Pigment patterns in the surface phytoplankton of the ... · oceanography: guidelines to modern...
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analysis. Duplicate filters were analysed in South Africa using the procedure outlined in Barlow et al. (1997) and also in Australia using a slightly modified version of the procedure described in Van Heukelem and Thomas (2001). Results from both methods compared extremely well for Total chl-a, MV chl-a, DV chl-a and zeaxanthin (Figure 2a,b,c). For Hex-fuco (19- hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin), the correlation between the two results was very good (R 2 = 0.9685), but showed a systematic difference with the South African results being always slightly higher than the Australian results (Figure 2d). This is likely to be due to a difference in calibration procedures. Diagnostic pigments (DP) are those pigments that relate specifically to an algal class (eg: Peridinin – dinoflagellates; see Jeffrey and Vesk, 1997). Plots of the diagnostic pigments detected in the BEAGLE samples showed that four main phytoplankton groups could be characterized – diatoms (fucoxanthin), dinoflagellates (peridinin), small flagellates (hex-fuco, but-fuco, allo, pras, chl-b) and prokaryotes consisting of Synechococcus sp. and Prochlorochococcus sp. (zeaxanthin with DV chl-a indicating specifically prochlorophytes). There were notable differences in both the biomass (Fig 3a,b,c) and the composition of the phytoplankton community (Fig 4a,b,c) between the ocean basins. The Pacific Ocean had a greater biomass (overall mean TChl-a of 0.25 mg m -3 , figure 3a) than the Atlantic Ocean (overall mean TChl-a of 0.08 mg m -3 , figure 3b) and the Indian Ocean (overall mean TChl-a of 0.05 mg m -3 , figure 3c). The Pacific Ocean was dominated by small flagellates (62-80%, figure 4a), and the Indian Ocean by prokaryotes (65-78%, figure 4c) whereas the Atlantic Ocean tended to have a mixed population of prokaryotes (45-50%) and flagellates (41-43%, figure 4b). Diatoms were of low significance in all oceans, except in the coastal waters off Chile in the eastern Pacific. This same coastal area was the only region where dinoflagellates were detected. The total pigment composition was separated into photosynthetic carotenoids (PSC – but- fuco+fuco+hex-fuco+perid) and photoprotective carotenoids (PPC – allo+carotenes+DD+DT+ lut+viol+zeax). Differences between the ocean basins showed that PSC normalized to total pigment concentration (PSC TP ) was 29-32% in the Pacific relative to 21% in the Atlantic and 11-16% in the Indian Ocean (Figure 5a,b,c). In contrast PPC normalized to total pigment concentration (PPC TP ) was low in the Pacific (10-20%), greater in the Atlantic (25-33%) and substantially greater in the Indian Ocean (41- 50%).The dominance of the PPC pigments in the Indian Ocean is evident by the PPC TP values being consistently higher than the total chl- a concentration normalized to total pigment concentration (TChla TP ) values for the entire transect within the Indian Ocean (Figure 5c). The observations in this study suggest that photoadaption for optimizing photosynthesis was greater in the Pacific Ocean where the photosynthetic chlorophylls and carotenoids accounted for 80-90% of total pigments leading to elevated primary production and biomass at the time of sampling (late winter-early spring). In contrast, productivity in the Indian Ocean was most probably lower since the phytoplankton have reduced photosynthetic efficiency when photoprotective pigments are high as was the case at the time of sampling (mid-summer). The Blue EArth GLobal Expedition (BEAGLE), organized by JAMSTEC (Japanese Marine Science and Technology Centre) to commemorate the 30th anniversary of its inception, was a research voyage which circumnavigated the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere. The voyage, aboard the RV Mirai (pictured left), started in August 2003 from Brisbane Australia and comprised six legs (Figure 1) before finishing in Fremantle, Australia during February 2004. During each day of the voyage a comprehensive list of bio-optical measurements were collected to be used to validate satellite- retrieved data in the Southern Hemisphere. Seawater samples from within the top 10 m of the water column were collected daily for the analysis of pigment concentration and composition. Approximately 2 L of sample water were filtered through a 25 mm GF/F (Whatman) and the filters stored in liquid nitrogen until Pigment patterns in the surface phytoplankton of the subtropical Southern Hemisphere Figure 2: Comparison of results from Australia and South Africa for individual pigments detected in the BEAGLE samples; (a) MV chl-a, (b) DV chl-a, (c) zeaxanthin, (d) hex-fuco. The orange line indicates a slope of 1. Figure 3: Concentration of MV chl-a + DV chl- a (TChl-a) for samples collected in (a) Pacific Ocean, (b) Atlantic Ocean and (c) Indian Ocean. Figure 4: Concentration of diagnostic pigments normalized to TChl-a for samples collected in (a) Pacific Ocean, (b) Atlantic Ocean and (c) Indian Ocean. Figure 5: Concentration of TChl-a (black line), PSC (orange line) and PPC (green line) normalized to the total pigment concentration for samples collected in (a) Pacific Ocean, (b) Atlantic Ocean and (c) Indian Ocean. R. Barlow 1 , L. Clementson 2 , V. Stuart 3 , H. Sessions 1 , S. Sathyendranath 3 , V. Lutz 4 , M. Kyewalyanga 5 , M. Fukasawa 6 , S. Watanabe 6 Barlow, R.G., Cummings, D.G. and Gibb, S.W. 1997 Improved resolution of mono- and divinyl chlorophylls a and b and zeaxanthin and lutein in phytoplankton extracts using reverse phase C-8 HPLC. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 161, 303-307. References Jeffrey, S. W. and Vesk, M. 1997 Introduction to marine phytoplankton and their pigment signatures. In Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography: guidelines to modern methods. Jeffrey, S. W., Mantoura, R. F. C. & Wright, S. W. (eds), UNESCO Publishing, Paris, pp. 37-84. Van Heukelem, L. and Thomas, C. 2001 Computer-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography method development with applications to the isolation and analysis of phytoplankton pigments. J.Chromatogr. A., 910, 31-49. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the officers and crew of the RV Mirai for their help during the voyage; the scientists and students of the BEAGLE Bio-optics Programme for the collection of samples; JAMSTEC scientists and technicians for supplying CTD data; Lea Crosswell (CMAR – Hobart, Australia) for poster design. Note: The work described in this poster is discussed in greater detail in Barlow et al. (2006) Global pigment patterns in surface phytoplankton of the subtropical Southern Hemisphere. Submitted to Deep-Sea Research I. 1 Marine & Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa 2 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 7001 3 Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, B2Y 4A2 Canada 4 INIDEP, Paseo Victoria Ocampo 1, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina 5 Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Zanzibar, Tanzania 6 Japan Agency for Marine Science and Technology(JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, 237-0061 Japan Figure 1: Voyage track and location times Leg 1: 3 Aug - 6 Sep 2003 • Brisbane to Papeete Leg 2: 9 Sep - 16 Oct 2003 • Papeete to Valparaiso Leg 3: 19 Oct - 2 Nov 2003 • Valparaiso to Santos Leg 4: 6 Nov - 6 Dec 2003 • Santos to Cape Town Leg 5: 9 Dec - 24 Jan 2004 •¨Cape Town to Fremantle Leg 6: 27 Jan - 19 Feb 2004 • Fremantle to Kerguelen Poster designed by Lea Crosswell, Communication Group, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research
Transcript of Pigment patterns in the surface phytoplankton of the ... · oceanography: guidelines to modern...
analysis. Duplicate fi lters were analysed in South Africa using the procedure outlined in Barlow et al. (1997) and also in Australia using a slightly modifi ed version of the procedure described in Van Heukelem and Thomas (2001). Results from both methods compared extremely well for Total chl-a, MV chl-a, DV chl-a and zeaxanthin (Figure 2a,b,c). For Hex-fuco (19- hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin), the correlation between the two results was very good (R2 = 0.9685), but showed a systematic difference with the South African results being always slightly higher than the Australian results (Figure 2d). This is likely to be due to a difference in calibration procedures.
Diagnostic pigments (DP) are those pigments that relate specifi cally to an algal class (eg: Peridinin – dinofl agellates; see Jeffrey and Vesk, 1997). Plots of the diagnostic pigments detected in the BEAGLE samples showed that four main phytoplankton groups could be characterized – diatoms (fucoxanthin), dinofl agellates (peridinin), small fl agellates (hex-fuco, but-fuco, allo, pras, chl-b) and prokaryotes consisting of Synechococcus sp. and Prochlorochococcus sp. (zeaxanthin with DV chl-a indicating specifi cally prochlorophytes).
There were notable differences in both the biomass (Fig 3a,b,c) and the composition of the phytoplankton community (Fig 4a,b,c) between the ocean basins. The Pacifi c Ocean had a greater biomass (overall mean TChl-a of 0.25 mg m-3, fi gure 3a) than the Atlantic Ocean (overall mean TChl-a of 0.08 mg m-3, fi gure 3b) and the Indian Ocean (overall mean TChl-a of 0.05 mg m-3, fi gure 3c). The Pacifi c Ocean was dominated by small fl agellates (62-80%, fi gure 4a), and the Indian Ocean by prokaryotes (65-78%, fi gure 4c) whereas the Atlantic Ocean tended to have a mixed population of prokaryotes (45-50%) and fl agellates (41-43%, fi gure 4b). Diatoms were of low signifi cance in all oceans, except in the coastal waters off Chile in the eastern Pacifi c. This same coastal area was the only region where dinofl agellates were detected.
The total pigment composition was separated into photosynthetic carotenoids (PSC – but-fuco+fuco+hex-fuco+perid) and photoprotective carotenoids (PPC – allo+carotenes+DD+DT+lut+viol+zeax). Differences between the ocean basins showed that PSC normalized to total pigment concentration (PSC
TP) was 29-32% in
the Pacifi c relative to 21% in the Atlantic and 11-16% in the Indian Ocean (Figure 5a,b,c). In contrast PPC normalized to total pigment concentration (PPC
TP) was low in the Pacifi c
(10-20%), greater in the Atlantic (25-33%) and substantially greater in the Indian Ocean (41-50%).The dominance of the PPC pigments in the Indian Ocean is evident by the PPC
TP values
being consistently higher than the total chl-a concentration normalized to total pigment concentration (TChla
TP) values for the entire
transect within the Indian Ocean (Figure 5c).
The observations in this study suggest that photoadaption for optimizing photosynthesis was greater in the Pacifi c Ocean where the photosynthetic chlorophylls and carotenoids accounted for 80-90% of total pigments leading to elevated primary production and biomass at the time of sampling (late winter-early spring). In contrast, productivity in the Indian Ocean was most probably lower since the phytoplankton have reduced photosynthetic effi ciency when photoprotective pigments are high as was the case at the time of sampling (mid-summer).
The Blue EArth GLobal Expedition (BEAGLE), organized by JAMSTEC (Japanese Marine Science and Technology Centre) to commemorate the 30th anniversary of its inception, was a research voyage which circumnavigated the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere. The voyage, aboard the RV Mirai (pictured left), started in August 2003 from Brisbane Australia and comprised six legs (Figure 1) before fi nishing in Fremantle, Australia during February 2004.
During each day of the voyage a comprehensive list of bio-optical measurements were collected to be used to validate satellite-retrieved data in the Southern Hemisphere.
Seawater samples from within the top 10 m of the water column were collected daily for the analysis of pigment concentration and composition. Approximately 2 L of sample water were fi ltered through a 25 mm GF/F (Whatman) and the fi lters stored in liquid nitrogen until
Pigment patterns in the surface phytoplankton of the subtropical Southern Hemisphere
Figure 2: Comparison of results from Australia and South Africa for individual pigments detected in the BEAGLE samples; (a) MV chl-a, (b) DV chl-a, (c) zeaxanthin, (d) hex-fuco. The orange line indicates a slope of 1.
Figure 3: Concentration of MV chl-a + DV chl-a (TChl-a) for samples collected in (a) Pacifi c Ocean, (b) Atlantic Ocean and (c) Indian Ocean.
Figure 4: Concentration of diagnostic pigments normalized to TChl-a for samples collected in (a) Pacifi c Ocean, (b) Atlantic Ocean and (c) Indian Ocean.
Figure 5: Concentration of TChl-a (black line), PSC (orange line) and PPC (green line) normalized to the total pigment concentration for samples collected in (a) Pacifi c Ocean, (b) Atlantic Ocean and (c) Indian Ocean.
R. Barlow1, L. Clementson2 , V. Stuart3, H. Sessions1, S. Sathyendranath3, V. Lutz4, M. Kyewalyanga5, M. Fukasawa6, S. Watanabe6
Barlow, R.G., Cummings, D.G. and Gibb, S.W. 1997 Improved resolution of mono- and divinyl chlorophylls a and b and zeaxanthin and lutein in phytoplankton extracts using reverse phase C-8 HPLC. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 161, 303-307.
References
Jeffrey, S. W. and Vesk, M. 1997 Introduction to marine phytoplankton and their pigment signatures. In Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography: guidelines to modern methods. Jeffrey, S. W., Mantoura, R. F. C. & Wright, S. W. (eds), UNESCO Publishing, Paris, pp. 37-84.
Van Heukelem, L. and Thomas, C. 2001 Computer-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography method development with applications to the isolation and analysis of phytoplankton pigments. J.Chromatogr. A., 910, 31-49.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the offi cers and crew of the RV Mirai for their help during the voyage; the scientists and students of the BEAGLE Bio-optics Programme for the collection of samples; JAMSTEC scientists and technicians for supplying CTD data; Lea Crosswell (CMAR – Hobart, Australia) for poster design. Note: The work described in this poster is discussed in greater detail in Barlow et al. (2006) Global pigment patterns in surface phytoplankton of the subtropical Southern Hemisphere. Submitted to Deep-Sea Research I.
1 Marine & Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa
2 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 7001
3 Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, B2Y 4A2 Canada
4 INIDEP, Paseo Victoria Ocampo 1, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
5 Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Zanzibar, Tanzania
6 Japan Agency for Marine Science and Technology(JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, 237-0061 Japan
Figure 1: Voyage track and location times
Leg 1: 3 Aug - 6 Sep 2003 • Brisbane to Papeete
Leg 2: 9 Sep - 16 Oct 2003 • Papeete to Valparaiso
Leg 3: 19 Oct - 2 Nov 2003 • Valparaiso to Santos
Leg 4: 6 Nov - 6 Dec 2003 • Santos to Cape Town
Leg 5: 9 Dec - 24 Jan 2004 •¨Cape Town to Fremantle
Leg 6: 27 Jan - 19 Feb 2004 • Fremantle to Kerguelen
Poster designed by Lea Crosswell, Communication Group, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research
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