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Wiavgrsatktgk Hkhg-Hlfyka Mfuc-IkplmkMgitruf jg Elr`krg Mlitaiua iv`it fk

Jastki

Ekmuftktgk jg Husaigss]pgmakfazkrgk3 Kj`aiastrkrgk Kekmgraflr

]W_LXZ JG MWX]

_AGG EAIKIMAKXG AUKFWZKXG

AIZGXIKALIKFG

KIWF AAA]g`gstruf ;

Mfuc-Ikplmk8??4

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_agg eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg aitgrikalikfg

Aielr`kaa bgigrkfg

Jktg jg ajgitaeamkrg k mursufuaJktg jg mlitkmt tatufkr murs Jktg jg ajgitaeamkrg murs a mlitkmttutlra

Iu`g3 _rle.jr. Mlrigfak _lpHarlu3 Ekmuftktgk jg Husaigss,]tr.Dlrgk ir.2, mk`.8;8Zgfgeli3 ?85:-711;2?Ekx3 ?85: 71?;;?G-`kaf3 mplpOths.uhhmfuc.rlMlisuftkaa3 vaigra ;8.?? ;7.??>rspuis fk itghrafg kjrgsktg prai g-

`kaf `kx.:4 jg lrg

Jgiu`arg murs3 _agg eaikimakrg avkfutkrg aitgrikalikfg

Mlj3 AKK8884Ki AA]g`gstruf3 :Zap murs3 lhfabktlrau_kbaik wgh3 www.ths.uhhmfuc.rlZutlra3

_rle.jr. Mlrigfak _lp,mplpOths.uhhmfuc.rl_rgp.jr. Mrastaik Muruau,mrastaik.murutauOths.uhhmfuc.rl

Jgsmragrgk mursufua

Mursuf sg kjrgsgkzmgflr mkrg jlrgsm smuilksm`ka `uftg aielr`kaa fgbktg jg

ui jl`giau ktt jg jgzhtut i Xl`iak, a kiu`g3 pakk eaikimakr.

Mursuf prgzait, i pra`uf rij, mtgvk gfg`gitg bgigrkfg fgbktg jg paggfg

eaikimakrg a vkfutkrgaitgrikalikfg (jgeaiaaa, euimaa a strumturk kmgstlrk), jkr a

aielr`kaa fgbktg jg jaegratg tapura jg pagg gxastgitg, mu` kr ea3 pakk `ligtkr,paggfg pgitru lhfabkauia / kmauia, mgfg pgitru tatfura apltgmkrg, paggfg vkfutkrg a

paggfg pgitru jgravktg eaikimakrg. Jg ksg`gigk, suit prgzgitktg elr`gfg, rgspgmtav

mlijaaafg jg lpgrkrg gxastgitg pg kmgstg pagg. i ufta`k pkrtg sg vk puig kmmgituf

pg pkrtgk jg aitgrikalikfazkrg k paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg, eaaij prgzgitkt

prlmgsuf jg bflhkfazkrg a aiefugik kmgstuak ksuprk paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg,

jkr a prlmgsuf jg aitgbrkrg k paggflr eaikimakrg jai Gurlpk. Jg ksg`gigk, mursuf

prgzait pg fib aielr`kaa bgigrkfg a pkrtamufktata fgbktg jg paggfg jai

Xl`iak.

Mursuf ur`rgtg sjgzvlftg3

- igfgbgrgk a muilktgrgk mlimgptgflr a k tgr`giaflr spgmaeama paggflreaikimakrg a vkfutkrg>

- igfgbgrgk `ljufua jg euimalikrg k paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg>- Muilktgrgk a ajgitaeamkrgk mlrgmt k aistru`gitgflr eaikimakrg spgmaeamg

strumturaflr jg pakprgzgitktg>- Mkpkmatktgk jg k sgfgmtk pakk jlrati euimag jg smlpuf ur`rat.

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Jup pkrmurbgrgk kmgstga jasmapfaig stujgiaa vlr jlhija ur`tlkrgfg

ml`pgtgig3

Mkpkmatktgk jg k jaegrgiak javgrsgfg tapura jg pagg gxastgitg

Mkpkmatktgk jg k ajgitaeamk `ljkfatktgk jg euimalikrg k eagmrgapagg i pkrtg a fgbasfkak mlrgsuiztlkrg>

Khafatktgk jg k putgk ekmg l ml`pkrkag itrg paggfg jai Xl`iak a

mgfg aitgrikalikfg

Lrbkiazkrgk tg`gflr i mkjruf mursufuaZg`gfg khlrjktg i mkjruf kmgstua murs suit strumturktg kstegf imt s pgr`at

ktaibgrgk praimapkfgflr lhagmtavg prgzgitktg i jgsmragrgk mursufua. ]g plrigtg jg

fk mtgvk gfg`gitg bgigrkfg fgbktg jg paggfg eaikimakrg a vkfutkrgaitgrikalikfg,

sg mlitaiumu prgzgitkrgk tapuraflr jg pagg gxastgitg, mu elr`gfg a mlijaaafg jglpgrkrg gxastgitg pgitru eagmkrg jaitrg kmgstgk, akr i eaikf suit prgzgitktg

aielr`kaa fgbktg jg aitgrikalikfazkrgk paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg. _krmurbgrgk

mliaiutufua jasmapfaiga mlijumg fk ktaibgrgk ur`tlkrgflr lhagmtavg3

aitrljumgrgk ilauiaflr jg hkzspgmaeamg paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrgfk iavgf aitgrikalikf>

prgzgitkrgk praimapkfgflr trstura kfg paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg fkiavgf aitgrikalikf, prgmu` a k rlfufua a euimaaflr kmgstlrk>

prgzgitkrgk pkrtamufkrataflr pagga eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg jai Xl`iaki mlitgxtuf kjgrraa fk Wiauigk Gurlpgki, prgmu` a aitgbrkrgkkmgstlr pagg i mlitgxt aitgrikalikf.

Jktlratjaik`amaa aielr`kalikfg jai jl`giauf paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg, i

eagmkrg ki sursgfg jg aielr`krg sg vlr `ljaeamk i mlielr`atktg mu ufta`gfg

gvlfuaa i jl`giau a vlr ea ml`uiamktg i ta`p utaf pg pfktelr`. Jg ksg`gigk,

sursgfg jg aielr`ktg vlr ea jaspliahafg a pg MJ-uf mkrg vk mliaig `ktgrakfgfg

kegrgitg kmgstua murs.

L jgtkfagrg k tg`gflr sg bsgtg i mkfgijkruf mursufua.

Elr`ktuf a tapuf kmtavataflr a`pfamktg

Mursuf gstg bijat mk uiuf aitgrkmtav> stujgiaa plt s tra`at ml`gitkraafg mu

pravarg fk tg`gfg khlrjktg a/ sku plt sml`pfgtgzg aielr`kaafg euriazktg mu ila

aielr`kaa fk mkrg ku kmmgs.

Jg ksg`gigk, mursuf sg hkzgkz a pg kmmgskrgk satg-uraflr leamakfg kfg

praimapkfgflr pagg jg trkizkmalikrg, prgmu` a k rgvastgflr spgmakfazktg jai prgsk

aitgrikalikf a ikalikf jg spgmakfatktg, prgmu` a krtamlfg jg tap rgsgkrmd

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:

euriazktg jg mkjruf jajkmtam, kstegf imt stujgiaa s sg ek`afakrazgzg mu mggk mg

gxastpg pfki aitgrikalikf. _gitru kmgkstk, kmtavatktgk aijavajukfjgseurktjg

eagmkrg stujgit gstg gxtrg` jg a`plrtkit.

_g jurktk kmgstua murs stujgiaa vlr kvgk 8 gsgura pg pkrmursuf sg`gstrufua mu

ur`tlkrgfg tg`g3 Kmauia a Aijamktlra hursagra (kmgstg 8 gsgura prgzait =?%jai iltk eaikf).

Zgr`giuf jg prgjkrg pgitru mgfg jlu gsgura3 4 ilag`hrag, rgspgmtav 5

jgmg`hrag.

]tujgiaa jaspui jg fahgrtktgk jg k-a bgstalik saibura `ljkfatktgk a ta`puf jg

pkrmurbgrg k mursufua. Gstg, is, rgml`kijktpkrmurbgrgk summgsavk `ljufgfg

i lrjaigk aijamkta ijgpfaigrgk skrmaiaflr aijamktg i mkjruf eagmrua `ljuf.

]tujgiaa vlr putgk hgigeamak jg mlisuftkaa ktt fk sgjauf ekmuftaa, i mkjruf lrgflr

prgmazktg kitgralr, prgmu` a prai aitgr`gjauf ml`uiamraa prai g-`kaf.

@ktgrakfg hahfalbrkeamg lhfabktlraa

_raimapkfgfg sursg hahfalbrkeamg suit3

;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,Humurgta

(`lj jg kmmgs3 Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss)8. @kjurk, Cgee (8??;) Eaikimakf @krngts kij Aistatutalis, ]lutd-Rgstgri Mlffgbg _uhfasdaib, gj.7(`lj jg kmmgs3 Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss)=. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,

Gj._rgsk WiavgrsatkrMfucgki(`lj jg kmmgs3 Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss):. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??7) Xgfkaa vkfutkr-eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,

Gj.Zljgsml, Mfuc(`lj jg kmmgs3 Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss)7. _lpk, Alki (;11=,;11:) Hursk, vlf.A a AA, Gj.Kjgvruf, Humurgta(`lj jg kmmgs3 Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss)5. Xlsg, _gtgr ]. (8???) @ligy kij Mkpatkf @krngts, AXRAI/@mBrkw-

Daff, gj.2(`lj jg kmmgs3 Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss)2. ]grak XGWZGX] (8??;) Aitrljumgrg i stujauf paggflr jg tatfura jg

vkflkrg, Gjaturk Gmlil`am, Humurgta(`lj jg kmmgs3 Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss)4. ]grak XGWZGX] (8??;) Aitrljumgrg i stujauf prljusgflr eaikimakrgjgravktg, Gjaturk Gmlil`am, Humurgta(`lj jg kmmgs3 Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss)

Aielr`kaafg mupraisg i kmgstg sursg hahfalbrkeamg jg hkzsuit jgstaiktg ktaibgraa

lhagmtavgflr mursufua. Gfg prgzait `ljuf flbam i mkrg trghuag s ajgitaeamgk

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jaegrgigfg jaitrg tapurafg jg pagg eaikmakrg, aitrljumgrgk ilauiaflr jg hkz

spgmaeamg paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg fk iavgf aitgrikalikf, prgzgitkrgk

praimapkfgflr trstura kfg paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg fk iavgf aitgrikalikf,

prgmu` a k rlfufua a euimaaflr kmgstlrk, prgmu` a k pkrtamufkrataflr pagga

eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg jai Xl`iak i mlitgxtuf kjgrraa fk Wiauigk Gurlpgki,prgmu` a aitgbrkrgk kmgstlr pagg i mlitgxt aitgrikalikf.

@ktgrakfgfg a aistru`gitgfg igmgskrg pgitru murs

Kk mu` krtk` itr-ui pkrkbrke kitgralr, pg fib`ktgrakfgfg pusg fk jasplzaag

pg mj a/ sku i elr`taprat, stujgiaa vlr fumrk `uft mu aielr`kaafg jaspliahafg

(i `lj brktuat) pg Aitgrigt. Jg ksg`gigk, jkmvlr mlisajgrk igmgskr, hahfaltgmk

ekmuftaa fg puig fk jasplzaag l sgrag jg mra jg spgmakfatktg.

Mkfgijkruf mursufua

i jgrufkrgk kmgstga jasmapfaig suit prlbrk`ktg : itfiara (eki ek) mu stujgiaa

`kstgrkiza ismraa, mtg l itfiarg pgitru eagmkrg `ljuf prgvzut.

_gitru mk kmgstg itfiara s jgvai mu kjgvrkt aitgrkmtavg a pgitru k sg putgk

elmkfazk pg kspgmtgfg a`plrtkitg jkr a k jgtkfaaflr igmgskrg, stujgiaflr fa sg

rgml`kij s pkrmurb supurtuf jg murs pus fk jasplzaag fk imgputuf

sg`gstrufua, prgmu` a pkrmurbgrgk mkpatlfgflr mlrgspuiztlkrg tg`gflr

khlrjktg fk eagmkrg itfiarg jai mgf puai uik jaitrg sursgfg hahfalbrkeamg

aijamktg> uftgralr itfiaraa sg rgml`kijrgzlfvkrgk skrmaiaflr aijamktg.

Zg`ktamk mursuraflr prgjktg i mkjruf kmgstga jasmapfaig mupraijg3

Zg`ktamk mursufua3 Jgeaiargk paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg> prgzgitkrgk

praimapkfgflr euimaa kfg kmgstlrk

A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,

Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;=-;28.

_lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj._rgsk WiavgrsatkrMfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.48-1?

=. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??7) Xgfkaa vkfutkr-eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj.Zljgsml, Mfuc, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.28-48

Zg`ktamk mursufua3]trumturk paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg

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A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;4-8=

8. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,

Gj._rgsk WiavgrsatkrMfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.1;-;??

=. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??7) Xgfkaa vkfutkr-eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj.Zljgsml, Mfuc, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.48-45

Zg`ktamk mursufua3_akk `ligtkr

A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;8;-;=;

8.

_lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj._rgsk WiavgrsatkrMfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;?-;5

=. Xkplkrtgfg kiukfg kfg Himaa Ikalikfg k Xl`iaga a Hufgtaigfg fuikrg kfgHimaa Ikalikfg k Xl`iaga, jaspliahafg brktuat pg satg-uf www.hirl.rl

Zg`ktamk mursufua3_akk lhfabkauiaflr

A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,

Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;78-;7=8. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj._rgsk WiavgrsatkrMfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.=8-:4

Zg`ktamk mursufua3 _raimapkfaa pkrtamapkia fk pakk lhfabkauiaflr. Xlfuf

rktaibufua pg pakk lhfabkauiaflr

A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,

Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb. 8;;-8758. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,

Gj._rgsk WiavgrsatkrMfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.:1-71

Zg`ktamk mursufua3_akk kmauiaflr

A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

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Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;:;-;7;> ;57-8;5

8. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj._rgsk WiavgrsatkrMfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;5-

=;

Zg`ktamk mursufua3_raimapkfaa aijamktlra ka kmauiaflr pg l pakhursagr.A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;:;-;7;

8. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj._rgsk WiavgrsatkrMfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;5-=;

Zg`ktamk mursufua3_raimapkfaa pkrtamapkia fk pakk kmauiaflr

A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;:;-;7;

8. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj._rgsk WiavgrsatkrMfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;5-=;

=. ]grak XGWZGX] (8??;) Aitrljumgrg i stujauf paggflr jg tatfura jgvkflkrg, Gjaturk Gmlil`am, Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss,pkb. 88?-85?

Zg`ktamk mursufua3_aggfg vkfutkrg

A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??7) Xgfkaa vkfutkr-eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj.Zljgsml, Mfuc, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;-=1> 48-45

Zg`ktamk mursufua3Zapura jg mltkaa aitfiatg pg paggfg vkfutkrg

A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??7) Xgfkaa vkfutkr-eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj.Zljgsml, Mfuc, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;?7-;8?

Zg`ktamk mursufua3_aggfg pgitru jgravktg eaikimakrg

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A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;7;-;5:

8. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,

Gj._rgsk WiavgrsatkrMfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.52-2;

Zg`ktamk mursufua3Mlitrkmtgfg euturgs, mlitrkmtgfg jg lpauig a mlitrkmtgfgswkpA`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.=7=-=2;

8. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,

Gj._rgsk WiavgrsatkrMfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.28-4;=. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??7) Xgfkaa vkfutkr-eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,

Gj.Zljgsml, Mfuc, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.;8;-;:7

Zg`ktamk mursufua3_rlmgsuf jg bflhkfazkrg a aiefugik kmgstuak ksuprk paggflreaikimakrg a vkfutkrgA`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. Kibdgfkmdg, Bkhragfk (8??:) _akk jg mkpatkf, Gjaturk Gmlil`am,Humurgta, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.82-75> 827-815

8.

_lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj._rgsk Wiavgrsatkr Mfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss,pkb.885-8=7

Zg`ktamk mursufua3]astg`gfg jg trkizkmalikrg kftgriktavg

A`pfamkrgk stujgiaflr3 pkrmurbgrgk rgegraigflr hahfalbrkeamg aijamktg

Xgegraig hahfalbrkeamg3

;. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??=) Zrkizkmaa a pagg eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj._rgsk Wiavgrsatkr Mfucgki, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss,pkb.8?5-887

8.

www.gurligxt.ml`=. www.eaikimakfta`gs.ml`

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_lfatamk jg gvkfukrg a iltkrg

Gvkfukrgk sg vk ekmg pg pkrmursuf sg`gstrufua a fk eaikf prai3

tg`g jg mlitrlf pg pkrmursuf sg`gstrufua mlimrgtazktg i 8 gsgura (=?% jai

iltk eaikf) tgst brafeaikf (2?% jai iltk eaikf)

_gitru eagmkrg elr`jg gxk`aikrg sg vlr kiuik mratgraafg a hkrg`uf jg iltkrg. L

sgrag jg gxg`pfg mkrg skcutg stujgiaa i rgkfazkrgk tg`gflr a prlagmtgflr vlr

ea prgzgitkrg i mkjruf mursufua. Zgr`gigfg fa`at a `ljuf jg gxk`aikrg/

prgzgitkrg suit prgzgitktg i mkfgijkruf jgtkfakt kf jasmapfaiga. Jgpargk

tgr`giufua fa`atkiuikt mlijumg fk igfukrgk i mlisajrgrkrg k fumrraa rgspgmtavg.

_rai tg`gfg jg mlitrlf a prlagmtgfg pg mkrg trghuag sfg itlm`gksm, stujgiaa vlr

jlhija ml`pgtgigfg igmgskrg jg k kpfamk muiltaigfg jlhijatg fk iavgf prkmtam.Xgzuftktgfg lhaiutg fk kmgkst jasmapfai sg vlr ml`uiamk pg pkrmurs, prai

kiuikrgk iltgflr pkrakfg a fk eaikf prai kiuikrgk iltga eaikfg. Kmgkst

ml`uiamkrg sg plktg rgkfazk ktt eki ek, mt a prai keakrgk iltgflr (pg hkzk

iu`rufua `ktramlf) pg pfktelr`k kefktfk jasplzaak stujgiaflr fk kmgkstelr`

jg iv`it. Eagmkrg stujgit plktg slfamatk ui eggjhkmn supfa`gitkr prai

mlitkmtkrgk tatufkrufua jg murs a/ sku k tutlraflr prai aitgr`gjauf kjrgsga jg g-`kaf.

Gfg`gitg jg jgltlflbag kmkjg`am

_rgzgik fk mursura a sg`aikraa iu gstg lhfabktlrag.

_rgzgitkrgk fk gxk`gi iu gstg mlijaalikt jg ui iu`r `aia` jg prgzgig fk

murs sku fk sg`aikr.

Fumrrafg gfkhlrktg jg stujgia trghuag s kah, lhfabktlrau, ui mkrkmtgr jg

lrabaikfatktg. ]g mlisajgr pfkbakt lramg fumrkrg mkrg rgprljumg i prlplrag jg

`aia` :?% aielr`kaa jai kftg sursg igspgmaeamktg. Mlistktkrgk pfkbaktufua jumg fk

kiufkrgk gvkfuraa fumrraa rgspgmtavg, prgmu` a fk kftg skimauia prgvzutg i

rgbufk`gitgfg stujgigta> sg plktg kcuibg pi fk igpra`argk stujgitufua i

sgsauigk jg gxk`gig prlbrk`kt.i mkzuf i mkrg sg utafazgkzerkujk fk gxk`gi, prlmgsuf jg gxk`aikrg vk ea sastkt

a`gjakt a fumrkrgk vk ea kiufkt.

Xgzuftktgfg prlmgsufua jg gxk`aikrg vlr ea pusg fk jasplzaak stujgiaflr pg

pfktelr`k jgjamkt kmgstlrk, utafazij mk ajgitaeamkrg iu`ruf `ktramlf.

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Mlitgstkaafg trghuag seag jgpusg i `kxa` 8: jg lrg jg fk keakrgk rgzuftktgflr>

rspuisuf fk mlitgstkaa sg vk jk i `kxa` :4 jg lrg.

]tujgiaa mu jazkhafata

@gtljgfg jg trkisa`atgrg k aielr`kaaflr mu pravarg fk kmgkst jasmapfai sg plt

kjkptk i euimag jg tapuf jg jazkhafata itfiatg i rijuf murskiaflr. Kmmgsufgbkf fk aielr`kag a fk kmtavatafg jajkmtamg pgitru murskia sg vk ksaburk prai tlktg

`surafg (rgzlikhafg) mu putai.

]trktgbaa jg stujau rgml`kijktg

Gstg rgml`kijkt pkrmurbgrgk sastg`ktam k `ljufgflr (strumturktg pg mgfg ;:

uiata jg murs)> sg puig kmmgituf pg prgbtargk aijavajukf mlitaiu, prai

kmu`ufkrg mlistkit k muiltaigflr, prgmu` a pg gvkfurafg elr`ktavg pg

pkrmursuf sg`gstrufua.

Iu`ruf jg lrg igmgskrg pkrmurbgraa a isuaraa muiltaigflr igmgskrg prl`lvraakmgstga jasmapfaig gstg, i euimag jg mkpkmatafg eagmruak, itrg :? a 7? jg lrg.

Jlmu`gitkrgk a gfkhlrkrgk prlagmtgflr igmgsat ui aitgrvkf jg 8?-=? jg lrg.

Kmgstg lrg vlr ea kflmktg, pg pkrmursuf sg`gstrufua, jg eagmkrg stujgit, i euim ag

jg prgegraigfg aijavajukfg.

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8. ]uplrtuf jg murs

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@ljufuf AJgeaiargk, euimaafg a strumturk paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg

aitgrikalikfg.

_akk `ligtkr

uiatktgk jg murs ; - Jgeaiargk paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg> prgzgitkrgkpraimapkfgflr euimaa kfg kmgstlrk.uiatktgk jg murs 8 - ]trumturk paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrguiatktgk jg murs = - _akk `ligtkr

]mlp a lhagmtavg]mlp

Kmgst `ljuf ur`rgtg s ek`afakrazgzg stujgiaa mu ilauiafg fgbktg jg paggfg

eaikimakrg, jkr a mu praimapkfgfg euimaa pg mkrg kmgstgk fg ijgpfaigsm. Jgksg`gigk, `ka gstg prgzgitkt strumturk paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg, akr i

eaikfuf `ljufuafua vk ea aitrljusilauigk jg pakk `ligtkrmu tlktg aielr`kaafg

fgbktg jg kmgkstk.

Lhagmtavg ur`ratg3

igfgbgrgk praimapkfgflr mkrkmtgrastama kfg paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg

muilktgrgk euimaaflr ijgpfaiatg jg kmgstg pagg

khafatktgk jg k ajgitaeamk gfg`gitgfg jg jaegrgiagrg jaitrg kmgstg pagg

igfgbgrgk praimapkfgflr strumtura mkrg ml`pui paggfg eaikimakrg avkfutkrg

muilktgrgk `ljufua jg euimalikrg k kmgstlr strumtura

muilktgrgk praimapkfaflr pkrtamapkia fk pakk eaikimakr a pakk

vkfutkr

igfgbgrgk pramapkfgflr trstura kfg pagga `ligtkrg

muilktgrgk praimapkfgflr aistru`gitg kfg paggflr `ligtkrg

muilktgrgk praimapkfaflr pkrtamapkia fk paggflr `ligtkrg

Mlimgptg jg hkz3 kutlratktg jg suprkvgbdgrg, hll` hursagr, mkpatkfazkrghursagr, mrkd hursagr, aijamg hursagr, aitgr`gjagrg, pakeaikimakr, pakvkfutkr,trgij, pak pra`kr, pak sgmuijkr, pak lvgr tdg mluitgr, hrlngra, trkjgra,jgkfgra, spgmufktlra, mlstura jg trkizkmalikrg, FAHAJ-FAHLX, GWXAHAJ-GWXAHLX, HWHAJ-HWHLX, mgrtaeamktg igblmakhafg, aistru`gitg fk purttlr,tatfura jg trgzlrgrag

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uiatktgk jg murs ;Jgeaiargk paggflr eaikimakrg a vkfutkrg> prgzgitkrgk praimapkfgflr euimaa kfg

kmgstlrk.

saitgz_akk eaikimakr(eaikimakf `krngt)

_akk eaikimakrplktg ea jgeaiat bgigram mk flmuf jg itfiarg kf jgaitlraflr

jg mkpatkfura (pgitru javgrsg pgralkjg jg ta`p), mu mga mkrg ku igvlag jg

rgspgmtavgfg mkpatkfura pgitru jgrufkrgk javgrsgflr kmtavata eag i aitgrgs pravkt,

eag i aitgrgs ml`grmakf sku i aitgrgs puhfam. Jgma pakk eaikimakr gstg flmuf jg

itfiarg kf legrtga jg mkpatkfura mu mgrgrgk jg mkpatkfura.

_akk eaikimakreuimaligkz`ka kfgs jktlrataistatuaaflr spgmakfazktg iu`atg a

aitgr`gjakra eaikimakra mkrg kcuta sa`pfaeamelkrtg `uft itfiargk mgrgraa a k

legrtga jg mkpatkfura/ elijura higta ktt i spkau (gvatij jgpfkskrgk eazam kmgflr aitgrgska, kjgsgk mlstasatlkrg) mt a i ta`p (rgjumij fk `aia`uf plsahaf

pgralkjk igmgskr mutraa mlitrkpkrtajga aitgrgsktg). Kpgfuf fk ui aitgr`gjakr

eaikimakr pgr`atg ktt utafazktlrufua jg elijura, mt a aivgstatlrufua mgf mkrg

jgaig elijurafg a mkutui pfksk`git pgitru gfg saitrg i mlitkmt itr-ui ta`p

elkrtg smurt a mu mlstura `aia`g mlsturafg eaaij i spgmakf rgprgzgitktg jg

ml`asaliuf aitgr`gjakrufua fk mkrg sg kjkub mdgftuagfafg fgbktg jg famdajkrgk

trkizkmaaflr. Gstg flmuf jg itfiarg k mkpatkfuraflr/ elijuraflr higta jaspliahafg (pg

kiu`atg pgralkjg jg ta`p) mu mgrgrgk pgitru rgspgmtavgfg mkpatkfura/elijura>

Elijurafg prlvai jg fk3

- blspljraa/ pgrslkig aijavajukfg>

- ml`pkiaa>

- kutlrata mgitrkfg a flmkfg.

Eljurafg plt ea mgrutg jg mtrg3

- ml`pkiaa>

- kutlrata mgitrkfg a flmkfg>

- blspljraa/ pgrslkig aijavajukfg.

_akk vkfutkr(elrgabi gxmdkibg `krngt)

L sgrag jg sursg hahfalbrkeamg jg spgmakfatktg vlrhgsm jgsprg `ka `uftg pagg

vkfutkrg eagmkrg kpkraiij, jg ekpt, uiga ra sku uiga rgbauia, akr kftgfg vlrhgsm

jgsprg l saiburpakvkfutkrjaspgrsktpg itrgbuf bflh. Jglkrgmg zafiam ku flm

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trkizkmaa itrg paggfg vkfutkrg jai jaegratg zlig bglbrkeamg, i kisk`hfu sg plktg

spuig m gfg elr`gkz l saibur pak. Mk ur`krg, iama uik jai vazauia iu gstg

brgat.

_aggfg vkfutkrg euriazgkzstrumturafg eazamg a mgfg aistatualikfg prai mkrg3

- `ligjk uiga ra gstg smda`hktmu `ligjk kftga ra>

- sg stkhafgsm/ sg jgtgr`airktgfg jg smda`h/ mursurafg jg smda`h vkfutkr>

- suit jusg fk ijgpfaiarg suit famdajktg trkizkmaafg imdgaktg (prai

varkrgk su`gflr jg hkia igmgskrg jgrufraa trkizkmaaflr).

_aggfg vkfutkrg suit a`plrtkitg `ka kfgs pgitru mgfg rgprgzaitflmuf i mkrg suit

jgtgr`aiktg mursurafg jg smda`h kfg jaegratgflr `ligjg kjamsg gxpra`prguf

uiga `ligjg i tgr`giaa kftga `ligjg. i euimag jg flmuf uijg gstg satuktpakk

mkrg kiui mursurafg jg smda`h, gstg vlrhk jgsprg prguf `ligjga ikalikfg i

tgr`giaa uigak sku k `ka `uftlr `ligjg straig (vkfutg).

_g paggfg vkfutkrg sg trkizkmaligkz `ligjgfg prgzgitg i mlitura hkimkrg,

gxastgitg suh elr`k hkimiltgflr i marmufkag, k mgmuraflr a k lrjaigflr jg pfkt.L trkizkmag vkfutkr gstg ui kmlrj imdgakt itrg mu`prtlr a viztlr,mlielr` mruak l mkitatktg spgmaeamkt jg `ligj vk ea favrkt fk l rkt jg

smda`h stkhafat mlitrk uiga kftg `ligjg.

Fuij i mlisajgrkrg tlktg kmgstg gfg`gitg, paggfg vkfutkrg plt ea jgeaiatg mkeaaij `gmkias`gfg prai mkrg l pgrslki eazam sku curajam trkisegr putgrgk jg

mu`prkrg k `ligjga uiga ra itr-l kft`ligja prai mkrg sg plt lhaig sku

euriazk mrgjatg pgitru jgrufkrgk trkizkmaaflr vkfutkrg a ml`grmakfg.i pfus, prai `gmkias`gfg flr jg euimalikrg, paggfg vkfutkrg pgr`at `aia`azkrgk

gxpuigraa fk rasmurafg fgbktg jg vkrakak rktgflr jg smda`h k pkrtamapkaflr fk pak. Flmuf i mkrg sg ksabur mlivgrsak mkpatkfuraflr (sku trkisegruf putgraa jg

mu`prkrg) jai `ligjk uiga ra i `ligjk kftga ra>

Kmgkstpakgstg lrbkiazktsgpkrkt a ksaburefuxurafg higta igmgskrg

jgrufraa trkizkmaaflr ml`grmakfg, aivgstataaflr jargmtg a k mgflr jg

plrtlelfau.

Euimak praimapkfk pagga eaikimakrg

Jg k mkikfazk/ jarack mkpatkfurafg/ elijurafg jaspliahafg sprg mga mkrg ku

igvlag jg gfg>

_rai kmgkst euimag, pakk eaikimakr pgr`atg l kflmkrg geamagit k

mkpatkfuraflr/ elijuraflr mggk mg plktg mlitrahua fk l geamagi`ka rajamkt

k gmlil`aga>

Kmgst fumru sg rgkfazgkzprai rgjumgrgk mlsturaflr jg eaikikrg mk ur`krg k

mlimgitrraa a rgjastrahuaraa flr.

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Euimaafg sgmuijkrg kfg pagga eaikimakrg

Jg k pgr`atg jgsmlpgrargk prgufua pgitru mkpatkfurafg/ elijurafg

jaspliahafg>

Jg k euriazk ui `gmkias` jg trkizkmalikrg itgfgs jg pkrtamapkiaa fkpak>

Jg k pgr`atg jgmlitkrgk trkizkmaaflr.

Euimaafg pagga vkfutkrg

Ksabur`gmkias`gfg igmgskrg rgkfazraa trkisegrufua putgraa jg mu`prkrg

k uiga `ligjg i kft `ligj - trkisegruf putgraa jg mu`prkrg k uiga

`ligjg itr-l kft`ligjgstg igmgskr jglkrgmg kprlkpg lramg trkizkmag

ml`grmakfaitgrikalikfsku lramg trkisegr jg mkpatkf fk iavgf aitgrikalikf

a`pfam ilr`kf pkrtamapka mkrg a jgrufgkzkmtavatktgk i ra jaegratga mkrg utafazgkz`ligjg jaegratg pgitru staibgrgk lhfabkaaflr flr jg pfkt.

Eagmkrg pkrtg a`pfamkt i trkizkmaa jlrgtg jg lhamga - s rgkfazgzg

trkizkmak i `ligjk ikalikf. Jkr trghuag ssg jgmajksuprk `ligjga i

mkrg sg vlr staibg lhfabkaafg praflr jglkrgmg l trkizkmag iu sg plktg

jgrufk a gxpra`k jgmt itr-l saibur`ligj. _aggfg vkfutkrg euriazgkz

`gmkias`gfg igmgskrg pgitru mk kmgst trkisegr ssg rgkfazgzg>

Ksaburplsahafatktgk jgsmlpgrara prgufua uiga `ligjg gxpra`kt i kft

`ligj>

Ksaburfamdajkrgk trkizkmaaflr jgrufktg prai `gmkias`gfg skfg> Legrplsahafata jg rgjumgrg k rasmuraflr fk mkrg sg gxpui pkrtamapkiaa fk

trkizkmaafg vkfutkrg.

Xasmuf vkfutkr gstg l elr` k rasmufua kekmgraflr, mkrg kpkrg i fgbtur mulpgrkauia `ligtkrg/ ml`grmakfg aitgrikalikfg (`ka kfgs pgitru mgfg i mkrg pfktk

gstg k`ikt), prgmu` a i fgbturmu lpgrkaafg jgrufktg pg paggfg vkfutkrg.

Xasmuf vkfutkr ak iktgrg `ka kfgs mk ur`krg k efumtukaaflr irgbastrktg jg mursurafg

jg smda`h, jg aimgrtatujaigk gvlfuaga kmgstlr mursura. Gf ekmg pkrtg jai mktgblrak

rasmuraflr spgmufktavg, jglkrgmg bgigrgkz mtabura/ pagrjgra pgitru mga a`pfamka

i trkizkmaafg vkfutkrg.

Mkrkmtgrastama ml`uig kfg paggflr eaikimakrg a paggflr vkfutkrg

_rgzgik uiga kutlrata jg suprkvgbdgrg igmgskr pgitru k ksaburk

prltgmak pkrtamapkiaflr fk trkizkmaa a ksaburkrgk imkjrraa kmgstlrk i

fgbasfkak gxastgit>

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_rgzgik aitgr`gjakraflr spgmakfazka pgitru k rgjumg mlsturafg jg

trkizkmalikrg, k ksaburk efuajatktgk trkizkmaaflr a euriazkrgk aielr`kaaflr

igmgskrg.

Gfg`gitg jg jaegrgiagrg_akk eaikimakr

- prgzgik aitgr`gjakraflr gstg lhfabktlrag>

- kutlratktgk jg suprkvgbdgrg gstg, kjgsgk, spgmakfazkt>

- gvlfuak mkrkmtgrazktjg uiuf sku `ka `ufa aijama hursagra>

- trkizkmaligkzvkflra `lhafakrg.

_akk vkfutkr

- aitgr`gjakraa iu suit prgzgia i mkzuf trkizkmaaflr jg tap rgtkaf>

- kutlratktgk jg suprkvgbdgrg gstg itltjgkuik hkimk mgitrkf>

-

iu ku elst mlistruaa aijama spgmaeama pgitru kmgkstpak>

- gstg jgstaiktgxmfusav smda`huraflr `ligtkrg.

Aijamg hursagr

gstg ui aistru`git saitgtam jg `surkrg k `amraflr (jaik`amaa vkflramg) k

uiga pagg hursagrg i kisk`hfu su k uiua sgmtlr kf rgspgmtavga pagg>

mlimgitrgkz aielr`kaa jgsprg mkitatktgk trkizkmalikt (vlfu`), prg a

iu`ruf jg ml`pkiaa pgitru mkrg s-ku irgbastrkt trkizkmaa>

Ukflra `lhafakrg

]uit aistru`gitg eaikimakrg igblmakhafg trkis`asahafg prai trkjaag sku prai

ismragrg i mlit> Ukflrafg `lhafakrg suit aistru`gitg eaikimakrg igblmakhafg

trkis`asahafg prai trkjaag sku prai ismragrg i mlit, mkrg mliegrjrgptura gbkfg pg

mktgblrag. Kmgstg aistru`gitg eaikimakrg jku jgaitlraflr jrgptuf fk l erkmauig

jai mkpatkfuf slmakf kf g`atgitufua sku ui jrgpt jg mrgki bgigrkf ksuprk

pktra`liaufua g`atgitufua a suit susmgptahafg jg trkizkmalikrg pg l pak

rgbfg`gitkt.

i kmgkstmktgblrag sg aimfuj3- kmauia>

- tatfura jg stkt>

- lhfabkauia `uiamapkfg a mlrplrktavg>

- jrgptura jg prgegrai, wkrrkitg>

- aistru`gitg kfg pagga `litkrg.

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]uit aistru`gitg igblmakhafg>

G`asg i elr``ktgrakfazktsku jg`ktgrakfazkt>

Mliegrjgaitlraflr flr jrgptura pktra`liakfg a igpktra`liakfg>

Ukflrafg `lhafakrg suit mkrkmtgrazktg jg ur`tlkrgfg trga gfg`gitg3

-

suit aistru`gitg igblmakhafg, rgspgmtav plt ea trkis`asg mtrg tgrgpgrslkig pg hkzk rkplrtufua mgrgrg/ legrt a kvij i vgjgrg prgvgjgrafg

fgbkfg>

- plt s eag g`asg i elr` `ktgrakfazkt sku jg`ktgrakfazkt> i kmgst kf

jlafgk mkz vkflrafg `lhafakrg suit gvajgiaktg prai ismragra i mlit> i

ufta`aa ;? kia prlmgsuf jg jg`ktgrakfazkrg kf vkflraflr `lhafakrg s-k

kmmgitukt>

- mliegrjgaitlraflr flr jrgptura pktra`liakfg a igpktra`liakfg> kmgstgjrgptura plt ea3 jrgptuf fk javajgij sku jlhij, jrgptuf fk vlt, jrgptuf jg

prlpragtktg (ml`ui), jrgptuf jg prgg`auig gtm. Mfks jg vkflra `lhafakrg3 gstg rgprgzgitkt jg vkflrafg `lhafakrg jg

kmgfka tap kmauia, lhfabkauia, wkrkitg, jrgptura jg prgegrai mkrg ku

kmgfgka mfkuzg a mkrkmtgrastama3 vkflkrg il`aikf, jrgpt jg vlt, jrgpt jg

pfkt k javajgijgflr, jrgptura jg prgegrai i mkzuf kmauiaflr, vkflkrg

il`aikf, prg, jlhij, smkjgit, mlijaaa a pfki jg rk`hurskrg, jrgptura

jg mlivgrsag i mkzuf kmauiaflr. Gvajgit, vkflrafg `lhafakrg jai kmggka

mfkssuit pusg i marmufkag jg kmgfka g`atgit.

Jupmkrkmtgrastamafg jg hkz3

-

pra`krg kmauiafg a lhfabkauiafg mkrg suit g`asg pgitru k`lhafazk mkpatkfura pg tgr`gi `gjau sku fuib pgitru g`atgit a mkrg

pgr`at vkflraeamkrgk aivgstaaga jg mtrg jgaitlraa flr prai

vizkrg a/ sku imkskrg k vgiaturaflr muvgiatg>

- jgravktg kmgfg tatfura jg vkflkrg kf mrlr prgjgpaijg jg vkflkrgk

`lhafakrpra`kr/ ml`haikak jg vkflra `lhafakrg pra`krg mkrg st

fk hkzk flr> kmgstg vkflra `lhafakrg ku elst mrgktg pgitru k pgr`atg

trkisegruf rasmufua jgaigraa vkflraflr `lhafakrg pra`krg>>

- saitgtamg kmgstgk suit rgzuftktuf ml`hairaa vkflraflr `lhafakrg

pra`krg a/ sku k mgflr jgravktg prgitru k sg lhaig l iluvkflkrg`lhafakr> i kmgkst mktgblrag taij s eag imkjrka a aijamaa

hursagra.

Jup`ljuf jg trkis`atgrg

- il`aiktavg - mkrg ku ismras iu`gfg jgaitlrufua pg ekk tatfufua amkrg iu plt ea trkis`asg fahgr, jai `i i `i> trkisegruf kmgstlr

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vkflra `lhafakrg gstg vkfkhaf iu`ka jup mg k elst irgbastrkt i

rgbastruf kmalikraflr/ jgaitlraflr jg lhfabkauia a k elst g`asl ilu

vkflkrg `lhafakrmu iu`gfg kmtukfufua/ kmtukfaflr jgaitlra>

- fk purttlr- kmgstgk iu ku ismras iu`gfg jgaitlrufua pg ekk tatfufuaa plt ea trkis`asg fahgr, eriama l rgstramag i praimapau> trkisegruf

flr trghuag s eag irgbastrkt pgitru mk ilaa jgaitlra s plkt s a

gxgrmatg jrgpturafg mg fg rgvai `ka kfgs i mkzuf kmauiaflr.

Ugraeamkrgk muiltaigflr

;. Mg rgprgzaitpakk eaikimakra mkrg suit euimaafg kmgstgak

- legrsprg trkizkmalikrg kmauia a lhfabkauia>

- famdajatktgk vkrakzpgitru eagmkrg vkflkrg `lhafakrlegrat>

- rasmuf pfksk`gitgflr gstg `ka rajamkt, jkr fk egf gstg a rgitkhafatktgk>

- prgegrkt jg mga mkrg ur`rgsm pfkskrgk elijuraflr jaspliahafg pg

tgr`gi `gjau a fuib>

_akk `ligtkr a ml`pligitk pagga jg mkpatkf lragitkt sprg

trkizkmalikrgk lhfabkauiaflr elr`gkz pakk aistru`gitgflr jg mrgjat

(trkizkmalikhafg) sku jght `krngt>

Ml`pligitk pagga jg mkpatkf lragitkt sprg trkizkmalikrgk kmauiaflr

gstg iu`atpakk kmauiaflr sku gquaty `krngt>

Fk iavgfuf kiufua 8??:, vkflkrgk aistru`gitgflr trkizkmaliktg pg jght

`krngt grk mu 7?% `ka `krg jgmt vkflkrgk kmauiaflr trkizkmaliktg pg

gquaty `krngt>

]uhml`pligitgfg pagga `ligtkrg a jg mkpatkf

_akk pra`kr- Gstg kmgk ml`pligit k pagga eaikimakrg pg mkrg tatfurafg jg vkflkrg

(vkflrafg `lhafakrg) sg pui i marmufkag pgitru pra`k jkt. Kmgkstk gstg

pakk jg pg mkrg slmagtafg ml`grmakfg (jgsmdasg sku puhfamg, prgmu` a

mgfg imdasg) a elr`gkz mkpatkfuf slmakf sku a `kclrgkz mkpatkfuf

slmakf sku/ a mgf `pru`utkt pg tgr`gi `gjau sku fuib. Zlt jg pg

kmgkstpak, kj`aistrkaafg mgitrkfg a mgfg flmkfg lhai mu tatfu jg

`pru`ut hkiaa igmgskra pgitru kmlpgrargk igvlaflr flr tg`plrkrg>

- Lramg iluvkflkrg `lhafakrmkrg krg mkrkmtgrastama jaegratg jg mgfgfkftg

vkflra `lhafakrg g`asg jg kmggka gitatktg curajam, gstg pus imarmufkag pg pakk pra`kr>

- _rguf pftat pgitru vkflrafg `lhafakrg pusg i marmufkag pg pakk

pra`kr kcuibg jargmt sku prai aitgr`gjakr fk g`atgituf vkflraa

`lhafakrg, gvajgit i elr`higksm>

- Mu kftg muvaitg, pakk pra`krgstg pakk pg mkrg sg jgrufgkzlegrtgfg

puhfamg aiaakfg a mgfg pravktg aiaakfg jg vkflra `lhafakrg>

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- ]pgmakfazkt i vizkrgk mtrg mu`prtlraa aiaakfa k vkflraflr

`lhafakrg pusg i marmufkag pgitru pra`k jkt>

- _uai muilsmut puhfamufua fkrb jgrufkt prai aitgr`gjakra

spgmakfazka>

-

Elijurafg jaspliahafg suit trkisegrktg g`atgiaflr vkflraflr `lhafakrg imkuz>

- Aitgr`gjakraa spgmakfazka mkrg lpgrgkzpg pakk pra`kr(i euimag jg

`ljuf jg lrbkiazkrg k pagga eaikimakrg) plt ea3

slmagtafg jg vkflra `lhafakrg>

himafg ml`grmakfg kutlrazktg>

aivgst`git hkins aistatuaa spgmakfazktg `ka kfgs i aitgr`gjagrgk a

pfkskrgk legrtgflr puhfamg.

_akk sgmuijkr- Ljkt mg vkflrafg `lhafakrg ku elst g`asg a sg kef i plsgsak

aivgstatlraflr, kmgtak s-kr putgk siu jlrgksm, fk ui `l`git jkt, sfg

`ka jgai pgitru tlkt jurktk flr jg vak - mkrg gstg uiglra elkrtg

fuib i mkzuf uilr lhfabkauia sku igjgeaiat pgitru kmauiafg

lhaiuatg - jai javgrsg `ltavg. Mk ur`krg jupui ta`p `ka fuib sku

`ka smurt jg fk kmdazaalikrg aivgstatlraa s-kr putgk s jlrgksm s

trkiselr`g i hkia vkflrafg `lhafakrg pg mkrg fg jgai sku sjlrgksm

sfg smda`hg mu kftg vkflra `lhafakrg. _gitru mk kmgst fumru ssg plkt

rgkfazk fk mgf `ka hui prg ktt pgitru jgaitlruf vkflraa `lhafakrgmt a pgitru vaatlruf mu`prtlr k elst igmgskr lrbkiazkrgk uiga

pagg spgmakfazktg i kmgst tap jg ml`gr. Mk ur`krg, paggfg

lrbkiazktg i smlpuf ksaburraa rgvizraa vkflraflr `lhafakrg mg ku elst

jgck pusg i marmufkag, prai aitgr`gjauf pagga pra`krg, s-ku iu`at pagg

sgmuijkrg>

- L pak sgmuijkr ksabur mlimgitrkrgk mgrgraa a legrtga jg vkflra

`lhafakrg jgck g`asg. Mu ta`puf paggfg sgmuijkrg s-ku trkiselr`kt

itr-ui hkrl`gtru kf aitgrgsufua puhfamufua aivgstatlr pgitru vkflrafg

`lhafakrg (i spgmakf kmauiafg) g`asg jg l ml`pkiag, ui brup jgml`pkiaa, ui sgmtlr aijustrakf sku pgitru kftg tatfura jg vkflkrg>

- ]prg jglsgharg jg pakk pra`kr, mkrg mkikfazgkz mkpatkfurafg sprg

g`atgiaa jg vkflra `lhafakrg, pakk sgmuijkr aitgr`gjakz jlkr ui

smda`h jg hkia, rgspgmtav jg vkflra `lhafakrg, itrg mga mkrg jlrgsm s

jgai rgspgmtav svij vkflrafg `lhafakrg>

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8;

- Wiaa spgmakfata mlisajgr m pakk sgmuijkr sg iu`gtg a pak

hursagrsku hursk i sgis fkrb>

- Lrbkiazktpgitru trkizkmalikrgk vkflraflr `lhafakrg jgck gxastgitg>

- Ksaburfamdajatktgk vkflraflr `lhafakrg i mkuz>

-

Hkiaa suit trkisegrka itrg plsgslraa jg vkflra `lhafakrg>- Zrkispkrgita `ka ulr jg igfgs jg mtrg puhfam>

- Ml`pligitk spgmtkmuflks `ka kfgs k pagga jg mkpatkf.

_akk sgmuijkrjg mkpatkf taplflbag

_akk sgmuijkrjg rkibuf A hursk jg vkflra

- gstg rgprgzgitkt jg hursgfg jg vkflra mfksamg iu`atg uiglra a

pagg leamakfg sku pagg/ hursg lrbkiazktg>

- iu`ka mgfg `ka huig ml`pkiaa jaitr-l gmlil`ag kmmgj fk mltkrgk

pg l kstegf jg pak>- hursgfg jg vkflra ku rgbufa elkrtg stramtg jg lrbkiazkrg a

euimalikrg prgmu` a jg jgrufkrg a imdgagrg k trkizkmaaflr>

- mlijaaafg rgstramtavg jg kj`atgrg fk mlt sg rgegr fk3 elr`k jg

lrbkiazkrg k slmagtaa> rgzuftktgfg eaikimakrg lhaiutg> rkplrtrafg

eaikimakrg a kibkck`gitgfg ear`ga pravaij puhfamkrgk a euriazkrgk

pgraljam jg aielr`kaa ktt mtrg hurs mt a mtrg puhfamuf

aivgstatlr>

-

i mkjruf hursgflr jg vkflra plt skpkr i fgbturmu ml`pkiaafgismrasg fk mltk leamakf mfksaeamra mkrg saimfujl ml`pkiag eag

i mktgblrak A jg trkizkmalikrg (gstg mkzuf ml`pkiaaflr mlisajgrktg

elkrtg aitgrgskitg jg aivgstatlra jktlratpgrelr`kigflr flr huig> mk

ur`krg kmgstg ml`pkiaa suit ergmvgit trkizkmaliktg> gfg sg `ka

iu`gsm a ml`pkiaa hfug mdap), eag i mktgblrak AA jg trkizkmalikrg,

mktgblrag mkrg mupraijg mggk mg s-kr putgk iu`a ml`pkiaafg

lhaiuatg>

- `ka trghuag `gialikt a ui kft kspgmt mkrg jglsghgtg i bgigrkf

paggfg hursagrg, jg rkibuf A, jg mgfgfkftg pagg3 pg kmgstg pagg sgtrkizkmaligkz, jg lhamga, kmauia a lhfabkauia kfg ml`pkiaaflr.

Xgstuf lhfabkauiaflr i bgigrkf mgfg g`asg jg kj`aiastrkaafg

mgitrkfg a/ sku flmkfg sg trkizkmaligkzpg paggfg aitgrjgkfgra.

_akk sgmuijkrjg rkibuf AA pakk aitgrjgkfgr sku pakk LZM

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- kmgkstpaks-k jgzvlftkt rkpaj jktlrat`ljufua ga `ka sa`pfu

jg lrbkiazkrg, jktlrat efgxahafataa `ka `kra i mggk mg pravgtg

trktkrgk ml`pkiaaflr kj`asg fk mlt a k aivgstatlraflr. Jaik`amk

jgzvlftraa paggflr aitgrjgkfgra k pus i kiu`atg pgralkjg jg ta`p

i u`hruigfg jaitrg paggfg hursagrg mfksamg sku leamakfg>

- mggk mg jglsghgtg l pakjg tap LZM jg hursgfg mfksamg gstg i

pra`uf rij fapsk flmkfazraa eazamg. Kmgkstpakgstg jg ekpt

elr`ktjaitr-l rggk jg jgkfgra/ hrlngra mkrg igblmakz itrg ga a

imgdgag trkizkmaa gxmfusav prai tgfgeli, tgfgx, ekx a i ufta`aa 8?

jg kia prai rggfg jg mkfmufktlkrg mligmtktg itrg gfg a mkrg

elflsgsm kmgfka sastg` jg lpgrkrg a jg keakrg k jktgflr a k kftlr

aielr`kaa igmgskrg mgflr jai rggk pgitru k imdgak trkizkmaa>

- l kftpkrtamufkratktg k pagga LZM gstg prgzgik `krngt `kngraflr

(iu`aa a elr`ktlra jg pak) pgitru eagmkrg vkflkrg `lhafakr

mltkt. Jg lhamga gxast `ka `ufa elr`ktlra jg pak pgitru lsaiburvkflkrg `lhafakr>

- ui kft gfg`git mkrg jglsghgtg paggfg LZM jg hursgfg mfksamg gstg

ekptuf mgfg ku rgbufa `uft `ka efgxahafg a `ka pgr`asavg pgitru

kj`atgrgk fk mltkrg suit rgjusg a mgraigfg pravaij mkpatkfuf slmakf

`aia` kf slmagtaa mkrg mgrg aitrljumgrgk fk mltkrg, mt a mgfg mkrg

sg rgegr fk rspijargk i puhfam k kmauiaflr a k lhfabkauiaflr

rgspgmtavga ml`pkiaa. i pfus, ml`asalkigfg mg trghuag pftatg jgml`pkiaa pgitru kj`atgrgk a pgitru `giaigrgk fk mltsuit `uft

`ka `ama i ml`pkrkag mu mgfg mgrutg pg paggfg jg rkibuf A>- i mkzuf paggflr LZM kmmgsuf aitgr`gjakraflr fk mltkrgk a

trkizkmalikrgk vkflraflr `lhafakrg gstg `uft `ka sa`pfu.

Aitgr`gjakraa pftgsm lrbkiazkaga mkrg bgstaligkz a lpgrgkz

sastg`uf jg mltkrg l tkxmkrg vkrakzi euimag jg iavgfuf fk mkrg

vlr saitrg i trkizkmag jg ekpt i plsgsak aielr`kaaflr. Kmgta

aitgr`gjakra iu trghuag s eag, igkprkt, `g`hra ka kslmakaga mu

kutlrgbfg`gitkrg mkrg buvgrigkz pakk LZM. Jkr kmgst fumru

jgpaijg i `krg `sur jg `ljuf i mkrg suit g`asg

rgbfg`gitrafg pravaij pakk LZM i eagmkrg kr>- pg pakk LZM gxast= iavgfg jg kmmgs fk aielr`kaa a fk imdgagrgk

trkizkmaaflr rgspgmtav jg suhsmragrg jai pkrtgk aitgr`gjakraflr a

k aivgstatlraflr3 iavgfuf = gstg kmgf iavgf fk mkrg sg rgbsgsm

slmagtafg jg hrlngrkbg jg tap jgkfgrasku `krngt `kngra, iavgfuf 8

gstg ui iavgf aitgr`gjakr a gstg kmmgsahaf iu`ka pgitru pra`argk

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aielr`kaaflr keaktg jg `krngt `kngra a iavgfuf ; mga mkrg

kmmgsgkzkmgst iavgf pra`gsm l aielr`kag `ka puai jgtkfakt>

- pakk LZM gstg mlisajgrktpakjg rkibuf AA, ekjg pakk leamakf,

i spgmakf mk ur`krg k mkfataa ml`pkiaaflr kj`asg fk mlt

ml`pkiaa jg `ka `ama ja`gisauia, mkrg khlrjgkz sgmtlkrg jg

kmtavatktg `ka rasmkitg a mrlrk iu fa sg mgrg s ekmjlvkjk uilr

rgzuftktg eaikimakrg pg kiaa i mkrg a-ku jgrufkt kmtavatktgk. Jkr

kmgst rkib AA sg `ka jktlrgkza rgbfg`gitraflr `ka puai stramtg

mkrg buvgrigkz lrbkiazkrgk, jgrufkrgk a imdgagrgk trkizkmaaflr.

Zltua, jg-k fuibuf ta`pufua, rgbfg`gitrafg pgitru pakk LZM s-ku

jlvgjat k ea sueamagit jg putgriamg pgitru k `giaig aitgrgsuf

aivgstatlraflr pgitru k trkizkmalik pg kmgst tap jg pak>

- mk a i mkzuf paggflr jg rkibuf A, a pg paggfg LZM sg plt itfia

sgpkrra kfg ml`pkiaaflr i mktgblrak A a k AAk, jkr kmgst bgi jg

mfksaeamra suit `ka rkr itfiatg. Jkmgfg kpkr, sg ak i mlisajgrkrg`ka kfgs ergmvgik trkizkmaaflr imdgaktg mu kmauiafg rgspgmtavgflr

ml`pkiaa a vlfu`uf jg trkizkmalikrg (iu`ruf jg kmauia

trkizkmaliktg).

_akk sgmuijkrjg rkibuf AAA

- iu gxast l jgfa`atkrg mfkr k kmgstga pagg. Wiaa spgmakfata

mlisajgrmkmgkstpakjg rkibuf AAA gstg l paklrbkiazktjg

hrlngra/ jgkfgra mkrg iu suit `g`hra ka uiga hursg jg vkflra jgma

mkrg iu ku jrgptuf s igblmagzg jargmt pg rgspgmtavg hurs. Jkr

kmgtak trkizkmaligkz pgitru mfagiaa flr sku mu kfa aivgstatlra

vkflra `lhafakrg mltktg pg pakk jg rkibuf A>

- kmgkstpakk sg hkzgkzpg rggkuk mkrg sg plktg elr`k itrg kmgta

hrlngra/ jgkfgra.

_akk sgmuijkrjg rkibuf AU

- kmgkstpakgstg bgigrktjg trkizkmaafg imdgaktg jargmt itrg

aivgstatlra eraitgrvgiak slmagtaflr jg hrlngrkbg>- trkizkmaafg sg plt jgrufk ktt pgitru vkflra `lhafakrg mltktg pg

paggfg jg rkibuf A a AA mt a pgitru vkflra `lhafakrg igmltktg pg

kmgstg pagg>

- lpgrkrgk pg kmgkstpakgstg ksaburkt jg aivgstatlraa jg `kra

ja`gisauia jg lhamga aivgstatlra aistatualikfa mkrg gvatkstegf

pfktk ml`asalkigflr jg trkizkmalikrg a mkrg kmaliij i kmgst

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8:

`lj rgugsm uiglra siu jgzgmdafahrgzg prgurafg keaktg pg

paggfg jg rkibuf A a AA, kvij i vgjgrg mga imdgag trkizkmaa

pgitru zgma sku sutg jg `aa jg kmauia sku lhfabkauia>

- brkjuf jg mlieajgiakfatktg kf mu`prtlraflr a viztlraflr jg pg

kmgkstpakgstg `uft `ka rajamkt jgmt pg paggfg jg rkibuf A a AA,

kvij i vgjgrg fapsk aitgr`gjakraflr.

_krk`gtraajupmkrg sg

rgkfazgkzml`pkrkak

_akk jg rkibA

- hursk jgvkflra

_akk jg rkib AA- pakk LZM -

_akk jg rkibAAA

_akk jg rkibAU

Flmkfazkrgeazam

Kpkrktufkj`aiastrktav a

jgrufkrgktrkizkmaaflr suitflmkfazktg itr-ui

spkau fa`atkt._gitruimdgagrgk

trkizkmaaflrgxastl skf

spgmakfpgitruigblmagra. Mdakrjkmkmgkstskf

jaspkrg mkur`krg kjgrufraa

gfgmtrliamg ktrkizkmaaflr,mfjargk mkrgkjplstgtg

kpkrktufkj`aiastrktav

r`ig.

Iu gxastuispkau mfkr

jgfa`atkt pgitrujgrufkrgk

trkizkmaaflr.

Kmgstgk sgrgkfazgkzirggkuk elr`kt

itrg jgkfgraa mkrgksaburpakk

pgitru javgrsgvkflra lhafakrg.

Jglkrgmgaivgstatlraa lhaiaielr`kaa a akujgmazaa pg hkzk

jktgflr legratg jghrlngra, sg plktg

spuig mtrkizkmaafg suit

aiaaktg fkbdaguf

rgspgmtavgflrslmagta jghrlngrkbg.

Iama i kmgstmkz iu gxast

spkau jgfa`atktjg imdgagrg ktrkizkmaaflr.

Kmgstgk ku flm mk a i mkzufpagga jg rkibufAA fk bdaggfgslmagtaflr jg

hrlngrkbga`pfamktg irgspgmtavgfgtrkizkmaa.

Mk a i mkzufpagga jg rkibuf

AAA, iu gxastflmkfazkrg eazam.

Jkr sprg

jglsgharg jgpakk jg rkibufAAA, trkizkmaafgsg imdgag prai

igfgbgra jargmtgitrg aivgstatlra i spgmakf mgaaistatualikfa amkrg prai rggfg

jgtrkizkmalikrg mk

AI]ZAIGZ vij a/ sku

mu`prvkflra`lhafakrg sku

mdakr plrtlelfaajg vkflra

`lhafakrg.

Kmmgsufaitrg`gjakraflr

fk trkizkmaa

Kmmgsuf jargmt ispkauf spgmakf

jgstaikttrkizkmaaflr

raibuf jgtrkizkmalikrg

gstg fa`atkt fk

`g`hraa hursgasku fk

rgprgzgitkiaakmgstlrk

Kmmgsuf gstg `kafkrb jg lhamga

stkhafat prairgbfg`gitraspgmaeamg. i

bgigrkf, tla mga mgpftgsm tkxk jg

kmmgs fk iavgfuf =jg lpgrkrg, plt

jgvgiaaitgr`gjakra pg

pakk fk bdagu.

Kmmgsuf pgkmgkstpakgstg pgr`astuturlr mgflraitgrgska sgegmtugzg

trkizkmaafg

spgmaeamgprgzgitktg. Gstg

sueamagitml`uiamkrgk

jaitrgslmagtafg jghrlngrkbgaitgrgsktg.

_g pakk jgrkibuf AU iu

gxastaitgr`gjakraspgmakfazka.Kmmgsuf pg

kmgkstpak

gstg pgr`aslramrua

aivgstatlraitgrgskt a mkrg

a pgr`atgkeafagrgk fksastg`uf jg

trkizkmalikrg.Jkr pgitru k

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87

rgkfazk trkizkmaaagetaig, sg mgrg

igblmagrgk uiuaiu`r rajamkt jgvkflra lhafakrga pfktk uiga tkxg

jg kmmgs fksastg`gfg jg tap

AI]ZAIGZ,_XL]AZ, gtm.

@ljkfatafg jgigblmagrg

Igblmagrgk aimdgagrgk

trkizkmaaflr sgrgkfazgkzjg

pgrslikfspgmakfazkt, iaimaitk spgmakf

jgstaiktkmgstuasmlp. _gitru

trkizkmalikrg sg

elflsgsm javgrsgsastg`g hkzktg

i ufta`aistki pg

ajggk famatkagapuhfamg.

Zrkizkmaafg sgrgkfazgkzfk

mltkak haj/ ksnkeaktjg `krngt`kngrufkfgs, eagjargmt fk bdagu

kmgstuak, eag praiaitgr`gjauf uiga

slmagta jghrlngrkbg mkrg

rgkfazgkzjlkrlpgrkak jg

aitgr`gjagrg amkrg iu clkma

rlfuf jg elr`ktlrjg pak. Gxasta

satukaa i mkrgelr`ktlruf jg

pakmlitkmtktkmmgpt

igblmagrgk jargmtk prgufua jgvizkrg sku k

mgfua jgmu`prkrg.

Zrkizkmaafg sgrgkfazgkzprai

igblmagrajargmtg itrgslmagtafg jg

hrlngrkbg mkrgvij a/ sku

mu`prvkflrafg

`lhafakrg jlratg

jg mfagiaa flrsku jg kikfataamkrg fumrgkzpgitru gfg.

Zrkizkmaafg sgigblmakzjargmtitrg aivgstatlraa

aitgrgska jgvizkrgk/

mu`prkrgk uilrvkflra lhafakrg

sku k uilrplrtlelfaa.

Xgbfg`gitrafg Jgrufkrgkitrgbaa kmtavatak hursga a `ka

kfgs jgrufkrgktrkizkmaaflr - sgrgkfazgkzjup

rgbufa argbufk`gitgelkrtg stramtga`pusg jg

ml`asaa spgmakfg

mkrg kmaligkzi mkjruf kmgstgapagg. Kbgiaa jghurstrghuag srgspgmtg kiu`atg

rgbufa jgmlijuata jg

imdgagrg ktrkizkmaaflr a

suit rgspliskhafa

Xgbfg`gitrafgpravaij jgrufkrgktrkizkmaaflr suit

ksaburktg jgkslmakak mkrglpgrgkzabgstaligkzsastg`uf jg

trkizkmalikrg.Kmgstgk suit ka

puai stramtg jgmt

i mkzuf paggflrjg rkibuf A,ksaburij jlkr l`aia`sgmuratktgk aivgstatlraflr.

Jg ksg`gigk, sgmlistktl

efgxahafatktg ka`krg i mggk mg

pravgtg kj`atgrgk

Iu gxastrgbfg`gitra imggk mg pravgtg

imdgagrgktrkizkmaaflr pgkmgkstpak. i

huipkrtgrgbufafg suitmlpaktg jup

pakk jg rkibufAA.

Fapskaitgrg`gjakraflr

ktrkbg lkrgmu` flbam

fapsk lramrgargbfg`gitra imggk mg pravgtg

imdgagrgktrkizkmaaflr.Zltua gxast

kiu`atg rgbufa

mg trghuagrgspgmtktg jgmtrg aivgstatlraamkrg kmmgsgkzsastg`gfg jg

trkizkmalikrg`ka sus k`aitatg.

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pgitrurgspgmtkrgk

kmgstlr rgbufa.Xgbufafg sg

gxtaij a ksuprkml`pkiaaflr

kj`asg fk mltkrg._g pakk jg

rkibuf A iu sgplt imdgak

trkizkmaa jgmtmu vkflrafg`lhafakrgkpkraiij

rgspgmtavgflrml`pkiaa.

a `giaigrgk fkmltkrg k

ml`pkiaaflr. Jkml ml`pkiagijgpfaigtg

mlijaaafg `aia`g

a gxast

elr`ktlra

jg pakaitgrgskaslegrg mltkaa

pgitru gk, kmgkstkvk ea rkpaj

aitrljusfk mlt.

Aielr`kaafglegratg

Mlimgitrkrgklrjaigflr

mlielr``gmkias`ufua jgtrkizkmalikrg -bgigrgkzui

prguiam pgitrueagmkrg trkizkmag

imdgaktijgmursuf uigazafg. _rgurafgkeaktg suit

jaspliahafg uiuapuhfam vkst ktt

prai sastg`gfg jgtrkis`atgrg

gfgmtrliamk

jktgflr mt a pgsuplrt jg drtagsku/ a kbigtam,

i eagmkrg za.

Mk ur`krg k sgragajg mltkaa keaktgjg elr`ktlraa jg

pakiu sg plktg

elr`k ui mursuiam. Jkmtltuaui kstegf jg mursgstg keakt, gf gstgjlkr aijamktav. a

i kmgst mkzaielr`kaafg suitjaspliahafg mgflraitgrgska eag praikmmgsuf jargmt fkiavgfuf ;, eag pgsuplrt kbigtam

sku jg drtag kk

iu`atgfg elabkfhgig a elarlz puhfamktg

zafiam jg mga mkrglpgrgkzpg

IK]JK[, jggxg`pfu.

Iu gxastmltkaa keaktg

jargmt.Aielr`kaafg sg

lhai jg fkslmagtafg jg

hrlngrkbg mkrgaitgr`gjakztrkizkmaafg.

Aielr`kaafg suitjaspliahafg jlkr

aivgstatlraflraitgrgska a mkrg

ku kmmgs fksastg`.

]uprkvgbdgrgk ]g rgkfazgkzfkiavgf mgitrkf jgmtrg l ml`asag

spgmakfmlistatuatmkrg

ur`rgtg

kpfamkrgkrgbufaflr argbufk`gitgflr.

]g `kargkfazgkza jgmtrg ml`asaa

spgmakfazktg jaiaitgralruf hursgamkrg ur`rgsm

kpfamkrgk

]g plktg rgkfazk fkiavgf mgitrkf jkr

suprkvgbdgrgkgstg lkrgmu`

aijargmt,jglkrgmg kslmakak

mkrg lpgrgkzabgstaligkzsastg`uf jglpgrkrg kf

trkizkmaaflr gstg jg lhamga

isrmaiktmukmgkst

suprkvgbdgrg.Ml`asak jg fk

Iu gxastlsuprkvgbdgrgleamakf, jgaml`asak jg

spgmakfatktg mkrgsuprkvgbdgkz

pakk jg rkibuf Aplktg aitgrvgiai trkizkmaafgimdgaktg pg

kmgkstpak.

Iu gxastiama uiegf jg

suprkvgbdgrgleamakf,

trkizkmaafgimdgaktg eaaij

mlitrkmtg pravktgitrg jlaaivgstatlra a

kttk ta`p mt iuimkfm

fgbasfkaafgml`grmakfg ivablkrg, iu

gxastprlhfg`g.Gvajgit,

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rgbfg`gitraflr. iavgf mgitrkfsuprkvgbdgkz

`ka kfgs kmtavatktgk

kslmakaga, mkrg kkmu` krtk` `ka

sus gstg lrbkias`mu

kutlrgbfg`gitkrg.

ml`asaafg mkrgsuprkvgbdgkz

paggfg jg rkibufA a aijargmt mgfg jg rkibuf AA

kr jlra saitgrvai

a kama,

jkr putgrgk flrgstg fa`atkt.

_akk vkfutkr

Gstg l paksgmuijkr trkizkmaliij `ligjg mkrg ku elst jgck pusg i

marmufkag>

Krg jluml`pligitg3

- _akk aitgr-hkimkr - gstg l pak jg tap wdlfgskfg sku gi-brlss.

Zrkizkmaafg jgrufktg pg kmgkst pak igmgsat su`g `kra jg hkia,

`aia` ; `af. W]J sku gmdavkfgituf kmgstga su`g i kftg `ligjg sku`uftapfaa ka su`ga `aia`g mgrutg. Himafg mkrg kmaligkz pg pakk

aitgr-hkimkr suit fgbktg itrg gfg prai sastg`g jg ml`uiamkaa

sleastamktg>

- _akk vkfutkr k mfagiaflr kmgkst pak sg elr`gkz itrg hima a

mfagiaa flr a sg jgrufgkzpgitru lramg su`g jlratg jg mfagia, pi fk

ufta`k `ligj javazalikr. Zrghuag prgmazkt m iama ui egf jg

ml`pkiag ml`grmakfiu krg kmmgs fk pakk vkfutkraitgr-hkimkr. Jkr

ml`pkiaafg `uftaikalikfg ku prlpraafg flr jgpkrtk`gitg jg

trkizkmalikrg i jl`giauf vkfutkr mligmtktg fk javgrsg sastg`g jgmltkrg jg lhamga, legratg jg hima, jg hrlngra sku jg ml`pkiaa

spgmakfazktg a prai mkrg imgkrm slhaimgf `ka hui murs plsahaf

pgitru trkizkmaafg pg mkrg fg jgrufgkz.

_akk pgitru vkflra `lhafakrg jgravktg

Kmgkstpakgstg l ml`pligitspgmakfk pagga eaikimakrg>

_akk jgravktgflr eaikimakrg gstg ufta`k vgiat i smgia jgzvlftkrgk ga

s-k rgkfazkt `ka kfgs pg pkrmursuf ufta`aflr =? kia jga trkizkmaa mujgravktg (mlitrkmtg fk tgr`gi euturgs sku elrwkrj - imdgaktg `ka kfgs

ksuprk `reuraflr) s-ku irgbastrkt i `lj mlistkit imgpij mgf puai mu

seratuf sgmlfufua ;4>

Jgravktgfg eaikimakrg suit legratg pg pagg lrbkiazktg jg tapuf hursgflr

sku k paggflr LZM a mk ur`krg gfg suit stkijkrjazktg jai puimtuf jg

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vgjgrg kf mkitataa trkizkmaliktg a kf smkjgiga. Kmgstgk suit `aia`

mgfg jlugfg`gitg kfg mlitrkmtgflr jgravktg mkrg sg stkijkrjazgkz>

Kmgstg pagg pgitru jgravktg eaikimakrg mlimgitrgkzktt legrtk pra`krjg

kstegf jg prljusg gfg suit legratg gxmfusav jg mga mkrg ku lrbkiazkt pakk

pgitru rgspgmtavgfg jgravktg, jupstujaa a mgrmgtra pravaij tgijaik mgrgraaa legrtga fk tgr`gi k kmtavgflr suplrt mt a smda`huf sgmuijkr, ljkt

legratg rgspgmtavg jgravktg suit kmdazaaliktg a trkizkmaliktg. Jkr kmgstg

pagg ku l flmkfazkrg eazam haig jgeaiat a raibura jg trkizkmalikrg

spgmakfg, kk mgfg mu tlktg mgfg prgzgitktg `ka sus sg iu`gsm hursg

pgitru jgravktg eaikimakrg>

Gstg mlisajgrkt l ml`pligit spgmakf k pagga eaikimakrg ml`haiij

pakk pra`krmu mgk sgmuijkr> kama sg trkizkmaligkzprljusg eaikimakrg

legratg mdakr jg mga mkrg lrbkiazgkzpakk>

_gr`atg imdgagrgk jg trkizkmaa fk tgr`gi>

Euimalikrgk ga jgpaijg jg prgzgik mksga jg ml`pgiskag/ jg mfgkraib.

Ml`pfgxatktgk paggflr

i prgzgit suh muplfk uiga hursg jg vkflra sg plt bsa tlktg ml`pligitgfg jg

pak3

- ml`pligitk `ligtkr>

- ml`pligitk pra`kr mij vizkrgk g`asauiaflr jg ila vkflra `lhafakrg

sg rgkfazgkzprai sastg`uf hursga>- ml`pligitk sgmuijkrmfksam>

- ml`pligitk pgitru vkflra `lhafakrg jgravktg.

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Ugraeamkrgk muiltaigflr

;. Mkrg suit ml`pligitgfg pagga eaikimakrg a prai mg sg mkrkmtgrazgkz

eagmkrg

- famdajatktg>

- ui brkj rajamkt jg saburkik pfksk`gitgflr (rasm rgjus).

_raimapkfgfg mkrkmtgrastama kfg aistru`gitgflr jg pg pakk `ligtkr

Xasm jg igpfkt/ igrk`hruskrg smzut>

@kturatktg jg `kxa` ; ki> `kclratktgk kcuib fk `kturatktg i `ka puai jg

;8? jg zafg> sg ekmg jastaimag itrg3

- `kturatktgk aiaakf- kiuikti `l`gituf puigraa i marmufkag>

- `kturatktgk kmtukf(r`ks) pgralkjk jg ta`p r`kspifk smkjgi>

]uit g`asg kvij vkflra il`aikfg `kra (;??.???> 7??.???> ;.???.???

GWX sku W]J).

Aistru`gitgfg pagga `ligtkrg

Z(rgksury)-haffs - lhfabkauia jg trgzlrgrag

Lhfabkauia g`asg jg trgzlrgrak uiua stkt pgitru k lhaig jg pg pakk

`ligtkr elijurafg igmgskrg pgitru igvla tg`plrkrg>

@kturatafg mgfg `ka ergmvgit itfiatg suit3 =, 5, 1 a ;8 fuia>

Jlhizafg kiuktg pgitru kmgstg lhfabkauia suit mgfg `ka `ama pgitru

`kturatafg kiuiktg>

Z-haffs plt seag g`asg i elr`mfksam mu pfktk jlhizaa fk smkjgiskumu jasmluit>

Xktk jlhizaa fk Z-haffs mu `kturatktgk fk = fuia gstg mlisajgrkt rktk

jlhizaa fahgrjg rasm(rasn ergg rktg)>

Z-haffs mu `kturatktgk fk = fuia suit jaspliahafg pgitru lramg tap jg

aivgstatlr>

Xasmuf jg rk`hurskrg pgitru kmgstg Z-haffs gstg zgrl>

_gralkjk jg ta`p gstg sueamagit jg smurt pgitru k iu ea aiefugikt jg

aiefkag (i gmlil`aafg mu rktg ilr`kfg kfg aiefkaga)>

Xasmuf plfatam gstg mlisajgrkt mk eaaij smzut>

]trumturk pg `kturata k rktga jlhizaa fahgrjg rasm bgigrgkzyagfj murvg

sku murhk rkijk`gitgflr jaitr-l gmlil`ag.

XG_L] (rgpurmdksg kbrgg`gits)

L igfgbgrg imdgaktitrg mgf mkrg krg igvlag jg elijura a jgaitlruf jg

elijura >

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`pru`utktuf sg kibkcgkzsa rsmu`pgrg/ rk`hursgzg jktlrak fk l jkt

spgmaeamkt>

Jurktk jg vakk rgpls3 = ;: zafg>

Gxasta rgplspg pgralkjg jg ; = fuia>

Kjgsgk rgplssuit bkrkitktg jg Z-haffs.Mgrtaeamktg jg jgplzat igblmakhafg

Ukflra `lhafakrg g`asg jg hima mkrg mgrtaeammlistatuargk uiua jgplzat, mu

l kiu`atrktk jlhizaa a l `kturatktg kiuikt(fg mliegrmkfatktgk jg

vkflra `lhfakrg fk tgr`gi)>

Ukflra `lhafakrg fk purttlr pgitru k putgk ea igblmakhafg>

Jlhijk pgitru kmgstg mgrtaeamktg gstg igblmakt itrg hkimk g`atgit a

jgaitlruf jg elijura>

Ukflrafg il`aikfg pgitru kmgstg mgrtaeamktg suit itrg ;??.??? W]J/ GWX

a ;? `af. W]J/ GWX, akr vkflkrgk `aia`jg trkizkmalikrg gstg jg ; `af.

W]J/ GWX.

Drtaa ml`grmakfg

Kibkck`gitg jg pfkt igbkrkitktg, g`asg jg mlrplrkaa, a mkrg kcuib fk

`kturatktg i `kxa` 82? jg zafg>

]uit utafazktg jg ml`pkiaa pgitru k lhaig elijura pgitru igvla tg`plrkrg>

i Xl`iak mk`haa, hafgtg fk lrjai>

Kmmgptra hkimkrg

_rl`asauigk uiga hima jg k pfta igmlijaalikt su`k prgmazkt fk`kturatktgk `gialiktpgrslkiga mkrg jgaig rgspgmtavuf ismras>

Gxastjai sgmlfuf ;8>

Wtafazkt`ka kfgs i mkzuf trkizkmaaflr ml`grmakfg mu huiura>

Kmmgptkrgk hkimkr gstg kjgsgk bkrkitkt jg kmlrjkrgk uiua mrgjat

pgitru rgspgmtavk trkizkmag.

Gurlvkfutg

Jgplzatg mlistatuatg fk hima straig i kftvkfutjgmt mgk k raa i mkrg

sg kefhkimk a mgk k raa mkrg jgsmdajg jgplzatuf>

Zgr`giuf a krg lrabaigk i kiaa ;17? mij jgplzatgfg i W]J kfg elstga

Wiauia ]lvagtamg ku elst trkisegrktg jai himafg k`gramkig i hima jg pg

mlitaigituf Gurlpgki>

Ktrkmtavatktgk kmgstlr jgplzatg rgprgzgitktjg jlhijk mu mkrg gfg suit

jaspliahafg a pgralkjgfg jg ta`p pgitru mkrg sg plt mlistatua.

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FAHAJ-FAHLX / GWXAHAJ - GWXAHLX

FAHAJ Flijli Aitgrhkin Haj Xktg>

FAHLX Flijli Aitgrhkin Leegr Xktg>

- _akk jg fk Flijrk gstg mlisajgrktjg rgegraipgitru gurlvkfutg>

GWXAHAJ Gurl Aitgrhkin Haj Xktg> GWXAHLX Gurl Aitgrhkin Leegr Xktg>

- Xktgfg jlhaizaflr prkmtamktg pgitru zlik gurl, pgitru jgplzatgfg/ elijurafg i

GWX.

_krtamapkiaa fk pakk `ligtkr

Himafg>

Kftg aistatuaa eaikimakrg>

Ml`pkiaa ml`grmakfg>

Ml`pkiaa jg aivgstaaa>

Ml`pkiaa jg ksaburra>

Kutlratafg mgitrkfg kfg stktutufua.

Ugraeamkrgk muiltaitgflr

;. Mkrg suit mkrkmtgrastamafg pagga `ligtkrg a smlpuf pgitru mkrg

kmgkstk k elst mrgkt 48-1?> 1;-;??

=. _lp, Mlrigfak (8??7) Xgfkaa vkfutkr-eaikimakrg aitgrikalikfg,Gj.Zljgsml, Mfuc, Hahfaltgmk Ekmuftaa jg Husaigss, pkb.28-48> 48-45

:. Xkplkrtgfg kiukfg kfg Himaa Ikalikfg k Xl`iaga a Hufgtaigfg fuikrg kfgHimaa Ikalikfg k Xl`iaga, jaspliahafg brktuat pg satg-uf www.hirl.rl

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@ljufuf AA_aggfg pgitru lhfabkauia.

_aggfg pgitru kmauia.

uiatktgk jg murs : - _akk lhfabkauiaflruiatktgk jg murs 7 - _raimapkfaa pkrtamapkia fk pakk lhfabkauiaflr. Xlfuf rktaibufuapg pakk lhfabkauiaflruiatktgk jg murs 5 - _akk kmauiaflruiatktgk jg murs 2 - _raimapkfaa aijamktlra ka kmauiaflr pg l pakhursagr.uiatktgk jg murs 4 - Lpgrkaa mu kmauia a lhfabkauia gegmtuktg jg g`atgit

]mlp a lhagmtavg]mlp

Kmgst `ljuf ur`gkz s prgzaitg praimapkfgfg trstura kfg paggflr pgitru

lhfabkauia a kmauia, `ljuf i mkrg kmgstgk euimaligkza praimapkfgfg lpgrkauia

gegmtuktg mu kmauia a lhfabkauia (jg mtrg g`atgiaa flr) a mkrg aiefugigkztrkizkmalikrgk kmgstlrk pg paggfg jgjamktg.

Lhagmtavg ur`ratg

muilktgrgk trsturaflr spgmaeamg pagga lhfabkauiaflr

igfgbgrgk gfg`gitgflr jg hkzkfg uiga lhfabkauia

muilktgrgk praimapkfgflr tapura jg lhfabkauia

muilktgrgk praimapkfgflr mktgblraa jg g`atgia, aitgr`gjakra a jg

aivgstatlra mkrg kmaligkzpg pakk lhfabkauiaflr

igfgbgrgk sg`iaeamkaga rktaibufua a k `ljufua jg kmlrjkrg k kmgstuak

aiefugik rktaibufua ksuprk jlhizaa lhfabkauiaflr a k jgmazaga jg

aivgstaaa

muilktgrgk trsturaflr spgmaeamg pagga kmauiaflr

igfgbgrgk gfg`gitgflr jg hkzkfg kmauiaflr

muilktgrgk praimapkfgflr tapura jg kmauia

muilktgrgk a igfgbgrgk mgflr : aijamktlra jg hkzmkrg mkrkmtgrazgkz

kmauiafg trkizkmaliktg

muilktgrgk praimapkfaflr pkrtamapkia fk pakk kmauiaflr

Mlimgptg jg hkz3 vkflkrg il`aikf,prgjg g`asauig, mupli, rasn ergg rktg, yagfjmurvg, puimt jg hkz, lhfabkauia `uiamapkfg, lhfabkauia mlrplrktavg, rktaib,kbgiag jg rktaib, vgiat eax, aivgstatlra spgmakfazka, hurs, pak LZM, pks jgmltkrg, kmauia lhaiuatg, kmauia prgegrgiakfg, famdajatktg, _GX, G_], Aivgst`githkin, ]]AE, aivgstatlr

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uiatktgk jg murs :_akk lhfabkauiaflr

saitgz

Jgeaiargk lhfabkauiaflr

Lhfabkauiafg suit tatfura jg mrgjat g`asg pg tgr`gi `gjau a fuib (a `ka rkr pgtgr`gi smurt) jg slmagtkafg ml`grmakfg pg kmauia a/ sku kj`aiastrkak puhfammgitrkf sku flmkf (prgegmtura, `uiamapkfata, pra`raa kfg lrkgflr skuml`uigflr). Kmgstg tatfura jg mrgjat suit purttlkrg jg jlhij.

Lhfabkauiafg ktgstlhfabkak g`atgitufua jg k pfta lramrua jgaitlr kf kmgstlrkjlhijk muvgiata rk`hurskrgk su`ga fuktg mu `pru`ut.

Gfg`gitgfg jg hkz kfg mlitrkmtufua jg `pru`ut jaitrg g`atgituf lhfabkauiaa(jghatlr) a jgaitlraa lhfabkauiaflr (mrgjatlra) suit stkhafatg prai prlspgmtuf jgg`asauig mkrg islgtg eagmkrg mfksjg lhfabkauia pusi marmufkag.

Kmgstg tatfura plt sa g`asg jg mtrgg3

-

slmagta ml`grmakfg pg kmauia>- kj`aiastrkak puhfammgitrkf/ flmkf.

Lhfabkauiafg suit vkflra `lhafakrg pra`krg, il`aiktavg sku fk purttlr>

Lhfabkauiafg ktgstksu`krgk lhfabkaga jg pfktk g`atgitufua mtrg lramg

jgaiktlr kf kmgstlrk. Lhfabkak jg pfkt aimfujg jlhijk a rk`hurskrgk

su`ga fuktg mu `pru`ut>

Zrkjaalikf, lhfabkauiafg suit iu`atg vkflra `lhafakrg mu vgiat eax

jlhijk kegrgiteaaij rgfktav eax.

Gfg`gitgfg jg hkzkfg uiga lhfabkauia

Ukflkrgk il`aikf vkflkrg mkrg sg ismrag pg ekk lhfabkauiaa a mkrg

aijam su`k jg hkia pg mkrg g`atgituf trghuag s l rk`hursgzg

jgaitlrufua lhfabkauiaa (mrgjatlrufua). Ukflkrgk il`aikf k lhfabkauiaa

rgzuftjai javazkrgk su`ga jg hkia mg ur`gkzk ea fuktmu `pru`ut mu

iu`ruf jg lhfabkauia mg ur`gkzk ea g`asg. Ukflkrgk il`aikfsg `ka

iu`gtg a praimapkf jg fk muvituf gibfgz praimapkf mkrg isgk`i

su`k jg hkia mkrg gstg fuktmu `pru`ut a trghuag rk`hursktjg jghatlr.

Jglkrgmg vkflkrgk il`aikf sg ismrag pg ekk lhfabkauiaa jkmlhfabkauigk gstg g`asi elr``ktgrakfazkt kmgkstk sg `ka iu`gtg a

ekmg vkfug.

Jlhijk (mupliuf) aijam prlmgituf jg jlhij pg mkrg slmagtktgk

g`atgit k lhfabkauiaa f vk pfta pgitru mrgjatuf jg mkrg hgigeamakz.

Kmgkstk sg `ka iu`gtg a jlhij il`aikf, jglkrgmg prlmgituf jg

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jlhij sg kpfam fk vkflkrgk il`aikf k lhfabkauiaa. Jgiu`argk jg

mupli pgitru kmgkst jlhij k kprut jglkrgmg lhfabkauiafg g`asg i

elr``ktgrakfjaspuigku jg l kflicjg muplkig mkrg aijamku su`k mg

trghuak s l pra`gksm jgaitlruf lhfabkauiaa suh elr` jg jlhij a

aijamk a ergmvgik jg pfkt k rgspgmtavga jlhiza - kiukf, sg`gstrakf,tra`gstrakf. Ergmvgik jg pfkt k jlhizaa `ka gstg muilsmut a suh

jgiu`argk jg prlbrk`uf jg pfkt kf jlhizaa a mk a i mkzuf

javajgijgflr ergmvgik jg pfkt k jlhizaa gstg stkhafat i euimag jg

lhamgauf mkrg gxast pg pakk pg mkrg lhfabkauiafg ku elst g`asg a fuij

imlisajgrkrg ktgptrafg aivgstatlraflr.

@kturatktgk lhfabkauiaa elr`ktjai3

- ]mkjgik lhfabkauiaa jktk fa`at (ufta`k jkt) fk mkrg slmagtktgk

g`atgit trghuag s rk`hursgzg `pru`utuf rgprgzgitkt jg

lhfabkauiafg g`asg a -gvgitukf - s pftgksm ufta`gfg jlhiza

kegrgitg kmgstuak.

- Jurktk jg vak k lhfabkauiaa pgralkjk jg ta`p jaitrg `l`gituf

g`atgraa a puigraa i marmufkag k vkflraflr `lhafakrg rgspgmtavg a

smkjgik kmgstlrk. Jurktk jg vak sg ja`aiugkz pg `sur mg sg

kprlpag smkjgik. i uigfg mkzura sg puig sg`iuf gbkfataa itrg

smkjgi a jurktk jg vak k uiga lhfabkauia. Zltua, smkjgik

lhfabkauiaa gstg l jkt eax, muilsmut, mkrg i praimapau - iu sg

`ljaeam, i ta`p mg jurktk jg vak sg ja`aiugkz pg `sur mgsmkjgik sg kprlpag.

_rguf jg g`asauig prguf fk mkrg lhfabkauigk gstg pusi marmufkag jg

mtrg slmagtktgk g`atgit. Kmgst prg plktg ea `ka `krg jgmt vkflkrgk

il`aikf k lhfabkauiaa (suprk pkra sku pgstg pkratktg mkz i mkrg

lhfabkauiafg suit g`asg mu pra`), gbkf mu vkflkrgk il`aikf (kt pkra

sku fk pkratktg) sku `ka `am jgmt vkflkrgk il`aikf (suh pkra sku suh

pkratktg mkz i mkrg lhfabkauiafg suit g`asg mu jasmluit). Kfgbgrgk

prgufua fk mkrg sg pui i marmufkag lhfabkauiafg jgpaijg jg l sgrag jg

ekmtlra - i praimapkf jlhijk fahgr jg rasm jg pg pak, aitgrgsuf

aivgstatlraflr, plzaak a rgputkak jghatlrufua (g`atgitufua) a rkpajatktgk mu

mkrg kmgstk jlrgtg saitrg i plsgsak su`gflr jg hkia jg mkrg krg igvlag.

Zrghuag s k`aita` m, aijaegrgit jg prguf mu mkrg sg pui i marmufkag

lhfabkauiafg, slmagtktgk g`atgit trghuag s rk`hursgzg iu`ka vkflkrgk

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il`aikfk lhfabkauiaa i mkuz (jkmiu s-k stkhafat - prai prlspgmtuf jg

g`asauig - l aijgxkrg k vkflraa il`aikfg).

@ljuf jg rk`hurskrg prgvgjg prlbrk`uf jg pfktkf jlhizaa> `ljuf

gegmtav jg rk`hurskrg, jkr a mfkuzg spgmakfg mu` kr ea3

-

mfkuzk jg rgvlmkrg (mkff pravafgbg) - gstg prgvzutpgitru mkzuf i mkrgg`atgituf mlisajgrmgvlfuak jlhizaa jg pg pakgstg igekvlrkhaf.

_rgzgik kmgstga mfkuzg pgr`atg rgjumgrgk `kturataa lhfabkauiaflr i

pgralkjg mu rktg rajamktg kfg aiefkaga a `giaig mlsturafg jg mrgjatkrg fk

ui iavgf kmmgptkhaf pgitru g`atgituf lhfabkauiaflr. Jai pmktg l kstegf

jg mfkuz jg rgvlmkrg iu gstg i ekvlkrgk aivgstatlraflr/ jgaitlraflr

lhfabkauiaflr jai mktgblrak i mkuz>

- sainaib euijs (elijura spgmakfg prai mkrg sg bkrkitgkz rk`hurskrgk>

suit elflsatg `ka kfgs i mkzuf rgtrkbgraa kitamapktg k uiga pra k

lhfabkauiaflr jg pg pak). Zapurafg jg rkijk`gitkslmaktg lhfabkauiaflr3

- rkijk`gituf mupliufua (rkijk`gituf il`aikf) - mkfmufkt mk rkplrt itrg

vkflkrgk mupliufua a vkflkrgk il`aikfk lhfabkauiaa>

- rkijk`gituf murgit (murrgit yagfj) - plktg ea `ka `krg sku `ka `am

jgmt rkijk`gituf il`aikf. Kmgst rkijk`git murgit sg plktg mkfmufk3

i `l`gituf puigraa i marmufkag k lhfabkauiaa a i kmgst mkz sg

mkfmufgkzmk rkplrt itrg mupliuf lhfabkauiaa a prguf jg g`asauig skupg pkrmursuf vagaa lhfabkauiaa a i kmgst mkz sg mkfmufgkz mk rkplrt

itrg mupliuf lhfabkauiaa a prguf murgit jg pg pak>

- rkijk`gituf fk smkjgi - gstg mlisajgrkt k ea rktk `gjag k jlhizaa

mkrg s-kr putgk lhaig i mkzuf i mkrg mu`prtlruf lhfabkauiaa kr lptk

pgitru jgaigrgk ga pifk smkjgi>

- rkijk`gituf fk rgvlmkrg - rkijk`gituf mkrg sg plktg mkfmufk i mkzuf i

mkrg gxastl mfkuzjg rgvlmkrg k lhfabkauiaflr. Elr`ufk jg mkfmuf

sa`pfaeamkt gstg ksg`itlkrg mu mgk k rkijk`gitufua fk smkjgi.

Mfksaeamkrgk lhfabkauiaflr

i euimag jg g`atgia3

- buvgrik`gitkfg(kjgsgk jgiu`atg a lhfabkauia jg trgzlrgrag sku pgitru

igvla jg trgzlrgrag)3 Z-haffs (pifk ; ki)> Z-iltgs (itrg ; a ;? kia)> Z-

hlijs (pgstg ;? kia)>

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- `uiamapkfg3 rgvgiug hlijs (lhfabkauia g`asg pgitru k eaikik rgkfazkrgk

uiua kiu`at prlagmt a`plrtkit pgitru ml`uiatktgk flmkfsku rgbalikf, akr

mkpkmatktgk jg rk`hurskrg k g`atgitufua sg hkzgkzpg vgiaturafg bgigrktg

jg prlagmtuf i mkuz sku mgfg bgigrktg jg gitatktgk curajam mkrg

gxpflktgkzprlagmtuf), aijustrakf rgvgiug hlijs & aijustrakf jgvgflp`githlijs(suit l elr`spgmakfk lhfabkauiaflr prgmgjgitg. _rai aitgr`gjauf

kmgstlr lhfabkauia, kutlratafg flmkfg ku jgvgiat `ka kmtavg i spracaiargk

sgmtlrufua pravkt prai eaikikrgk jg prlagmtg jg aivgstaaa jg `krg

kivgrbur), plfutali mlitrlf hlijs (kutlratafg flmkfg g`at lhfabkauia

pgitru k kmdazaalik gmdapk`gitg pgitru mlitrlfuf plfuraa elkrtg

mlstasatlkrg a kpla fg imdarakzml`pkiaaflr pravktg, kstegf imt splkt

kmlpgra mlstuf mrgjatufua kibkckt)>

- mlrplrktavg (lhfabkauia g`asg jg slmagtafg pg kmauia).

Jup`ljuf jg mkfmuf/ stkhafarg k jlhizaa3

- mu jlhijeax(suit lhfabkauia mfksamg, prlmgituf jg jlhijil`aikf

eaaij stkhafat i `l`gituf g`asauiaa rgspgmtavga mfksg jg lhfabkauia a

r`ig igsmda`hkt pg tlktjurktk jg vakk rgspgmtavgflr g`asauia)>

- mu jlhij aijgxkt (aijgxkrgk sg ekmg i euimag jg rktk aiefkaga, jkr sg

plktg ekmg a i euimag jg rktk jlhizaa fahgrg jg rasm, i euimag jg l

ml`haikag itrg rktk aiefkaga a rktk jlhizaa fahgr jg rasm (mlisajgrkt

rktk stkijkrj), i euimag jg jlhijk jg pg pakk aitgrhkimkr sku ieuimag jg l ml`haikag jg rkijk`gitg kfg aistru`gitgflr jg gmlil`asarg,

pg javgrsg pgralkjg jg ta`p, legratg jg l sgrag jg aistatuaa eaikimakrg a jg

mrgjat. Jg ksg`gigk sg spgmaeam a aitgrvkfgfg jg ta`p fk mkrg sg ekmg

aijgxkrgk)>

- pkrtamapktavg (suit lhfabkauia mkrg pg fibjlhijk, jg rgbufeax, mkrg k

elst kiuikt m vk ea pftat, `ka jku jrgptuf fk imkskrgk uilr jlhiza

supfa`gitkrg)>

- mu mupli zgrl (muilsmutg a suh jgiu`argk jg jggp jasmluit hlijs,kmgstg

lhfabkauia ku kprut i kiaa 4?, akr jgiu`argk flr vaig jg fk ekptuf mgfg

suit fapsatg jg mupli).

Jupplsahafatafg jg mlivgrsag3

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- igmlivgrtahafg (plt ea lramg mfks jg lhfabkauia mkrg iu krg prgvzut

mkrkmtgrastamk jg mlivgrsauig - jg prgsmda`hkrg - i kmauia kfg slmagtaa

g`atgitg)>

- mlivgrtahafg (ku prgvzut plsahafatktgk jg prgsmda`hkrg i kmauia kfg

slmagtaa g`atgitg)>- mu wkrrkit (wkrrkituf gstg ui tatfu jgravkt mkrg jjrgptuf jgaitlrufua fk

suhsmragrgk - i kiu`atg mlijaaa - k uiua iu`r jg kmauia lhaiuatg kfg

slmagtaa g`atgitg fk ui prg prgstkhafat a islgtg uigfg g`asauia jg

lhfabkauia pgitru k fg ekmg `ka ktrkmtavg pgitru aivgstatlra).

Jup`ljuf jg rk`hurskrg3

- mfksamg (pgitru kmgstg lhfabkauia, vkflkrgk il`aikf k lhfabkauiaflr jai

kmggka g`asauiag, sg rk`hursgkz fk smkjgi, akr jlhijk sg pftgtg

pgraljam - kiukf, sg`gstrakf sku tra`gstrakf. Kmgst `lj jg rk`hurskrg a j

plsahafatktgk g`atgitufua jg k muilktg prlbrk`uf pfaflr pgraljamg a k-a

ksaburk famdajatafg igmgskrg pfaflr mkrg trghuag emutg)>

- rk`hursktg prai kiuata mlistkitg (pgitru kmgst tap jg lhfabkauia,

slmagtktgk g`atgit pftgtg mrgjatlraflr - i eagmkrg ki - l rkt mlistkit

mkrg aimfujg ktt jlhijk kegrgit pgralkjga mt a l pkrtg jai su`k

`pru`utkt. Kmgst `lj jg rk`hurskrg gstg `ka kvkitkcls pgitru g`atgit

jglkrgmg a uurgkz kmgstuak skrmaik easmkf pg `sur mg sg kprlpag

smkjgik `pru`utufua, jglkrgmg su`k jg rk`hurskt smkjg a ljktmu gkjlhijk mg trghuag pftat)>

- rk`hursktg prai trkbgrg fk slra (i mkzuf i mkrg kmgst `lj jg rk`hurskrg

gstg prgvzut i prlspgmtuf jg g`asauig kf lhfabkauiaa, i eagmkrg ki

slmagtktgk g`atgit vk rk`hursk mu kitamapkag ui kiu`at iu`r jg

lhfabkauia mkrg ekm pkrtg jai kmggka g`asauig)>

- rk`hursktg aitgbrkf fk smkjgi (pgitru kmgstg lhfabkauia, ktt su`k

`pru`utktmt a jlhijk sg pftgsm iu`ka fk smkjgi).

Jup`kturatktg3

- pg tgr`gi smurt (suit g`asg pgitru k ea rk`hursktg itr-ui aitgrvkf jg ta`p

jg `kxa` ;8 fuia a suit `ka rkr utafazktg jg slmagtafg ml`grmakfg,

jglkrgmg igrgspgmtkrgk rk`hursraa fk smkjgi k lhfabkauiaflr gstg ui

sg`ikf igbktav pgitru aivgstatlra, akr lilrkrgk uilr kstegf jg lhfabkauia

plktg rajamk elkrtg `uftg prlhfg`g jg famdajatktg pgitru g`atgit)>

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:?

- pg tgr`gi `gjau sku fuib (suit g`asg pg pgralkjg `ka `kra jg ; ki, jg

rgbufpg =, 7, 2, ;?, ;7 sku =?-7? kia)>

- mu jurktjg vakvkrakhaf(kmgst tap jg lhfabkauia pgr`at eag g`atgitufua,

eag jgaitlrufua lhfabkauiaflr s `ljaeamg jurktk `pru`utufua - jg

rgbuf `ljaeamkrgk sg rgegr fk l prgfuibarg k jurktga jg vak klhfabkauiaflr jai g`asauigk rgspgmtav).

Jupbkrkiaa3

- igbkrkitktg (kmgstg lhfabkauia sg `ka iu`gsm bgigrkfg, akr fatgrkturk

kibfl-skxlijg spgmakfatktg fg iu`gtg jghgiturgs. Mga mkrg jgai kstegf

jg lhfabkauia iu ku iama l bkrkiag m su`gfg pg mkrg fg-ku jkt mu

`pru`ut vlr ea rk`hursktg - i kekrjg jrgptuf fk rk`hurskrg mliegrat jg

lramg tatfu jg mrgjat. Jkm slmagtktgk g`atgit aitr i prlmgjur jg

famdajkrg - jgaitlraa jg kstegf jg lhfabkauia ku mkfatktgk jg mrgjatlrabgigrkfa a trghuag sktgptg mk seag sgrvatg lhfabkauiafg bkrkitktg a khak

kpla - jkmsu`gfg jg hkia rgzuftktg jai famdajkrg suit sueamagitg - a vlr

rgmupgrk hkiaa `pru`utka. Ga ku, is, pralratktg ek jg kmalikra fk

rk`hurskrg)>

- bkrkitktg (kmgstg lhfabkauia `ka suit iu`atg a aijgiturgs a sg bkrkitgkz

rk`hurskrgk su`gflr `pru`utktg prai mlistatuargk uiga bkrkiaa - mk a i

mkzuf `pru`uturaflr hkimkrg. Kmgkstbkrkiag plktg ea elr`ktjaitr-ui

plrtlelfau jg mlitrkmtg jg apltgm sku ui saibur mlitrkmt jg apltgm sku

bkrkiak plktg ea mlistatuat jaitr-ui kmtav sku brup jg kmtavg jgaiutg sgslmagtktgk g`atgit, kmtavg mg iu vlr putgk ea istraiktg pg jurktk jg vak

k lhfabkauiaflr bkrkitktg - jgmt pgitru rk`hurskrgk kmgstlrk)>

- apltgmkrg (l elr` spgmakf k lhfabkauiaflr bkrkitktg - suit g`asg i

spgmakf jg slmagtafg spgmakfazktg i kmlrjkrgk jg `pru`utura pg hkzjg

apltgm).

Jup`ligjk i mkrg ku elst g`asg3

- lhfabkauia aitgrig (lhfabkauia g`asg pgitru k ea pusg i marmufkag pg

paggfg ikalikfg. i kmgkstmktgblrag sg plt aimfujg lhfabkauiafg g`asg jg

l ml`pkiag rl`i, gxpra`ktg i fga pgitru k ea jastrahuatg pg tgratlrauf

Xl`iaga)>

- lhfabkauia gxtgrig(lhfabkauia g`asg pgitru k ea pfksktg pg kftg pagg jgmt

pakk ikalikf)3 lhfabkauia straig (lhfabkuia g`asg jg l ml`pkiag

straii `ligjk ikalikfk raa pg k mrga pakur`gkzseag pfksktg),

gurl-lhfabkauia (lhfabkauia g`asg i javgrsg `ligjg mkrg suit legratg

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aivgstatlraflr jg pg kftg pagg jgmt pakk ikalikf k `ligjga i mkrg

lhfabkauiafg ku elst jgil`aiktg).

Kftg tapura jg lhfabkauia3

-

mu mupli mg sg plktg rgaivgsta (jgaitlruf kmgstlr lhfabkauia plktg lptkpgitru k pra`a vkflkrgk mupliufua i iu`grkr sku pgitru k rgaivgsta

mupliuf a k pra`a i smda`huf fua lhfabkauia ajgitamg mu mgfg fk mkrg k

suhsmras aiaakf)>

- prgmkrg (cuin hlijs - kmgst tap jg lhfabkauia k elst aitrljus fk imgputuf

kiaflr 4? jg mtrg ml`pkiaa mkrg s-ku bsat hrusm i ekk uilr prlhfg`g

eaikimakrg sgralksg a kf mrlr rktaib mkrg gvkfugkzmkfatktgk flr jg jghatlra

k smzut)>

- rgvlmkhafg (mkffkhfg hlijs- g`atgituf prgvgjg, i prlspgmtuf jg g`asauig,

ekptuf mplktg srk`hursgzg mu kitamapkag `pru`utuf, rgspgmtav plt s

rgtrkb lhfabkauiafg jg pg pak, jkm gvlfuak rktga jlhizaa gstg

igekvlrkhafpgitru slmagtktgk ml`grmakf. ]prg jglsgharg jg lhfabkauiafg

mu egrgkstr, iu`ka g`atgituf jgmajg rk`hurskrgk kitamapktsku rgvlmkrgk

lhfabkauiaflr)>

- aiml`g hlijs(lhfabkauia mkrg sg g`at i mkzuf rglrbkiazraa ml`pkiaaflr

sku i kftg satukaa i mkrg ml`pkiak jg kef i ekk uilr jaeamufta

eaikimakrg)>

-

rgsgt hlijs (kmgst tap jg lhfabkauia ku elst mrgktg pgitru k jk ta`pml`pkiaaflr g`atgitg s a `huitgksm rktaibuf sku s ekm ekuilr

igvla tg`plrkrg jg iu`grkr)>

- ml``ljaty hkmngj sgmuratags (kmgst tap jg lhfabkauia ku l vkflkrg

il`aikf fgbktjg prguf jg pakk kf uiga `rea trkizkmaliktg pg l pak

muilsmut, mu` kr ea kuruf, krbaituf, pgtrlfuf a kf mrga prggstg prgsupusk

ea sgisahaf fk gvlfuak rktga aiefkaga).

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Ugraeamkrgk muiltaigflr

;. Mu` suit jgeaiatg lhfabkauiafg legrtgfg puhfamg a pravktg jaegrmk a vkflkrg a

mkitatktg jg tatfura> iu`ruf legrtgflr gstg, is, `krg>

_akk sgmuijkrk lhfabkauiaflr ml`pligitk pg mkrg sg trkizkmaligkz

lhfabkauiafg g`asg a kefktg i marmufkag>

Zrkizkmaafg mu lhfabkauia sg plt jgrufk pg tlktg mgfg : mktgblraa jg pagg

sgmuijkrg>

Mgfg `ka ur`ratg trkizkmtaa mu lhfabkauia suit mgfg jgrufktg pg paggfg jgrkib AA jg tap LZM>

i sgptg`hrag 8??5 rkplrtuf ZKHH Brlup krtk m trkizkmalikrgk

gfgmtrliam k lhfabkauiaflr (`ka kfgs mgfg mlrplrktavg) gstg jlkr l `am

pkrtg jai tltkfuf pagga>

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:=

@ltavuf trkizkmaafg mu lhfabkauia (jkmiu sg jgrufgkzpg l pakjg

rkib A) iu igmgsat jargmalikrgk lrjaigflr sprg ui sastg` mgitrkfazkt jg

trkizkmalikrg.

Elr`krgk prguraflr lhfabkauiaflr _rguf lhfabkauiaflr sg gxpra` mk prlmgit jai vkflkrgk il`aikf k

kmgstlrk>

Lramg gitatktg mkrg g`atg lhfabkauia trghuag s ai sgk`k jg ekptuf ml

lhfabkauig plktg ea pus i marmufkag fk ui prg `ka `krg, `ka `am sku

gbkf mu vkflkrgk il`aikfk kmgstgak>

_rguf pg mkrg aivgstatlruf (lramkrg kr ea gf, pgrslki eazam sku curajam)

gstg jaspus s f pftgksm, jgpaijg jg vkflkrgk prgzgit k vaatlkrgflr

efuxura jg iu`grkr legratg jg rgspgmtavk g`asauig jg lhfabkauia

(rgspgmtav jg l lhfabkauig jai kmgk g`asauig). ]uhfaiag` im l jkt m

efuxurafg vaatlkrg jg iu`grkr bgigrktg jg l lhfabkauig suit elr`ktg jai3

jlhijkmg ur`gkzk ea pftatfk kiu`atg aitgrvkfg jg ta`p a jg su`k

jg rk`hurskt, su`mkrg gstg gbkfmu vkflkrgk il`aikfk lhfabkauiaa..

_rguf lhfabkauiaflr gvlfugkzi sgis aivgrs ekjg lsmafkaafg jlhizaa jg

rgegrai(jg lhamga rktk jlhizaa fahgrjg rasm)>

Xkplrtuf mgrgrg/ legrt aiefugigkz aijargmt prguf lhfabkauiaflr kmgst

rkplrt gstg aiefugikt jg gvlfuak jlhizaa jg rgegrai>

Jkmjlhijk jg rgegraismkjg prguf lhfabkauiaflr mrgtg> Jkmjlhijk jg rgegraimrgtg prguf lhfabkauiaflr smkjg.

_akk gurl-lhfabkauiaflr

Flmkfazktlee-sdlrg>

K kprut jktlratrgbfg`gitraflr rgfktav stramtg pg pfki ikalikf>

a-k imgput jgzvlftkrgk i kiaa ;17?> i prgzgit vlfu`uf kiukf jg

lhfabkauia g`asg pg kmgkstpak k jgpsat vlfu`uf jg lhfabkauia g`asg

i ]WK>

Brkj rgjus jg rgbfg`gitkrg>

_rkmtamafg suit `ka puai rabajg jglkrgmg pfksk`gitgfg suit mlisajgrktg

pravktg a iu legrtg puhfamg>

_gralkjk igmgskrlhaigraa hkiaflr gstg jg kprlxa`ktav :? zafg ekjg 5?

zafg pg paggfg ikalikfg.

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Aijamaa pgitru pakk lhfabkauiaflr

Ku kprut i ur`mu kprlxa`ktav :? jg kia>

Mlistrumak flr gstg jaeamafjktlrat3

- vkragtaa `kra k lhfabkauiaflr>

-

famdajatktgk pagga pg eagmkrg tap jg lhfabkauig>- jurktk jg vaki smjgrg>

- pfafg pgraljamg kfg jlhizaflr.

_lrtlelfaafg aijamaflr pgitru lhfabkauia suit ml`pusg jai suhplrtlelfaa i euimag

jg tapurafg jg lhfabkauia mlisajgrktg aitgrgskitg.

Mga `ka muilsmua aijama pgitru lhfabkauia ku elst3

- ]kfl`li Hrltdgrs Hrlkj Aivgst`git Brkjg (HAB) Aijgx kstza Matabrlup

HAB>

- Fgd`ki Hrltdgrs Kbbrgbktg Aijgx>

-

@grryf Fyimd Jl`gstam @kstgr Aijgx .

]g kjrgsku gxmfusav pagga k`gramkig.

Ku `ka elst fkiska3

- C._.@lrbki Blvgri`git Hlij Aijamgs (BHA)>

- C._.@lrbki G`grbaib @krngts Hlij Aijgx Bflhkf (G@HA) mu

suhml`pligitg pg ra>

- Jlw Cligs Mlrplrktg Hlij Aijgx (mu iu`ka 15 jg lhfabkauia i

plrtlelfau).

Xktaibuf lhfabkauiaflr

@ljgfuf jup mkrg prg`aafg jg rasm suit fuktg i mlisajgrkrg pgitru stkhafargk

jlhizaa lhfabkauiaflr mkrg ur`gkz s eag pusg i marmufkag sg iu`gtg

strumturk rasmufua rktga jlhizaaa rgspgmtrgbufk3 mu mt gstg `ka `krg rasmufjg igpfkt (jg imgtkrgk k pfaflr pgitru lhfabkauiafg g`asg) mu ktt gstg `ka

`krg prg`auf jg rasm mkrg trghuag aimfus i jlhijk il`aikf legrat pgitru

rgspgmtavk lhfabkauig. @ljgfuf `ka sus k`aitat gstg stkhafat jg rktaibuf legrat

jg kbgiaa spgmakfazktg i kmgst bgi jg lpgrkaa.

Xgprgzait l gvkfukrg k mkpkmataa g`atgitufua jg k ekmg ek lhfabkaaflrjg pfktksu`ktg>

Gstg kmlrjkt jg kbgiaa spgmakfazktg fk mgrgrgk g`atgitufua, i bgigrkf>

kbgiaafg jg rktaib iu suit mlisuftkia>

Kbgiaafg jg rktaib pgrmgp ui ml`asali pgitru sgrvamauf jg rktaib prgstkt>

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Gvkfurafg gxpra`ktg prai rktaib IW rgprgzait rgml`kijra jg vizkrg/

mu`prkrg>

Gvkfurafg s-kr putgk s iu sg suprkpui mu prleafuf jg rasm kf

aivgstatlraflr.

Kprgmagrg Xktaib@lljys

Xktaib]tkijkrj&_

llrs

]g`iaeamkag

Mkfatktg elkrtghuik

lhfabkauiaflr

Kkk KKK Gstg mgf `ka hui rktaib kmlrjkt jgk`hgfg kbgiaa. Jkm pgitru lg`asauig jg lhfabkauia sg lhaigkmgst rktaib, kmgst fumru isgk`im-pgitru aivgstatlr - rasmuf jg igpfktkfjlhizaa a mgf jg rk`hurskrg k su`ga`pru`utktg gstg aigxastgit, jglkrgmgjlhizafg jg pftat suit prltgcktg jg l

`krc mkrg gxast i mkjrufg`atgitufua, akr su`k praimapkf gstgksaburkt. _lzaak putgriam kg`atgitufua gstg puai prlhkhaf s eagaiefugikt jg gvgitukfgfg smda`hrakfg satukaga gmlil`amg i kisk`hfujglkrgmg gfg`gitgfg jg prltgmag iuvlr ea aiefugiktg sku aiefugik ksuprkflr gstg igsg`iaeamktav.

Mkfatktg elkrtghuik

lhfabkauiaflr

Kk KK Kmgst rktaib aijam l elkrtg huimkpkmatktg jg pfkt k slmagtaag`atgitg i mggk mg pravgtg ktt

jlhijk mt a su`k jg rk`hurskt.Lhfabkauiafg mu ui kstegf jg rktaibsuit mlisajgrktg mk kvij ui iavgfrgfktav ikft jg mkfatktg, jkr `ka smzutjgmt mgfg mu KKK, jglkrgmg `krcgfgjg prltgmag prgvzutg i mkzuf flrsuit `ka rgjusg jgmt i mkzufprgmgjgit. Efumtukaafg gfg`gitgflr jgprltgmag s-kr putgk s kah lk`pfatujaig `ka `krg a s-kr putgkskpkrkftg gfg`gitg mkrg skjumfksuprkekrasmura pg tgr`gi fuib.

Mkfatktg huiklhfabkauiaflr

K K Kmgstg lhfabkauia suit mlisajgrktg kea pgstg iavgfuf `gjau jg mkfatktg.Lhfabkauiafg mkrg pra`gsm ui kstegfjg rktaib aijamekptuf mg`atgiaa flrjaspui jg l huimkpkmatktg jg pfktkjlhizaa a jg rk`hurskrg k su`ga`pru`utktg. Ekmtlraa mkrg ksabursgmuratktgk su`ga `pru`utktg a k

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jlhizaa suit mlisajgrka kjgmvka, jkrplt s eag prgzgitg gfg`gitg mkrg ssubgrgzg m uigfg aiefugig `kasg`iaeamktavg kfg `gjaufua gmlil`amplt kegmtk hliatktgk jghatlraflr pgtgr`gi fuib.

Mkfatktg huiklhfabkauiaflr

Hkk HHH Kmgst rktaib aijam ekptuf mlhfabkauiafg suit mlisajgrktg jg iavgf`gjau. Mkpkmatktgk jg pfkt k mgflrmkrg ku g`as lhfabkauiafg mkrg kupra`at kmgst rktaib gstg `ufu`atlkrg(kjgmvkt sku mlrgspuiztlkrg).G`atgiaa, i mlijaaa ilr`kfg,keagkz pkrk`gtraa jg prltgmagkjgmvka - pgitru pfktk jlhizaflr ark`hurskrgk su`ga `pru`utktg. Jkri mlijaaa gmlil`amg pltraviamg, uiaajaitrg pkrk`gtraa jg prltgmag sg plt

jlvgja igkjgmvka sku sg plktgmlistktk m uiaa pkrk`gtraa jgprltgmag mdakr fapsgsm, mggk mg plktgmlijumg fk l sfharg k mkpkmataa jgpfktk slmagtaa g`atgitg - pg tgr`gi`gjau sku fuib. Kstegf, kmgstglhfabkauia jaspui jg mkrkmtgrastamamkrg fg trkiselr` i aivgstaaaktrkmtavg, i kiu`atg mlijaaa, jkrtltljktgfg jaspui a jg mkrkmtgrastamaspgmufktavg.

Lhfabkauia

spgmufktavg

Hk HH Lhfabkauiafg mkrg pra`gsm ui kstegf

jg rktaib suit mlisajgrktg jgck imktgblrak mgflr spgmufktavg, akr pfafgmg ur`gkz k ea emutg jg slmagtktgkg`atgitiu plt ea mlisajgrktg mk eaaijksaburktg pgitru vaatlr. Gfg`gitgfg jgprltgmag prgzgitktg pgitru pfafgvaatlkrg suit `ljgrktg, kstegf kmgstglhfabkauia iu suit saburg - jaipuimtuf jg vgjgrg kf pfaa jlhizaa ak rk`hursraa su`ga `pru`utktg -iama `mkr i mlijaaa gmlil`amgekvlrkhafg. Aimgrtatujaigk gstg

mkfatktgk mg mkrkmtgrazgkzkmgst tap jglhfabkauia. Zltua, kmgst rktaib aijammgf `ka smzut iavgf jg spgmufkag.

Lhfabkauiaspgmufktavg

H H Kmgst rktaib aijam i bgigrkf mlhfabkauiafg i mkuz suit fapsatg jgmkrkmtgrastamafg uiga aivgstaaajgzarkhafg pgitru aivgstatlraa mkrgjlrgsm sjgaikmgstg lhfabkauia pg

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tlkt jurktk flr jg vak. Ksaburkrgkpfaa jlhizaa a k rk`hursraa su`ga`pru`utktg suit igsg`iaeamktavg, iml`pkrkag mu gxpuigrgk fk rasm(mlijaaa gmlil`amg kjvgrsg, satukaaigprgvzutg, gtm.) k rgspgmtavgflr

lhfabkauia.Mkfatktg elkrtg

sfkhklhfabkauiaflr

Mkk MMM Kmgst rktaib aijam ekptuf mlhfabkauiafg i mkuz ku l plzaaggxtrg` jg sfkh. Kstegf, i `l`gitufi mkrg suit g`asg, slmagtktgk g`atgits-kr putgk s iu eag mkpkhaf slilrgzg pfafg vaatlkrg sku, mdakr jkmfg-kr putgk pfta, gxpuigrgk fk rasm kg`atgitufua gstg elkrtg `krg, kstegfgxastui kiu`at pgramlf mkrg pfkigkzksuprk pfaflr vaatlkrg.

Mkfatktg elkrtg

sfkhklhfabkauiaflr

Mk MM Lhfabkauiafg jg kmgst tap suitmlisajgrktg k ea elkrtg spgmufktavg.Kjgsgk, pgitru kmgstgk iu gstg plsahafssg jgrufgzg iama `mkr pfafg fgbktgjg jlhiza, rk`hurskrgk su`ga`pru`utktg eaaij gxtrg` jg aimgrt.

Mkfatktg elkrtgsfkhk

lhfabkauiaflr

M M Kmgst rktaib aijam mgf `ka rajamktiavgf jg spgmufkag. _grspgmtavgfg jgpra`arg k jlhizaflr prl`asg mk a krk`hursraa su`ga `pru`utktg suitgxtrg` jg aimgrtg. i bgigrkf, kmgstrktaib gstg rgzgrvkt pgitru kmgfglhfabkauia mkrg iu pftgsm jlhij

sku pgitru mgfg ka mrlr g`atgia sgkefjgck i aimkpkmatktg jg pfkt

Mkfatktg elkrtgsfkhk

lhfabkauiaflr

J Kmgst rktaib aijam ekptuf mslmagtktgk g`atgit k itrzakt jgckpfafg jlhizaflr a rk`hurskrgksu`gflr fk kftg g`asauia jglhfabkauia, kstegf itrzagrgk pfaflrfk iluk g`asauig gstg jg fk saigigfgks.

Kbgiaafg jg rktaib elflsgsm `ljaeamktlra pgitru k jaegrgiak lhfabkauiafg

mu rktaibura itrg KK (Kk) a H> @lljys elflsgstg `ljaeamktlra iu`grama jg fk ; fk =, akr ]tkijkrj &

_llrselflsgtg sa`hlfurafg (+) a (-)>

Mu mt rktaibuf lhaiut gstg `ka hui, mu ktt jlhijk pg mkrg l pftgsm

g`atgiaa lhfabkauiaflr i mkuz gstg `ka `am (`ka kprlpakt jg rktk

jlhizaa fahgrjg rasm).

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Ugraeamkrgk muiltaigflr

;. Mkrg suit mkrkmtgrastamafg pagga pgitru lhfabkauia

- kmgst praimapau gstg uiuf kf prujgiga. Himaflr ml`grmakfg iu fa sg

pgr`atg skibkcgzg - i `lj jargmt iama prlpraafg mkpatkfura, iama

pg mgfg kfg jgpligiaflr i pfksk`gitg pg paggfg jg mkpatkf,

pra`krg sku sgmuijkrg, kvij i vgjgrg rasmuf rajamkt mg sg kslmakz

kmgstlr aivgstaaa. Zlt kmgst praimapau fa`atgkz plsahafatktgk

pkrtamapraa himaflr ml`grmakfg fk elr`krgk mkpatkfufua slmagtaflr

jg hrlngrkbg prgmu` a fk mrgjatkrgk kmgstlrk.

_raimapauf himaa uiavgrskfg

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kmaligkzi `ka `uftg ra jai Gurlpk Lmmajgitkf. Mlielr` kmgstua

praimapau, himafg ml`grmakfg sg plt kibkck ktt i lpgrkaa ml`grmakfg,

trkjaalikfg jg mlimgitrkrg k rgsursgflr higta a kmlrjkrgk flr mu

`pru`ut mgflr mkrg ku igvlag mt a i pfksk`gitg pg pakk jg mkpatkf

ktt i iu`g prlprau, prgmu` a i iu`gfg mfagiaflr flr, fk kmgstgkkjubiju-sg lpgrkaafg jg aitgr`gjagrg k trkizkmaaflr pg pakk jg

mkpatkf>

sastg`uf jg lrbkiazkrg hkzkt pg kmgst praimapau gstg fapsat i bgigrkf

jg prgzgik aistatuaaflr spgmakfazktg stramt i aitgr`gjagrgk

trkizkmaaflr>

suh aimajgik kmgstua praimapau, rgbfg`gitrafg mkrg buvgrigkz pakk

jg mkpatkf a pakk eaikimakr i bgigrkf suit gfkhlrktg jg

lrbkias`gfg jg suprkvgbdgrg k kmtavataa hkimkrg>

sg `ka mlistktui brkj `krg jg kutlil`ag k aistatuaaflr mkrg lpgrgkz

i javgrsg sgmtlkrg jg pak kmgstgk eaaij lrbkias`g mu

kutlrgbfg`gitkrg.

_raimapauf kmauiaa `axtg

- prgsupuig mlgxastgik slmagtaflr hkimkrg ml`grmakfg mkrg plt

gegmtuk lpgrkaa jg aitgr`gjagrg a pfksk`gitg pg pakk jg mkpatkf

a k slmagtaflr spgmakfazktg i aitgr`gjagrg mu` suit slmagtafg

jg hrlngrkbg a aivgst`git hkins mkrg kmaligkzktt pg pakk jg

mkpatkf mt a pg mgk k jgravktgflr eaikimakrg>- prgsupuig l rgbfg`gitkrg stram