to them and under the various orders, rules, etc., which are published in the Shan States Manual, and whichwill be scrutinised and amended when the draft Constitution is being framed.14. To sum up, we ask that (1) the Federated Shan States be placed immediately on the same political status as the adjoiningcountry of Burma proper, (2) The Council of Federated Shan States consisting of all Saohpas, Administrators and equal numberof popularly elected representives of the peoples which will be assembled by November 1947 be recognised as a ConstituentAssembly for drafting the new Constitution for the Shan States; (3) the powers given to the Burmese Government nowfunctioning be similarly given to the Executive Committee, which is a regularly constituted body functioning de facto in theShan States; (4) the Shan States Federal Fund, to which contributions have been made, or promised during the current financialyear, by all the Shan Chiefs, be revived and placed within the sole financial power of the Executive Committee.

Dated at Camp Hispaw, Sd. Hkun Pan Sing,the 16th January 1947. President,

Executive Committee, Council of Shan States Saohpas.

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aemufqufwGJ (C)

GENERAL STATEMENT BY THE BURMA DELEGATIONI. The Constituent Assembly.

On the 20th December 1946 in the house of commons the Rt. Hon. the Prime Minister made the following statement:-"we do not desire to retain within the Commonwealth and Empire andy unwilling peoples. It is for the people of

Burma to decide their own future but we are certain that it will be to their interest as it will be to ours if they decide to remainwithin the Commonwealth and we sincerely hope that they will arrive at such a decision. Likewise, we consider that the newConstitution for Burma should be settled by nationals of Burma and we believe that arrangementf to this end can be madeas a result of the forthcoming elections, without the necessity for holding fresh elections for a Constituent Assembly, on theanalogy of what has already been done in India where the Constituent Assembly is based upon the ordinary provincialelections...

" In all these matters, it is the desire and intention of His Majesty's Government to hasten forward the time whenBurma shall realise her independence, either within or without the Commonwealth, but for the sake of the Burmese people,it is of the utmost importance that this should be an orderly - though rapid progress."

We understand from the above quotaion that His Majesty's Government are prepared to concede to Burma the rightto such from of independence as she may choose and as rapidly as possible Our own demand is that this independence shallbe achieved within a year from now. If the intention of His Majesty's Government and our own demand are to have effect, theConstituent Assembly will have to be convened to decide the destiny of Burma. From the beginning, our demand for theConstituent Assembly has been coupled with the demand for an election to that Constituent Assembly on an adult franchise.This franchise we have received from parlaiment, and though it has been fixed at an age qualification different from what wedesire, we are prepared to acquiesce provided that the Constituent Assembly is formed by direct election.. Under the 1935Constitution, elections can be held only for the legislature, and non nationals have the right to participate. Moreover, theworking of that Constitution since its inception up to the time it was sspended by the War was associated with feature whichdid not meet with the people's favour. Thus we found that the participation in the elections and in the legislature of non-nationals enabled them to interfere materially in the internal politics of our country. It is the intention of His Majesty'sGovernment to enbled Burma to have the own freedom as soon as possible, and the re-introduction of the 1935 Constitutioncan only delay the implemetation of that intention and would be retrograde. We are therefore in favour solely of having directelection for the Constituent Assembly. The analogy drawn between India and Burma appears to us to be unsound as in Indiathe provincial elections were held soon after the War and before there was agreement about the formation of the IndianConstituent Assembly. But in our country we have been opposed from the beginning to the idea of elections under the 1935Constitution and such elections have not yet taken place. We therfore respectfully demur to the proposition that just becauseIndia went through the double process we should also do the same. In our case, since neither the elections nor the compositionof the Constituent Assembly has been agreed upon, we see no reason why the agreement should not be for such an Assemblyto be elected directly.2. Ther are other strong reasons also for by-passing elections under the 1935 Act. This Act has in effect long been dead. TheJapanese invasion of 1942 necessarily ended the effective operation of the Act, although a Skeleton Government of Burmareassembled in Simla and carried on de jure under a proclamation under Section 139 of the Government of Burma Act. Afterreoccuption of the country in 1945, a Military Administration was set up, and the Govrnor returned in Octoer, 1945, theGovernment of the country was not under the ordinary provisions of the Act of 1935 but was again under a proclamation undersection 139 of the Act , the scope of which was enlarged by the Government of Burma (Temporary Provisions) Act of 1945. AnExecutive Council and a Legislative Council were constituted not under the 1935 Act but under the 1945 Act. Under this latterAct, there seems to be no legal bar to the coversion by constitutional convention of the Governor's Executivef Council into aCabinet with full responsibility for all affairs on the advice of which the Governor must act. Similarly, a Legislature can beconstituted under the Act in any manner laid down by an Oder in Council, with such composition and functions as may similarlybe prescribed. In view of this elastics position the re-introduction of the 1935 Constitution can tend only to make the positionmore rigid. It is possible now to have an Executive Council on the lines that we seek and also a Legislature. Our own proposalis to vest the elected Constituent Assembly with the powers of a Legislature pending elections under the new Constitutionffto be framed by it.

II. The prewar Legislature3. The 1935 Act was not, and has never been, accepted by the people of Burma, and is now universally comdemned. Theconstitution of the Legislature was in particular regarded as a device for weaking within the Legislature, and therefore inside theGovernment, the influence of the Burmese. Thus, out of 132 seats in the House of Representives, only 91 seats were generalnon-communal seats. Of the remainder, 12 seats went to Karens and 2 to Anglo-Burmans, both indigenous minorities, to thegenerous treatment of which we do not demur. But 8 seats were alloted to Indians without the stipulation that these should beIndians domiciled in the country, so that many of these seats were filled by Indians who were not domiciled in the country.Similarly, 3 seats were allotted to Europeans and they were invariably filled by persons not domiciled in Burma. Of the 11 seatsallotted to representatives of commerce and industry, only 1 went to the Burmese Chamber of Commerce, the remaining 10 beingallotted to European, Indian and Chinese institutions which ordinarily returned Members who were not domiciled in Burma. Ofthe 4 labour seats, 2 were allotted to Indian labour which was entitled to the question of domicile, in a House of 132 Members,the European community secured no less than 9 seats (3 European plus 5 Burma Chamber of Commerce plus 1 Rangoon Trades

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Association) and the Indians secured 13 seats (8 Indians plus 2 Indian labour plus 2 Indian Chamber of Commerce plus 1Nattukottai Chettiars Association). The weightage given to these non-burmese minorities had tended towards the instability ofBurmese Cabinets constituted under the 1935 Act. The senate was even less satisfactory in its composition. Out of 36Members, 18 were nominated by the Governor in his discretion while the remaining 18 were elected by the Members of theHouse of Representatives by proportional representation on the method of a single transferable vote. Eligibility for the Senatewas on qualification which were narrow and undemocratic, so that the choice of persons to be elected was strictly limited. Thus,the weightage given to these non-indigenous minorities in the lower House was faithfully reproduced in the Upper House in itselected portion while the Governor was free to weigh these non-indigenous minorities as he like in the nominated portion.4. The people of Burma have a painful memory of the role played by the group of non-nationals representating European andIndian vested interests in the Burma Legistature from Aprilf 1937 to January 1942. During this period there were no less thanthree successive premiers with their respective Cabinets, with an average lifetime of only nineteen months. The 23 non-indigenous Members of the Legistature organised themselves into a group and found itself in a position to dictate terms tosuccessive Burmese Councils of Ministers and to extort commercial and other concession as a price of its support of Govern-ment, or sometimes its neutrality on frequently recurring motions of non-confidence. No Council of Ministers could remain inoffice if it could not obtain the support of these vested interests. The Legislature therefore was so constituted as to minimisethe possibility of Burmese portion obtaining a democratic majority, and in practice it made the non-Burman element the arbitersof the fate of the Council of Ministers. Such was experience of the people of our country in the past and with this mentalbackground, they cannot but disapprove strongly a re-introduction of the 1935 Act or the holding of elections under itsprovisions.

III. The Executive Council5. The general proposition which we desire to formulate in respect of the Executive Council is that it should be entrustedforthwith with the powers of a Government of the Dominions and that accordingly the Governor should be a constitutionalhead bound by the advice of his Executive Council in all matters and no longer under the direction and control of the Secretaryof State. We are advised that it may be possible to effect this change by a revised Proclamation under the Government of Burma(Temporary Provisions) Act of 1945 or by a constitutional convention preferably embodied in the Governor's Instrument ofInstructions. It follows from this general proposition that the Executive Council of the Governor should control not onlymatters which are already within its province but also among other subjects Defence and External Affairs, the Member in chargeof which being converted from his present position of Counsellor to the Governor in these subjects to that of a Council incharge of them. It would further follow that the Executive Council will have full financial autonomy and and that it will be opento the countries. The control of Defence would include the control of all armed froces, whether Empire or Burmese stationedwithin Burma. We likewise desire that the Frontier Areas should be brought within the scope of the Council in the manner whichwill be explained in the succeeding Section of this Statement.

IV. The Frontier Areas6. We are aware that the long-term policy of His Majesty's Govrnment in regard to Burma is that there should be a united orfederated Burma including the whole of British Burma and perhaps also the Karenni States. We respectfully subscribe to thispolicy but are anxious that the peoples of these Areas should be given an opportunity of sharing immediately in the constitu-tional advance to be achieved by the Burmese. To that end we propose that representatives of the Frontier Areas should beassociated forthwith in the work of the Executive Council in a manner which would retainf for these Areas autonomy in mattersof internal administration. This, in our opinion, could be done by bringing the Frontier Areas within the scope of the ExecutiveCouncil and by appointing a representative of the Frontier Areas to the charge of the new portfolio and providing him with twoor three Deput Councillors representing the Frontier races of which he is not a member. Thus, for instance, a Shan representa-tive could be appointed a Councillor and be assisted by Kachin and Chin Deputy Councillors. The Director of the FrontierAreas would then function as other Heads of Departments under the Councillors. The manner in which the peoples of theseAreas will participate in the work of the Constituent Assembly should, we propose, be left for disscussion between Burmeseleaders and representatives of these Areas without the interference of outside interests. Our desire is that the people of theFrontier Areas should reagin their freedom together with the Burmese and enjoy equal rights with them in all respects. In regardto the Constituent Assembly for Burma proper, as the elections have been fixed for next April, there is insufficient time for aDelimitation Commission for a fresh territorial division of constituencies. Also, though there have been some temporaryshiftings of population, the division of the 91 general non-communal seats for the House of Representatives is reasonably fair.We propose accordingly to retain the present distribution of these seats but to double their total by doubling the representa-tion given to these 91 constituencies. In the result we propose that the general non-communal constituencies would all becomeplural constituencies and return twice the number which each returned to the House of Representatives, the total being thusenlarged from 91 to 182. The Franchise would be the adult franchise at 21 already accepted by Parliament for the Legislature. Inaccordance with what has been accepted by His Majesty's Government, only Burmese nationals, the definition of which termwe shall suggeste below will be entitled to vote in the elections for a Constituent Assembly and to stand for such election. Weare of the option that there is no place in the Constituent Assembly for any special constitutuencies, but we would makeprovision in the Constituent Assembly in the following manner for the two indigenous communities, the Karens and the Anglo-Burmans, for whose representation special provision is made in respect of the House of Representatives. The Karens are nowgiven 12 seats in the House. If the Karens would agree, we should be glad to add 24 seats to the 182 seats we have proposedfor general non-communal of constituencies and to arrange for a guaranteed minimum of 24 Karens out of these 206 seats. In

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the alternative, if they so desire, we would be prepared to add 24 seats to the Constituent Assembly and allot them to the 12Karen constituencies for the House of Representatives, each constituency to return to the Constituent Assembly two Mem-bers for the one Member which it return to the House of Representatives. In the case of the Anglo-Burmans, we would provide4 additional seats for them in the constituent Assembly, corresponding to the 2 seats filled by their representatives in the Houseof Representatives, and adopt either of the two courses which we have proposed for the Karens. In the case of the Anglo-Burmans, the allocation of 2 seats in the House of Representatives, the total seats in which were 132, involves a veryconsiderable weightage as, even before the War, the Anglo-Burman population was less than 20,000 out of a total populationof 17 millions. As an indication of our generous attitude towards our indigenous minorities, we are prepared to let thisweightage be reproduced in the Constituent Assembly, but without prejudice to whatever may eventually be decided by theConstituent Assembly in regard to communal proportions in the Legislature under the Constitution to be devised. We under-stand, however, that the Anglo-Burman community does not seek speicial protection or communal seats and that they areprepared to be regarded in all respect as a part of the majority community. The Constituent Assembly for Burma proper wouldthen consist of 210 seats.

V. The Definition of Burma National7. The question of defining on an agreed basis separate nationalities for the self-governing countries in the British Common-wealth will be discussed shortly by a conference to begin in London on the 3rd February 1947. We would defer a longer termdefinition of a Burma National till we have had the advantage of studying the results of the conference. The final definition mustof course be reserved for decision by the Constituent Assembly. Some definition is, however, necessary for the purpose ofdetermining who is eligible for voting in the Constituent Assembly elections and for standing as candidates. Tentatively we areof the opinion that for the purpose of these elections a Burma National should be defined as a person who is born and domiciledin Burma and who was also born of parents permanently resident in Burma.

VI. Miscellaneous Incidental Matters.Ther are certain incidental matters which we wish to mention. Our request for full powers for the Executive Council

involves autonomy in external affairs and as a token of this autonomy it is important that Burma should be a Member of theUnited Nations Organisation. We have made a separate request to His Majesty's Government for sponsoring our candidaturefor the United Nations Organisation.

There is also the question of the control over the Secretary of State's services in Burma. At present this control isexercised ultimately by the Secretary of State through the Governor. The position of independence from control of the Execu-tive Council thus secured to these services is incompatible with Burmese self-government and we regret to have to mentionthat under the cover of the position thus accorded to them, some Members of these services have at times endeavoured toobstruct our policy, though we take this opportunity of acknowledging that there are others who have served us totally. Wethink that the time has arrived for the transfer of control over these services to the Executive Council.

There is also the question of control over the Railway Board, the Public Service Commission and the Project Boards.All these are autonomous or semiautonomous institutions over which control is with the Governor in his discretion or in hisindividual judgement rather than with the Executive Council. In our view, it should now be open to the Executive Council todefine for themselves the measure of control which they desire to exercise.

Under the 1935 Constitution, the Governor exercises certain functions in his discretion and in his individual judge-ment in respect of certain matters relating to legislation and the legislature. The grant to the Executive Council of the power ofa Dominion Government involves the proposition that the Governor should act on the advice of his Council where exercisinghis powers in respect of legislation and the Legislature.

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FURTHER STATMENT BY THE BURMA DELEGATIONThe Burma Delegation have reviewed the proposals in their "General Statement" in the light of the comments made by

His Majesty's Government in their Memorandum in reply and the oral discussion which have taken place at the Conference.The Delegation desire to make the following further representations.

Constituent Assembly and form of interim Government.2. The Delegation welcome the acceptance by His Majesty's Government of the view that the elections to be held next Aprilshould be for a Constituent Assembly. The Delegation agree that the Government of Burma should be carried on for the presentunder the Emergency Section of the Act of 1935 with a nominated Executive Council and nominated Legislative Council thelatter to be enlarged to, say, 100 Members. The Delegation, however, view the period between now and the introduction of thenew Constitution as being in two stages. The first stage will be the period from now till the covening of the ConstituentAssembly, and for this stage. The Delegation agree to the above proposal without qualificationf. The second stage will be thatfrom the convening of the Constituent Assembly to the introduction of the new Constitution. The Delegation cannot helpanticipation that at some time during this second stage, circumstances may tender necessary the reconstitution of the interimGovernment and the Legislature though it is impossible to anticipate now the manner in which the Delegation would thereforelike it to be understood reconstituted. The Delegation would therefore like it to be understood that the constitution of aGovernment and of a Legislature under the Emergency Section of the Act of 1935 may have to be reviewed in the course of thissecond stage.

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3. In regard to the distribution of seats for the Constituent Assembly, the Delegation acknowledge the disadvantages ofconvertingf the constituencies into plural constituencies. A more satisfactory solution would be the subdivision of the presentgeneral non-communal, the Karen and the Anglo-Burman constituencies, but owing to the lack of time this course must, in theopinion of the Delegation, be now regarded as impracticable. A Constituent Assembly consisting of only 105 Members would,in the Delegation opinion, be inadeaquate while a larger Constituent Assembly of 210 would provide greater opportunities forthe inclusion in the Constituent Assembly of Burmans especially qualified to take part in the task of constitution-making. TheDelegation are accordingly obliged to adhere to the proposal for giving to each constituency double the number of Membersit returned to the House of Representatives. The Delegation are not in favour of a co-opted elements as they consider importantthat the Constituent Assembly should consist entirely of Members returned directly by the country. The Delegation wouldprefer to bring in the expert element in an advisory capacityf witout voting power though there is reason for hoping that anumber of experts may be among the 210 to be elected.

4. The position and power of the interim Government.The Delegation inter from the attitude of His Majesty's Government in regard to the position and powers of the interim

Government that the wish is to approximate these to the position and powers of a Dominion Government to the fullest extentpossible without the amending Legislation for which there is now insufficient time. If such is the case, the Delegation areconstrained to express their opinion that the formula of "Close consultation and consideration" in the external field would notbe of much value unless it is accompanied by full autonomy in the field of internal administration. The formula in respect ofinternal administration is that the Executive Council would be given the greatest possible freedom in the exercise of the day today administration of the country. "Day to day administration" is undefined and the result may well be that while the ExecutiveCouncil is allowed its way in respect of routine matters, important questions of policy may still be subject to the control of theGovernor representating His Majesty's Government. Also approximation towards the Government of a Dominion is impossiblewithout autonomy in the Defence and External Affairs. For these reasons the Delegation would propose that by constitutionalconvention, the Governor should be placed in the position of a constitutional Head of the State and be required to act on theadvice of his Executive Council in all subjects.

This proposition invoices the relaxation by His Majesty's Government and by the Governor of the control which isthere under the existing law, but there have been many occasions in the past in which the actual powers of the Dominions haveoutpaced theire position under statute law and what is not permitted by law has often been achieved by constitutionalconvention. The formal responsibility for the government of Burma would, under our present proposal, still vest in theGovernor and His Majesty's Government and the actions of the Government of Burma would still be taken in the name of theGovernor but the Delegation would ask that the actual responsibility should now pass to the Executive Council. Already, inrespect of the day to day administration the formal responsibility still vests in the Governorf and His Majesty's Governmentunder Section 139 of the Act of 1935 but by constitutional convention the actual responsibility has passed to the ExecutiveCouncil. If there is no legal objection to this, the Delegation are unable to see any legal objection to the same arrangement inrespect what is not day to day administration and of Defence and External Affairs.

5. Defence.In regard to Defence, the Delegation have noted the observations made by the Minister of Defence in his Memonandum

of the 19th Janaurary 1947. They acquiesce in the position that British forces utilised in Burma must be under the ultimatecontrol of His Majesty's Government, but the Delegation feel that this control should be execised entirely through theGovernor as the local representative of His Majesty's Government. At present, the General Officer Commanding in Chief of thearmy in Burma does not appear to be subordinate to the Governor but rather to the remnant of the South East Asia Commandthough it is understood that this Command is in the process of liquidation. For so long as the control of the British and Indiantroops in Burma is exercised not through the Governor but through an agency extranneous to Burma, there can be no approxi-mation towards the possession by the Government of Burma of the powers of a Dominion Government as envisaged inparagraph 9 of the Memorandum by His Majesty's Government. The Delegation would therefore request that early steps betaken towards vesting in the Governor the control of the British and Indian forces stationed in Burma and for subordinating theCommander-in-Chief in Burma to the Governor and the Government of Burma.

It would be anomalous if, while in other spheres the Governor acts on the advice of the Executive Council, in mattersrelating to British and Indian forces in Burma, the Governor should act in his discretion. The Delegation would therefore askthat in respec of the control of the British and Indian Forces stationed in Burma the Governor should be required to act also onthe advice of the Executive Council though the Delegation are prepared to recognise that the ultimate control of British forcesshould continue to vest in His Majesty's Government. In short, the Delegations view in that the immediate control of non-Burmese troops in the country should vest in the Governor acting on the advice of the Executive Council, subject to HisMajesty's Government's ultimate control over British forces.

British forces are, in the view of the Delegationf, not entirely necessary for the maintenance of internal security inBurma. The Delegation would therefore prefer the withdrawal of these forces from Burma if their continued use should be at theexpense of impairing the autonomy which would otherwise vest in the Executive Council in respect of Defence.6. The Delegation regard as highly unsatisfactory the present position by which the subject of Defence is outside the scope ofthe Executive Council though the senior Executive Councillor deals with the subject in his capacity of Counsellor to theGovernor. The Delegation would urge that steps be taken by such means are possible short of legislation, for which there is notime, to bring the subject of Defence within the scope of the Executive Council and to enable the senior Member of the Council

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to share with his Colleagues his responsibilities in regard to the subject. The same request applies to the subject of ExternalAffairs dealt with below.

7. External Affairs.The Delegation welcome the suggestion made by His Majesty's Government for the appointment of High Commis-

sioner for Burma in London as soon as arrangements can be made. The Delegation are, however, disappointed with thesuggestion that in regard to other capitals Burma should be content with the appointment of Agents-General. Agents-General,in spite of such diplomatic rank as may be accorded to them, can hardly be regarded diplomatic representatives of Burmaabroad, and will not therefore satisfy Burma's aspiration for an immediate improvement of her external status. In spite of the factthat India is a member of the United Nations Organisation and Burma is not, the legal position of the Government of India inrespect of External Affairs is no better than that of Burma. As it has been found posssible to secure for India diplomaticrepresentation abroad, the Delegation are unble to see conclusive reason for denying such an arrangement to Burma, and thedenial impairs seriously the agreed approximation towards the position of a Dominion. Even if it is accepted in principle that HisMajesty's Government will assist Burma in obtaining diplomatic representation abroad, the actual arrangements are likely totake some time to complete. So far as the denial is due to unwillingness on the part of His Majesty's Government, the Delegationwould earnestly urge the Government to reconsider the attitude. If, however, the denial is due to the apprehension that theforeign Governments concerned will not agree, the Delegation would urge that the Executive Council should be permitted tomake informal approaches to the Governments concerned. That there can be no diplomatic impropriety in such approaches isevidenced by the fact that Pandit Jewlal Nehru has appointed a Personal Representative charged with the task of makinginformal approaches to certain Governments in Europe for the exchange of diplomatic representatives with India.

8. United Nations Organisation.The Delegation not the view of His Majesty's Government that the time is inopportune for pressing Burma's candida-

ture for admissing to the United Nations Organisation, and while the Delegation fully appreciate this view, they still venture tohope that diplomatic may evoke responsee which may alter the present assessment of the situation by His Majesty's Govern-ment. The Delegation would therefore request that these approaches may nevertheless be made or in the alternative that theExecutive Council should be authorised to make their own approaches in an informal manner. In the mean time they welcome thepromise that the question of Burma's immediate representation in the international bodies operating under the United NationsOrganisation would be taken up by His Majesty's Govenment with the Secretary-General of the Organisation. The Delegationwould also ask that in respect of the United Nations Organisation itself, permission should be sought for the attendance ofObservers representing the Government of Burma pending Burma's admission to the Organisation as a full Member.

The Delegation note from Article 4 of the United Nations Organisation's Charter that Membership is open to peace-loving States which accept the obligations contained in the Charter and, in the judgement of the Organisation, are able andwilling to carry out these obligations. The people of Burma are very willing to carry out these obligations but the ability to doso is dependent on the measure of autonomy to be coneded to them in Defence and External Affairs. The success of Burma'sapplication for membership would be assured if His Majesty's Government were able to invest the present Government ofBurma with the sufficient autonomy to enable them to carry out the obligations of the membership of the United NationsOrganisation.

9. Finance.The Subject of Finance will be dealt with by the Delegation in a separate Memorandum but they hold strongly the view

that without complete financial autonomy, the so-called autonomy in other spheres of Government would be illusory.

10. The Forntier Areas.With due respect, the Delegation do not find themselves able to agree that a Committee of Enquiry to ascertain the

wishes of the people of the Frontier Areas, would at this stage serve a useful purpose. Such an enquiry must necessarily taketime, and opportunity would be missed for associating these peoples in the work of the Executive Council and probably also forassociating them in the work of the Constituent Assembly. The unification of Burma as a policy of His Majesty's Governmentis of recent origin, and indeed the present division between Ministerial Burma and the Frontier Areas is the direct result of thepast policy of the British rulers of Burma, if not of His Majesty's Government to do everything possible to divide the FrontierAreas from the rest of Burma, and this was done in spite of the fact that Burma is a geopraphical unit, the long historicalassociation of Burma proper with the rest of Burma and the fact that the Frontier Areas cnannot economically be independentof Ministerial Burma and that the Defence of Ministerial Burma would be impossible without close interconnection with theFrontier Areas. Independence recognised for Burma would be nullified if the Frontier Areas are reatined under the direct controlof His Majesty's Govenment.

The delegation feel obliged to review the past. The Burmese were formerly admitted to the Frontier Service butBurmese recruitment to this Service stopped in 1927, and only 4 Burmese offciers now remain in the Service. Though they aresenior and though one of them is senior even to the Director of the Frontier Areas Administraton, they have not been givenpositions compatible with their seniority. Also an attempt was made some years ago to impose a Romanised Chin script uponthe Chins with a view apparently deliberately to remove the Chins further from the Burmese. It is interesting to note the linguafranca employed in the Chin units of the Burma Army is Urdu and not Burmese as should be the case since the Chins have nocommon Chin language and Burmese is spoken by many of them. The Delegation would be point out the marked difference in

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the opportunities given to Christian missionaries and Buddhist missionaries in these so-called Frontier Areas. When con-stitutonal reforms were introduced to Burma in 1919, Burma was divided for administrative purpose into Burma in Proper andthe "Backward Areas". The Burmese did not and do not subscirbe to the view that the people of these areas are backward in anyway. Before 1886, when Upper Burma was under Burmese rule, good relations between the Chiefs of the Frontier races and theBurmese King were normal. The main diffence between these people and the Burmese lies in the fact that these mainly resideon the hills while the Burmese mainly reside in the plains. Such members of the Frontier races as happen to reside in the plainshave acquired the same political rights as the Burmese. The proposal for bringing the Frontier Areas within the province of theExecutive Council is made with view to raising the status and rights of these people to those of the Burmese and the Delegationhave no reason to believe that they will not approve the proposal. In fact, to the knowledge of such members of the Delegationas have attended the Pinglong Conference of 1946 in the Shan States and other conferences, the Frontier Areas leaders areagreeable to the proposal. Any statement to the contrary submitted to His Majesty's Government is not truly the opinion of thepeople of those areas. For instance, the Delegation are aware that the demand for a Kachin State amongst the Kachins wasinspired by some Military officers during the time of the operations against the Japanese. It has also come to the knowledge ofthe Delegation that in in aletter from the Burma Office, dated the 30th November 1943, to the Governor, it was stated that forreasons of Imperial Defence it may be desirable for His Majesty's Government to execise a more direct control over theFrontier Areas of Burma than over Burma itself after the latter has been granted self-gorvenment. The Delegation are alsoawar that Mr.Stevenson, the Director of Frontier Areas Administartion, addressed last December to the Kachin people inrespect of the demand for a Kachin State, certain words which distorts starngely the intentions of the Burmese. He said;

''No order has as yet been passed on the subject of the formation of a federated Kachin State. The main reason forthis is that the Burmese leaders are convinced that the Kachins do not really want such a State, but that it is only the FrontierAreas Adminstration that wants it. This view has been put before His Majesty's Governmentf and it is another of the subjectupon which Mr. Walsh Atkins is here to listen to the Kachin view point direct from the Kachins. It is the hope of His Majesty'sGovernment that by mutual discussion, an agreed solution acceptable to both the Kachins and the other people of theMyitkyina and Bhamo Districts will be possible."

The above statement by the Director of the Frontier Areas Administration contains two points to which the Delega-tion must take exception. One is the misrepresentation that the Burmese have placed before His Majesty's Government the viewthat the Kachins do not really want a Kachin State. The other is the statement, never communicated to the Executive Council,that it is the hope of His Majesty's Government that by mutual discussion, an agreed soulution acceptable to both the Kachinsand the other people of the Myitkyina and Bhamo Districtfs will be posssible. In fact, without intimation to the ExecutiveCouncil, the Deputy Commissioner of the Myitkyina District and already held, a series of meetings for that purpose thoughthey are said to be unofficial. For sixty years, the conditions of these so-called backward tribes, administered by Britishauthoritiesf without Burmese aid have remained without improvement. The Delegation do not hold the view that they arepolitically backward and still incapable of self-government but if such is the view of His Majesty's Government, the Delegationmaintain that no Government outside Burma should have any claim to the privilege of trusteeship over these areas. TheDelegation's proposal is, however, not for the trusteeship of these areas by the Government of Burma but for elevating them tothe Burmese political position, actual and impending, and to a distinct share in the administration of the country to which they,the Burmese, and all other races of Burma alike belong.

In the opinion of the Delegation, what is needed now are immediate measures to bring the Burmese and Frontier racesinto close association in the govenment of the countryf as a whole and it may confidently be anticipated that such immediateassociation will facilitate the implementation of His Majesty's Govenment expressed aim of a unified Burma. The Delegation'ssuggestion for the inclusion in the Executive Council of a Frontier Areas portfolio to be held by a member of one of the Frontierraces with the assistance of deputies belonging to other Frontier races, if accepted, cannot fail to be a striking gesture of good-will towards the Frontier races alike by His Majesty's Govenment and by the Burmese.

11. Definition of Burma Nationals.The Delegation have studied the not by the Conference Secretary dated the 18th January 1947 on the definition of

Burma nationals. The Delegation agree that persons enrolled in the Indian and European constituencies should be eligible forenrolment in the non-communal general constituencies for the elections to the Constituent Assembly if they can satisfy somesimple test devised for the occasion. A good many Indians born in Burma are of parents not habitually resident in Burma anddo not regard Burma as their home. Similarly, many Indians reside in Burma for long periods in trades and occupations withoutsevering their connection with India whcih they still regard as their home. In these circumstances, alternativef tests of birth andhabitual residence may enfranchise for the Constituent Assembly many Indians who do not regard Burma as their home. TheDelegation are therefore of the opinion that the test should be a double one, i.e., not birth or residence but birth and residence.It is doubtful whether it would be practicable to distinguish in a summary enquiry between residence and habitual residenceand the Delegation would prefer to make it simple residence for a comparatively long period. In the result the Delegation are ofthe opinion that the test should be birth in Burma plus not less than eight years total either in the ten years immediatelypreceding the 1st January 1947 or in the ten years immediately preceding the 1st January 1942. The second alternative issuggested to provide for those Indians who left Burma on account of the War and who would not be able to satisfy the test inthe first alternative. Persons who satisfyf the double test of birth and residence would be enrolled if they are otherwise eligible.

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THIRD STATEMENT BY THE BURMA DELEGATION.The Burma Delegation have given the utmost consideration to the points in the Memorandum by His Majesty's

Government received on the 23rd January 1947, and desire to make the following further observations.

2. Constituent Assembly and formation of Interim Government.While appreciating the reason for the stiputation made in the last sentence of paragraph 2 of the Memorandum by His

Majesty's Government, the Delegation are, with respect, unwilling to accept definitely the position envisaged by His Majesty'sGovernment that there can be no change whatever in the form of the Interim Government of Burma during the period interven-ing between the convening of the Constitution Assembly and the introduction of the new Constitution. The Delegation wouldtherefore like it to be understood that they do not regard themselves as being bound to refrain from seeking any change whichmay be outside the scope of the existing legal provisions. The Delegation would also like to state that while it would be the taskof the Constitutuentf Assembly to determine the new Constitution for Burmaf within the period of one year which is the timelimit which the people of Burma have set for their country's independence, the Delegationf would like to emphasise that afterthe Assembly has decided on a Constitution based on independence within or without the commonwealth, the new Constitu-tion should be recognised forthwith.

3. The Delegation accept the suggestionff in paragraph 4 of the Memorandum by His Majesty's Government that the InterimLegislature may be given indirectly an elective basis by nominating to the indigenous general seats in it persons who havebeen elected to the Constitutent Assembly.

4. Position and powers of the Interim Government.The Delegation have noted the comments and explanations made in a paragraphs 5 and 6 of the Memorandum by His

Majesty's Government, and are well aware of the legal difficulties that stand in the way of their acceptance in full on this point.They are, however, convinced of the necessity of the immediate provision of a really tangible and definite method of closeapproximation to the position and powers of a Dominion Government and this method, in their view, is provided by theirproposals regarding the powers and competency of the Interim Government under which the Executive Council shall be fullyresponsible for all affairs while the Governor will function only as the Constitutional head. The Executive Council shall thusfunction on the lines of a Cabinet and every Member forming the Cabinet and holding charge of any portfolio will have all thepowers of a Minister of the Cabinet. The Delegation note that His Majesty's Government hold the same view in the matter butthat they are so far unable to agree to a formal transfer of these powers to an Executive Council functioning as a Cabinet owingto the diffculties arising from the existing satatutory provisions. The Delegation would suggest as a way out of the diffcultythat these proposals and intentions be embodied in an Instrument of Instructions to the Governor. A formal embodiment asproposal is necessary to clarify the constitutional position and powers of the Interim Government in as much as only a writtenagreement emanating from His Majesty's Government and not a verbal assurance on the matter will be accpetable to the peopleof Burma.

5. Relation Between the Executive Council and the subjects of Defence and External Affairs.The Delegation have noted the comments made in paragraphs 7 and 8 of the Memorandum by His Majesty's Govern-

ment. While acquiescing in the legal position, the Delegation would suggest that the convention outlined in the secondsentence of paragraphs might well be embodied in the Governor's Instrument of Instructions. The Delegation would also makethe further point that, again by convention executive authority might be entrusted to the Counsellor for Defence and ExternalAffairs in the same manner as such authority is in fact entrusted to the Executive Councillors though under Section 4 of the Actof 1935 the Governor, and not his Ministers, form the executive authority for Burma. It is very necessary that the Counsellor forDefence and External Affairs must have similar powers and responsibility as other Members of the Executive Council, irrespec-tive of the name by which his office may be called.

6. Defence.The Delegation have already submitted their considered views on the question of the measure of control to be

exercised by the Government of Burma over non-Burman troops. They welcome the accpetance of His Majesty's Governmentin principle that the G.O.C.-in-C. Burma Commads, should become subordinate to the Governor and the Government of Burmaat the earliest moment practicable, but they would urge that in the mean time a practical approximatin towards this positionshould be made by close colaboration between the Governor, the Government of Burma, and the authorities concerned. TheDelegation would likewise suggest a similar close collaboration in respect of the control exercised over no-Burman troopsemployed in Burma.

7. External Affairs.The Delegation desire to take this further opportunity of expressing the importance which they attach to the immedi-

ate advancement of Burma's international status which could be secured by her diplomatic representation abroad. The Delega-tion are unable to accept any proposal which denied Burma a full and immediate opportunity of external relations throughaccredited diplomatic representations of her own and hold that nothing short of this would be in line with the assurance of HisMajesty's Government that the Interim Government will approximate to a Dominion Government to the greatest possible extent.The Delegation await the further communication on this subject promised by His Majestys' Government.

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8. The United Nations Organisation.The Delegation cannot pretend that they are satisfied with the position reached in respect of the proposal for seeking

Burma's admission to the U.N.O. Arising from the immediate task reconstruction, Burma has certain claims of internationalscope which she cannot advance effectively without membership of the U.N.O. One such claim is that of repartions from Japan.There are other claims arising from the widespread destruction and devastation she has suffered as the result of a war foughtfor four years over the country, and from the entire repudiation by the allies of the Japanese currency held by the Burmese inexchange for labour, commodities and other real wealth supplied by them. The Delegation would therefore urge His Majesty'sGovernment again to do everything possible for the admission of Burma into the U.N.O. at the earliest possible date thoughthey are constrained at the moment to accept the advice tendered on this point by His Majesty's Government.

9. The Frontier Areas.The Delegation feel that there has been a misunderstanding of the implicationsf of their proposal for the appointment

of a member of the Frontier races to the charge of a new portfolio of Frontier Areas in the Governor's Executive Council. This hasbeen taken by His Majesty's Government as being in effect the administrative unification of Burma proper and the FrontierAreas. It was never intended by the Delegation that the Executive Council, thus augmented should in anyway interfere with theinternal administration of the Frontier Areas and it was intended chiefs, other rulers and councils in these Areas would functionas before. The Executive Council would administer in respect of the Frontier Areas only subjects of common interest to BurmaProper and these Areas. This, the Delegation believe, will be a distinct gain to the people of the Frontier Areas as, at present,participation in the administration of subjects of common interest like Defence, External Affairs, Tariff policy, the administrationof Customs, and income-tax etc. is confined to the leaders and representatives of the people of Burma Proper. The creation ofa representative of these races in the substantial measure of self-government already attained by the Burmese.

The Delegation are of strong opinion that they should share such freedom as the Burmese have obtained with thepeople of the Frontier Areas. To the Delegation it is inconceivable that these people would not agree to so substantial animprovement in their constitutional position. From a position of complete subordination to the Governor, acting through theofficers of the Burma Frontier Service, the Frontier races will have a share in the Executive Council which will administer thewhole of Burma and the Frontier Areas Executive Council will not only have direct access to the Governor but become theofficial superior of the Director of the Frontier Areas Administartion. The Delegation also demur to the statement that there hasbeen a conflict of evidence in regard to the wishes of the people of the Frontier Areas. Among the documents copies of whichhave been shown to the Delegation, none contains anything which indicates that the steps they have proposed will beunacceptable to the people of the Frontier Areas. What was made clear in these documents is that the future of the FrontierAreas should not be settled at the present conferecne at which their people are not represented. The Delegation submit thattheir proposal in reagard to a Frontier Areas portfolio does not constitute a settlement of the future of the Frontier Areas.

The diffculty in regard to seeking the views of the people of the Frontier Areas lies in the fact that a free expression ofopinion is unlikely so long as the Frontier Areas and the Chiefs are administered, as at present, through the Frontier Areasadministration. The Chiefs are under the close control of the Frontier Service offiecers and such Burmese officers as wereappointed to this Service in the past have, as far as possible been diverted into posts of comparative unimportance so that thevery ideas of the Frontier Chiefs and leaders are moulded to a large extent by the British officers of the Frontier Service. Thereare no fixed rules of succession to vacant Chieftain-ships and the recommedation of the Frontier officer is the decisive factorin the choice between several possible heirs. On the death of a Chief in the Shan States, the post is usually kept vacant and theState administered by a British officer till a selection can be made of the claimant likely to be most amenable to the influence ofthe British officers of the Frontier Service. Also, the continuance in office of the chief depends a great deal on the report of theFrontier officer under whose advice he is placed. In these circumstaces, the Delegation have serious reason to apprehend thatan expression of free opinion. The Delegation cannot, however, without appearing to lack confidence in the acceptability oftheir own proposal, object to the proposal by His Majesty's Government that the Frontier Areas Chiefs and leaders should besounded at the Panglong Conference to be held next month. The Delegation do not however, know precisely who have beeninvited to the Conference and they must therefore make a stipulation that the selection of the Panglong Conference as the placeand time for the sounding of opinion must be subject to the attendance at the Conference being sufficiently representative andthat, if it is not, the sounding of opinion should take place at a conference specially convened for the purpose.

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axmifEkdifyg/

raeY (20-1-46) nDvmcHwGif tqkdrsm;zwfjy&mü

(z,fxkwfxm;aome,frsm; yl;aygif;a&;tqkdwpf&yf ygvm

onfudk awGY&ygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY 0rf;ajrmuftm;wufjcif;

tm;twkdif;rodawmh/

Armacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;? igwkdYwkdif;&if;om;vlenf;

pkrsm;udk *&kjyKvmNyD? ta&;,lvmNyD[k auseyfaysmf&TifjyKH;Mu

&ygonf/

vlrsKd;a&;udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifh? qE´tavsmuf cGJxGuf

vkdu cGJxGufEkdifcGifhudk rlwnfxm;onf[k od&aomtcg 1946

ck? ArmrsKd;cspfBuD;rsm; igwkdYwkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;tay:

oabmxm;BuD;ygayonf/ jrifhjrwfygayonf/ tjrifus,f

0ef;ygayonf[k tifrwefrStm;&ESpfouf pdwfwuf<ujcif;

jzpfMuygonf/

þtqkdrsKd;udk uRefawmfwkdY wkdif;&if;om;udk,fwkdifom

wifoGif;vkduf&vQif b,favmufaumif;rvJ? uRefawmfwkdYvl

enf;pkawG ukd,fwkdifaxmufcH&vQif b,favmufaumif;rvJ?

aemufqufwGJ(i)aemufqufwGJ(i)aemufqufwGJ(i)aemufqufwGJ(i)aemufqufwGJ(i)

uRefawmfwkdYawmifay:om;awG ukd,fwkdifom twnfjyKvdkuf

&vQif b,favmufaumif;rvJ/

odkYaomf uRefawmfwkdYtm; jynfolYt"dutcGifhta&;

rsm; r&&SdMuí ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;r[kwfEkdifaomaMumifh tifr

wefonf;cHcsKyfwnf;atmifhtnf;aeMu&ygonf/ ta&;um;

uRefawmfwkdY\wkduf&kdufta&;yif jzpfygonf/

þtqkdrsKd;wifoGif;jcif;? axmufcHjcif;jyK&efudk rqkd

xm;ESifh/ þnDvmcHobifudk uRefawmfwkdY wufa&mufaMumif;

tmPmykdifrsm; od&SdcJhygvQif uRefawmfwkdYtm; tdrftjyefwGif

tb,fud aESmifh,SufcsKyfcs,fMuOD;rnfrodyg/ xkdYaMumifh uRef

awmfwkdY nDvmcHBuD;udk wdwfwdwfuav;wufa&mufí NidrfNidrf

uav; em;axmifMu&ygonf/

uRefawmfwkdYESifhwkduf&kdufoufqkdifaeaomtqkd ygvm

íom þpmtm;jzifh vlBuD;rif;rsm;xH wdwfwdwfuav; ay;ydkY

axmufcH&jcif;jzpfygonf/ vm&usKd; enf;enf;eyfonf[k

vnf; ,lqygonf/ odkYaomf uRefawmfwkdYum; þrQavmufESifh

rwif;wdrfao;yg/

uRefawmfwkdY\b0atmufusaemufus jzpf&ykHudk vl

BuD;rif;rsm;tm; pkHpkHvifvif tpD&ifcHvkdygao;onf/ &Srf;jynf

\vGwfvyfwkd;wufBuD;yGm;rI vrf;pudk b,fvkd&SmMuH&rnfudk

vnf; vlBuD;rif;rsm;xHrS tMuHÓPftultnDukd &,lvkdygao;

onf/

&Srf;-Arm wu,f&if;ESD;yl;aygif;a&;twGuf rnfuJh

odkY a&SUqufaqmif&GufMu&rnfudkvnf; odvkdygao;onf/

nDvmcHESifhywfoufí vlBuD;rif;rsm; rtm;rvyf

atmiftvkyfawG zdpD;aeaMumif; aumif;pGmod&Sdyg\/ odkYaomf

xkdrtm;rvyfonfhMum;xJu tcsdeftenf;i,f xkwfEkwfí

awmifukef;a'orS vma&mufMuaom uRefawmfwkdYtm; axmuf

xm;ojzifh wkdif;jynftwGuf aqmif&Gufcsifaompdwf"mwfom

vQif &Sdí b,fupí bmudk aqmif&Guf&rSef; aocsma&&mpGm

rodMuaom uRefawmfwkdYtm; vrf;jya&SUaqmiforI jyKMuyg

rnfhtaMumif; av;jrwfpGm awmif;yefygonf/

av;pm;pGmjzifh-

1/ wif{? tif;om;? anmifa&T? awmifydkif;/

2/ cGefxD;? &Srf;? yifvkH? awmifydkif;/

3/ xGef;jrifh? &Srf;? [J[kd;/

4/ oef;az? &Srf;? [dkykef;/

5/ bwif? awmifol? [kdykeff;/

6/ tkef;az? &Srf;? awmifBuD;/

7/ pHaz? tif;om;? awmifBuD;/

8/ okw? "Ek? yif;w,/

9/ {ausmf? &Srf;? ausmufrJ(ajrmufydkif;)/

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78

&Srf;jynfvli,frsm;u (20-2-46)aeYpGJjzifh

z?q?y?vtzGJYcsKyfodkY ay;pm

rS? odkY?

&Srf;vli,f taxGaxGtwGif;rSL;

ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;? zqyvtzGJYcsKyf?

awmifBuD;/ &efukefNrdKU/

1946 ck? azaz:0g&Dv 20 &ufaeYpGJ/

udpö/ /8-2-46 &ufaeY aqG;aEG;yGJ xifjrifcsuf/

av;jrwfpGm tpD&ifcHygonfcifAsm;/

zqyvtzGJYcsKyf&kH;cef;ü usif;yaom zqyv 8-2-

46 tvkyftrIaqmifrsm;ESifhuRefawmfwkdY &Srf;vli,ff udk,fpm;

vS,frsm; aqG;aEG;yGJrS &&Sday:aygufvmaom uRefawmfwkdY\

xifjrif,lqcsufwkdYudk vlBuD;rif;rsm; od&Sdawmfrlyg&ef tpD&if

cHvkdygonf/

a&S;OD;pGm uRefawmfwkdYf wifjyxm;aom ar;cGef;rsm;

teuf-

(1) ESifhywfoufí zqyvu &Srf;jynfa&;&mepfem

csuf? vkdvm;csufrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;? aoG;pnf;a&;udkvnf;

aumif;? tjyifuaeNyD; 0g'jzefYay;rnfqkdojzifhvnf;aumif;/

(2)ESifhywfoufí >cif;csefxm;aom e,frsm;udk vTwf

NyD; 0g'jzefY&ef pnf;&kH;&ef BudK;pm;ygrnfqkdojzifhvnf;aumif;/

(3)ESifhywfoufí wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkXmewpfck odkY

r[kwf yk*¾KdvfwpfOD;? xkdEkdifiHa&;XmeatmufwGif xm;ay;&ef

BudK;pm;rnfqkdojzifhvnf;aumif;/

(6)ESifhywfoufí vmrnfhESpf nDvmcHESifhwGJvsufjzpf

ap? ,ckESpftwGif;jzpfap >cif;csefxm;aome,fajrvlxknDvm

cHac:,lusif;yay;&ef pDpOfBudK;pm;rnfqkdojzifhvnf;aumif;/

(8)ESifhywfoufí uRefawmfwkdY awmifay:om;rsm;

ukd,fwkdifu qkdif&me,fESifhapmfbGm;wdkYESifhyl;aygif;um ukd,fxl

ukd,fx tepfemtyifyef; tzrf;tqD; toD;oD;'ku©cHNyD; pGrf;

pGrf;wrH BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ef xufjrufpl;&Sí xda&mufvSaom

tMuHÓPf Mo0g'rsm;udk ay;urf;ojzifhfvnf;aumif;/

uRefawmfwkdYrSm rsm;pGmrSyif 0rf;omtm;&pdwfrmef

wuf<uMuygonf/ vdIufvIdufvSJvSJvnf; aus;Zl;Oyum&wif

&SdMuygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY tpGrf;ukef ÓPf&SdorQ BudK;pm;tm;

xkwfygrnf[kvnf; av;eufpGm uwdjyKMuygonf/

þodkY0rf;omNyD;aemuf aus;Zl;wifNyD;aemuf uwdjyK

NyD;aemuf tcsKdUtcsKdUaom yk*¾KdvfBuD;rsm;\ajymykHqkdykH? oabm

xm;ykHESifhywfoufí uRefawmfwkdY rauseyfcsufrsm;? rESpfouf

csufrsm;? rvkdvm;csufrsm;udk xifoavmuf jrifoavmuf wd

wdvif;vif; tpD&ifcHvkdygao;onf/ oabmxm;BuD;BuD;xm;

í vufcHzwf&IaphikqifjcifawmfrlMu&efvnf; awmif;yefyg

onf/

þodkYtpD&ifcH&mü uRefawmfwkdY\ArmjynfESifhaoG;

pnf;yl;aygif;NyD; e,fcsJUpepfudk wkdufzsufvkdaomt"duapw

emudk ,kHrSm;oHo,r&Sdapvkdyg/ *syefr0ifrD *syefvufxufu

*syefxGufNyD;aemuf &Srf;jynfvli,frsm;u apwemESifhvkyfief;

udk od&Sdaom yk*¾KdvfrSeforQ uRefawmfwkdY\&nf&G,fcsufukd ,kH

rSm;oHo,&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ ]]&Srf;? Arm wu,fhaoG;pnf;

yl;aygif;a&;}}rludk "r®"d|mefjyKvsuf uRefawmfwkdY a0zefoGm;yg

&ap/

uRefawmfwkdY\ar;cGef;(1)ESifh(2)udk ajzqkd&mü ]]tjyif

ty? 0g'jzefYay;ygrnf}} ]]vlvTwf&ef BudK;pm;ygrnf[kqkdjcif;

onf}} tvkyfavQmufxm;oltm; olaX;BuD;u ]]at;? igMunfh

OD;r,f}}qkdonfESifhwlygonf/ >cif;csefxm;aome,frsm;\t

a&;onf Armjynf\twGif;a&;r[kwf? tjyiftyta&;uJhodkY

t"duta&;r[kwf?omrnta&;uJhodkYzqyvu,lqaMumif;

xif&Sm;aeygonf/ xkdYaMumifh ayghayghqq ajymNyD; ayghayhgqq

vkyfMuonfESifhwlygonf/

ar;cGef;(7)ESifhywfoufí ]]>cif;csefxm;aome,frsm;

rygbJ ArmhvGwfvyfa&; &Ekdifonf[kyif zqyvu ,lqaeyg

onf/ þoabmxm;onf zqyv\]]rl}}jzpfaeygonf/ þ

uJhodkY ]]ukdf,fhta&;}}[k oabmrxm;bJ ]]olYta&;}}[k oabm

xm;jcif;aMumifh-

(1) tjyifyu 0g'jzefYay;rnf(ar;cGef; 1)/

(2) vlvTwf&ef BudK;pm;ygrnf (ar;cGef; 2)/

(3) ArmvlxkBuD;u vlrsKd;i,frsm;tay: rapmfum;&atmif

]]uREkfyfwdkYtpkd;&r[kwfvkdY}} xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;r,lEkdif

bl;(ar;cGef; 3)[kayghayghqq ajzMum;jcif;/

trSefrSm acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u wef;wltcGifhta&;

ay;&rnf/ aoG;pnf;&rnf[k rnfuJhodkYyif atmf[pfa&;om;

aeapumrl Armvlxktapmfum; zdESdyfaernfqkdvQif trIdufup

jymom'frD;avmifqkdouJhodkY wu,fhppfrSefaom aoG;pnf;a&;

ukd &Ekdifrnfr[kwfyg/ trIdufudk omreftrIduftjzpffrxm;bJ

jymom'fudk rD;avmifapwwfonhfftrIduf[k oabmxm;NyD;

acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u xdxda&mufa&mufav;eufpGm ta&;

,loifhygonf/

(4) wu,fhnDvmcHBuD;wGif tcsif;csif;acgif;aqmif

rsm;udk zdwfac:zkdY&ef *&krpdkufjcif;? zdwfí vmrvmrSm tzdwfcH

&aom olwkdY\tvkyf/ zdwfac:zkdY&efrSm zqyv\wm0efjzpfyg

onf/ vlenf;pkta&;udk ukd,fhta&;[k oabmrxm;cJhjcif;

aMumifhom rzdwfac:jcif;jzpf&monf/ tcsdefr&Sdí tvkyfrsm;

aeí rvmEkdifbl;xifí rzdwfaMumif; ajymvQif a&&maom t

Ä &Srf;jynfvli,frsm;u (20-2-46)aeYpGJjzifh zqyvtzGYJcsKyfudk ay;pm/ þpmrl&if;onf OD;xGef;jrifh(awmifBuD;)wGif&Sdonf[k od&ygonf/ ,if;udk rEÅav;0dZÆmodyÜHwuúokdvf?

orkdif;ygarmu©a'gufwmoef;xGef;onf ul;,lxm;NyD; rdwåLudk awmifBuD; t-x-u(3)rS txufwef;jyq&mOD;pkd;armiftm; ay;xm;onfudk wqifhul;,lygonf/ (awmifBuD;xGef;jrifh4)

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ukd,fawGYyifvkH

79

aMumif;jycsufrjzpfEkdifyg/ uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG vma&mufMu

jcif;rSmf ukd,fhapwemESifhudk,fvma&mufMujcif;rQjzpfygonf/

&Sif;&Sif;ajym&vQif tqkdtrSwf 7-udk awmifBuD;rS udkazcifom

ra&muf&SdcJhvQif wifoGif;rS wifoGif;jzpfrvm;[k uRefawmfwkdY

u ,aeYwkdif oHo,jzpfaeMuygonf/ (ar;cGef; 4)

(5) wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkXmeoD;jcm;xm;&efukdyif

aiGukefoav; vlr&Sdoav;ESifhqifjcifay;aejcif;? aemufqkH;

ü EkdifiHa&;XmeatmufwGif xm;rvkdvkd aomifrwif a&rus

ajymvkdufjcif;rSm ]]udk,fhta&;}}[k oabmrxm;aMumif; xif

&Sm;ygonf/ (ar;cGef; 5)

(6) (State Peoples' Conference) ac:ay;&efudkyif aiG

odyffukefonf[k nOf;wGm;vkdufao;jcif;rSm aiGrukefoifhaom

ta&;[k ,lqxm;[ef wlygonf/ (ar;cGef; 6) odkYaomf BudK;

pm;í usif;yay;rnfqkdojzifhom aus;Zl;wif&ygonf/

(7) &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;\udpöESifhywfoufí *&kpkduf

oifhoavmuf rpdkufonfudk &ckdifffffudk,fpm;vS,fajymjycsuft&

Mum;od&jcif;? &ckdifjynfpkHprf;a&;oGm;&ef odyfMumrnf? odyfyif

yef;rnfponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;taMumif;jyaejcif;? trSefrSm &

ckdifjynfonf uRefawmfwkdYuhJodkY cGJxkwfxm;aom e,fr[kwf?

ArmjynfxJrSmyif yg0ifaeygvsuf ]]ukd,fhta&;}}[k vIdufvIduf

vSJvSJ ta&;r,ljcif;onf uRefawmfwkdY pdwfudk tvGefxdckdufap

ygonf/

txufygtcsufrsm;ukd axmufxm;vsuf zqyvu

wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;i,frsm;\ta&;udk ]]ighta&;}}[k oabm

rxm;bJ]]olYta&;}}[k oabmxm;onf[k uRefawmfwkdY 0rf;

enf;aMuuGJpGm pGyfpGJygonf/ þoabmxm;rSm e,fcsJUorm;\

puúLjzLpmwrf;udk axmufcH&m a&muf ra&muf vlBuD;rif;rsm;

pOf;pm;awmfrlEkdifygonf/ nDvmcHqkH;jzwfcsuf]]y,fxm;aom

e,frsm; yl;aygif;a&;}}tqkdatmufwGif...

]]puúLjzLpmwrf;t& &Srf;jynf? ucsifawmif? csif;

awmifponfhe,frsm;pGmudk ArmjynfrS cGJxkwfxm;aMumif;? xkd

e,frsm;onf ArmjynfrBuD;ESifhyl;aygif;vkdu xkde,fole,fom;

rsm;\qE´twkdif;jzpf&rnf[lívnf; qkdxm;aMumif;/

þuJhodkY awmifwef;e,frsm;onf oD;oefYcGJxkwfxm;

jcif;udk þnDvmcHBuD;u uefYuGufaMumif; qkdxm;aomfvnf;

tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY\oabmxm;onf xkduefYuGufcsufukd

uefYuGufaeonf[kyif uRefawmf xifjrif,lqygawmhonf/

þae&mwGif oifhavsmfavsmufywfonf[k ,lqygo

jzifh tdEd,jynf apmfbGm;e,frsm;ESifhywfoufí tdEd,trsKd;

om;uGef*&uf\oabmxm;udk xkwfEkwfaz:jycGifjyKawmfrlap

vkdygonf/

"The integrity and unity of India was an essentialpart of the independence we worked for, and the same fullmeasure of political, social and economic freedom was to cometo the States as to the rest of India. There could be no

compromsie on this and the Congress declared afresh in favourof full responsible government and the guaranty of civil lib-erty in the States. Further it declared to be its right and privi-lege to work for the attainment of those objectives in the States.There was no question of non-intervention, the Congress, asrepresenting the will of the Indian people recognises no barswhich limits its freedom of activites in any matter pertaining toIndia and her people. It is its right and privilege and its duty tointervene any such matter whenever the interests of Indiademand it. Not to do so would be to deny its own function andto betray the cause which it seeks to represent.

........"The Congress know well that the backward-ness of the States hindered our national progress and thatthere can be no freedom for India unless the States cease to bewhat they are."

(Unity of India P. 29 from the Presidential Address ofPandit Jawaharlal Nehru at the All India States Peoples Con-ference, February 1928. Ludhiana.)

wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;i,fta&;ESifhywfoufí *syef

r0ifrDacwfu ArmEdkifiHa&;ukd *kdPf;*PwkdYteuf wkdYArmtpnf;

t&kH;ESifhazbD,HygwDwkdYu vGJí b,folrS *&krjyKvmcJhyg/ odkY

aomf xkdtpnf;t&kH;wkdYrSm xkdpOfu wpfjynfvkH;udk MoZmay;

Ekdifaom tpnf;t&kH;rjzpfcJhojzifh ta&;rygcJhyg/ xkdpOfu Ekdif

iHa&;orm;fwkdYonf e,fcsJUorm;u 'De,fawG cGJxm;w,f? oGm;

rwdk;eJYqkdonfhtwkdif; rwdk;cJhMuacs/ *syefacwfuvnf; b,f

EkdifiHa&;orm;rS &Srf;jynfudk *&krpdkufacs/ yl;aygif;vkdufpOfu

vnf; Armtpkd;&\vkyfudkifyHkrSm ykdí aoG;uGJapcJhygonf/ t

us,f&Sif;jy&ef vkdtyfrnf rxifyg/

,ck t*Fvdyfffjyef0ifvmaomtcgüvnf; puúLjzLpm

wrf;u cGJxm;w,f? oGm;rwkd;eJYqkdonfhtwkdif; vkdufemaxmuf

cHovkdjzpfaeayonf/ tajymta[mtm;jzifh wkd;wufvmo

vkd&Sdaomfvnf; vufawGYvkyfief;tm;jzifh *syefr0ifacwfu

xuf rwkd;wufao;[k ,lq&ygrnf/

vlBuD;rif;rsm;cifAsm;? ,ck ta&;wumhta&;BuD;

qkH;tcsufudk uRefawmfwkdY nTefjy&ygap/

8-2-46 &ufaeY aqG;aEG;pOfu ]]&Srf;jynf[m (Land

Locked) (ukef;acgifacgif? acsmifydwf)jzpfaeí (AkdvfcsKyf)Arm

jynfreJYraygif;csifbl;[k acgif;rmae&if Armjynf(vGwfvyfa&;

wkdY? rqkdxm;ESifh)'dkrDeD,Havmufyif &onfhtcg pD;yGm;a&;pDrH

udef;vkyfvkduf&if wpfcgwnf; aygif;vm&rSmbJ[kvnf; ajym

vkdufygonf/ bdvyfpm;yGJ0kdif; uGefz&ifhwGif apmfbGm;wpfOD;

tm; OD;babu ]]&Srf;jynfu &xm;vrfawGjzKwfypfr,f? pm

wkdufawG? aMu;eef;wkdifawG jyefodrf;ypfvkdufr,f? tmvl;awG

r0,fbl;pojzifh (Economic Threat) vkyfEkdifonfhtaMumif;

ajcmufvefYvkdufaomtcg ¤if;apmfbGm;BuD;u ]][m-'Dvkdawmh

rvkyfygeJY}}[k awmif;yefonfhtaMumif; nTefMum;NyD; &,farm

ajymqkdvkdufygao;onf/ uRefawmfwkdY&Srf;rsm;tzkdY rnfrQpdwf

xdckdufoGm;onfudk vlBuD;rif;rsm; pOf;pm;rd[ef rwlyg/ þodkY

pD;yGm;a&;jzifh Ncdrf;ajcmufí aygif;apvkdjcif;xuf zufqpfqef

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aom t&m&SdEkdifygOD;rnfvm;/ ]][Jh-aumifrav;? eif ighudk

BudKuf? rBudKuf&if a[m'D "m;Munfh}}[k Ncdrf;ajcmufrk'drf;usifh

onfESifh bmrsm;xl;jcm;ao;ygovJ/ odyftcH& cufvSygonf/

Armjynfudk Armjynf&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;toD;oD;

wkdYtm;vkH; oabmwl vGwfvyfpGm zGJYpnf;xm;aom wkdif;jynf

BuD; xlaxmif&ef þwnfaxmif&ef yg0ifaom vlrsKd;toD;oD;

tm; rdrdwkdYuHMur®mudk rdrdwkdYbmom zefwD;EkdifaomtcGifhta&;

ay;xm;&ef[k qkdxm;aomzqyv\&nf&G,fcsufESifhtvsOf;

rudkufnDawmhyg/

þodkY uRefawmfwkdYudk *&krpkduf? &,fumarmum pD;yGg;

a&;jzifh Ncdrf;ajcmufvkdufjcif;udk uRefawmfwkdY b,fvkdonf;cHNyD;

em;axmif&onfudk ukd,fcsif;pm Munfhawmfrlyg/ zqyv\w

u,fhacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u þfvkdzufqpfqefqefoabmxm;

aevQif ArmhnDnTwfa&;um; cJ,Of;ygao;onf/ ArmhvGwfvyf

a&;um; a0;ygao;onf/

,ck 18-2-46 &ufaeYu anmifa&TapmfbGm;u tpkd;

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&Srf;udk oem;vkdYr[kwf? Armhta&;yif jzpf&rnf/

(2) wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkwkdY atmufusaemufus

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(c) (Economic Threat) r[kwfbJ (Economic Cooperation) rsKd;?

jzpf&rnf/ ruao;? wwfEkdifvQif Armbufu tepfemcHNyD;

qufqH&rnf/ Oyrm - &Srf;jynfu aiGrvkHavmufvQif A[dkt

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vdyftpm; olwkdYtkyfcsKyfcsifvkdY aygif;zkdYajymaewm[k ajymqkd

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(C) vlenf;pkrsm;udk umuG,fay;&ef/

(i) vlenf;pkrsm;u cGJxGufcsif&if cGJxGufEkdifcGifh&Sd&ef/

(p) acwfaemufusaewJhvlenf;pkrsKd;i,fawGudk acwfrD,Of

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wef;wla&;udk rlwnfrS &rnfudkvnf; ,kHMunfygonf/

8-2-46 &ufaeYu zqyv\oabmxm;rS wef;wl

a&;udk ra&S;&I[k qkdvkdygonf/

xkdYaMumifh &Srf;-Arm ppfrSefaom aoG;pnf;a&;&

atmif wpfaMumif;wnf;aom &kd;om;onfh&nf&G,fcsufjzifh þ

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udpöt00wkdYudk bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHawmftrI

aqmifaumifpD\udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;aqG;aEG;wkdifyifNyD;vsuf

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onf rdrdwkdYvGwfvyfa&;udk qGwfcl;Ekdifaprnfjzpfaom enf;

vrf;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í atmufygoabmwl tqkH;owfcsuf

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tokH;jyKvdrfhrnf/

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rS tjcm;jzpfaom vlrsKd;oD;jcm;rxm;aomvlpkwpkwGif pm&if;

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wkdif;» jrefrmEkdifiHvlrsKd;wOD;udk vlrsKd;oD;jcm;rxm;&Sdaom vlpk

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onf ,cktwkdif;uJhodkYyif 1935-ckESpf tufOya'tydk'f 139

t& tyfESif;xm;aomtxl;tmPmrsm;ESifh1945-ckESpf? ,m

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3/ Mum;jzwfOya'jyKtzJGY/

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jzifh jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpdk;&wkdYESifh&if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif;wGJbuf

&monf/ þonfwkdYudk ajr§mfudk;í oabmwlnDMuonfrSm-

(u) e,fjcm;a'ovlrsm;ESifh0efBuD;csKyfrsm; tkyfcsKyfaom jref

rmEkdifiHawmfvlrsm;onf twm;tqD;r&SdbJ vGwfvyfpGm ul;vl;

qufqHjcif;&Sdap&rnf/

(c) (1) e,fjcm;udpörsm;ay:wGif bk&ifcHrif;BuD;udk tMuHÓPf

ay;&efESifhtrIaqmifaumifpDESifh&if;ESD;pGm qufqH&ef e,fjcm;

udk,fpm;vS,fcefYxm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? odkYr[kwf

(2) e,fjcm;udpörsm;udk tkyfcsKyfaomff trIaqmif0efBuD;tjzpf

jzifh e,fjcm;a'oudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;cefYxm;jcif;jzifhvnf;

aumif;? odkYr[kwf

(3) tjcm;enf;jzifhvnf;aumif;? acwfajymif;acwfvTJumv

twGif;? vufcHEkdifrnf[k rdrdwkdYxifjrifaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmf

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84

tpdk;&ESifhyl;wGJaygif;bufykHESifywfoufí rdrdwkdYxifjrifcsufrsm;

udk xkwfaz:ajymqkdEkdif&ef aemufvqef;wGiff usif;yrnfjzpf

aom 0efBuD;uGefz&ifhwGifvnf;aumif;/ odkYr[kwf þudpöt

wGuf usif;yaom txl;uGefz&ifhwGifvnf;aumif;? e,fjcm;

a'o&Sd vlrsm;\acgif;aqmifrsm;? udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ar;

jref;&rnf/

(*) yifvkHtpnf;ta0;? odkYr[kwf txl;uGefz&ifhtpnf;t

a0;NyD;qkH;onfhtcgwGif bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&ESifhjrefrmEkdifiH

awmftpkd;&wkdYonf e,fjcm;vlrsm; xkwfaz:ajymqkdaomxif

jrifcsufrsm;ESifhvkdufavsmnDpGm trsm;oabmwlvkdvm;csuf

rsm;udk jznfhpGrf;&ef taumif;qkH;aomenf;pHepfrsm;udk oabm

wlnDcsuf ,lvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;/

(C) jrefrmEkdifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'opftwkdif; aqmif&Guf

&mü e,fjcm;om;rsm; aygif;pnf;qufqHEkdif&ef taumif;qkH;

aom enf;pHepf&SmazG&eftwGuf pkHprf;a&;aumfrwDwckudk csuf

csif;wnfaxmif&ef 0efBuD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmf

&yfuGufa'orS trIaqmifaumifpDtzGJYu wifajr§mufaomt

zGJY0ifrsm;ESifhe,fjcm;a'oacgif;aqmifrsm; wkdifyifESD;aESmvsuf

wifajr§mufaomtzGJY0ifrsm;? xkdaumfrwDwGif OD;a&tnDtrQ

yg0ifvdrfhrnfjyif? oabmwla&G;cs,faom jrefrmEkdifiHawmft

jyif Mum;aeyk*¾KdvfwOD;udk Ouú|cefYxm;rnfjzpfaMumif;/ þ

aumfrwDu wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rprD tpD

&ifcHpm wifoGif;&ef awmif;qkdrnf/

9/ b@ma&;/

b@ma&;jyóemrsm; tawmftwef pOf;pm;cJhNyD;í

þudpörsm;udk rnfodkYpDrHcefYcGJ&ef oabmwlnDcsufwck qkduf

a&mufcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ oabmwlcsufudkrl yl;wGJyg aemufqufwGJ

wGif az:jyxm;onf/

aemufqufwGJ (u)/

vmrnfha&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJqE´ay;a&G;aumuf

jcif;cHEkdiffcGifhtvkdYiSm jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif arG;zGm;í 1942-ck?

ZEé0g&Dv 1 &uf odkYr[kwf 1947 ck? ZEé0g&Dv 1 &ufaeY ra&S;

raESmif;jzpfaom 10 ESpftwGif;wGif pkpkaygif; 8 ESpfxufrenf;

jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif aexkdifcJhaom NAdwdoQvufatmufcH odkY

r[kwf tdEd,e,fvufatmufcHEkdifiHom;ukd jrefrmtrsKd;om;

[k t"dyÜg,faz:jyonf/

aemufqufwGJ(c)/

b@ma&;/

1/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf ukd,fydkifb@ma&;tkyfcsKyf

cGifh&Sdoifhonfudk bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&wkdYu oabmwlNyD;jzpf

onf/

2/ ]]EkdifiHcsif;csif; aiGaMu;&efykH}}ESifh]]EkdifiHcsif;csif;

bPf}}wGif yg0ifvkdu avQmufxm;&ef tajctae&SdonfESifh

wNydKifeuf ckdifvkHaom tzGJY0ifwOD;tjzpfudk &pdrfhaomiSg bk&if

rif;jrwftpkd;&wkdYu pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef

,lNyD;jzpfonf/

3/ 1945-ck? atmufwkdbmvrS 1946-ck? pufwif

bmvtxd jrefrmEkdifiHawmf b@ma&;ESpftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiH

awmfu twkd;vGwfa&T'*Fg;aygif; 8ç000ç000 cefY(tom;wif)

&&SdcJhNyD/ xkdYjyif 1946 ck? atmufwkdbmvrSpí 1947 ck? puf

wifbmvtxd b@ma&;ESpftwGif; aemufxyf 75 oef;(t

om;wif)&&Sd&eftwGuf oabmwlNyD;jzpfonf/ e,fjcm;a'o

rsm;twGuf axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;í &kd;&kd;

bwf*sufwGif ,ckESpfavsmhaomaiGtwGuf xyfrHaxmufyHhrnf

[k ,ckbk&ifrif;jrwfftpdk;&u oabmwlNyD;jzpfonf/

4/ (tpkd;&wkdY\ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;

ESifha,bk,stm;jzifh oufqkdifaom)y&kd*sufpDrHudef;qkdif&m

bwf*sufESifhpyfvsOf;í bk&ifrif;jrwfu bdvyfEkdifiHrS tcsKyf

tcs,fr&Sdaomfvnf; tjyeftvSef tjynfhtpkH taMumif;Mum;

enf;ESifhowfrSwfxm;aom aiGacs;a&;udpöjyKvkyffffffEkdifrnf rvkyf

Ekdifrnfudk bk&ifrif;jrwfftpdk;&u pkHprf;ppfaq;vdrfhrnf/

5/ b@ma&;tajcrSefrsm;udk xyfrHwGJbuf ppfaq;í

&aomwGufudef;rsm;ukd owdrlNyD;vQif twkd;vGwfacs;iSm;aom

aiGwpdwfwa'oudk tNyD;tNidrf; axmufyHhaiGtjzpfodkYajymif;

vJEkdifonfudk rltm;jzifh oabmwl&ef bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u

tqifoifh&Sdonf/

6/ wOD;tay:wOD; wm0efrxm;bJ b@ma&;tajc

rSeffudk jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xyfrHwGJbufppfaq;&ef oabmwlnD

aMumif;? tykd'fi,f 3? tykd'fi,f 4 wGif az:jyxm;aom oabm

wlnDfcsufxuf ydkrkdí bk&ifrif;jrwftpkd;&xHrS xyfrHtultnD

tvkd&Sdojzifh xkdodkYaom tultnDay;cJhvQif oabmwlnDxm;

aom pnf;urf;csufrsm;twkdif; jzpffvdrfhrnf/

10/ tjcm;udpörsm;/

jrefrmEkdifiHawmf\tqifhtwef;ajymif;vJjcif;ESifh pyf

vsOf;í bk&ifrif;jrwf\tpdk;&ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&wkdY

oabmwlqkdufa&muf&ef tjcm;jyóemrsm; ay:aygufvdrfh

rnff/ þjyóemrsm;udk ay:aygufvmffffonfhfftavsmuf vufcH

í ,ckaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif xif&Sm;cJhaom rdwfaqG&if;csmorm

0g,rESvkH;xm;jzifh aqmif&Guffvdrfhrnf/

bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&ESifhfjrefrmtrIaqmifaumifpD\f

udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wkdifyifESD;aESmjcif;ESifhulnD,kdif;yif;jcif;?

,ckenf;ukdqufvufapaomtm;jzifh NAdwdoQ]aumfarmf0Jvfof}

twGif;wGifjzpfap? tjyiftyrSjzpfap? ukd,fydkifvGwfvyfaom

jrefrmEkdifiHawmfb0odkY a&mufapvkdaom ESpfOD;ESpfbuf&nf&G,f

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ukd,fawGYyifvkH

85

csufudk acsmarmvsifjrefpGm wkd;wufatmif jyKvkyfEkdifvdrfhrnf

[k wxpfcs,kHMunfMuonf/ odkYtwGufaMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHawmf

\tkyfcsKyfa&;opfra&mufrD acwfajymif;acwfvTJwavQmuf

ay:aygufvdrfhrnfjzpfaomfff tem*wfudpörsm;udk oabmwlqkduf

a&mufa&;wGif wOD;udk wOD; ,dkif;yif;ulnD&ef oabmwlMu

avonf/

pD? tm&f? tufwvD? atmifqef;/

10 a'gif;eif;vrf;/

ZEé0g&Dv 27 &uf? 1947 ck/

0efBuD;ocifApdefESifh0efBuD;OD;apmwkdYonf þtqkH;

owfcsufrsm;wGifff bufpyf&ef rwwfEkdifMuacs/

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86

THE PANLONG AGREEMENT. 1947A conference having been held at Panlong, attended by cer-tain members of the Executive Council of the Governor ofBurma, all Saohpas and representatives of the Shan States,the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills:

The members of the Conference, believing that freedom willbe more speedily achieved by the Shans, the Kachins and theChins by their immediate cooperation with the interim Bur-mese Government:

The members of the Conference have accordingly, and with-out dissentions, agreed as follows:

1. A representative of the Hill peoples, selected by the Gover-nor on the recommendation of representatives of the SupremeCouncil of the United Hill peoples (S.C.O.U.H.P), shall be ap-pointed a Counsellor to the Governor to deal with the FrontierAreas.

2. The said Counsellor shall also be appointed a member ofthe Governor's Executive Council without portfolio, and thesubject of Frontier Areas brought within the purview of theExecutive Council by Constitutional Convention as in the caseof Defence and External affairs. The Counsellor for FrontierAreas shall be given executive authority by similar means.

3. The said Counsellor shall be assisted by two Deputy Coun-sellors representing races of which he is not a member whilethe two Deputy Counsellors should deal in the First instancewith the affairs of their respective areas and the Counsellorwith all the remaining parts of the Frontier Areas, they shouldby Constitutional Convention act on the principle of jointresponsibility.

4. While the Counsellor, in his capacity of Member of theExecutive Council, will be the only representative of the Fron-tier Areas on the Council, the Deputy Counsellors shall beentitled to attend meetings of the Council when subjects per-taining to the Frontier Areas are discussed.

5. Though the Governor's Executive Council will be augmentedas agreed above, it will not operate in respect of the FrontierAreas in any manner which would deprive any portionf ofthese areas of the autonomy which it now enjoys in internaladministration. Full autonomy in internal administration forthe Frontier Areas is accepted in principle.

6. Tough the question of demarcating and establishing aseperate Kachin State within a Unified Burma is one whichmust be relegated for decision by the Constituent Assembly,it is agreed that such a State is desirable. As a first step to-wards this end, the Counsellor for Frontier Areas and theDeputy Counsellors shall be cousulted in the administrationof such areas in the Myitkyina and the Bhamo Districts as arepart II scheduled Areas under the Government of Burma Actof 1935.

7. Citizens of the Frontier Areas shall enjoy rights and privi-leges which are regarded as fundamental in democratic coun-tries.

aemufqufwGJ(q)aemufqufwGJ(q)aemufqufwGJ(q)aemufqufwGJ(q)aemufqufwGJ(q)

1947-ckESpf? yifvkHpmcsKyf

jrefrmjynfbk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpDrStzGJY0ift

csKdUESifhp0fzrsm;tm;vkH;wkdYtjyif? &Srf;jynfe,frsm;? ucsifjynf

e,ffawmifwef;a'orsm;ESifhcsif;awmifwef;a'owkdYrS udk,f

pm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufaom yifvkHNrdKUwGif usif;yonfht

pnf;ta0;BuD;wpf&yfwGif-

Mum;jzwfjrefrmtpkd;&ESifhcsufcsif;yl;aygif;jcif;tm;

jzifh &Srf;jynf? ucsifESifhfcsif;wkdYonf vGwfvyfa&;udk ydkrkdívsif

jrefpGm &&Sdvdrfhrnf[k tpnf;ta0;wufa&muffol tzGJY0ifwkdYu

,kHMunfMuonfhtwkdif; tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufoltzGJY0iffwkdY

onf uefYuGefol r&SdbJ atmufygtwkdif; oabmwlMuav

onf/

1/ awmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vkH;nDnTwfa&;tzGJY(w-p-n-

z)\BudK;udkiftzGJ Yukd,fpm;vS,frsm;u axmufcHcsuft&

awmifwef;om;rsm;\ukd,fpm;vS,ffwpfOD;udk bk&ifcHu a&G;

cs,fí e,fpyfa'orsm;udpöESifhywfoufí aqmif&Guf&eft

wGuf bk&ifcH\twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvftjzpf cefYxm;&rnf/

2/ þtwkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvfukd bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpDwGif

Xmevufukdifr&Sd? aumifpD0ifwpfOD;tjzpf cefYxm;í umuG,f

a&;ESifhjynfyudpö&yfrsm;wGif xkH;enf;Oya't&? trIaqmif

aumifpD\tmPmpufatmufodkY a&muf&Sdonfhenf;wl e,fpyf

a'oudpörsm;udkvnf; trIaqmifaumifpD\tmPmatmufokdY

a&muf&Sdap&rnf/ þenf;vrf;rsm;twkdif; e,fpyfa'oqkdif

&mtwkdifyifcH yk*¾Kdvftm; tkyfcsKyfcGifhtmPmudk ay;tyf&rnf/

3/ tqkdyg twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvfudk ¤if;vlrsKd;jcif;rwlaom'kwd,

twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvf(2)OD;u ulnDap&rnf/ a&S;OD;pGm 'kwd,t

wkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvf(2)OD;wkdYonf ¤if;wkdYtoD;oD; oufqkdifonfhe,f

rsm;\udpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&efjzpfí twkdifyifcHyk*¾KdvfrSm

tjcm;e,fpyfa'otm;vkH;wkdY\udpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef

vnf;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf xkH;enf;Oya't& wGJbufwm0ef

,l&onfhrltwkdif; aqmif&Gufap&rnf/

4/ twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvfonf trIaqmifaumifpDwGif tzGJY0ifvl

BuD;taejzifh e,fpyfa'orsm;\wpfOD;wnf;aomudk,fpm;

vS,ftjzpf yg0if&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; 'kwd,twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvf

rsm;onf e,fpyfa'orsm;ESifhoufqkdifaomudpö&yfrsm;ukd aqG;

aEG;Muonfhtcg trIaqmifaumifpDwGiff wufa&mufEkdifcGifhf&Sdap

&rnf/

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87

8. The arrangements accepted in this Agreements are withoutprejudice to the financial autonomy now vested in the Feder-ated Shan States.

9. The arrangements accepted in this Agreement are withoutprejudice to the financial assistance which the Kachin Hillsand the Chin Hills are entitled to receive from the revenues ofBurma, and the Executive Council will examine with the Fron-tier Areas Counsellor and Deputy Counsellors the feasibilityof adopting for the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills financialarrangements similar to those between Burma and the Feder-ated Shan States.

&Srf;aumfrwD

1/ cGefyef;pdef - awmifydkifp0fzvkH

2/ p0fa&Tokduf - anmifa&Tp0fzvkH

3/ p0f[kHz - ajrmufodEéDp0fzvkH

4/ p0fEGH - vJcsm;p0fzvkH

5/ p0fpHxGef; - rkdif;yGefp0fzvkH

6/ p0fxGef;at; - omrkdif;crf;p0fzvkH

7/ OD;jzL - oxkHNrdKUpm;ukd,fpm;vS,f

8/ cGefyef; - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f

9/ OD;wif{ - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f

10/ OD;xGef;jrifh - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f

11/ p0f,dyfz - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f

12/ OD;cGefxD; - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f

13/ OD;Mumyk - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f

14/ OD;cGefapm - vlxkukd,fpm;vS,f

ucsifaumfrwD

1/ qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif (jrpfBuD;em;)

2/ 'l;0g;aZmf&pf (jrpfBuD;em;)

3/ OD;'if;&wef(jrpfBuD;em;)

4/ aZmfv (Aef;armf) (vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;jcif;r&Sd)

5/ 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;(Aef;armf)

6/ vAef*a&mif;(Aef;armf)

csif;aumfrwD

1/ OD;vTmrkef; (zvrf;)

2/ OD;aomifZmckyf (wD;wif)

3/ OD;uG,fref; ([m;cg;)

5/ txufwGif oabmwlnDonfhtwkdif; bk&ifcH\trIaqmif

aumifpDudk csJUrnfjzpfaomfvnf; e,fpyfa'orsm;\e,fwGif;

tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif ,ckcHpm;&aomudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk rnf

onfhenf;ESifhrqkd wpkHw&mvufvGwfap&ef tqkdygaumifpDu

jyKvkyfjcif;r&Sdap&/ e,fpyfa'orsm;twGuf e,fwGif;tkyfcsKyf

a&;wGif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; &mckdifEIef;tjynfh&Sdap&rnf[l

aomrludk oabmwlnDMuonf/

6/ yl;aygif;xm;NyD;onfhjrefrmjynftwGif; oD;oefYucsifjynf

e,fwck? e,fedrdwfowfrSwfíwnfaqmuf&ef jyóemrSmwkdif;

jynfjyKvTwfawmfu qkH;jzwf&efjzpfaomfvnf; þuJhodkYoD;jcm;

jynfe,fwpfckxm;&SdoifhaMumif;udk oabmwlnDMuonf/ þ

&nf&G,fcsuftxajrmuf&eftvkdYiSg yxrajcvSrf;taejzifh

1935-ckESpf? jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&tufOya't&aemufquf

wGJpm&if;tykdif;(2)a'orsm;uJhodkY jrpfBuD;em;ESifhAef;armfc&kdif

wkdY\tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif e,fpyfa'otwkdifyifcHyk*¾KdvfESifh'kwd,

twkdifyifcHyk*¾KdvfwdkYtm; aqG;aEG;wkdifyif&rnf/

7/ e,fpyfa'orsm;\e,fol om;rsm;wkdYonf 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH

rsm;wGif tajccHrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;aomtcGifht

a&;wkdYudk cHpm;EkdifcGifh&Sdap&rnf/

8/ þpmtkyfwGif oabmwlnDMuonfhtpDtpOfwkdYrSm - ya'

o&mZf&Srf;jynfe,fajrpkwGif ,cktyfESif;xm;NyD;jzpfaomb@m

a&;ESifhywfouffonfhudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ukd xdckdufjcif;r&Sdap

&/

9/ þpmcsKyfwGif oabmwlnDMuonfhtpDtpOfwkdYrSm jrefrm

jynf tcGefawmfaiGrsm;rS ucsifawmifwef;e,frsm;ESifhcsif;

awmifwef;e,frsm;u &oifh&xkduffffaomb@ma&;tultnDukd

xdckdufjcif; r&Sdap&/ jrefrmjynfESifhya'o&mZf&Srf;jynfe,fajr

pk\b@ma&;tpDtpOfrsm;uJhodkY ucsifawmifwef;ESifhcsif;

awmifwef;rsm;ftwGuf tvm;wl tpDtpOfrsm;ffudk xm;&Sdusifh

okH;&ef jzpfEkdifrnf rjzpfEkdifrnfudk bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumif

pDu e,fpyfa'orsm;\twkdifyifcHESifh'kwd,twkdifyifcHyk*¾Kdvf

wkdYESifhtwl ppfaq;Munhf&I&rnf/

jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;

12-2-47/

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88

&efukefc&kdif

1/ OD;atmifqef; - (,ck a':cifMunf)/

2/ a':apma&T/

3/ a':cifvS/

4/ Akdvfrif;acgif - (,ck AkdvfvSat;)/

5/ ocifvGef;abmf - (EkwfxGufonf)/

6/ OD;baz - (,ck OD;ukdudkBuD;)/

7/ ocifvSauR/

8/ OD;oef;pdef/

tif;pdefc&kdif/

9/ ocifausmfxGef;/

10/ ocifOD;cif/

11/ Akdvfwkdufpkd;/

12/ q&mqmxl;/

[Hom0wDc&kdif/

13/ OD;bcsKd - (,ck a':cifyk)/

14/ OD;wif - (jrefatmif)/

15/ OD;bwif/

16/ Akdvfxdef0if;/

17/ ocifarmifarmifBuD;/

18/ Akdvfatmifjrifh - (,ckAkdvfAwif)/

om,m0wDc&kdif/

19/ ocifjr/

20/ AkdvfpdefrSef/

21/ ocifcspfarmif/

22/ ocifausmfNidrf;/

23/ ociffxGef;tHh/

24/ OD;azoef;nTefY/

25/ OD;armifarmif/

26/ ocifjrav;/

jynfc&kdif/

27/ OD;ausmfNidrf;/

28/ OD;vSarmif/

29/ ocif0wif/

30/ AdkfvfatmifBuD;/

31/ AdkvfuGef;aZmf/

32/ OD;xGef;a&T/

yJcl;c&kdif/

33/ OD;om'if/

34/ OD;pHjrifh/

35/ Akdvfat;az/

36/ Adkvfcifarmif/

37/ Akdvfwifatmif - (,ck Akdvfvif;)/

38/ AkdvfMumnTefY/

[if;omwc&kdif/

39/ OD;wifxG#f/

40/ OD;jrif ([oFmw)

41/ OD;xGef;0if;/

42/ OD;xGef;az/

43/ Adkvfpdefbef;/

44/ ocifcspfarmif/

45/ OD;oef;wif/

46/ Akdvfatmifaz/

47/ OD;bodef;/

48/ OD;xGef;Munf/

ykodrfc&kdif/

49/ OD;jrpdef/

50/ AkdvfxGef;vif; (EkwfxGufonf/)

51/ ocifpdef/

52/ OD;atmifausmf/

53/ OD;pdefarmif/

54/ AkdvfvSjrifh/

55/ Akdvfbkef;atmif/

56/ OD;ausmfwifh/

zsmykHc&kdif/

57/ OD;0if;/

58/ apmausmf&if/

59/ OD;wifnTefY/

60/ ocifbouf/

ajrmif;jrc&kdif/

61/ ocifwif/

62/ OD;cifarmifvwf/

63/ OD;xGef;&if/

64/ AkdvfnTefYarmif/

aemufqufwGJ(Z)

1947 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif a&G;aumufwifajrmufvkdufaom wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftrwfrsm;/

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

89

rtlyifc&kdif

65/ a':vS&Sif/

66/ AkdvfpdefxGef;/

67/ ocifcspf/

68/ OD;jrarmif/

usKdu©rDc&kdif/

69/ ocifatmifbGifh/

70/ Akdvfausmfoef;/

71/ Akdvfatmifabmf/

72/ rGefOD;cifarmif/

73/ OD;oef;jrifh/

74/ ocifckd/

75/ ocifoif;vIdif/

76/ ocifpHa0/

oxkHc&kdif/

77/ Akdvfat;BudKif/

78/ ocifatmifwif/

79/ ocifxGef;jrifh/

80/ rGefxGef;&if/

awmifilc&kdif/

81/ OD;oef;az/

82/ Akdvfodef;'ef/

83/ Akdvfzkd;uGef;/

84/ OD;ausmfaZmf/

xm;0,fc&kdif/

85/ OD;qifuGKdif/

86/ OD;azpdef/

87/ OD;ba&T/

88/ Akdvfae0if;/

Nrdwfc&kdif/

89/ ocifEk/

90/ AkdvfxGef;pdef/

ppfawGc&kdif/

91/ OD;csufzg;/

92/ OD;a&TapmOD;/

93/ OD;xGef;0if;/

94/ OD;ausmfOD;/

95/ OD;pHxGef;atmif/

96/ AkdvfndKxGef;/

97/ OD;armifarmifxGef;atmifausmf/

98/ rpöwmplvweftmruf/

99/ rpöwmtyÜ'l*zg;/

100/ OD;atmifZHa0/

ausmufjzLc&kdif/

101/ OD;omxGef;/

102/ Akdvfbapm/

103/ OD;a&TeD/

104/ OD;rJausmfOD;/

105/ OD;atmifjr/

106/ AkdvfbvIdif/

rauG;c&kdif/

107/ AkdvfwifOD;/

108/ ocifapmvif;/

109/ OD;ÓPf&Sdef/

110/ ocifAoef;/

111/ OD;xGef;a&TOD;/

112/ ocifvGif/

113/ OD;b0if;/ (,ck OD;vSarmif)

114/ OD;atmifoef;/

rif;bl;c&kdif/

115/ ocifAouf/

116/ AkdvfpHxGef;/

117/ Akdvfva&mif/

118/ OD;odef;az/

o&ufc&kdif/

119/ Akdvfatmif/

120/ AkdvfNidrf;armif/

121/ AkdvfxGef;pdef/

122/ OD;ausmfjrifh/

yckuúLc&kdif/

123/ OD;ausmf&Sdef/

124/ OD;bkd;atmif/

125/ OD;uGef;/

126/ Akdvfodef;armif/

127/ Akdvfbmbm/

128/ OD;Arl/

129/ OD;pdk;Ekdif/

130/ OD;aomif;az

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

aOD;azcif

90

jrif;jcHc&kdif/

131/ ocifoefY/

132/ AkdvftkH;wif/

133/ OD;oef;xGef;/

134/ OD;pkd;armif/ (,ck OD;jrifhaqG)

135/ OD;qif/

136/ OD;b*srf;/

rEÅav;c&kdif/

137/ rpöwmat-&mZwf(,cka':cifcif)

138/ OD;boD/

139/ Akdvfcifarmifuav;/

140/ Akdvfxdefvif;/

141/ AkdvfvSaz/

142/ Akdvfwifarmif/

143/ ocifarmifarmifav;/

144/ OD;vSaz/

145/ OD;oef;nTefY/

146/ ocifAodef;/

ausmufqnfc&kdif/

147/ Akdvfrif;EG,f/

148/ OD;xGef;pdef/

rdw¬dvmc&kdif/

149/ OD;xGef;ZH/

150/ AkdvfudkudkBuD;/

151/ AkdvfatmifnTefY/

152/ OD;aiG/

a&Tbkdc&kdif/

153/ AkdvfArif;/

154/ OD;b<u,f/

155/ Akdvfapmarmif/

156/ OD;jr&D/

157/ ocifqk/

158/ ocifausmf

&rnf;oif;c&kdif/

159/ OD;jr (aysmfbG,f)

160/ OD;rkd;/

161/ ocifwifxGef;/

162/ ocifazwifh/

163/ OD;armifarmif/

164/ OD;azcif/

ppfudkif;c&kdif/

165/ OD;pdefxGm;/

166/ AkdvfxGef;Munf/

167/ OD;usifapm/

168/ Akdvfpdefouf/

txufcsif;wGif;c&kdif/

169/ ocifcifarmifBuD;/

170/ AkdvfwifarmifOD;/

atmufcsif;wGif;c&dkif/

171/ AkdvfAodef;/

172/ ocifcspfpdef/

173/ AkdvfwifvIdif/

174/ OD;atmifaz/

uomc&dkif/

175/ ocifAodef; (EkwfxGufonf/)

176/ ocifAxGef;/

177/ ocifapm,Gef;/

178/ OD;bMurf; (ykodrf)/

Aef;armfc&kdif/

179/ AkdvfvSBudKif/

180/ OD;bOD;/

jrpfBuD;em;c&dkif/

181/ OD;barmif/

182/ ocifjyef/

t*Fvdyfjrefrmujym;/

183/ rpöwm tD; bm;e'f/

184/ rpöwm at pD a&mh'&'f/

185/ rpöwm at-a&;Ag;(pf)/

186/ rpöwm tdyf(csf)trf(rf)zpf&Sm;/

u&iftrsKd;om;trwfrsm;/

187/ apmomZif/

188/ q&mvSrif;/

189/ OD;bkd;ZH ac: AkdvfndKcif/

190/ ref;0if;armif/

191/ q&mtab;/

192/ apmarmifa'guf/

193/ apmatmify/

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

91

194/ ref;xGef;&if/

195/ OD;omqif/

196/ OD;aygvl/

197/ OD;barmif/

198/ ref;uHat;/

199/ ref;atmif&dSef/

200/ ref;xGef;&kH/

201/ AkdvfatmifNrdKif/

202/ OD;omvIdif/

203/ OD;pHnTefY/

204/ OD;b&if/

205/ apmtkef;nTefY/

206/ apm0if;wif/

207/ apm*Refqif 'Dzkd;rif;/

208/ apmaemfwifbGm;/

209/ ref;bckdif (,ck ref;bqkdif)

210/ apmpHbkd;oif/

e,fpyfa'o (&Srf;trwfrsm;)

211/ usKdif;wkHapmfbGm;BuD;/

212/ anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;/

213/ awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD;/

214/ odEéDawmifydkif;apmfbGm;BuD;/

215/ rkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD;/

216/ okdif;b[ef/

217/ rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;/ (,ck pum;apmfbGm;BuD;)

218/ apmxGef;&if/ (EkwfxGufonf)

219/ apma&TrGef/

220/ OD;jzL/

221/ omrkdif;crf;apmfbGm;BuD;/

222/ yifrSDapmfbGm;BuD;/

223/ OD;pHvl/

224/ OD;ausmf'Gef;/

225/ OD;xGef;jrifh/

226/ OD;bkd;cif/

227/ OD;bZH/

228/ OD;xGef;tkH/

229/ OD;pHjrwf/

230/ OD;xGef;at;/

231/ OD;cifarmifvwf/

232/ OD;oef;armif/

233/ OD;pHckdif/

e,fpyfa'o(ucsiftrwfrsm;)

234/ qrm;'l;0gqif0gaemif/

235/ vbef;*a&mif;/

236/ OD;BuD;xifeef;/

237/ r&pfatmifb/

238/ 'l0gaZmvGrf/

239/ 0gabmfaZmf&pf/

240/ qvefuGrfr&if*rf/

e,fpyfa'o(csif;trwfrsm;)

241/ OD;0rfukd[ef/

242/ OD;q0pf/

243/ uyÜwdefrefwkH;Ekef;/

244/ OD;iGefwkd;/

245/ OD;xyfvkdif;/

246/ OD;0rfol;armif;/

247/ OD;,0rf/

u&ifeDftrwfrsm;/

248/ apmodef;/

249/ OD;bDwl&D/

e,fjcm;a'oqkdif&mtjcm;trwfrsm;/

250/ apm0D&Dausmf/ (,ck apmvlvl)

251/ apmbDbkd;ul;/

252/ &HMunfqkdif/

253/ aZmfb/

254/ av&SD0rf;/

255/ OD;bom/

tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;aumfrDwD/

(1) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;(,ck ocifEk)/ (2) ocifjr (,ck [oFm

wOD;jr/ (3) OD;ausmfNidrf;/ (4) OD;jr(aysmfbG,f) (5) OD;bcsKd

(,ck OD;jrpdef) (6)rpöwm&mZwf(,ck OD;oef;jrifh) (7) OD;wif

xG#f/ (8) OD;b0if; (,ck apmausmf&if) (9) OD;b*srf;/ (10)

Akdvfatmif/ (11) OD;ausmfjrifh/ (12) ocifvGef;abmf/ (13)

OD;wif(jrefatmif)/ (14) ocifwif/ (15) AkdvffpdefrSef/ (16)

AkdvfatmifBuD;/ (17) OD;0if;/ (18) OD;xGef;0if;([oFmw)/

(19) OD;oD/ (20) OD;om'if/ (21) OD;xGef;az/ (22) OD;pdefbGm;/

(23) OD;cifarmifvwf(ajrmif;jr) (24) AkdvfxGef;vif;/ (25)

ocifvGif/ (26) ocifcspfarmif/ (27) OD;azcif/ (28) OD;cif

armifuav;/ (29) OD;pHxGef;atmif/ (30) AkdvfndKxGef;/ (31)

OD;atmifoef;/ (32) ocifpHa0/ (33) OD;b*srf;(uom) (34)

OD;usifapm/ (35) Akdvfzkd;uGef;/ (36) ocifwifxGef;/ (37)

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

aOD;azcif

92

rpöwmtD; bm;? e'f/ (38) ref;bckdif(,ck apmaemfwifbGm;)/

(39) apmpHbkd;oif;/ (40) ref;0if;armif/ (41) apmb&if (42)

q&mat;bD/ (43) 0D&Dausmf/ (44) qrm;'l0gqif0gaemif/

(45) 0gabmfaZmf&pf/ (46) 'l0gaZmfvGef;/ (47) OD;0rfudk[ef/

(48) OD;q0pf/ (49) uyÜwdefref;wkH;Ekef;/ (50) rkdif;yGefapmf

bGm;BuD;/ (,ck omrkdif;crf;apmfbGm;BuD;)/ (51) rkd;rdwfapmf

bGm;BuD;/ (52) anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;/ (53) OD;xGef;tkH (54)

OD;ausmf'Gef;/ (55) OD;xGef;jrifh(awmifBuD;)/

xyfjznfhtrwfrsm;/

(56) OD;vbef;*a&mif;/ (57) apm*Refqif'Dzkd;rif;/ (58) OD;

atmifNrdKif/ (59) okdif;b[ef/ (60) AkdvfvSBudKif/ (61) a':

cifvS/ (62) OD;0rfol;armif;/

xyfjznfhtjyiftyyk*¾Kdvfrsm;/

(63) OD;wif{/ (64) w&m;0efBuD;qmbOD;/ (65) qmjrbl;/

(66) w&m;0efBuD;OD;at;armif/ (67) qmarmifBuD;/ (68)

OD;pdk;nTefY (69) rpöwm trf?at?&m&Spf/ (70) rpöwmZkd&mqif/

vrf;nTeffaumfrDwD/

(1) OD;atmifqef; (,ckocifEk)/ (2) ocifjr(,ck

ocifvGef;abmf)/ (3) ref;bckdif(,ck OD;jrif aysmfbG,f)/ (4)

OD;pHxGef;atmif/ (5) OD;azcif/ (6) OD;ausmfjrifh (7) OD;0if;

(8) ref;0if;armif/ (9) apmaemfwifbGm; (10) AkdvfxGef;vif;/

(11) rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;/ (,ck rkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD;)/ (12)

OD;xGef;jrifh (13) OD;0rf;ukd[ef/ (14) qrm;'l0gqif0gaemif/

tajccHOya'tacsmudkif aumfrDwD/

(1) vTwfawmfOuú|(obmywd) (2)ocifEk/ (3) OD;

wifxG#f/ (4) ocifvGef;abmf/ (5) ocifwif/ (6) ocifwif

xGef;/ (7) ref;0if;armif/ (8) OD;boD/ (9) OD;ausmfjrifh/ (10)

rpöwmat? a&;Ag;(pf) (11) AkdvfxGef;vif;/ (12) apmaemfwif

bGm;/ (13) rkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD;/ (14) OD;vbef;*a&mif;/ (15)

OD;0rf;udk[ef/ (16) OD;wif(jrefatmif)/

xyfjznfhtrwf/

(17) OD;xGef;az/

xyfjznfhtjyifty yk*¾Kdvfrsm;/

(18) qmjrbl;/ (19) qmarmifBuD;/ (20) qmbOD;/

(w&m;0efBuD;)/ (21) OD;at;armif(w&m;0efBuD;)/ (22) rpö

wm? trf(rf)at&m&Spf/ (23) OD;0ef(wuúokdvfausmif;) (24)

OD;rsKd;rif;(wuúokdvffausmif;)/ (25) OD;odef;[ef(wkdif;jynfjyK

vTwfawmftxl;t&m&Sd)/

jrefrmEkdifiHawmf tvHoDcsif;ESifhwHqdyfaumfrDwD/

(1) OD;bcsKd(,ck ocifwif)/ (2) OD;atmifZHa0/ (3)

AkdvfrSL;atmif/ (4) rGefxGef;&if/ (5) AkdvfatmifBuD;/ (6) a':

cifvS/ (7) q&mvSrif;/ (8) rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD; (,ck rdk;rdwf

apmfbGm;BuD;)/ (9) OD;aZmfvGrf/ (10) OD;0rf;udk[ef/

xyfjznfhfftjyiftyyk*¾Kdvfrsm;/

(11) OD;aiGckdif/ (12) OD;tkH;vGif/ (13) '*kefq&mwif

(14) OD;boef;/ (15) OD;cifaZmf/ (16) OD;xifzwf/ (17) OD;

odef;[ef (wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmftxl;t&m&Sd)/

jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmft&m&Sdrsm;/jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmft&m&Sdrsm;/jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmft&m&Sdrsm;/jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmft&m&Sdrsm;/jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmft&m&Sdrsm;/

Ouú| - anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD; apma&Todkuf/

t&Hobmywdrsm; - ref;uHat;? OD;pHxGef;atmif?

OD;cifarmifvwf? qrm'l0gqif0gaemif? OD;0rf;udk[ef?

OD;ausmfNidrf;? Akdvfzkd;uGef;? awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD;?

tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'tMuHay;t&m&Sd - OD;csefxGef;?

twGif;0ef - OD;xGef;wif? 'kwd,twGif;0ef - OD;pdef?

vufaxmuftwGif;0efrsm; - OD;baomif? OD;cifarmifoef;?

OD;eef;EG,f? OD;aomif;?

vTwfawmftxl;t&m&Sd - OD;odef;[ef/

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

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orkdif;0if

"mwfykHrSwfwrf;rsm;

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

aOD;azcif

(1) anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD; (2) OD;azcif (3) OD;b&if (4) odEéDapmfbGm;BuD;

(5) OD;apm (6) awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD; (7) OD;Ek (8) ref;bckdif (9) rkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefcsKd (10) OD;b*srf;/

yxryifvkHtpnf;ta0;

(1946 ckESpf)

a&SUwef; (0JrS,m) _ ? _ ? _ ? ocifEk? awmifykdifapmfbGm; p0fcGefyef;pdef? 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;? OD;apm? anmifa&TapmfbGm;? rdw¬dvmOD;b&if? _ ? _ ? _ ?

omrkdif;crf;apmfbGm; p0fxGef;at;? yifrSDapmfbGm;/

aemufwef; (0JrS ,m) _ ? _ ? ref;bckdif? ajrmufodEéDapmfbGm;? OD;b*srf;? _ ? _ ? OD;azcif? rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;p0fpHxGef;? _? _ ? _ ? _ ? _ ? _ ? _ ?

E-bo

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ated

by

shan

yom

a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

yxryifvkHtpnf;ta0;wGif

0J rS ,m - (1) OD;b&if? (2) OD;apm? (3) OD;azcif? (4) OD;Ek?

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ 1946 ckESpf? &Srf;jynfc&D; uavmü em;pOf

a&SUwef; (0JrS,m) - omrkdif;crf;apmfbGm;? rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;? anmifa&TapmfbGm;? _ ? _ ? _ ? _ ?

aemufwef; (0J rS ,m) - OD;azcif(azmhOD;xkyfjzifh)? AkdvfxGef;vS (ppf,leDazmif;jzifh)/

E-bo

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cre

ated

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shan

yom

aOD;azcif

AkdvfcsKyf\ 1946 ckESpf? &Srf;jynfwpfcGif c&D;pOf (anmifa&Tü)

0J rS ,m - (1) OD;azcif? (2) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;? (3) anmifa&TapmfbGm;? (4) rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;/

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by

shan

yom

a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

1947 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufaeY/

'kwd, yifvkHnDvmcH

0J rS ,m - (1) OD;azcif? (2) bm;ewfvuf'0pf (jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m 0efBuD;&kH;t&m&dS)? (3) rpöwmabmfwGrfav? (4) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;/

E-bo

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cre

ated

by

shan

yom

aOD;azcif

1947 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 12 &uf ]]'kwd, yifvkHnDvmcHwGif yifvkHpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;MupOf}}

vGwfvyfa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif yg0ifaom &Srf;ausmif;om;rsm;

E-bo

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cre

ated

by

shan

yom

a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

yifvkHNrdKU&Sd ]]awmifwef;jynfr yl;aygif;a&;pmcsKyf txdrf;trSwf ausmufwkdif}} ,cif (12-2-47)

E-bo

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ated

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yom

aOD;azcif

zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;

(0J rS ,m) yxracgif;aygif;ESifhyk*¾KdvffrS pí- (1) 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd? (2) qmarmifBuD;? (3) OD;csefxGef;? (4) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;?

(5) OD;pdef (vTwfawmftwGif;0ef)? (6) OD;azcif (aq;wHjzifh)? (7) ocifjr/

jrefrmjynfESifhu&ifeDjynf rdwfquftzGJY &efukefNrdKU

1946 - ckESpf? {NyDv 30 &uf/

a&SUwef; 0J rS ,m odkY - apmodef;? p0fv0D? apma&T? OD;pdef (u&ifeDya'gifaumifpDOuú|)? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;(zqyvtzGJYcsKyfOuú|)? OD;atjrav;

OD;baz? okdif;b[ef? apmZde? OD;jr/

tv,fwef; 0J rS ,m odkY - ocif0wif? OD;vGdZD? apm0Dc0g;? OD;A*srf;? OD;wif? ref;bckdif? ocifoef;xGef;(uGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;a&;rSL;)? OD;wif?

OD;baomif;? OD;azcif? ocifcspf/

aemufwef; 0J rS ,m odkY - OD;ausmfjrifh? OD;atmif0if;? OD;bqkdif? OD;atmifZHa0? OD;ndrf;? OD;odrf;atmif? apmbOD;BuD;(autif(ef),ltzGJYcsKyfOuú|)

OD;xGef;vS? apmcvlv,f? OD;wifarmif/

E-bo

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cre

ated

by

shan

yom

a

ukd,fawGYyifvkH

]]awmifwef;jynfr yl;aygif;a&; txdrf;trSwf vuf&Sdausmufwkdif}}

E-bo

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cre

ated

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yom

a

1947 ckESpf? arv 19 &ufrS 23 &uftxd *sLAvDa[mwGif usif;yaom zqyvtzGJYcsKyf yPmrjyifqifrI nDvmcH

1/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;? 2/ ocifEk? 3/ ocifjr? 4/ OD;AaqG? 5/ OD;xGef;tkH(jrLrif;BuD;a[mif;)? 6/ OD;wif(jrefatmif)

7/ 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd? 8/ OD;wif(jrefrmhtvif;) 9/ ref;bckdif? 10/ q&mBuD;OD;&mZwf? 11/ OD;azcif? 12/ ocif0wif/