Piloting new indicators and methodologies to measure the human right to water in Nicaragua
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Transcript of Piloting new indicators and methodologies to measure the human right to water in Nicaragua
PILOTING NEW INDICATORS AND METHODOLOGIES TO MEASURE THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER IN NICARAGUA
Ó. Flores, R.Giné, A. Jiménez, A. Pérez-Foguet
Research Group on Cooperation and Human Development_Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain
10_04_13_IRC Symposium. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
OUTLINE
One/////Introduction. HRtW & monitoring
Two/////Context: case study
Three///Research design and methodology
Four////Results
Five/////Some implications for a country-wide monitoring
Six///// Conclusions & challenges
PURPOSE OF THE PAPER:
2_Preliminary ideas about… how to integrate new methodologies to measure and better understand the situation of marginalized members of society (United Nations, 2012)
INTRODUCTION
“States Parties have a core obligation to include methods, such as right to water indicators and benchmarks, by which progress (of the human right to water) can be closely monitored” (GC15, 2002)
1_Developing indicators to measure access to water (in rural areas) based on the human right to water (Flores et al, 2013)
One// Introduction
Two// Case study CONTEXT
San Sebastián de Yalí
Municipality
Jinotega Department (North-central
region)
6 districts // 75 rural communities
(22500 people)
402 km2.
Access to water (CAPS as service
provider vs. self provision)
METHODOLOGYThree// Sample design (1/3)
1_Discriminated people is hard to find: -> Methodology to find and characterize people
not served by communitarian systems: Each of the 75 communities was divided into two
subgroups of households
A_One subgroup is served by the water supply systems that are managed by
the CAPS
B_Self-provision, which is not managed by the CAPS.
2_Sample size determination for small populations (communities) is challenging -
precision of achieved results vs simplicity and costs- -> approach that produces
estimates with sufficient precision for use in local level decision-making (based on
exact confidence limits of binomial distribution corrected for finite populations) Gine and
Foguet (2013)
How?
1_UMAS – Minsa – NGDO - University
2_Community census “in situ” (if possible) and community map
3_Questionaires
Households surveys (CAPS vs NO CAPS)
Interview: members of the CAPS board
Mapping and audit systems managed by CAPS
Water Point Mapping (systems not managed by CAPS)
METHODOLOGYThree// Field work(2/3)
METHODOLOGYThree// Indicators (3/3)
Source (Flores et al., 2013). Improvements based on *Rietveld et al (2009) **Jiménez and Pérez-Foguet (2012).
The target (“JMP on track”) may be achieved but access to water as guaranteed by human rights remains unequally enjoyed by many. The focus on aggregate outcomes provides no particular incentive to reach marginalized groups. (United Nations, 2012)
When we consider the average in a community, the situation (problems) of those not connected to systems managed by CAPS is not “visualized”
But when we separate results, we can observe inequalities in access to water
RESULTSFour// Visualizing inequalities (1/2)
Evidence (of those self
provided)Explanation
New community-dwellersSometimes it is hard to get a new
conection (2000c$ Affordability?)
Because of distance or altitude
Sometimes technical aspects of systems discriminate some areas (and condenms them without too
many options)
They couldn’t pay or work for the project
Projects and/or community not always think about equity
RESULTSFour// Inequality and discrimination causes
Not interested in the project
People that have their own sources in which they trust
But also…
IMPLICATIONSFive// SIASAR_a country-led monitoring
1. Joint iniciative launched by governments of Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama
2. Supported by WSP-WB
3. Mainly focused on post-construction support / Coverage
4. 4 questionaries:
Community (general data about community + coverage WASH
The system: physical status of the system + something about service delivery
The service provider: performance
The support agent (UMAS)
1_According to the HRtWS, it is important to know about people (right holders’), and even more important those people that are discriminated)
2_When you go to a community -> (t, $)
SIASAR could be combined with other
sources of information for adressing
equality and non-discrimination:
SIASAR + a statistically
representative number of HH (CAPS /
self provision) ??
1. If we don’t think about minorities in the first step of monitoring cycle
(Initiation and planning), they won’t appear in the rest (data collection,
analysis & interpretation, communication, reflection & decision making,
taking action –Danert & Narkevic, 2013-)
2. Methodology is practical to locate those minority sectors within rural
communities that often do not benefit from the same services than the
others
Usefulness when identifying and characterizing them for equity-
oriented policies (human right to water)
CONCLUSIONSSix// Conclusions
A_Indicators and methodologies (equity and others)
It is necessary to develop research to cope with intra-household bias as information obtained at household level can differ depending on which member of the family is polled
It is necessary to know more about inequality and discrimination causes to propose remedial actions
To improve access to water indicators based on HRtWS (post-2015)
CHALLENGESSix// Challenges
B_Governance
From data to decision making (is always a challenge)
Most of actors don’t know what HRtWS means (UMAS, Central Government?)
Thanks for your attention
[email protected]@upc.edu
alejandrojfp @[email protected]
https://grecdh.upc.edu
10_04_13_IRC Symposium. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Self provision is not always worse than using systems managed by CAPS for all criteria
RESULTSFour// The importance of self provision (2/2)
Physical accessibility is considerably higher for self-providers
Self-providers Systems managed by CAPS
A lot of unprotected springs in the region
Water is distributed by a system of public standpipes in Las Lagunetas
Those not using systems (CAPS) have their own sources
They carry water from springs to their homes through hosepipes