Piezo Harvesting Review

8/12/2019 Piezo Harvesting Review

1/13

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 1129-1141 DECEMBER 2011 / 1129

DOI: 10.1007/s12541-011-0151-3

1. Introduction

Energy harvesting is defined as capturing minute amounts of

energy from one or more of the surrounding energy sources,

accumulating them and storing them for later use. Energy

harvesting is also called as power harvesting or energy scavenging.

With recent advances on wireless and MEMS technology, energy

harvesting is highlighted as the alternatives of the conventional

battery. Ultra low power portable electronics and wireless sensors

use the conventional batteries as their power sources, but the life of

the battery is limited and very short compared to the working life of

the devices. The replacement or recharging of the battery is

inefficient and sometimes impossible. Therefore, a great amount of

researches have been conducted about the energy harvesting

technology as a self-power source of portable devices or wireless

sensor network system.

In the view point of energy conversion, human beings have

already used energy harvesting technology in the form of windmill,

watermill, geothermal and solar energy. The energy came from

natural sources, called renewable energy, is emerged as future

power source due to limited fossil fuel and nuclear power instability

such as Fukusima nuclear crisis. Since the renewable energy

harvesting plants generate kW or MW level power, it is calledmacro energy harvesting technology. On the contrast, micro energy

harvesting technology is focused on the alternatives of the

conventional battery. Micro energy harvesting technology is based

on mechanical vibration, mechanical stress and strain, thermal

energy from furnace, heaters and friction sources, sun light or room

light, human body, chemical or biological sources, which can

generate mW or W level power. In this paper, the energy

harvesting is limited to micro energy harvesting.

Since piezoelectric material can convert mechanical vibration

into electrical energy with very simple structure, piezoelectric

energy harvesting is highlighted as a self-power source of wireless

sensor network system.1 Piezoelectricity represents pressure

electricity and is a property of certain crystalline materials such as

quartz, Rochelle salt, tourmaline, and barium titanate that develop

electricity when pressure is applied.2This is called the direct effect.

On the other hand, these crystals undergo deformation when an

electric field is applied, which is termed as the converse effect.

Converse effect can be used as an actuator and direct effect can be

used as a sensor or energy transducer. The coupled electro-

mechanical behavior of piezoelectric materials can be modeled by

two linearized constitutive equations.2

A Review of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Based

on VibrationHeung Soo Kim1, Joo-Hyong Kim2andJaehwan Kim3,#

1 Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 26 Pil-dong 3-Ga, Jung-gu, Seoul, South Korea, 100-7152 Department of Electronic Engineering, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, South Korea, 501-7593 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-ku, Incheon, South Korea, 402-751

# Corresponding Author / E-mail: [email protected], TEL: +82-32-860-7326, FAX: +82-32-832-7325

KEYWORDS: Energy Harvesting, Piezoelectric, Vibration, Energy generation, Micro Power

This paper reviews energy harvesting technology from mechanical vibration. Recent advances on ultralow power portable

electronic devices and wireless sensor network require limitless battery life for better performance. People searched forpermanent portable power sources for advanced electronic devices. Energy is everywhere around us and the most important

part in energy harvesting is energy transducer. Piezoelectric materials have high energy conversion ability from mechanical

vibration. A great amount of researches have been conducted to develop simple and efficient energy harvesting devices from

vibration by using piezoelectric materials. Representative piezoelectric materials can be categorized into piezoceramics and

piezopolymers. This paper reviews key ideas and performances of the reported piezoelectric energy harvesting from

vibration. Various types of vibration devices, piezoelectric materials and mathematical modeling of vibrational energy

harvestings are reviewed.

Manuscript received: October 25, 2011 / Accepted: November 8, 2011

KSPE and Springer 2011


2/13


3/13

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6 DECEMBER 2011 / 1131

Paradiso et al.10 proposed parasitic power harvesting from

piezoelectric shoes using unimorph strip made from piezoceramic

composite material and a stave made from a multilayer laminate of

PVDF foil that periodically broadcasts a digital RFID as the bearer

walks (Fig. 2). They further explored the harnessing of parasitic

energy from piezoelectric shoes and used simple mechanical

structures and flexible piezoelectric materials which results a

comfortable piezoelectric shoe design (Fig. 3).11

2.1 Cantilever type

A cantilever type vibration energy harvesting has very simple

structure and can produce a large deformation under vibration.

Flynn and Sander12imposed fundamental limitations on PZT (lead

zirconate titanate) material and indicated that mechanical stress

limit is the effective constraint in typical PZT materials. They

reported that a mechanical stress-limited work cycle was 330W/cm3

at 100 kHz for PZT-5H.

Elvin et al.13 proposed a theoretical model by using a beam

element and performed experiment to harvest power from PZTmaterial. They showed that a simple beam bending can provide the

self-power source of the strain energy sensor.

Wright et al. presented series of vibrational energy harvesting

devices.14-17First, they indicated low-level vibrations occurring in

common household and office environments as a potential power

source and investigated both capacitive MEMS and piezoelectric

converters.14 The simulated results showed that power harvesting

using piezoelectric conversion is significantly higher. They

optimized a two-layer cantilever piezoelectric generator and

validated by theoretical analysis (Fig. 4).15 They also modeled a

small cantilever based devices using piezoelectric materials that can

scavenge power from low-level ambient vibration sources and

presented new design configuration to enhance the power

harvesting capacity.16 It used axially compressed piezoelectric

bimorph in order to decrease resonance frequency up to 24%. They

found that power output to be 6590% of the nominal value at

frequencies 1924% below the unloaded resonance frequency.17

Inmans group presented more than 10 papers related to

vibrational energy harvesting using PZT, bimorph Quick Pack (QP)

actuator and micro fiber composite (MFC). Sodano et al.18

investigated monolithic piezoelectric (PZT) and MFC and estimated

the efficiency of both the materials. They also investigated three

types of piezoelectric devices experimentally, a monolithic PZT,

bimorph QP and MFC energy harvesting devices to determine their

capacity to recharge a discharged battery.19

Shen et al.20 proposed a PZT piezoelectric cantilever with a

micromachined Si proof mass for a low frequency vibration energy

harvesting application. The average power and power density were

0.32 W and 416 W/cm3. Liu et al.21developed an array of power

generator based on thick-film piezoelectric cantilevers in order to

improve frequency flexibility and power output. They reported an

improved performance of 3.98 mW effective electrical power and

3.93 DC output voltage to resistance load. Choi et al. 22developed

an energy harvesting MEMS device using thin film PZT to enableself-supportive sensors. Resonating at specific frequencies of an

external vibrational energy source can create electrical energy via

the piezoelectric effect. The effect of proof mass, beam shape and

damping on the power generating performance were modeled to

provide guideline for maximum power harvesting from

environmentally available low frequency vibrations.

2.2 Cymbal type

Cymbal structure can produce a large in-plane strain under a

transverse external force, which is beneficial for the micro energy

harvesting. Kim et al.23 reported that piezoelectric energy

harvesting showed a promising results under pre-stress cyclic

conditions and validated the experimental results with finite

element analysis. Li et al.24presented a two ring-type piezoelectric

stacks, one pair of bow-shaped elastic plates, and one shaft that pre-

compresses them (Fig. 5). The reported that flex-compressive mode

piezoelectric transducer has the ability to generate more electric

voltage output and power output as compared to conventional flex-

tensional mode.

2.3 Stack type

Stack type piezoelectric transducer can produce a large

electrical energy since it uses d33mode of piezoelectric materials

and has a large capacitance because of multi-stacking of

piezoelectric material layers. Adhikari et al.25proposed a stochastic

approach using stack configuration rather than cantilever beam

harmonic excitation at resonance and analyzed two cases, withinductor in the electrical circuit and without inductor. Lefeuvre et

Fig. 4 A two-layer bender mounted as a cantilever15

(a) Cantilever type

(b) Cymbal type24

Fig. 5 Conventional piezoelectric energy harvesters


4/13

1132 / DECEMBER 2011 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 12, No. 6

al.26proposed a synchronized switch damping (SSD) in vibrational

piezoelectric energy harvesting (Fig. 6). They claimed that SSD

increases the electrically converted energy resulting from the

piezoelectric mechanical loading cycle. This stack type can be weak

under mechanical shocks.

2.4 Shell type

Since shell structure can generate larger strain than flat plate, it

can improve the efficiency of piezoelectric energy harvesting. Yoon

et al.27 employed a curved piezoceramic to increase the charge

because of mechanical strain (Fig. 7). They optimized the analytical

model using shell theory and linear piezoelectric constitutive

equations to develop a charge generation expression. Yoon et al.28

investigated a ring-shaped PZT-5A element exposed to gunfire

shock experimentally using pneumatic shock machine. They found

dependence of piezoelectric constant on load-rate, the shock-aging

of piezoelectric effect, and the dependence of energy-transfer

efficiency on the change in normalized impulse. Chen et al.29

analyzed circular piezoelectric shell of polarized ceramics under

torsional vibration to harvest electric output. The proposed structure

harvested electrical energy from torsional vibration.

2.5 Modeling and theory

Theoretical modeling of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices

should include not only its structure but also piezoelectric coupling

effect as well as electrical behavior. Erturk and Inman30proposed

an improved mathematical model and made an attempt to correct

the oversimplified issues related to mathematical formulation like

piezoelectric coupling, physical modeling, low fidelity models andbase motion modeling. They also proposed correction factors for

single degree of freedom base excitation model and examined that

the single degree of freedom harmonic base excitation relations

which are commonly used by a number of researcher for harvesting

energy using mechanical vibration.31They also reported a closed-

form analytical solutions of bimorph cantilever configurations with

series and parallel connections of piezoceramic layers.32

Marqui et al.33 presented a electromechanically coupled finiteelement (FE) plate model based on Kirchhoff plate assumptions that

also account the effect of conductive electrodes to predict the

electrical power output of piezoelectric energy harvester plates. The

FEA simulation results are validated with the experimental and

analytical solution for a unimorph cantilever beam.

Renno et al.34 optimized the piezoelectric vibration-based

energy harvester by using an inductor and a resistive load and it is

concluded that the addition of a inductor in the circuit enhances the

power harvesting capacity.

Pouline et al.35compared an electromagnetic system made of a

magnet in translation within a coil and piezoelectric system which

is a PZT ceramic bar embedded at one end and constrained at theother end. They predicted a strong similarity and duality in signal

level.

Ajitsaria et al.36anticipated analytical approach based on Euler

Bernoulli beam theory and Timoshenko beam equations for the

generation of voltage and power. They showed that the comparison

between the experimental results and simulation were satisfactory.

Hu et al.37proposed a modeling of a piezoelectric harvester as

an integrated electro-mechanical system, by characterizing the

interaction between the harvesting structure and the storage circuit

with a nonlinear rectifier. They showed that the power density can

be maximized by varying the non-dimensional inductance for a

fixed non-dimensional aspect ratio together with a fixed non-

dimensional end mass.

Shu and Lien38 calculated the energy conversion efficiency

under steady state condition for a rectified piezoelectric power

harvester. They found that optimization criteria depend upon the

relative strength of the electromechanical coupling.

Marzencki et al.39 proposed a passive, wideband adaptive

system by employing mechanical nonlinear strain stiffening. They

reported experimentally verified frequency adaptability of over

36% for a clampedclamped beam device at 2 g input acceleration.

They claimed that the proposed solution was perfectly suited for

autonomous industrial machinery surveillance systems, where high

amplitude vibrations are abundant.

Dietl et al.40 proposed a Timoshenko model of transverse

piezoelectric beam to overcome the over predicted parameter values

in EulerBernoulli beam models. They reported the exact

expressions for the voltage, current, power, and tip deflection of the

piezoelectric beam. They also optimized the shapes of beam for

harvesting power using heuristic optimization code and the

attributes of this optimal beam was validated with the experimental

results.41

Gammaitoni et al.42modeled piezoelectric harvesting oscillator

dynamics with nonlinear stochastic differential equation andhighlighted the benefit of noise and non-linearity.

Fig. 6 Model of a vibrating structure including a piezoelectric

element26

Fig. 7 Curved PZT unimorph excited in d31-mode by a normal

distributed force27


5/13


Gao et al.43analyzed a piezoelectric unimorph cantilever with

unequal piezoelectric and nonpiezoelectric lengths for vibration

energy harvesting theoretically. They found that for a fixed

vibration frequency, the maximum open circuit induced voltage

occurred when nonpiezoelectric-to-piezoelectric length ratio is

greater than unity while the maximum power occurred when

nonpiezoelectric-to-piezoelectric length ratio is unity.

Knight et al.44 presented a guideline to extract an optimal

energy harvesting for interdigitated piezoelectric MEMS unimorph

cantilever beams. They showed that poling behavior was the key

factor to investigate the real losses associated with non-uniform

poling. A parametric study in terms of electrode patterns,

piezoelectric layer dimensions, and electrode dimensions was

carried out to examine their effect on the percent poling factor.

They proposed design guidelines to help ensure that piezoelectric

MEMS devices are developed to obtain optimum energy harvesting

or tuning performance.

Ly et al.45developed a piezoelectric cantilever bending model

of 31-effect under the assumption of the EulerBernoulli BeamTheory. The equations of motion for the global system were

established by using Hamiltons principle and solved by using the

modal decomposition method. They provided the mathematical

model to enhance the conversion of mechanical energy into

electrical energy by using direct piezoelectric effect. They showed

that second mode of resonant frequency provided the voltage and

the bandwidth much larger than the first mode.

Richards et al.46 emphasized on the efficiency of power

conversion and developed a formula to predict the power

conversion efficiency of different piezo generators.

2.6 Single crystal

Erturk et al.47analyzed single crystal piezoelectric ceramic lead

magnesium niobatelead zirconate titanate (PMN-PZT) power

generation and shunt damping performance with the help of

experiment and validated the results analytically.

Karami et al.48examined different configuration of three types

of piezoelectrics (single crystal PMN-PZT, polycrystalline PZT-5A,

and PZT-5H-type monolithic ceramics) in a unimorph cantilevered

beam to find the best design configuration for lightweight energy

harvesting devices for low-power applications. They concluded that

single-crystal energy harvesters produced superior power compared

with polycrystalline devices.

Rakbamrung et al.49 attempted performance comparison

between two common piezoelectric compositions, PZT + 1 mol%

Mn and PMN25PT, obtained from sintering piezoelectric powders.

The PMNPT showed higher coupling coefficient than the PZT-

based sample, making such a composition a better choice for energy

harvesting purposes at a first glance. Although PMNPT-based

harvester effectively allowed harvesting approximately twice the

power of PZT-based device when using a classical electrical

interface, the use of a nonlinear approach for enhancing the

conversion abilities of piezoelectric elements dramatically reduced

the difference between the considered micro-generators.Bedekar et al.50fabricated piezoelectric bimorph samples using

conventional piezoceramic processing methods corresponding to

high energy density piezoelectric composition 0.9Pb(Zr0.56Ti0.44)O30.1Pb[(Zn0.8/3 Ni0.2/3)Nb2/3]O3 + 2 mol% MnO2

(PZTZNN) and 0.8[Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3]0.2[Pb(Zn1/3 Nb2/3)O3]

(PZTPZN). They concluded that power harvesting largely depended

upon piezoelectric strain constant and the piezoelectric voltage

constant.

Ren et al.51 presented a multilayer structure used as the

resonance-based vibration energy-harvesting device based on

0.71Pb(Mg13Nb23)O30.29PbTiO3(PMN-PT) single crystal. They

found a high output power of 4.94 mW and a corresponding peak

voltage of 3.14 V measured at 1.4 kHz which highlighted the

potential of the material for energy harvesting.

Moon et al.52 presented the piezoelectric energy harvesting

performance of a Zr-doped PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PZT)

single crystal beam. The energy harvesting capability of a PMN-

PZT beam cantilever structure under a state of vibration was

calculated and compared with experimental result of frequency

response of cantilever device.

2.7 New materials

Jeong et al.53 investigated piezoelectric ceramics with

microstructure texture experimentally prepared by tape casting of

slurries containing a template SrTiO3 (STO), under external

mechanical stress. They concluded that STO-added specimens

showed excellent power over the STO-free specimen when a high

stress was applied to the specimen.

Elfrink et al.54 analyzed aluminum nitride (AlN) as a

piezoelectric material for piezoelectric energy harvesters because of

their high resulting voltage level. They reported a maximum output

power of 60 W for an unpackaged device at an acceleration of 2.0

g and at a resonance frequency of 572 Hz.

Tien and Goo55analyzed a piezocomposite composed of layers

of carbon/epoxy, PZT ceramic and glass/epoxy to harvest energy

(Fig. 8). They reported that piezocomposite have potential to

harvest energy subjected to vibration after numerical andexperimental validation.

Fig. 8 Geometry and position of the neutral axis of PCGE-A55


6/13


2.8 Others

Fang et al.56 proposed micro piezoelectric power generator

containing a composite cantilever with nickel metal mass. They

fabricated the proposed device by RIE dry etching, wet chemical

etching and UV-LIGA. The proposed generator produced about

0.89V AC peakpeak voltage output to overcome germanium diode

rectifier toward energy storage, and its power output was in

microwatt level of 2.16 mW.

Twiefel et al.57 investigated the piezoelectric flexural

transducers for harvesting power experimentally. They employed

working frequency and electrical load as boundary conditions for

the development of the generator in analytical model.

Isarakorn et al.58 focused on the fabrication and evaluation of

vibration energy harvesting devices by utilizing an epitaxial PZT

thin film. The experimentally investigation and analytical

calculations were compared and the epitaxial PZT harvester

exhibited high power and current with usable voltage. These results

indicated the potential of epitaxial PZT thin films for the

improvement of the performances of energy harvesting devices.In summary, many configurations of energy harvesting devices

made with piezoceramics have been developed to improve the

efficiency and power generation. Modeling of the piezoceramic

energy harvesting devices is well established. Single crystal

piezoelectric materials are promising for energy harvesting since it

has high coupling coefficients.

3. Energy harvesting with piezopolymers

Mateu and Moll59 analyzed several bending beam structures

using piezo films suitable for shoe inserts and walking-type

excitation, and obtained the resulting strain for each type in

function of geometrical parameters and material properties. By

comparing the energy harvested, the optimum configuration can be

determined. They developed piezoelectric film inserts inside a shoe

based on their first work (Fig. 9).60 In this paper, they analyzed

different factors, such as piezoelectric type, magnitude of excitation,

required energy and voltage, and magnitude of the capacitor, to find

an appropriate choice of storage capacitor and voltage intervals.

Farinholt et al.61developed a novel energy harvesting backpack

that can generate electrical energy from the differential forces

between the wearer and the backpack by using PVDF (Fig. 10).

They also proposed an energy harvesting comparison of PVDF and

the ionically conductive ionic polymer transducer to examine the

effectiveness of electro-mechanical conversion properties.62

Analytical models using spring-mass-damper for each material

assuming axial loading and simulation results were compared with

experimental results.

Kuwano et al.63 used AlN thin films on Si substrates with

diverse bottom electrode materials of Pt/Ti, Au/Cr, Al, and Ti to

fabricate microgenerators by the micromachining process for

converting environmental vibration energy into electric energy (Fig.

11). They also studied the effect of the air damping on the vibrationof energy harvesting PVDF generators in three measurement

conditions.64 They found that the output power of generators

unpackaged in vacuum was almost twice that of generators

packaged in air at 0.5g acceleration. And also with the increase

in vibration acceleration, the output power of generators

unpackaged in vacuum rapidly increased in a quadratic

relationship with the acceleration at low acceleration level, and then

the increasing ratio decreased at high acceleration.

Lallart et al.65 evaluated the energy scavenging abilities of

electrostrictive terpolymer composite filled with 1 vol% carbon

black poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene

chlorofluoroethylene). They also demonstrated that the carbon-

filled terpolymer outperformed other investigated compositions,

exhibiting a figure of merit as high as 2000 times higher than purepolyurethane. They extended their work to the ac-dc conversion for

Fig. 9 A piezoelectric film-based power generator60

Fig. 10 Schematic of the backpack with piezoelectric straps61

Fig. 11 (a) Schematic view, (b) general FE-SEM image, and (c)

lateral FE-SEM image of A1N microgenerator63


7/13


energy harvesting using electrostrictive polymer P(VDF-TrFE-

CFE) to make the practical application of such material for self-

powerd devices more realistic.66Their theoretical and experimental

analysis showed that an energy harvesting module with ac-to-dc

conversion using a bias electric field of 10V/m and a transverse

strain of 0.2% is much more efficient than most of piezo-based

harvesters.

Shah et al.67

compared micropower obtained by harvestinggenerators using piezoelectric ceramic (PZT), PVDF

(polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane and PP (polypropylene) foam

polymer. They also evaluated the voltage response of ceramic based

piezoelectric fiber composite structures (PFCs) and polymer based

piezoelectric strips, PVDF, when subjected to various wind speeds

and water droplets in order to investigate the possibility of energy

generation from these two natural renewable energy sources for

utilization in low power electronic devices.68 They showed that

piezoelectric polymer materials can generate higher voltage/power

than ceramic based piezoelectric materials and it was possible to

produce energy from renewable sources such as rain drops andwind by using piezoelectric polymer materials.

Sohn et al.69 adopted FEM to evaluate the power harvesting

capacity of piezofilm that were under the action of a blood pressure

and analyzed theoretically for square and circular configuration.

Hu et al.70 proposed a corrugated PVDF bimorph power

harvester with the harvesting structure fixed at the two edges in the

corrugation direction and free at the other edges. In order to keep

the harvester operating at the optimal state, they adjusted the

resonant frequency by changing the geometrical configuration or

the span length. They reported that the adaptability of a harvester to

the operating system could be improved greatly by designing the

harvesting structure with adjustable resonant.

Liu71 presented an active energy harvesting approach which

used switch-mode power electronics to control the voltage and/or

charge on a piezoelectric device relative to the mechanical input for

optimized energy conversion. In these experiments, the active

energy harvesting approach increased the harvested energy by a

factor of five for the same mechanical displacement compared to an

optimized diode rectifier-based circuit.

Chang et al.72 used near-field electrospinnings to direct-write

PVDF nanofibers with in situ mechanical stretch and electrical

poling characteristics to produce piezoelectric properties (Fig. 12).

They found that under mechanical stretching, nanogeneratorsshowed repeatable and consistent electrical outputs with energy

conversion efficiency, an order of magnitude higher than those

made of PVDF thin films.

Hansen et al.73 developed hybrid energy scavenging device

consisted of a piezoelectric PVDF nanofiber generator for

harvesting biomechanical and biochemical energy. They found that

two type of energy harvesting worked simultaneously or

individually, thereby boosting output and life time.

Miyabuchi et al.74 modeled the piezoelectric vibration energy

harvester and found that the figure of merit was proportional to the

square of the effective transverse piezoelectric coefficient e31. Theymeasured e31coefficient by using the substrate bending method and

found that it increased with increasing strain, which was favorable

for vibration energy harvesting.

Chang75modeled and analyzed Piezo-elastica energy harvester

in computer hard disk drives. Numerical finite element simulations

and laboratory measurements showed that about 25% of the power

consumed by disk drives voice coil motor could be harvested by

the proposed design. He suggested the possibility of scavenging and

converting flex cables mechanical vibrations and dynamics into

electrical form for power conservation inside computer hard disk

drives.

Liu et al.76proposed a miniature energy harvesting device for

medical microrobot devised working in blood vessel, specifically

focusing on fabrication of co-axial nanofibers as converting

components from a high efficient piezoelectric material PVDF.

Oh77 demonstrated an experimental investigation of a tree-

shaped wind power system using piezoelectric material (Fig. 13).

PVDF was used to make the leaf element, whereas PZT was applied

to the trunk portion of the tree requiring rather strong winds to

generate any power.

Koyama and Nakamura

78

studied electric power generationusing vibration of a polyurea thin film. The conversion efficiency

Fig. 12 Energy conversion efficiency of a piezoelectric PVDF

nanogenerator72

Fig. 13 A prototype tree-shaped wind power system77


8/13


from mechanical to electrical energy was calculated by using finite

element analysis of the cantilever configuration. Higher conversion

efficiency was obtained using a thinner and shorter cantilever

configuration with increased resonance frequency.

Li79proposed a bioinspired piezo-leaf architecture which was in

dangling cross-flow stalk that converted wind energy into electricalenergy by wind-induced fluttering motion (Fig. 14). This kind of

architecture amplified the vibration by an order of magnitude

compared with conventional flow- parallel fluttering devices.

Akaydin et al.80 investigated flexible piezoelectric cantilever

beams placed inside turbulent boundary layers and wakes of

circular cylinders at high Reynolds numbers and developed three-

way coupled interaction simulation to validate the experimental

results (Fig. 15).

In summary, the use of piezopolymers for vibrational energy

harvesting is advantageous since piezopolymers are ductile,

resilient to shock, deformable and lightweight. The applications of

piezopolymer based energy harvesters for wind, backpack and

flower demonstrate its possibility in real life. Recently developed

piezopaper based on cellulose may be another possibility for energy

harvesting.81,82

4. Energy harvesting circuit

The optimized method of vibrational energy harvesting with

piezoelectric materials is very essential to develop a scavenging

energy device. In nature, vibrational piezoelectric energy harvesting

devices is based on the induced power from mechanical vibrationswith varying amplitude, resulting induce output voltage with

alternating current (AC) from the piezoelectric elements. Early

attempt to utilize the piezoelectric energy harvester, power

production must be designed with a rectifier. Many different

rectifiers have been suggested and studied: e.g. vacuum tube diodes,

mercury arc valves, silicon based switches and solid state diodes.

However, the simplest way to rectify the alternating input is to

connect the piezoelectric harvester with a P-N junction diode whichcan work only in half input wave.83 To obtain full-wave

rectification of vibrating piezoelectric device, a bridge-type with 4

diodes is required. In order to improve power harvesting circuit

efficiency, there are many attempts to modify the rectifying circuit.

Using a buck-boost DC-DC converter which can track the power

generators dependence with acceleration and vibration frequency

of piezoelectric device, the high efficiency of 84% was reported.84

Also, to improve the conversion efficiency of the bridge-type

rectifying circuit, the synchronized charge extraction technique with

inductor was introduced,26 resulting the increase of the harvested

power by factor 4 (Fig. 16).

4.1 Synchronized Switch Harvesting on Inductor

Guyomer et al.85analyzed the real energy flow that lay behind

several energy conversion techniques like parallel Synchronized

Switch Harvesting on Inductor (SSHI) and series SSHI for

piezoelectric vibration energy scavenging and introduced

pyroelectric effect which extracts energy due to temperature

variation (Fig. 17). Minazara et al.86 proposed energy generation

using a mechanically excited unimorph piezoelectric membrane

transducer under dynamic conditions and envisaged a new SSHI to

enhance the power harvested by the piezoelectric transducer up to

1.7 mW which was sufficient to supply a large range of lowconsumption sensors.

(a) Parallel-flow stalk-leaf (b) Cross-flow stalk-leaf

Fig. 14 Motion sketch of two different structures79

Fig. 15 A schematic diagram of the piezoelectric generator in a

flow field and the concept of placing an elastic beam into the

vortex street to induce vibration80

(a)

(b)Fig. 16 (a) Full wave-bridge type rectifying circuit for vibrational

piezoelectric energy harvester, (b) Synchronous charge extraction

circuit with an inductor L and a switch S26


9/13


(a) Example of electromechanical structures

(b) Spring-mass damper model85

Fig. 17 Electromechanical structure and model

4.2 Circuits and storages

Ayers et al.87 conducted experiments on PZT ceramics to

collect electrical energy and summarized governing equations for

piezoelectric. The energy storage using both capacitor and

rechargeable batteries was also investigated and findings were made

for feasibility and efficiency of battery recharging.

Guan and Liao88investigated leakage resistances of the energy

storage devices which are the most dominant factor that influences

the charging or discharging phenomena. They proposed a quick test

method to experimentally study the charge/discharge efficiencies ofthe energy storage devices using super capacitors which were

suitable and more desirable than the rechargeable batteries.

Wickenheiser et al.89investigated the effects of varying degrees

of electromechanical coupling in piezoelectric power harvesting

systems undergoing base excitation on the dynamics of charging a

storage capacitor. They predicted the charging behavior of the

system with nonlinear simulation.

Recently, a rectifier free piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit

has been suggested by Kim et al. (Fig. 18).90The suggested circuit

was a simple and scalable, which could reach 71% of high

conversion efficiency. Very recently, for ultralow input

piezoelectric voltage, Peters et al.91 suggested two stage concept

including passive stage and only one active diode, resulting in

successful rectification of tens of mV with very high efficiency over

90% (Fig. 19). Other approach using a bias-flip rectifier with an

inductor was presented in the range of W, which is greater than

4X power extraction compared to conventional full bridge

rectifier.92

However, due to the fundamental limitation of diode type

rectification, built-in voltage in diode, to minimize the voltage drop

to diminish the rectified output voltage from rectifying circuit in

diode is the critical issue. At room temperature, the built-in voltage

of Si and Ge based P-N junction diodes are about 0.7 V and 0.4 V,93

respectively. Therefore the induced vibrational input must be larger

than built-in voltage of diode to scavenge the vibrational based

piezoelectric input. To minimize the built-in voltage and improve

the efficiency in rectifying circuit, Schottky diode with low turn-on

voltage - e. g. HSMS 2822 (VF=0.34V) and Villard voltage doubler

were suggested.93

The application of piezoelectric materials in energy harvesting

devices contains many parameters which can be optimized to

improve the efficiency such that wireless sensors and electronics

can be self-powered. Development of low power consumedelectronic circuitry is necessary.

5. Summary and outlook

Piezoelectric energy harvesting technologies from vibration

were reviewed in this paper. Principles of piezoelectric energy

harvesting, various types of piezoelectric harvesting devices and

piezoelectric materials were investigated. Vibrational energy

harvesting technology is highlighted as a permanent power source

of portable electronic devices and wireless sensor network.

There have been many novel ideas for vibration-based

piezoelectric energy harvesters. Device ideas in conjunction with

design technology are likely matured. However, real applications of

the vibration-based energy harvesters are still limited. There are

three issues that limit the broad technological impact of the

vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesters. Firstly,

development of high coupling coefficient piezoelectric materials is

essential to improve the performance of piezoelectric energy

harvesters. Once the coupling coefficient is twice increased, then

the energy conversion efficiency can be four times improved. Thus,

the advent of new piezoelectric materials with high coupling

coefficient will bring a new era of piezoelectric energy harvesters.Secondly, the energy harvesters should be able to sustain under

Fig. 18 Rectifier-free piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit90

Fig. 19 Two stage rectifying circuit for ultra low input piezoelectricvoltage91


10/13


harsh vibrations and shocks. Fatigue and crack of the energy

harvesting devices are crucial for real application. Thus,

development of flexible and resilient piezoelectric materials is

necessary. Thirdly, development of efficient electronic circuitry for

energy harvesters is necessary. Since the obtained electrical energy

from vibration is small, rectification and energy storing circuits

should be able to activate in such a low power condition. Vibration

is everywhere, and vibration-based energy harvesters will come to

our real life.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work was supported by the Energy Efficiency & Resources

of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and

Planning (KETEP) grant founded by the Ministry of Knowledge

Economy, Republic of Korea (no. 2010201010094A) and Creative

Research Initiatives (EAPap Actuator) of NRF/MEST.

REFERENCES

1. Sodano, H. A., Inman, D. J. and Park, G. H., A review ofpower harvesting from vibration using piezoelectric

materials, The Shock and Vibration Digest, Vol. 36, No. 3,

pp. 197-205, 2004.

2. Chopra, I., Review of State of Art of Smart Structures andIntegrated Systems, Journal of AIAA, Vol. 40, No. 11, pp.

2145-2187, 2002.

3.

Beeby, S. P., Tudor, M. J. and White, N. M., Energyharvesting vibration sources for Microsystems applications,

Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 17, No. 12, pp.

R175-R195, 2006.

4. Anton, S. R. and Sodano, H. A., A review of powerharvesting using piezoelectric materials (2003-2006), Smart

Materials and Structures, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. R1-R21, 2007.

5. Knight, C., Davidson, J. and Behrens, S., Energy options forwireless sensor nodes, Sensors, Vol. 8, No. 12, pp. 8037-8066,

2008.

6. Saadon, S. and Sidek, O., A review of vibration-basedMEMS piezoelectric energy harvesters, Energy Conversion

and Management, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 500-504, 2011.

7. Kim, H. U., Lee, W. H., Rasika Dias, H. V. and Priya, S.,Piezoelectric microgenerators-current status and challenges,

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and

Frequency Control, Vol. 56, No. 8, pp. 1555-1568, 2009.

8. Zhu, D., Tudor, M. J. and Beeby, S. P., Strategies forincreasing the operating frequency range of vibration energy

harvester: a review, Measurement Science and Technology,

Vol. 21, No. 2, Paper No. 022001, 2010.

9. Priya, S., Advances in energy harvesting using low profilepiezoelectric transducers, Journal of Electroceramics, Vol. 19,

No. 1, pp. 167-184, 2007.

10. Kymissis,J., Kendall, C., Paradiso, J. and Gershenfeld, N.,Parasitic power harvesting in shoes, Second International

Symposium on Wearable Computers, pp. 132-139, 1998.

11. Shenck, N. S. and Paradiso, J. A., Energy scavenging withShoe-mounted piezoelectrics, Micro IEEE, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp.

30-42, 2001.

12. Flynn, A. M. and Sanders, S. R., Fundamental limits onenergy transfer and circuit considerations for piezoelectric

transformers, IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, Vol.

17, No. 1, pp. 8-14, 2002.

13. Elvin, N. G., Elvin, A. A. and Spector, M., A self-poweredmechanical strain energy sensor, Smart Materials and

Structures, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 293-299, 2001.

14. Roundy, S., Wright, P. K. and Rabaey, J., A study of lowlevel vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes,

Computer Communications, Vol. 26, pp. 1131-1144, 2003.

15. Roundy, S. and Wright, P. K., A piezoelectric vibrationbased generator for wireless electronics, Smart Materials and


16. Roundy, S., Leland, E. S., Baker, J., Carleton, E., Reilly, E.,Lai, E., Otis, B., Rabaey, J. M., Wright, P. K. and

Sundararajan, V., Improving power output for vibration-

based energy scavengers, IEEE Pervasive Computing, Vol. 4,

No. 1, pp. 28-36, 2005.

17. Leland, E. S. and Wright, P. K., Resonance tuning ofpiezoelectric vibration energy scavenging generators using

compressive axial preload, Smart Materials and Structures,Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 1413-1420, 2006.

18. Sodano, H. A., Park, G. H., Leo, D. J. and Inman, D. J.,Electric power harvesting using piezoelectric materials,

Center for Intelligent Material Systems and Structures,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2003.

19. Sodano, H. A., Inman, D. J. and Park, G. H., Comparison ofpiezoelectric energy harvesting devices for recharging

batteries, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and


20. Shen, D., Park, J. H., Noh, J. H., Choe, S. Y., Kim, S. H.,Wikle, H. C. and Kim, D. J., Micromachined PZT cantilever

based on SOI structure for low frequency vibration energy

harvesting, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 154, No.

1, pp. 103-108, 2009.

21. Liu, J., Fang, H., Xu, Z., Mao, X., Shen, X., Chen, D., Liao, H.and Cai, B., A MEMS-based piezoelectric power generator

array for vibration energy harvesting, Microelectronics

Journal, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 802-806, 2008.

22. Choi, W. J., Jeon, Y., Jeong, J. H., Sood, R. and Kim, S. G.,Energy harvesting MEMS device based on thin film

piezoelectric Cantilevers, Journal of Electroceramics, Vol. 17,No. 2-4, pp. 543-548, 2006.


11/13


23. Kim, H. W., Priya, S., Uchino, K. and Newnham, R. E.,Piezoelectric energy harvesting under high pre-stressed

cyclic Vibrations, Journal of Electroceramics, Vol. 15, No. 1,

pp. 27-34, 2005.

24. Li, X., Guo, M. and Dong, S., A flex-compressive-modepiezoelectric transducer for mechanical vibration/strain energy

harvesting, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics

and Frequency Control, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 698-703, 2011.

25. Adhikari, S., Friswell, M. I. and Inman, D. J., Piezoelectricenergy harvesting from broadband random vibrations, Smart

Materials and Structures, Vol. 18, No. 11, Paper No. 115005,

2009.

26. Lefeuvre, E., Badel, A., Richard, C., Petit, L. and Guyomar,D., A comparison between several vibration-powered

piezoelectric generators for standalone systems, Sensors and

Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 126, No. 2, pp. 405-416, 2006.

27. Yoon, H. S., Washington, G. and Danak, A., Modeling,optimization, and design of efficient initially curved

piezoceramic unimorphs for energy harvesting applications,

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 16,

No. 10, pp. 877-888, 2005.

28. Yoon, S. H., Lee, Y. H., Lee, S. W. and Lee, C., Energy-harvesting characteristics of PZT-5A under gunfire shock,

Materials Letters, Vol. 62, No. 21-22, pp. 3632-3635, 2008.

29. Chen, Z. G., Hu, Y. T. and Yang, J. S., Piezoelectricgenerator based on torsional modes for power harvesting from

angular vibrations, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Vol.

28, No. 6, pp. 779-784, 2007.

30. Erturk, A. and Inman, D. J., Issues in mathematical modelingof piezoelectric energy harvesters, Smart Materials and

Structures, Vol. 17, No. 6, Paper No. 065016, 2008.

31. Erturk, A. and Inman, D. J., On Mechanical modeling ofcantilevered piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters,


No. 11, pp. 1311-1325, 2008.

32. Erturk, A. and Inman, D. J., An experimentally validatedbimorph cantilever model for piezoelectric energy harvesting

from base excitations, Smart Materials and Structures, Vol.

18, No. 2, Paper No. 025009, 2009.

33. Marqui Junior, C. D., Erturk, A. and Inman, D. J., Anelectromechanical finite element model for piezoelectric

energy harvester plates, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.

327, No. 1-2, pp. 9-25, 2009.

34. Renno, J. M., Daqaq, M. F. and Inman, D. J., On the optimalenergy harvesting from a vibration source, Journal of Sound

and Vibration, Vol. 320, No. 1-2, pp. 386-405, 2009.

35. Poulin, G., Sarraute, E. and Costa, F., Generation ofelectrical energy for portable devices comparative study of an

electromagnetic and a piezoelectric system, Sensors andActuatorsA: Physical, Vol. 116, No. 3, pp. 461-471, 2004.

36. Ajitsaria, J., Choe, S. Y., Shen, D. and Kim, D. J., Modelingand analysis of a bimorph piezoelectric cantilever beam for

voltage generation, Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 16,

No. 2, pp. 447-454, 2007.

37. Hu, Y. T., Hu, T. and Jiang, Q., Coupled analysis for theharvesting Structure and the modulating circuit in a

piezoelectric bimorph energy harvester, Acta Mechanica

Solida Sinica, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 296-308, 2007.

38. Shu, Y. C. and Lien, I. C., Efficiency of energy conversionfor a piezoelectric power harvesting system, Journal of

Micromechanics and MicroEngineering, Vol. 16, No. 11, pp.

2429-2438, 2006.

39. Marzencki, M., Defosseux, M. and Basrour, S., MEMSvibration energy harvesting devices with passive resonance

frequency adaptation capability, Journal of

Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 1444-

1453, 2009.

40. Dietl, J. M., Wickenheiser, A. M. and Garcia, E., ATimoshenko beam model for cantilevered piezoelectric energy

harvesters, Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 19, No. 5,

Paper No. 055018, 2010.

41. Dietl, J. M. and Garcia, E., Beam shape optimization forpower harvesting, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems

and Structures, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 633-646, 2010.

42. Gammaitoni, L., Neri, I. and Vocca, H., The benefits of noiseand nonlinearity: Extracting energy from random vibrations,

Chemical Physics, Vol. 375, No. 1-2, pp. 435-438, 2010.

43. Gao, X. T., Shi, W. H. and Shi, W. Y., Vibration energyharvesting using piezoelectric unimorph cantilevers withunequal piezoelectric and nonpiezoelectric lengths, Applied

Physics Letters, Vol. 97, No. 23, Paper No. 233503, 2010.

44. Knight, R. R., Mo, C. and Clark, W. W., MEMSinterdigitated electrode pattern optimization for a unimorph

piezoelectric beam, Journal of Electroceramic, Vol. 26, No.

1-4, pp. 14-22, 2011.

45. Ly, R., Rguiti, M., DAstorg, S., Hajjaji, A., Courtois, C. andLeriche, A., Modeling and characterization of piezoelectric

cantilever bending sensor for energy harvesting, Sensors and

Actuators, Vol. 168, No. 1, pp. 95-100, 2011.

46. Richards, C. D., Anderson, M. J., Bahr, D. F. and Richards, R.F., Efficiency of energy conversion for devices containing a

piezoelectric component, Journal of Micromechanics and

MicroEngineering, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 717-721, 2004.

47. Erturk, A., Bilgen, O. and Inman, D. J., Power generationand shunt damping performance of a single crystal lead

magnesium niobate-lead zirconate titanate unimorph: Analysis

and experiment, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, No. 22,

Paper No. 224102, 2008.

48. Karami, M. A., Bilgen, O., Inman, D. J. and Friswell, M. I.,Experimental and analytical parametric study of single-


12/13


crystal unimorph beams for vibration energy harvesting,

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and


49. Rakbamrunga, P., Lallart, M., Guyomar, D., Muensita, N.,Thanachayanont, C., Lucatd, C., Guiffard, B., Petit, L. and

Sukwisuta, P., Performance comparison of PZT and PMN

PT piezoceramics for vibration energy harvesting using

standard or nonlinear approach, Sensors and Actuators, Vol.

163, No. 2, pp. 493-500, 2010.

50. Bedekar, V., Oliver, J. and Priya, S., Design and fabricationof bimorph transducer for optimal vibration energy

harvesting, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics,

and Frequency Control, Vol. 57, No. 7, pp. 1513-1523, 2010.

51. Ren, B., Zhang, Y. Y., Zhang, Q. H., Li, X. B., Di, W. N.,Zhao, X. Y., Luo, H. S. and Wing, S., Energy harvesting

using multilayer structure based on 0.71Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3

0.29PbTiO3 single crystal, Applied Physics Material Science

and Processing, Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 125-128, 2010.

52. Moon, S. M., Lee, S. Q., Lee, S. K., Lee, Y. G., Yang, Y. S.,Park, K. H. and Kim, J. D., Sustainable vibration energy

harvesting based on Zr-doped PMN-PT piezoelectric single

crystal cantilevers, ETRI Journal, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 688-

694, 2009.

53. Jeong, S. J., Lee, D. S., Kim, M. S., Im, D. H., Kim, I. S. andCho, K. H., Properties of piezoelectric ceramic with textured

structure for energy harvesting, Ceramic International,

doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.05.014,2011.54. Elfrink, R., Kamel, T. M., Goedbloed, M., Matova, S.,

Hohlfeld, D., Andel, Y. V. and Schaijk, R. V., Vibration

energy harvesting with aluminum nitride-based piezoelectric

devices, Journal of Micromechanics and MicroEngineering,

Vol. 19, No. 9, Paper No. 094005, 2009.

55. Tien, C. M. T. and Goo, N. S., Use of a piezocompositegenerating element in energy harvesting, Journal of

Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 21, No. 14,

pp. 1427-1436, 2010.

56. Fang, H. B., Liu, J. Q., Xu, Z. Y., Dong, L., Wang, L., Chen,D., Cai, B. C. and Liu, Y., Fabrication and performance of

MEMS-based piezoelectric power generator for vibration

energy harvesting, Microelectronics Journal, Vol. 37, No. 11,

pp. 1280-1284, 2006.

57. Twiefel, J., Richter, B., Sattel, T. and Wallaschek, J., Poweroutput estimation and experimental validation for

piezoelectric energy harvesting systems, Journal of

Electroceramic, Vol. 20, No. 3-4, pp. 203-208, 2008.

58. Isarakorn, D., Briand, D., Huang, P. J., Sambri, A., Gariglio,S., Triscone, J. M., Guy, F., Reiner, J. W., Ahn, C. H. and

Rooij, N. F. de., The realization and performance of vibration

energy harvesting MEMS devices based on an epitaxial

piezoelectric thin film, Smart Materials and Structures, Vol.20, No. 2, Paper No. 025015, 2011.

59. Mateu, L. and Moll, F., Optimum piezoelectric bendingbeam structures for energy harvesting using shoe inserts,Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures,Vol.16, No. 10, pp. 835-845, 2005.

60. Mateu, L. and Moll, F., Appropriate charge control of thestorage capacitor in a piezoelectric energy harvesting device

for discontinuous load operation, Sensors and Actuators, Vol.

132, No. 1, pp. 302-310, 2006.

61. Granstrom, J., Feenstra, J., Sodano, H. A. and Farinholt, K.,Energy harvesting from a backpack instrumented with

piezoelectric shoulder straps, Smart Materials and Structures,

Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 1810-1820, 2007.

62. Farinholt, K. M., Pedrazas, N. A., Schluneker, D. M., Burt, D.W. and Farrar, C. R., An energy harvesting comparison of

piezoelectric and ionically conductive polymers, Journal of

Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp.

633-642, 2009.

63. Zhang, J. Y., Cao, Z. P. and Kuwano, H., Fabrication of low-residual-stress AlN thin films and their application to

microgenerators for vibration energy harvesting, Japanese

Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 50, No. 9, Paper No.

09ND18, 2011.

64. Cao, Z. P., Zhang, J. Y. and Kuwano, H., Vibration energyharvesting characterization of 1cm2 poly(vinylidene fluoride)

generators in vacuum, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,

Vol. 50, No. 9, Paper No. 09ND15, 2011.

65. Lallart,a, M., Cottinet, P. J., Lebrun, L., Guiffard, B. andGuyomar, D., Evaluation of energy harvesting performance

of electrostrictive polymer and carbon-filled terpolymer

composites, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 108, No. 3,

Paper No. 034901, 2010.

66. Cottinet, P. J., Lallart, M., Guyomar, D., Guiffard, B., Lebrun,L., Sebald, G. and Putson, P., Analysis of ac-dc conversion

for energy harvesting using an electrostrictive polymer

P(VDF-TrFE-CFE, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics,

Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 30-

42, 2011.

67. Patel, I., Siores, E. and Shah, T., Utilisation of smartpolymers and ceramic based piezoelectric materials forscavenging wasted energy, Sensors and Actuators, Vol. 159,

No. 2, pp. 213-218, 2010.

68. Vatansever, D., Hadimani, R. L., Shah, T. and Siores, E., Aninvestigation of energy harvesting from renewable sources

with PVDF and PZT, Smart Materials and Structures, Vol.

20, No. 5, Paper No. 055019, 2011.

69. Sohn, J. W., Choi, S. B. and Lee, D. Y., An investigation onpiezoelectric energy harvesting for MEMS power sources,

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 219, pp.

429-436, 2003.

70. Hu, H. P., Zhao, C., Feng, S. Y., Hu, Y. T. and Chen, C. Y.,


13/13


Adjusting the resonant frequency of a PVDF bimorph power

harvester through a corrugation-shaped harvesting structure,

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and


71. Liu, Y. M., Tian, G., Wang, Y., Lin, J. H., Zhang, Q. M. andHofmann, H. F., Active Piezoelectric energy harvesting:

general principle and experimental demonstration, Journal of

Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp.

575-585, 2009.

72. Chang, C., Tran, V. H., Wang, J. B., Fuh, Y. K. and Lin, L.W., Direct-write piezoelectric polymeric nanogenerator with

high energy conversion efficiency, Nano Letters, Vol. 10, No.

2, pp. 726-731, 2010.

73. Hansen, B. J., Liu, Y., Yang, R. and Wang, Z. L., Hybridnanogenerator for concurrently harvesting biomechanical and

biochemical energy, American Chemical Society, Vol. 4, No.

7, pp. 3647-3652, 2010.

74. Miyabuchi, H., Yoshimura, T. and Fujimura, N., Directpiezoelectricity of PZT films and application to vibration

energy harvesting, Journal of the Korean Physical Society,

Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 2524-2527, 2011.

75. Chang, J. Y., Modeling and analysis of piezo-elastica energyharvester in computer hard disk drives, IEEE Transactions on

Magnetics, Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 1862-1867, 2011.

76. Liu, W. T., Cheng, X. Y., Fu, X., Stefanini, C. and Dario, P.,Preliminary study on development of PVDF nanofiber based

energy harvesting device for an artery microrobot,

Microelectronic Engineering, Vol. 88, No. 8, pp. 2251-2254,

2011.

77. Oh, S. J., Han, H. J., Han, S. B., Lee, J. Y. and Chun, W. G.,Development of a tree-shaped wind power system using

piezoelectric materials, International Journal of Energy

Research, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 431-437, 2010.

78. Koyama, D. and Nakamura, K., Electric power generationusing vibration of a polyurea piezoelectric thin film, Applied

Acoustics, Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 439-445, 2010.

79. Li, S. G., Yuan, J. P. and Lipson, H., Ambient wind energyharvesting using cross-flow fluttering, Journal of Applied

Physics, Vol. 109, No. 2, Paper No. 026104, 2011.

80. Akaydin, H. D., Elvin, N. and Andreopoulos, Y., Energyharvesting from highly unsteady fluid flows using

piezoelectric materials, Journal of Intelligent Material

Systems and Structures, Vol. 21, No. 13, pp. 1263-1278, 2010.

81. Yun, S., Kim, J. and Lee, K. S., Evaluation of celluloseelectro-active paper made by tape casting and zone stretching

methods, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 987-

990, 2009.

82. Kim, J., Lee, H. and Kim, H. S., Beam vibration controlusing cellulose-based Electro-Active Paper sensor, Int. J.Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 823-827, 2010.

83. Dimitrijev, S., Principle of semiconductor devices, OxfordUniversity Press, New York, p. 190, 2006.

84. Lefeuver, E., Audigier, D., Richard, C. and Guyomar, D.,Buck-boost converter for sensorless power optimization of

piezoelectric energy harvester, IEEE Transaction on Power

Electronics, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 2018-2025, 2007.

85. Guyomar, D., Sebald, G., Pruvost, B., Lallart, M., Khodayari,A. and Richard, C., Energy harvesting from ambient

vibrations and heat, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems

and Structures, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 609-624, 2009.

86. Minazara, E., Vasic, D., Costa, F. and Poulin, G.,Piezoelectric diaphragm for vibration energy harvesting,

Ultrasonics, Vol. 44, Suppl. 1, pp. e699-e703, 2006.

87. Ayersa, J. P., Greve, D. W. and Oppenheimc, I. J., EnergyScavenging for sensor applications using structural strains,

Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 5057, pp. 364-375, 2003.

88. Guan, M. J. and Liao, W. H., Characteristics of energystorage devices in piezoelectric energy harvesting systems,


No. 6, pp. 671-680, 2008.

89. Wickenheiser, A. M., Reissman, T., Wu, W. J. and Garcia, E.,Modeling the effects of electromechanical coupling on

energy storage through piezoelectric energy harvesting,

IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, Vol. 15, No. 3,

pp. 400-411, 2010.

90. Kwon, D. and Rincon-Mora, G. A., A rectifier-freepiezoelectric energy harvester circuit, IEEE International

Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 1085-1088,2009.

91. Peters, C., Handwerker, J., Maurath, D. and Manoli, Y., Asub-500 mV highly efficient active rectifier for energy

harvesting applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and

Systems, Vol. 58, No. 7, pp. 1542-1550, 2011.

92. Ramedass, Y. K. and Chandrakasan, A. P., An efficientpiezoelectric energy harvesting interface circuit using a bias-

flip rectifier and shared inductor, IEEE Journal of Solid-State

Circuits, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 189-204, 2010.

93. Salter, T. S., Metze, G. and Goldsman, N., Improved RFpower harvesting circuit design, Proc. of International

Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), pp. 1-

2, 2007.

Piezo Harvesting Review

Documents

Transcript of Piezo Harvesting Review