PID Lecture

Lecture 2Lecture 2

Process DiagramProcess Diagram

InstrumentationInstrumentation


CategoriesCategories– Process Flow Diagram (PFD)Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

Also called System Flow Diagram (SFD) or FlowsheetAlso called System Flow Diagram (SFD) or Flowsheet Describes Primary flow path through operating unitDescribes Primary flow path through operating unit Provides quick snapshot of operating unitsProvides quick snapshot of operating units

– Process and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)Process and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) Also called Piping and Instrument DiagramAlso called Piping and Instrument Diagram Is a graphical representation ofIs a graphical representation of

• EquipmentEquipment• PipingPiping• InstrumentationInstrumentation

Process Diagram StandardsProcess Diagram Standards

International/Regional/National StandardsInternational/Regional/National Standards– International Organization for Standardization or Organisation International Organization for Standardization or Organisation

Internationale de Normalisation widely known as (ISO)Internationale de Normalisation widely known as (ISO)– Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. or German Institute for Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. or German Institute for

Standardization (DIN)Standardization (DIN) Government RegulationGovernment Regulation

– US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHAUS Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)) Organization/AssociationOrganization/Association

– American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)– Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA), Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA),

originally known as Instrument Society of Americaoriginally known as Instrument Society of America– Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc. (TEMA)Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc. (TEMA)– Process Industry Practices (PIP) by Construction Industry Process Industry Practices (PIP) by Construction Industry

Institute (CII) at The University of Texas at AustinInstitute (CII) at The University of Texas at Austin

Process Diagram StandardsProcess Diagram Standards

Industry Codes and StandardsIndustry Codes and Standards– American National Standards Institute (ANSI)American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

– Standards Australia (SA) or formerly Standard Standards Australia (SA) or formerly Standard Association of Australia (SAA)Association of Australia (SAA)

Proprietary StandardsProprietary Standards– Standard Process Design Criteria (Fluor)Standard Process Design Criteria (Fluor)

– Design Engineering Practices (Shell) Design Engineering Practices (Shell)

– Snamprogetti (Italy)Snamprogetti (Italy)

– Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan)Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan)

Process Flow Diagram (PFD)Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

PFD includes:PFD includes:– Process stream namesProcess stream names– Process pipingProcess piping– Major equipment Major equipment

symbols, names and symbols, names and identification numbers identification numbers

– Control valves and Control valves and valves that affect valves that affect operation of the system operation of the system

– Interconnection with Interconnection with other systemsother systems

– Major bypass and Major bypass and recirculation lines recirculation lines

– System ratings and System ratings and operational data such operational data such as minimum, normal as minimum, normal and maximum flow, and maximum flow, temperature and temperature and pressure, etc., often pressure, etc., often with reference to a with reference to a mass balancemass balance

– Composition of fluidsComposition of fluids


PFD excludes:PFD excludes:– Pipe class and/or line numbers Pipe class and/or line numbers – Process control instrumentationProcess control instrumentation– Secondary or Minor flowsSecondary or Minor flows– Minor bypass lines Minor bypass lines – Isolation and shutoff valves Isolation and shutoff valves – Maintenance vents and drains Maintenance vents and drains – Relief and safety valvesRelief and safety valves– FlangesFlanges– Code class informationCode class information– Seismic class information Seismic class information

Process Flow Diagram Process Flow Diagram StandardsStandards ISO 10628: 1997 Flow Diagrams For ISO 10628: 1997 Flow Diagrams For

Process Plants – General Rules Process Plants – General Rules ANSI Y32.11: Graphical Symbols For ANSI Y32.11: Graphical Symbols For

Process Flow Diagrams (withdrawn 2003) Process Flow Diagrams (withdrawn 2003) SAA AS 1109: Graphical Symbols For SAA AS 1109: Graphical Symbols For

Process Flow Diagrams For The Food Process Flow Diagrams For The Food IndustryIndustry

DINDIN

Block Flow Diagram (BFD)Block Flow Diagram (BFD)

a.k.a. as Schematic a.k.a. as Schematic Flow DiagramFlow Diagram

PFD of multiple units PFD of multiple units as schematic as schematic illustration of major illustration of major processesprocesses

Block Flow Diagram (BFD) Block Flow Diagram (BFD) GuidelinesGuidelines Unit operations are usually denoted by a simple block or Unit operations are usually denoted by a simple block or

rectangle and labeledrectangle and labeled Groups of unit operations may be noted by a single block or Groups of unit operations may be noted by a single block or

rectanglerectangle Process flow streams flowing into and out of the blocks are Process flow streams flowing into and out of the blocks are

represented by neatly drawn horizontal or vertical linesrepresented by neatly drawn horizontal or vertical lines Direction of flow of each of the process flow streams must Direction of flow of each of the process flow streams must

be clearly indicated by arrowsbe clearly indicated by arrows Flow streams should be numbered sequentially in a logical Flow streams should be numbered sequentially in a logical

orderorder Diagram should be arranged so that the process material Diagram should be arranged so that the process material

flows from left to right, with upstream units on the left and flows from left to right, with upstream units on the left and downstream units on the rightdownstream units on the right

Block Flow Diagram (BFD)Block Flow Diagram (BFD)

Process and Instrumentation Process and Instrumentation Diagram (P & ID)Diagram (P & ID) Pictorial representation ofPictorial representation of

– Key piping and instrument details Key piping and instrument details – Control and shutdown schemes Control and shutdown schemes – Safety and regulatory requirementsSafety and regulatory requirements– Basic start up and operational informationBasic start up and operational information

PurposePurpose– To have a common language for instrument To have a common language for instrument

technicians, process engineers and supplierstechnicians, process engineers and suppliers– To properly document plant designs for installation To properly document plant designs for installation

in graphical formin graphical form– To help in maintenance, failure analysis and To help in maintenance, failure analysis and

troubleshootingtroubleshooting

Process and Instrumentation Process and Instrumentation Diagram (P & ID)Diagram (P & ID) IdentifyIdentify

– Process Lines from Instrument Process Lines from Instrument LinesLines

– Location of the instrumentLocation of the instrument

– Function of the instrumentFunction of the instrument Provide other relevant Provide other relevant

informationinformation

Elements of P&IDElements of P&ID

Flow DiagramFlow Diagram Equipment LocationEquipment Location Elevation PlanElevation Plan Electrical LayoutElectrical Layout Loop DiagramLoop Diagram Title Block and LegendsTitle Block and Legends Foundation DrawingsFoundation Drawings

P&ID TypesP&ID Types

Process and UtilityProcess and Utility Utility DistributionUtility Distribution Interconnecting LinesInterconnecting Lines AuxiliaryAuxiliary Special ControlsSpecial Controls

Process and Instrumentation Process and Instrumentation Diagram (P & ID)Diagram (P & ID) P&ID includes:P&ID includes:

– Instrumentation and Instrumentation and designations designations

– Mechanical equipment with Mechanical equipment with names and numbers names and numbers

– All valves and their All valves and their identifications identifications

– Process piping, sizes and Process piping, sizes and identification identification

– Miscellanea – vents, drains, Miscellanea – vents, drains, special fittings, sampling special fittings, sampling lines, reducers, increasers and lines, reducers, increasers and swaggers swaggers

– Permanent start–up and flush Permanent start–up and flush lines lines

– Flow directionsFlow directions– Interconnections referencesInterconnections references

– Control inputs and outputs, Control inputs and outputs, interlocks interlocks

– Interfaces for class changes Interfaces for class changes – Seismic categorySeismic category– Quality levelQuality level– Annunciation inputsAnnunciation inputs– Computer control system Computer control system

input input – Vendor and contractor Vendor and contractor

interfacesinterfaces– Identification of components Identification of components

and subsystems delivered by and subsystems delivered by othersothers

– Intended physical sequence of Intended physical sequence of the equipmentthe equipment

Process and Instrumentation Process and Instrumentation Diagram (P & ID)Diagram (P & ID) P&ID excludes:P&ID excludes:

– Instrument root valves Instrument root valves

– Control relays Control relays

– Manual switches Manual switches

– Equipment rating or capacity Equipment rating or capacity

– Primary instrument tubing and valves Primary instrument tubing and valves

– Pressure temperature and flow data Pressure temperature and flow data

– Elbow, tees and similar standard fittings Elbow, tees and similar standard fittings

– Extensive explanatory notesExtensive explanatory notes

ISA Standard for P&IDISA Standard for P&ID

ISA 5.1 – Instrumentation Symbols and Identification

ISA 5.2 – Binary Logic Diagrams for Process Operations

ISA 5.3 – Graphic Symbols for Distributed Control / Shared Display Instrumentation, Logic and Computer Systems

ISA 84.01 – Application of Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industries

ISA StandardISA Standard[ Sec 5.1 – 1984 (Rev 1994) ][ Sec 5.1 – 1984 (Rev 1994) ]

Common Connecting Lines*Common Connecting Lines*Process or Instrument LineProcess or Instrument Line

Undefined SignalUndefined Signal

Pneumatic SignalPneumatic Signal

Electric SignalElectric Signal

Hydraulic SignalHydraulic Signal

Capillary TubeCapillary Tube

Electromagnetic or Sonic Electromagnetic or Sonic Signal (Guided)Signal (Guided)

OROR


*Following abbreviation used to denote type of supply*Following abbreviation used to denote type of supplyIA – Instrument AirIA – Instrument Air GS – Gas Supply GS – Gas Supply HS – Hydraulic SupplyHS – Hydraulic Supply

AS – Air SupplyAS – Air Supply NS – Nitrogen Supply NS – Nitrogen Supply SS – Steam SupplySS – Steam Supply

PA – Plant AirPA – Plant Air ES – Electric Supply ES – Electric Supply WS – Water SupplyWS – Water Supply

Common Connecting Lines*Common Connecting Lines*Electromagnetic or Sonic Electromagnetic or Sonic Signal (Not Guided)Signal (Not Guided)

Internal System Link Internal System Link (Software or Data Link)(Software or Data Link)

Mechanical LinkMechanical Link


Graphical ElementsGraphical Elements– Discrete instrumentsDiscrete instruments

[Circular Element][Circular Element]

– Shared control/displayShared control/display[Circle circumscribed by a [Circle circumscribed by a square]square]

– Computer functionComputer function[Hexagon][Hexagon]

– Programmable logic Programmable logic controller (PLC)controller (PLC)[Triangle inside a square][Triangle inside a square]

Location Categories*Location Categories*– Primary locationPrimary location

[Single Horizontal Line [Single Horizontal Line Across Graphical Element]Across Graphical Element]

– Auxiliary locationAuxiliary location[Double Horizontal Line [Double Horizontal Line Across Graphical Element]Across Graphical Element]

– Field mountedField mounted[No Horizontal Line Across [No Horizontal Line Across Graphical Element]Graphical Element]

*Inaccessible Devices*Inaccessible Devices (Mounted Behind Panel Board)(Mounted Behind Panel Board) [Dashed Horizontal Line][Dashed Horizontal Line]


General Instrument or Function SymbolsGeneral Instrument or Function Symbols

Primary Location

Accessible to Operator

Field Mounted Auxiliary Location

Accessible to Operator

Discrete Instruments

Shared Display, Shared Control

Computer Function

Programmable Logic Control

– Symbol size may vary according to the user's needs and Symbol size may vary according to the user's needs and type of documenttype of document

– Abbreviations of the Abbreviations of the user's choice may be user's choice may be used when necessary used when necessary to specify locationto specify location

– Inaccessible (behind Inaccessible (behind the panel) devices the panel) devices may be depicted may be depicted using the same using the same symbol but with a symbol but with a dashed horizontal bardashed horizontal bar


Letter and Number CombinationsLetter and Number Combinations– Appear inside each graphical elementAppear inside each graphical element– Numbers are user assigned schemes varyNumbers are user assigned schemes vary

Some companies use of sequential numberingSome companies use of sequential numbering Some tie the instrument number to the process line Some tie the instrument number to the process line

numbernumber Others adopt unique and sometimes unusual Others adopt unique and sometimes unusual

numbering systemsnumbering systems


Instrument Identification Instrument Identification or Tag Numberor Tag Number– 11stst letter defines the letter defines the

measured or initiating measured or initiating variablesvariables

– Succeeding letters Succeeding letters definingdefining

ReadoutReadout Passive functionPassive function Output functionOutput function ModifierModifier

– Number refers to loop Number refers to loop number where instrument number where instrument belongsbelongs

PRC

12 3

101

(1)(1) Measured Process Measured Process VariableVariable

(2)(2) Output FunctionOutput Function

(3)(3) Function ModifierFunction Modifier

Balloon (or Bubble)


Identification Letters

First Letter Succeeding Letters

Measured or Initiating

Variable Modifier

Readout or Passive Function

Output Function

Modifier

A Analysis Alarm

B Burner, Combustion User's choice User's Choice User's Choice

C User's Choice Control

D User's Choice Differential

E Voltage Sensor (Primary Element)

F Flow Rate Ration (Fraction)

G User's Choice Glass, Viewing Device

H Hand High

I Current (Electrical) Indication

J Power Scan

K Time, Time Schedule Time Rate of Change

Control Station

L Level Light Low

M User's Choice Momentary Middle, Intermediate

(2) (3)

(1)

(4,5)

(2,12)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(6)

(7)

(8,9,10)

(8,9)

(8,9,10)

(8)

(11)

(14)

(13)


Identification Letters

First Letter Succeeding Letters

Measured or

Initiating Variable Modifier

Readout or Passive Function

Output Function

Modifier

N User's choice User's Choice User's Choice User's Choice

O User's choice Orifice, Restriction

P Pressure, Vacuum Point (Test Connection)

Q Quantity Integrate, Totalizer

R Radiation Record

S Speed, Frequency Safety Switch

T Temperature Transmit

U Multivariable Multifunction Multifunction Multifunction

V Vibration, Mechanical Analysis

Valve, Damper, Louver

W Weight, Force Well

X Unclassified X axis Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified

Y Event, State, or Presence

Y axis Relay, Compute, Convert

Z Position, Dimension Z axis Driver, Actuator

(5)

(2)

(6,17,22)

(6)

(6)

(15)

(16)(17)

(18) (19)

(20)

(21)

ExampleExample

PRC meansPRC means– PressurePressure– RecordingRecording– ControllerController

101 means that 101 means that instrument belongs instrument belongs to Loop # 101to Loop # 101

Letter Code First Letter Second Letter

A Analysis AlarmB BurnerC Conductivity ControlD DensityE Voltage Primary ElementF FlowG Gage Glass(sight tube)H HighI Current IndicatorJ PowerK Time Control StationL Level LightM MoistureO OrificeP Pressure PointQ QuantityR Radioactivity RecordS Speed SwitchT Temperature TransmitU Multivariable MultifunctionV Viscosity ValveW Weight WellY RelayZ Position Drive

PRC101

P&ID SymbolsP&ID Symbols[ Sec 5.1 – 1984 (Rev 1994) ][ Sec 5.1 – 1984 (Rev 1994) ]

Insulated Pipe Jacketed Pipe

Cooled or Heated Pipe

Pipe Flexible Pipe

Manual Valve

Valve

Butterfly Valve

Needle Valve

Control Valve

Diaphragm Valve

Globe Valve

Pressure Reducing

Valve

Ball Valve

Steam Trap

Covered Gas Vent

Curved Gas Vent

Funnel Filter Dust Trap


Back Draft Damper

Viewing Glass

Cooler Cooling Tower

Pump Vacuum Pump or

Compressor

Axial FanFan Radial Fan

Bag Gas Bottle Dryer

Furnace Heater Pressurized Horizontal

Vessel


Autoclave or Jacketed Mixing

Vessel

Half Pipe Mixer or Reactor

Heat Exchangerw/ no crossflow

Heat Exchangerw/ crossflow

Spiral Heat Exchanger

Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger

U–Tube Heat

Exchanger

Double Pipe Heat

Exchanger

Fixed Straight Tube Heat Exchanger

Packed or Fluid Contacting

Column

Tray Column

Pressurized Vertical Vessel

P&ID SymbolsP&ID Symbols

Example of P&IDExample of P&ID

Example of a P&IDExample of a P&IDA Heat Exchanger Control SystemA Heat Exchanger Control System

Reactant in

Steam in

Reactant out

Steam out

TT343

FT342

FI344

FRC342

TY343

FR342

TC343

Example of P&IDExample of P&ID

Constructing An Instrument Constructing An Instrument Flow SheetFlow Sheet Identify the process Define the control objective/s Create a process flow diagram Identify the equipment and process lines Determine the instrument and connecting lines Use of standard symbology like ISA codes to

identify instrument and functions

ReferencesReferences

1.1. Hughes, Thomas A. Hughes, Thomas A. Measurement and Control Basics, 3rd ed. Research Triangle Park, NC: The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, 2002.

2.2. Madsen, D. A. Madsen, D. A. et al.et al. Engineering Drawing and Design. 4th ed.Engineering Drawing and Design. 4th ed. New York: New York: Delmar Cengage Learning Delmar Cengage Learning , 2006., 2006.

3.3. Perry, R. H. and D. W. Green (ed.) Perry, R. H. and D. W. Green (ed.) Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook. 7th Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook. 7th ed.ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1997. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1997.

4.4. PIP PIC001 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Documentation CriteriaPIP PIC001 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Documentation Criteria . . Austin, Texas: Process Industry Practices, Austin, Texas: Process Industry Practices, Construction Industry Institute, TheUniversity of Texas at Austin, Apr 2008.

5.5. Seborg, Dale E. Seborg, Dale E. et al. et al. Process Dyanmics and Control. 2nd ed.Process Dyanmics and Control. 2nd ed. New York: John New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2004.Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2004.

6.6. Thomas, C. Thomas, C. Process Technology Equipment and Systems. 2nd ed.Process Technology Equipment and Systems. 2nd ed. New York: New York: Delmar Cengage Learning Delmar Cengage Learning , 2007., 2007.

Internet SourcesInternet Sources

1.1. BFD – Block Flow Diagram. BFD – Block Flow Diagram. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/bfd-http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/bfd-block-flow-diagram-d_467.htmlblock-flow-diagram-d_467.html

2.2. Harrold, Dave. How To Read P&ID. Harrold, Dave. How To Read P&ID. http://lamspeople.epfl.ch/kirrmann/ http://lamspeople.epfl.ch/kirrmann/ Slides/HowToReadP&ID.htm, Aug 1, 2000.Slides/HowToReadP&ID.htm, Aug 1, 2000.

3.3. P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Diagram. P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Diagram. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/p&id-piping-instrumenation-http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/p&id-piping-instrumenation-diagram-d_466.htmldiagram-d_466.html

4.4. PFD – Process Flow Diagram. PFD – Process Flow Diagram. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pfd-process-flow-diagram-http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pfd-process-flow-diagram-d_465.htmld_465.html

5.5. http://www.wikipedia.orghttp://www.wikipedia.org

PID Lecture

Documents

Transcript of PID Lecture