Pidgin and Creole Languages - · PDF filePidgin Holme (1988, pp. 4-5) a reduced language that...
Transcript of Pidgin and Creole Languages - · PDF filePidgin Holme (1988, pp. 4-5) a reduced language that...
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Menu:
1 Lingua Francas
2 Pidgins and Creoles
3 Geographical Distribution
4 Linguistic Characteristics
5 Theories of Origin
6 From Pidgin to Creole and Beyond
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UNESCO (1953): a language which is used
habitually by people whose
mother tongues are different in order to
facilitate communication between them
trade language, contact language,
international language, auxiliary language
A lingua franca can be spoken in a variety of
ways.
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Pidgin
Holme (1988, pp. 4-5)
a reduced language that results from extended contact between groups of
people with no language in common; it evolves when they need some means
of verbal communication, perhaps for trade, but no group learns the native
language of any other group for social reasons that may include lack of trust
or of close contact
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- The process of pidginizationinvolves at least three languages, with one more dominant than the others- The Common view is that pidgins are bad versions of other languages.This is wrong!
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a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers
Holmes (1992, p.95): ‘A creole is a pidgin which has expanded in structure and vocabulary to express the range of meanings and serve the range of functions required of a first language’
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Pidginization: simplification: morphology, syntax, tolerance of phonological variation, reduction in functions, and extensive borrowing from local mother-tongues
Creolization: expansion of morphology and syntax, regularization of
phonology, increase in functions, development of stable vocabulary
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mainly, but not
exclusively, in the
equatorial belt.
e.g. the Caribbean,
north and east
coasts of South
America, west coast
of Africa (trade)
Geographical Distribution
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a. sounds are fewer and less complicated in their configurations.
For example, Tok Pisin (New Guinea): 5 vowels, fewer consonants (sip
(ship) vs. sipsip (sheep))
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b. no morphophonemic variation in pidgins (e.g. space, spacious),developed in creoles
c. a copmlete lack of inflection. For example, pronouns are not distinguished by case
d.Simplified sentence structure. For example, no embedding, use of particles for negation or tense
e. vocabulary: reduced, techniques (e.g. repetition) to avoid confusion. InTok Pisin: ‘hair’ is gras bilong het, ‘beard’ is gras bilongfes.
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a. Easy to refute
lack of ability to learn standard languages
Europeans simplifying their language (foreigner-talk)
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different origins,
similar
circumstances.
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McWhorter (1995)
one origin, retain structure, change vocabulary (relexification)
Objection: similarities are generals, assumes speakers are able to learn grammars without vocabulary
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Bickerton (1983)
universal principles of first
language acquisition
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Creolization
assimilation and reduction (faster speech): ma bilong mi - mamblomi
expansion of vocabulary, shorter words: paitman(fighter), man bilong pait
borrowing of technical vocabulary
tense system. e.g. bin: past, bai: future
greater sentence complexity, e.g. relative clauses
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Creolization
creole continuum: acrolet (close to standard), basilect (different), mesolects(in between)
diglossic (different languages involved)
decreolization: strong influence of the standard