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  • 1. COinECOOF THE GREAT WAR *CO-CLARK DAS .VALOROUS ACHIEVEMENTSIf .VCE. M.A.(OXON.)

2. , exC O.1"s s"20o"3 25flbo rtcjso* ~ aUv>.cTD cflin S C o c"u O O CO 9. TABLE OF CONTENTS Pictorial HistoryofThe Great War PAGFCHAPTER I. THE RED TRAILOF PRUSSIA 11CHAPTERII. THE SPARK IN EUROPES POWDER MAGAZINE 25CHAPTER III. THE ARMIES ARE UNLEASHED53CHAPTERIV. PRUSSIAN PLANS Go ASTRAY63CHAPTER V. THE ERA OF GIGANTIC BATTLIS 75CHAPTERVI. HINDENBURG RETREATS 85CHAPTER VII. RUSSIAS TRAGIC STORY107CHAPTER VIII.ITALY AND THE LITTLE NATIONS 119CHAPTERIX. THE WAR ON THE SEA 145CHAPTER X. AMERICAS LONG PATIENCE159CHAPTERXI. THE UNITEDSTATESDRAWS THE SWORD175CHAPTER XII. THE DECISIVE CAMPAIGN IN THEYEAR 1918183CHAPTER XIII.THE AFTERMATHOF THE ARMISTICE235CHAPTER XIV. THE PRICE OF VICTORY 255CHAPTER XV.How THE CENTRAL POWERS FELL261CHAPTER XVI. MARVELS OF THE WAR ON LAND, SEA AND AIR289 10. CONTENTS (Continued) PAGECHAPTER XVII.THE DEBATE ON PEACE TERMS 293CHAPTER XVIII. GERMANY LEARNS THE TERMS301"AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES," BY GEN. JOHN J. PERSHING307"NAVAL BATTLES OF THE WAR/ BY ADMIRALWM.S. SIMS.314 BOOK II. CANADAINTHE GREAT WAR.CHAPTER I. THE FIRST CANADIAN CONTINGENT 3CHAPTERII. THE GROWTHOF THE CANADIAN CORPS11CHAPTER III. THE CANADIAN CORPS, 1917 17^CHAPTERIV. THE CANADIAN CORPS, 1918 21CHAPTER V. THE CANADIAN CAVALRY 29CHAPTERVI. THE WORK or THE AUXILIARY SERVICES 35CHAPTER VII. THE STORYOF THE REINFORCEMENTS 41CHAPTERVIII. CANADIANS IN THE IMPERIAL FORCES 45CHAPTERIX. THECIVILIAN WAREFFORT51CHAPTER X. CANADAS WAR GOVERNMENT57CHAPTERXI. THE STAND AT YPRES 63CHAPTERXII.FESTUBERT AND GIVENCHY 71CHAPTER XIII.ST. ELOI AND SANCTUARY WOOD75CHAPTERXIV.THE FIGHTING ON THE SOMMK 81CHAPTER XV.VIMY RIDGE AND B *YOND87CHAPTERXVI.THESIEGE OF LEN.93-96 11. Pictorial History of The Great War The Red Trail of PrussiaCHAPTER I PRUSSIA UNSCRUPULOUS IN EARLY HISTORY BISMARCK THE EMPIRE BUILDER GERMANY VICTORIOUS OVER FRANCE IN 1870HARSH KST TERMS IN HISTORY PRUSSIA PREPARED CAREFULLY FOR ALL WARS MIDDLE EUROPE EMPIRE PRUSSIAN AMBITIONAbout two centuries and a half ago theMeantime the sway of the PrussianMark of Brandenburg, formerly knowndynasty extended in all directions. Swed-as the Nordmark, came under the sway ofish Pomerania, Silesia and the Posen andFrederick William the Great Elector. West Prussian provinces of Poland wereThat was the beginning of Prussia as added in the period from 1720 to 1795.an ambitious, aggressive and unscrupu- The fortunes of war fluctuated, it is true;lous state.Prussian arms were not always success-Thefirst act of Frederick Williamwas ful.Napoleon played havoc with Prus-the abolition of the constitution. Hesian dominions for a time, and the Hohen-madehimself absolute monarch. His sec- zollerns were stripped of territories andond act was to create a professional armypower; but the Napoleonic success wasto sustain him in absolutism.meteoric. At the Congress of Vienna, inHe trained his army, disciplined it rig- 1814, Prussia recovered practically all that she had lost, and came into posses-orously and equipped it as well as was sion of several additional states that hadpossible in those seventeenth centuryThen he set forth to conquer his hitherto escaped her rapacity.days.neighbors.However, before the yoke of autocracy was finally fastened upon the necks of the In this he was measurably successful.Other little marks and duchies weresubject peoples of Prussia; before theyadded to the territory of Brandenburg, were made the helpless and unthinking tools of a madly ambitiousand Berlin became the center of a con-imperialism, there was a revolt against absolutism.siderable domain. The fires of democracy that had swept So Frederick William the Great Elec- thru the American colonies, France andtor set the style for all Prussian rulerswho should come after him. England in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were slow in kindlingThe three fundamentalprinciples of their torches in centralEurope. But inPrussianism were absolutism, military1848 and 49 Prussia heard the cry ofpower and conquest. They remained thepopular defiance in the streets of Berlin,fundamental principles of Prussianismand saw the flag of insurrection raised inthru two centuries and a half, and until Baden and Saxony.tliv allied democracies of the world under- With brutal power she crushed thetook to destroy them in the World War. revolutionaries of her owndomain. The domain of the Great Elector was Those of Baden and Saxony might havejoined with East Prussia by his successor, fared better the king of Saxony, indeed,and in 1701 Frederick III assumed thewas forced to hide himself but Prussiatitle df King o f Prussia, placing the sent her armies into herstates neighborcrown on his own head with his own hands and trampled ruthlessly under foot the thatbeing the nearest approach to brave men who sought to win freedom.actual coronation by the Almighty that heThat is typical of Prussia. Always andcould devise. everywhere she has been the enemy of n 12. 12 THE RED TRAIL OF PRUSSIA Archduke Franz Ferdinand, his wife and children. The Archduke and wife were assassinated. 13. TICK KKD TRAILOl PRUSSIA 13freedom, the implacable foe of democ-sary preparation for war. When thingsracy. She has denied it to all people whowere in readiness to strike a sharp, hardcame under her sway, and she has doneblow, he aggravated the dispute to theher best to destroy it in the lands that she point of ruptured relations. The war hecould not, or did not choose, to conquer.wanted followed. Prussias armies, ready The yoke securely fastened upon the for action, were hurled into Bavaria andnecks of the people within her own realm Austria, the former state having electedand those of her neighbors; the revolu-to take Austrias side in the quarrel.tionary leaders exiled, imprisoned or The struggle was of short duration. Inslain, Prussia turned her thought andseven weeks Austria capitulated at theenergy again toward the plans of aggres- battleof Konnigsgratz, or Sadowa.sion that were the chief concern of herFromthat day Hapsburg never venturedrulers and statesmen.to challenge Hohenzollern, or in any way Bismarck had come upon the scene- to interfere with Prussian plans.Bismarck the empire builder. His vision Bismarck, having cleared the field,of Prussia dominant was challenged bywent on with his work of building an em-the presence of a powerful rival in centralpire.He welded the German states intoEurope. The House of Hapsburg, rul-a confederation under a constitution thatSerbian civilians hung by Austrians along the roadways.ing Austria, had been often the ally of was designed to fasten the Hohenzollernthe House of Hohenzollern in expeditionsdynasty upon it forever, and to give toof conquest and plunder. But Bismarck its successive monarchs autocratic control,wanted no ally of co-equal strength, no supported by military power. It waspossible competitor in imperialism. The provided in the constitution that it mightPrussian conception of an ally is a vassal, not be amended without the consent ofcompelled to play the game as Prussia Prussia. This was the ultimate and abso-pleases.lute safeguard. Only Prussia could undoHence it was necessary to eliminate Prussia; only Hohenzollern could relaxAustria as a potential rival in order to as-the grip of Hohenzollern upon the livessure for Prussia the place she desired. of the German people. Bismarck had no difficulty in finding a Bavaria, having suffered defeat withcause for friction. There was a dispute Austria in the Seven Weeks war, cameover Schleswig-IIolstein that he carefullyreluctantly into the confederation.Shefostered. He encouraged the belief that did not love Prussia and the Hohenzol-all difficulties could be settled amicablylerns.For years it was against the lawand, in the meantime, made every neces- to display the German flag in Bavaria. 14. 14 THE RED TRAIL OF PRUSSIA 15. TIIK HKI) TRAIL OF IMUSSIA 15She never became fully reconciled to her Acomparatively short struggle re-newstatus as the subordinate of Prussia sulted in a complete victory for Germany.in tbe family of Teutonic tribes. It was another instance where prepared- HohenzoUern ambitions were not satis-ness prevailed over courage and devotion.fied to rest with the consolidation of terri- Alsace-Lorraine was added to the Ger-tory under the German empire.Theman empire, and France was compelledKing of Prussiahad l>ecome German to pay an indemnity of five billion francsKm|>eror, and the new title merely quick- in order to get the German army out ofened the inherent appetite for furtherher territory.conquest.Envious eyes turned toward This sketch of Prussian history is nec-1- ranee. The rich provinces of Alsace- essary in order that we may understandLorraine invited plunder and acquisition. how wholly in keeping with the characterSerbian officers watching experiments with liquid fire.Moreover France was a possible rivaland aspirations of the rulers and peoplewhose bumbling was advisable in order toof Prussia was the world war in whichassure the dominant position of Europe. their ambitions culminated. Bismarck deliberately laid the founda-Prussia never blundered into wars un-tion for war with France by provoking a wittingly.She made them with deliber-quarrel thru the publication of a garbled ate purpose; prepared for them long intelegram from the King of Prussia to theadvance, and carried them thru to victoryKing of France. The wording of thewith only one intent to increase her owntelegram was made to carry an insult to power andterritorial sovereignty.the French monarch and in those days The forty odd years of peace that fol-there was only one way of dealing withlowed gave the world time to forget Prus-insults.sias history.Moreover, Prussia, herself, 16. 16 THE RED TRAIL OF PRUSSIA 17. TIIK RKI) TRAIL OF PRUSSIA 17was camouflaged in the German empire, maturing plans.and people who had known the GermanSuchis the general background of thetribes before tliey became subject to Prus- World War.sian rule and guidance found it difficultAs we draw nearer the fateful year into believe that the industrious, home-lov-which Germany launched her long pre-ing folk of Germany could have in theirhearts ambitions that menaced the peaceparing thunderbolts against the world,one incident after another shows that theand happiness of neighbor nations.It ishour of action was no chance hour.probable, indeed, that such ambitions wereforeign to these tribes or states in theirWilhelm II dreamed thru the earlierearlier history as a confederation, but theyyears of his reign of the day when tlieere never absent from the minds of theirresting German sword would be againPrussian over-lords.unsheathed to continue the traditions ofhis dynasty and to carve from EuropeDuring those forty years Prussia didand the continents beyond a domaintwo things she Prussianized the rest ofthe German people, and she built up a greater in extent and incomparably richerin resources than any autocrat of historygreat army and a great navy for enter-had ever ruled.prises of conquest conceived on a vasterscale than ever before. In accordance withhis ambitions thereThe developed in Germany an organization story of these four decades of mis-devoted to the creation of a great middleeducation for the German people is oneEuropestate, includingAustria-Hun-that merits avolume to itself.The secu-garyin its scope, and extending its fron-larandreligiousinstructiongiven the tiers thru the Balkans to Asia Minor andyouth of the land was definitely directedtoward inculcating a vaunting pride ofMesopotamia. Maps that were printedand distributed in Germany twenty yearsrace and nation and a contempt for allbefore the World War began showed theother peoples. They were taught to be-lieve that the Germans were the chosengreater empire, and swept within itsboundaries Belgium and Holland on theof God, with a destiny to subdue thewest, and the Baltic States of Russia, Po-world to theirown peculiar "kultur."land, and the Balkan countries on the eastThestate, embodied and thein the kaiserand southeast, as well as the dual mon-general staff of the German army, be-came for them the voice of God. Whatarchy. Leaders in this movement spokeof acquiring territory in South America,the state decreed wasright, no matterhonotably in the southern Argentine.It itmight violate individual concep-was boldly predicted that the whole civil-tionsof ethics. To live and die for theized world would become either part ofstate, unquestioningly obedient toits com-the empire, or subject toit in the relationmands this was the supreme morality.of vassal to master.This education was part of the processIn order to promote the project for aby bieh the German people were made middle-Europe empire with an Asiaticthe docile tools of the Prussian dynasty, annex, the Kaiser visited Constantinople,serviceable for the later execution of itsDamascus and Jerusalem. He addressed 18. 18THE RED TRAIL OF PRUSSIA Wrn. Hohenzollern, ex-Kaiser of Germany, in the uniform of a Turkish officer.The shriveled left arm is most noticeable. 19. ~ 20. GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE UNITED TATES FORCES ABROAD. 21. THE RED TRAIL OF PRUSSIA 23a great audience of Turks in Damascus,and declared himself the friend of theOttoman empire and the Mohammedhanfa i tli. His immediate reward was a con-ecNsionfrom Turkey allowing Germanyto construct the Bagdadrailroad,and giv-ing ita right of way in European Turkey,thruwhat was known as the San j at ofXoviha/ar, thus creating the link thru theBalkans that has heen often referred toas theBagdadcorridor. Austria-Hungary played her part inthese plans, doubtless with the knowledgeand approval of Germany.She seizedBosnia and Herzegovina, border Balkanstates.Whenher act aroused the angerof Europe, the Kaiser appeared as herchampion, and declared that he supportedthe policy of his Austrian ally. The Ex-Crown Prince of Germany whose flight showed his weak character. The Prussianmoving planswerefound her ambitions checked.Serbia,smoothly and swiftly toward the achieve-ment of Prussian ambitions, when theenlarged in territory, lay squarely acrossher path to the east.Serbia was antago-Balkan war brokeout. Theutter defeatnistic toVienna and Berlin.She lookedof Turkey deprived Germany of her rightto Petrograd then St. Petersburgforof way thru the San j at of Novibazar,friendship and support. Germany real-whichbecame Serbianterritory, and ized that diplomatic efforts toopen a wayclosed theBagdadcorridor.thru the Balkans could not succeed.Bulgaria was prompted to renew the She knew only one way in which tostruggle in a second war by the intrigues realize her ambitions and that was force.of the central empires. They hoped byForce, for Prussia, was the normal andthis means to recover theadvantage they most desirable method of obtaining any-had lostin the Balkansthe necessarything she desired.link ofempire by which Hamburg would Suchhe joined tois the trail of intrigue and blood-Bagdad.The plan failed.shed that leads up to the critical day inBulgaria was defeated by her erstwhileJune 1914, when a deed of assassinationallies.furnished the pretext that Prussia needed And thusit was thatin 1913Germanyfor the execution of her designs. 22. 24 THE RED TRAIL OF PRUSSIA The German Ex-Emperors Palace in Berlin. 23. The Spark in EuropesPowder Magazine CII A IT Kit II ASSASSINATION OF AUSTRIAN ARCHDUKE AUSTRIA CHARiKD AXTI-DV NASTIC PLOTS ASSASSINATION IN FACT PLOTTED BY GERMANY ULTI- MATUM, TO SERBIA SERBIA MAKES CONCESSIONS TO KEEP PEACE GER- MANY AND AUSTRIA REFUSE TERMS AUSTRIA DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA, GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON RUSSIA, BELGIUM AND FRANCE AUSTRIA DRIVES ON SERBIA AND GERMANY INVADES BELGIUM GREAT BRITAIN SFXDS ULTIMATUM TO GERMANY STATE OF WAR DECLARED BETWEEN (iRFAT BRITAIN AND GERMANY. The Balkan wars were over, and with ences of the business men and the imperialtheir settlement Europe heaved a sigh of chancellor, and the men of finance and in-relief. For a time a general conflagration dustry were warned to set their affairs inhad threatened the nations of the oldorder and to prepare for a great war.world.The European warcloud, famil-the spark that exploded the Then cameiar in the headlines of the newspapers,powder magazine of Europe,had hung upon the horizon with low inut- The Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heirterings of thunder. But the crisis was to the throne ofAustria-Hungary, wentpassed safely,and men again hegan to w tn j his wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg,talk as tho a great war were a thing im- on avj s it o f state to Serajevo, the capitalpossible.of Bosnia. They pointed to the growing inter- Bosnia had been annexed by Austria-course among nations; the spread ofHungary in 1908. There were manydemocratic institutions the rising intelli-;Bosnians who bitterly resented the Haps-gence of the masses of the people; the burg interference with their national life,multiplying of international peace trea- The state had its secret political organ-ties and agreements for arbitration. Had i/ations, its intrigues and plots, all con-not the Hague peace tribunal been estab- cerned with frustrating Austrian rule andlished, and were not many of the great promoting Slav interests,powers of the world signatory to its con- Serajevo was not a safe city for theventions, which they pledged them- inheir to the Austrian throne to visit, andselves to regard international law, and to this fact must have been well known tolive with one another on a basis of reason-the authorities. Yet, in spite of the perilsablenessand humanity?that always beset royalty in Europe, andThese things were all true.that were peculiarly acute in southeasternAnd yet from all of these thingsmenEurope; in spite of the known existencederived a false sense of security. of enmities and conspiracies in Bosnia, practically no precautions were taken byNations ruled by responsible govern- the municipal officials of Serajevo to pro-ments, controlled by the enlightened sen-tect the lives of the imper ial heir and histiment of their peoples, could not under- w fe *stand the peril that remained latent in theIt was on Sunday, June 28, 1914, that the Archduke arrived at the Bosnian capi-Prussia was rapidly completing her tal.He and his wife at once got into anplans.We have learned from the dis-automobile and were driven toward theclosures made by Dr. Muehlon, a former town hall, where they were to be wel-Krupp director, and others who were in cornedofficially. The crowd that watcheda position to know what wasthem pass thru the city streets showedtranspiringwithin the councils of the empire, thatlittleenthusiasm. Their automobile hadconspiracy against the worlds peace was not gone far before a man dashed fromon foot in Germany. There were confer- the throng on the pavement, and hurled a26 24. THE SPARK IN EUROPES POWDER MAGAZINE 25. THKSIAKK IN EUROPES POWDEB MAGA/INE27I u MM!) at the car. He missed the arch- exposed the royal visitor to attack. Onduke. The bom!)fell on the road, and the way back from the town hall the im-exploded just as a second car passed overperial car passed a youth named Gavriloit, containing members of the archdukes Prinzip, standing on the curb, who calm-staff. ly drew a revolver and fired twice. TheThe would-be firstshot fatally wounded the duchess,assassin attempted to but was caught andthe second pierced the neck of the arch-escape in the crowd,He was a youth 21duke, severing the jugular v-ein.Bothput under arrest. died without uttering a word.years of age named Gabrinovics. Archduke Ferdinand was livid with Prinzip was arrested. He denied anyfear and indignation when he reached the knowledge of Gabrinovics, and declaredtownhall,and,when the burgomasterthat the first attempt at assassination wasGerman soldiers decorated for exceptional bravery during the Battle of Verdun.Thesesoldiers are beingrewarded for making one of the many furious attacks on the Verdun front him an address of welcometried to read to a surprise to him. He said he was a Ser-he interrupted with the angry exclama- bian student, and had for long entertainedtion:the idea of killing some eminent person."Herr Burgomaster, itis perfectly The Austrianauthorities immediatelyscandalous. We have come to Serajevo, promulgatedthe story that they had dis-and a bombis thrown at us."covered an anti-dynastic plot, the sourceThe burgomaster stammered an inco- of which was in Serbia.herent apnlnoy and went on with hisThe circumstances of the assassinationaddress.Hut the archdukes sharp re- have led many people to believe that itbuke had no practical effect.Nothing was deliberately planned, not by Bos-was done to remedy the neglect that hadnians or Serbians, but by Austrians and 26. 28 THE SPARK IN EUROPES POWDiLR MAGAZINE6* 5rt -o3>CIIin enC _ 27. Till,SPARKIX El ROPKS POWDER MAGAZINE29Germans whodesired a for at-ized that a serious situation had developedpretexttac km- Serbia as tile initialstep toward involving grave possibilities.recovering theBagdad corridor and open-Karly in July it was rumored in diplo-mu the mad to world conquest. It is matic circles that Austria- Hungary wasassurr.lly true that the taking off of theplanning drastic reprisals for what shearchduke coincided exactly with the cul-alleged was a Serbian crime, committed,mination Prussias preparations for of ifnot with the authority, at least with thewar. It is, too, rather extraordinary thatsympathy of the Serbian government.Prin/ip, the youth who killed him, wasThen Count Tisxa, at that time premiersentenced to twenty years imprisonmentof Austria, reassured the capitals of Eu-instead of to death. In a country where rope by a speech in the Austrian parlia-the death penalty was common, twentyment in which he held out strong hopethat there would be an amicable settle-years imprisonment for the murderer ofThe Arch ConspiratorsThe Ex-Kaiser, Ferdinand of Bulgaria, the Ex-Sultan of Turkey, and the lateFranz Josef of Austria.the heir to the throne seems strangelyment of the whole matter. Apprehen-lenient.sions were allayed, and the world thoughtThe world was slowto realize the sig- it saw the war cloud passing.nificance of the Serajevo tragedy. Peo-One week later Austria sent an ulti-plewere horrified at the deed, andmatum to Serbia, demanding a reply ineditorials were written denouncing an-48 hours.arehy:no one seemed to see at first l)iitThe ultimatum recited the facts of thethe figures of war and famine and pesti-assassination and alleged that the crimelence walking in the funeral procession ofwas due to Serbias tolerance of propa-the dead archduke.ganda and intrigue against the peace and In the chancelleries of Europe, how- territory of the dual monarchy. It de-ever, then- was much anxiety. In Lon- manded that the Serbian governmentdon, Paris. Home and Petrograd menshould condemn this propaganda and ut-conversant with European affairs real-terly suppressit. 28. THE SPARKIN EUROPES POWDER MAGAZINE IMPORTANTTOWNThe ENEMYS OBJECTIVE ^.i^Mi-M-i-*--whicSHE FAILEDto. ATTAIN* Defenders ffeinforcerrtents^^ . ^^2 "., l/KDCSlHAULe; SALfl ULTIMATELY A BAND t,ran STROMGCFI posn - :r -V-JV^^The German Offensive: The New Methods bv Which It Was Pursued and How It Was Countered. The1Germany made her advances on the Western Front. The new method was devised by the famous 29. Till:SIAKK IN KTHOIM/S IOWDKK MACA/INK 31 V ;". .-/c. - * m.y$IPB ..j5^l5!S< a^ >-Tliis diagram does not represent any particular battle or area, but illustrates the principles by whichernhardi, who was pooh-poohed for his ideas by the German General Staff at the outbreak of the war. 30. 32 THE SPARKIN EUROPES POWDER MAGAZINE The ultimatum thencontinued: In order to give a formal character tothisundertaking the royal Servian gov-ernment shall publish on the front pageofits official journal of the 26th June(13th July) the following declaration:"The royal government of Servia con-demns the propaganda directed againstAustria- Hungary the general ten- i. e.,dency of which the final aim is to detachfrom the Austro-Hungarian monarchyterritories belonging toit, and it sincerelydeplores the fatal consequences of thesecriminal proceedings. "Thegovernment regrets thatroyalServian officers and functionaries partici-pated in the above mentioned propagandaand thus compromised the good neighbor-ly relations to which the royalgovernmentwas solemnly pledged by its declaration of Count Von Bernstorff The German arch conspirator and ex-ambassador. the 31st March, 1909. Supersubmarine Deutschland which arrived at Baltimore after a trip across the Atlantic. 31. TIIK SPAKK IX KTKOlKS1()VI)KRMACA/INK88 "The royal government, which disap-proves and repudiates all idea of interfer-ing or attempting to interfere with thedestinies of the inhabitants of any partwhatsoever of Austria-Hungary, consid-ers duty formally to warn officers it itsand functionaries, and the whole popula-tion of the kingdom, that henceforwardit will proceed with the utmost rigoragainst persons who may be guilty ofsuch machinations, which it will use allits efforts to anticipate and suppress."This declaration shall simultaneouslybe communicated to the royal army as anorder of the day by his majesty the kingand shall be published in the official bul-letin of the army.The royal Servian government furtherundertakes:1.Tosuppress any publication whichincites to hatred and contempt of theAlfred Zimmerman, Germanys ex-foreign minister.Austro-IIungarianmonarchy and the One of the German Sanitary Posts before Laon. 32. THE SPARK IN EUROPES POWDER MAGAZINEgeneral tendencyof which isdirectedagainstits territorial integrity; 2. To dissolve immediately the societystyled Narodna Odbrana, to confiscate allits means of propaganda, and to proceedin the same manner against other societiesand their branches in Servia which engagein propaganda against the Austro-Hun-garian monarchy. The royal governmentshall take the necessary measures to pre-vent the societies dissolved frona continu-ing their activity under anothername andform; 3. To eliminate without delay frompublic instruction in Servia, both as re-gards the teaching body and also asregards the methods of instruction, every-thing that serves, or might serve, tofoment the propaganda against Austria-Hungary;4. To remove from the military serv- Bethman Hollweg, the weak-minded member of theEx-kaisers War Board.ice,and from the administration in gen-Remarkable Photograph of German Sub/marine U65, Terror of the Sea, in Act of Holding up Liner.This is probably the only photograph showing a German U-boat actually holding up a liner at sea to arrive in America. 33. TIIK SlAKK IX KTROPES POVDER MAGAZINE35 and functionaries guiltyeral, all officersof propaganda against the Austro-llnn-garian monarchy whose names and deedstlu AustrorHungarian government re-serves to itself the right of communicatingto the royal government; .">.To accept the collaboration in Ser-bia of representatives of the Austro-Hun-garian government in the suppression oftin- Mibversive movement directed againstthe territorial integrity of the monarchy;6. To take judicial proceedings againstaccessories to the plot of the 28th Junewho are on Servian territory. Delegatesofthe Austro-Hungarian governmentwilltake part in the investigation relatingthereto ;7. To proceed without delay to the ar-rest ofMajor Voija Tankositch and oftheindividual named Milan Ciganovitch,a Servian state employe, who have beencompromised by the results of the magis-terial inquiry at Serajevo; 8. To prevent by effective measures Von Hindenburg, General commander-in-chief, and histhe co-operation of the Servian authoritieschief ofstaff. This Photo was taken in 1914. The Crowds were Optimistic. 34. THE SPARK IN EUROPES POWDER MAGAZINE 35. Till;SIAKK IN KFUO POWDER MAGAZINE37in the illicit trafficof arms and explosivesarn^stin-frontier, to dismiss and punish-t-lytlu- officials of the frontier serv-ice atSchabatz and Loznica guilty ofha ving assisted the perpetrators of theSera )f,>crime by facilitating their pass-age across the frontier; 9.Tofurnish the imperial and royalLM>tTiiment with explanations regardingthe unjustifiable utterances of high Ser-bianofficials, both in Servia and abroad,who, notwithstanding their official posi-tion, did not hesitate after the crime ofthe 28th June to express themselves in in-terviews in terms of hostility to the Aus-tro-Hungarian government; and, finally. 10.Tonotify the imperial and royalgovernment without delay of the execu-tion of the measures comprised under thepreceding heads.Immediately the terms of the Austrian The Late Count George von HertlinR-. the Ex-Ba- varian Prime Minister and Ex-Imperial Germanultimatum became known in diplomatic Chancellor.Ukraine and Germany Signing Peace Pact.Germany and her allies on the one side and the newlycreated Ukrainian state on the other concluding a treaty of peace. 36. 38THE SPARK IX EUROPESPOWDER MAGAZINEcircles inEurope there was consternation. Meantimethe European chancelleriesIt was seen that Austria had imposed con-were vibrant with nervous agitation. Theditions no nation could accept without antelegraph and cable were carrying codedutter humbling. The war cloud gathered messages from ambassadors to their gov-again, darker and more threatening thanernments, and apprehension of the mostbefore.serious results was everywhere felt. We have since learned, through the Serbias reply came within the allotteddisclosures made by Dr. Muehlon, the time. It amazed the world by its almostformer Krupp director to whom I have complete concession to Austria. Practi-already referred, that the kaiser had acally all of the elevendemands but onehand in drafting this drastic document.were accepted without modification. Ser-H,e was consulted by Austria, and ap-bia declined to permit the agents of Aus-provedits form without consulting histria to prosecute investigations on Serbian Royal Family of Germany. William II, Ex-Emperor of Germany and Ex-King of Prussia, married the Ex-Princess Victoria of Schles-wig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Austenburg. He has six sons and one daughter. The Ex-Crown Prince Frederick Wil-liam, married the Ex-Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The Ex-Emperors sister. Sophia is the wifeof Constantine, Ex-King of the Hellenes.Ex-Prince Henry, his brother, married his cousin, Ex-Princess Ireneof Hesse, daughter of the late Ex-Princess Alice of England. The Ex-Emperors mother was Princess Victoriaof England, daughter of Queen Victoria.advisers, according to the storythat soil,but agreed to carry out the requiredMuehlon had from Chancellor von Beth-investigationsand to report progress inmann Hollweg.suppressing anti-Austrian propaganda toThe kaiser is saidto have told the chan- the representatives of the dual monarchy.cellor he was determined to go thru with In conclusion she offered, if Austria w^rehis program, and that no one now could not fully satisfied with these concessions,turn him back from his purpose.His to submit the whole matter in .dispute toresolution being thus declared he left for The Hague or to any tribunal constituteda trip on his royal yacht, a discreetby the Great Powers.maneuver designed to create the impres-It was recognized by all impartial ob-sion that he had no part in the matter.servers that a more complete acquiescence 37. WOODROW WILSON, PRESIDENT OE THE UNITED STATES. 38. tJBcXobococrto 39. Till:SIAKK IX KIKOlK.s IUWDKK MAC.A/IM.41could not be asked in reason. The Austrian minister received Ser-biasconciliatory reply atBelgrade onJuly -."). r.Hkat :>:IO in the afternoon. He did not evenwaitto read it.Hi>things were packed and ready for de- allparture. He put the manuscript in hi-,spa li.teh box, and left Belgrade at oncefor Vienna, thus severing diplomatic rela-tions without ceremony. Itwas evident that Austria wantedtrouble. The ultimatum had been de-signed not to obtain a settlement ofdiffi-culties,but to promote war. Great Britain immediately took up thetask of preventing an outbreak of hostil-ities. She proposed to Germany, on July27, that the matters at issue between Aus-tria and Serbia be submitted to a confer-ence of representatives from Germany,France, Italy and Great Britain. Italywas then a member of the triple alliance,of which the two other members were Ger-many and Austria-Hungary.Germany declined the proposal bywhich peace might have been preserved, The Right Honorable Arthur J. Balfour, Foreign Secretary of Great Britain and a prominent figure atalleging that the controversy betweenthe Peace Conference. He wasformerly Prime MinisterAustria and Serbia involved the honor of of England and at an advanced ageenjoys world-wide respect for his statesmanship.Austria and could not be submitted toadjudication by disinterested parties. frontiers of the central empires and con-Russia, Serbias friend, opened direct ne- stituted no immediate threat.gotiations with Vienna, and these wereproceeding more or less encouragingly On July 28 Austria formally declaredwhen they suddenly terminated, and war against Serbia, and began an imme-Menna refused to negotiate further.diate movement of her forces toward theThereSerbian frontiers on the Save and Dan-strong foundation for the beliefisthatGermany intervened to prevent an ube. Russia, alarmed by this indication that Austria was determined to conquerunderstanding between Vienna and St. the little Slav monarchy that looked toPetersburg. Meantime Austria mobilized her armies her as protector, and that stood as a bar-and Serbia responded by like action. rier between Germany and the east, atThere was some talk of once began mobilization in her southwest-localizing the ern provinces.trouble, and permitting a punitive expe-dition against Serbia, but it ended in talk.Thus far there had been no direct threatRussia, realizing that her interests in theto Germany, but the kaiser on the sameBalkans and in the Dardanelles wereday mobilizedhis fleetan act that car-menaced by the threat of Austria to driveried with it a very clear menace to Greatdown toward the Aegean Sea thru Serbia,Britain.mobilized five army corps behind the Vis-By July 29 the Austrian guns weretula.The mobilization was far from the bombarding Belgrade from the north side 40. THK SPARK IN KIKOPKS POWDKK MACAZIXE fi c r 41. TIIK SIAHK IN K( I)1>K S |M)VI)KIe known whetherit was originally printed with authorityand in order to provoke a belligerent re-sponse from Russia, and then suppressedto complete the case for innocence thatGermany hoped to lay before the worldin convincing fashion. Its suppression was followedby a per-emptory demand from Berlin that Rus-Capt. Boy-ed, ex- attache of Germanyto U. 8. Tin- OrmanOffensive. The Guard Grenadier Regiment who were taken prisoner, v the l, British. 42. 44 THE SPARK IN EUROPES POWDER MAGAZINEisrtv if. jr u 43. I IIKSPARK IX EUROPES POWDER MAGAZINE45sia cease mobilizationwithin twenty-fourhours. But Russia, apprised that Ger-many was mobilizing, refused to accedeto this demand and ordered a general mo-1 ili/at ion. The Great Britain had failedefforts ofeither toavert or to localize the war.France, alarmed by the swift movementsof the central empires and their implaca-ble spirit, was calling out her troops. Sheheld them, however, at a discreet distancefrom the frontier, avoiding as far as pos-sible needless provocation. now that a general European Realizingwar wasinevitable that France and Rus-;sia were certain to be involved with Ger-many and Austria, Great Britain madeone avert the worst possible last effort toconsequences she addressed a note toParis and Berlin, asking both govern-ments to respect the neutrality of Bel-gium. Aprompt reply was received fromFrance, agreeing unconditionally. Ger- Dr. Richard von Kuehlmann. ex-member Russianmany made no answer. Her plans were Peace Conference.One Shot froma French 305 Battery did this to a German 88M Gun. The first shot aimed at the gun struck it clear amidship. 44. Ki THE SPARK IN EUROPES POWDER MAGAZINE in o E c rt E 45. TIIKSPARK IN KIKOPKS POWDER MAGAZINE 47already laid for tin- invasion of Belgium.It was tlu- most convenient route to Paris,and Prussia considers nothing but herowninterests. OnAugust 1 Germany formally de-clared war on Russia and made publicher suppressed mobilization order. Great Britain followed this action byinforming France that her fleet wouldundertake to protect the French northcoast against German invasion.On thesame day the first hostilities opened theitruggle on the west front when a Ger-man patrol crossed the French frontierat Cirey. The French immediately beganthe movement of their troops toward thefrontier. Their preparations were madetodefend theline from Luxembourgsouth to Switzerland, along the Alsace-Lorraine border. The invasion of Alsacewas planned as a counter-stroke to the Captain Franz von Papen, Ex-GermanMilitary Attache,Sntish Capture Line of Luxurious German Dugouts in Sunken Road. 46. THE SPARKIN EUROPES POWDER MAGAZINEGreat Britain addressed to Berlin an ulti-matum, allowing twenty-four hours forreply, in which she demanded that theneutrality of Belgium be respected.The ultimatum wasdelivered by SirW. E. Goschen, British ambassador toBerlin, on the afternoon of August 4.Herr Von Jagow, the German secretaryfor foreign affairs, received it in person,and gave an immediate answer in thenegative. He said it was impossible forGermanyto observe the neutrality of Bel-giumsince her troops had already crossedthe frontier.He argued that Germanyhad to take this course in order to preventFrance attacking her thru Belgium. Heignored the fact that France had alreadygiven her word that she would observe theobligation of Belgian neutrality, and thatGreat Britain, had France broken herword, would have been compelled to dealwith her as she later dealt with Germany. The British ambassador asked if hemight see the chancellor, unwilling to takeField Marshal Von Mackensen who led the Austro- Von Jagows reply as final. He wasGennan Forces on the Italian Front.granted permission. Von BethmannHollweg appearedmuch perturbed. HeGerman threat.talked for twenty minutes, haranguingThey relied upon the neutrality of Bel- Great Britains representative in tonesgium and Luxembourg as protection pleading and upbraiding. He declaredagainst invasion over an almost unforti-it seemed impossible that Great Britainfied frontier.was going to make war on a friendly But on August 3 Germany addressedneighbor merely for the little word "neu-a demand to Belgium for free passagetrality" that had been disregarded soacross her territory.The little country often in history, merely for a "scrap ofdid not hesitate. She returned a prompt paper."refusal, and mobilized her small army toThe interview ended unavailingly. Sirmeet the menace that immediately over-W. E. Goschen prepared at once to leaveshadowed her. Her refusal was at once Berlin.That evening the British em-followed by a declaration of war againstbassy was mobbed.her. A like declaration was simultane- At midnightin London avast throngouslymade against France, and theingatheredTrafalgar Square, awaitingarmies of Germany began the attack. the issue of the momentous ultimatum.Onthe afternoon of August 3 GermanAs the great clock in the tower of West-troops entered the little Belgian town of minster struck the fateful hour it was an-Arien, while Chancellor Von Bethmannwarnounced that a state ofexisted be-Hollweg explained to the reichstag thattween Great Britain and Germany.military necessity compelled Germany tocommit a wrong against Belgium forThere was a moments silence. Then awhich reparation would be made. great cheer went up, and the multitudeClinging to an eleventh hour hope melted silently away. 47. 3-rVcsuf the overseas dominions, including looked that was within range of humancadets and members of rifle clubs, did notforesight.Kvt-ry officer was providedexceed half a million.with maps, showing in detail the cities, 52. 54 THE ARMIES ARE UNLEASHEDtowns andvillages, the roads and rail-shells began to fall upon the Belgian de-roads,the rivers, forests and elevationsfenses.Then they were a nightmaretoof Belgium and France.the world. For years the trucks used for peace Germanys decision to attack Francetransport in Germany had been built sothru Belgium was due to the topograph-as to be available for war purposes.ical difficulties in the way of a successfulA German Lookout in a Waterproof Trench. A view of a sandbag-constructed trenchon the German battlefront in the Western battle zone showing how carefully thetrench has been water-proofed.Never had any nation in arms been pre- advance from Alsace-Lorraine.Parispared with every type of known fightinglieswithin a series of natural escarpmentsweapon as Germany was prepared. Shethat run in a north and south directionhad guns more powerful than the worldacross France to the east of the capital.had dreamed of, until their 42 centimeterThe outermost is that of the Vosges, 53. TIIK AH.MIKSAHK UNLEASHED .V,mountains: moving toward Paris the nextis the heights of the Meuse; then comesthe eastern edge of the Champagne, and,nearest Paris, the hills that extend fromthe region of Laon to the Seine. After the war of 1870 France stronglyfortified the line of the Meuse. The Ver- bar-dun-Toul-Epinal-Belfort defensiverier is famous.This Germany wouldhave been compelled to storm, after cross-ing the Vosges, had sheobserved the neu-trality of Belgium, and struck Francedirectly from her own territory.There are gaps in the line, but theywere readily defensible and offered onlynarrow entrances for the immense forcewith which Germany planned to over-whelm herneighbor. The gap of Stenaylies between the Ardennes forest and theMeuse heights; the Toul-Epinal gap ismade by the valley of the Moselle, and Teuton Machine Gun in Action Under Bomb-Proofgap lies between the southern Shelter.the Belfortend of the Meuse escarpment and theover ground vastly freer from obstacles.mountains of Switzerland.Germany had two main foes to con- By sweeping thru Belgium the enemysiderwhen she began her campaigns-hoped to circumvent the escarpments at France and Russia. She anticipated notheir northern end, and to reach Paris appreciable resistance from Belgium. She knew the military weakness of Great Britain, and feared chiefly her fleet. Rus- sia, she reasoned, would be slow in mobil- izing and reaching her frontiers. Henceit was her plan to drive France to her knees in a swift, smashing blow, and then to turn and deal with Russia before the Slavic giantmustered his strength and became dangerous. Of the twenty-six army corps that she had available for an immediate use she sent twenty against France and six to hold Russia in check. She began her attack by occupying the Duchy of Luxembourg,to the east of Bel- Armorplated Battery on the Flanders ("oast.Ilack View of the Armorplated Gun Turret.gium. Itwas an easyvictory. Luxem- 54. THE ARMIES ARE UNLEASHEDbourg had no army to oppose invasion.enemy attemptedto storm the forts afterThe Duchess went out to meet the ad- a heavy bombardment. He was drivenvance guard of the enemy and made for- back with heavy losses, and an amazedmal, but futile, protest against the outrage world began to wonder whetherlittle Bel-that was planned.gium would haltthe foe on the veryThecapital of Luxembourg was seized, threshold of his campaign. But the worldanditsrailroads taken over by the Ger- had much to learn of Prussian power.Amans. The latter were, of course, of con-third storming effort was made on Aug-siderable value for the transport of troopsust 7, and the enemy succeededin enter-to the French frontier. ing that part of the city lying east of theMeantimethree German divisions had Meuse.GeneralLeman withdrewhisFrench Armored Cruisers "Jaureguiberry" and "Bouvet"in SpeedTrials.reached the Belgian frontier opposite thetroops to the west bank of the river.Meuse fortress of Liege. On the night of On the seventh a German siege trainAugust 4th they moved to the attack. arrived carrying heavier guns, and theis surrounded by six large pen-monster 42 centimeter shells were hurledLiegetagonal forts, and as many smaller ones. against the remaining forts of the be-General Leman, a brave Belgian officer,leagueredcity. The bombardment wasfamous as a mathematician, commanded terrific, and the forts crumbled under thethe garrison, and made every possibleponderous impact.preparation for stubborn resistance.But it was not untilAugust 15 that theOnthe fifth and again on the sixth the last of theLiegeforts yielded. They had 55. TIIK AH.MIKS AUK UNLEASHED 67 ml a great piirpnsr.Hd^ium s mag-nificent hut sacrificial effort had delayedthr armies of Germany for two weeks,giving the French time to prepare theirdefense and the British to mobilize theirlittle army and hasten it across the chan-nel to the scene of hostilities. On August 7, the day that the Germansentered Liege, the French began their in-xa.sion of Alsace.It was designed as aflank attack on the enemy, and, in theory,was wisely planned. But the Frenchmovement was too long delayed to be suc-cessful. The enemy had moved more rap-idly and was already on the ground withstrong forces.Moreover the Germansuccess at Liege developed at once a se-rious threat to the French northern fron-tier thatmade further offensive adventurein Alsace imprudent. It was necessary toconcentrate in order to meet the menace,of a sweep thru Belgium.The British expeditionary force, underGeneral Sir John French, and numberingonly some 80,000 men, landed in Franceon August 8, and immediately moved for-ward to join the French who were ad-Searching skies for the enemy air fleet. Search- light in full activity; to the left an officer observingvancing into Belgium.ft trre movements of an enemy aeroplane. Meantime the enemywassweeping villages,burning and pillaging. Behindacross northernBelgium, outraging thewas a trail of blood and ruin.civilian inhabitants of the little towns and The French armies took updefensive positions on a line beginning at Mont- medyand extending northwest along the Meuse to Mezieres, and thence north to Dinant. From Dinant the line ran west to Charleroi. The British assumed posi- tions to the left of the French, north of Mons. The second French army was holding positions along the Alsace-Lor- raine border,its right wing restingin upper Alsace near Mulhouse andits left near Xancy. The Belgians evacuatedBrussels, re- on Antwerp. tiringInway theythis saved one of the most beautiful capitals The three women were found operating machine-Kims during the American advance.from otherwise inevitable destruction. On 56. TIIKARMIES AUK UXLKASIIK1)August 20the Germans occupied Brus-that were a few days late in reachingsels, taking over the administration of theLiege, were on time at Namur, and madecity.it a heap of ruins in a few hours.The dismayed civilians lined the streetsThe battleground was now cleared forand watched the endless procession ofthegreat test of strength between firstenemysoldiers, clad in their gray uni- the enemy and the allied armies of Greatforms, marching with monotonous rythmBritain and France.Von Kluck com-thru the city. They marched with heads mandedthe right wing of the advancingerect and the confidence of conquerors.foe the left wing was commanded by the ;They were on their way to Paris, and not Duke of Wurtemburg; the center wasone of them doubted that he would reachheld by troops under Von Bulow and VonGreat German Battleship "Ersatz Bavern" Among Those Surrendered.the great French capital within a fewHausen.days time. The Crown Prince of Germany, com-On August22 the Germans, after a manding the Fifth army, was advancingbrief assault, captured the Belgian fort-from Luxembourg.ress of Namur, at the junction of theThe French troops reeled backwardMeuse and Sambre rivers.Namur wasunder the smashing blow of the enemy.the last stronghold between them and the Alongthe line Mezieres-Dinant-Charleroiallied armies. Its sudden capitulation toward -Rethel and they retired fightingcame with the shock of surprise. It hadHirson. Between Mezieres and Longwybeen thought it might hold at least as longthey staggered under the attack of theas did Liege.But the big siege guns, Crown Prince, and retreated toward 57. II IK AKM IKS AKK INKKASIIKl)Chalons, thru theArgonne forest.Had he succeededin this disaster might The little British army in front of Monshave overtaken the aim its of France andwas left without support, and had to faceGreat Britain, and the victory might havethe full strength of the enemy First armybeen gained by Germany before her oppo-under Von Kluck. It fought a gallant nents had time to rally. But Sir Johnhattle,outnumbered three to one. The French with his 80,000 men managed to hold Von Kluck and 240,000 at attempted to drive the British intociu-iiiy bay. Inthe entrenched camp of Maubeuge, but four days he retreated 64 miles an aver-the masterly tactics of Sir John Frenchage of 10 miles a day fighting courage-defeated his purpose.ous rear-guard actions on every mile, andThere then began one of the most nota- occasionally halting to strike a more than A Successful Submarine Torpedo Attack. Cruiser Destroyed by An "Assassin of the Sea."ble retreats in historythe retreat of theusually hard blow against his pitiless pur-Britisharmy from Mons.It held thesuers.vital position on thewing of the alliedleft Effective retreat calls for as high gen-forces.It had forits task the supreme eralship as effective attack. It is a muchdutyof preventing an enveloping move-harder test of morale.Giving ground isment. always discouraging to the rank and file Fromthe time the retreat began it was and taxing upon the nerve and endurancethe aim of Von Kluck to outflank the of officers, who must maintain a spirit ofallies,swing around their left wing andhope and confidence whatever happens.intercept their retirement on Paris.As the allied armies retired the world 58. 60 THE ARMIES ARE UNLEASHEDPalace of Justice, Brussels, Belgium. 59. Till-: ARMIES AKF UNLEASHEDatchnl with keen anxiety. Germanymandingthe French armies, that he haduas exultant, hut nations that loved intention of halting and offering a anyFrance and admiral Paris contemplatedstabilized resistance.with alarm and consternation the possi- that the great capital of light and The line asit was pivoting retreatedbilitylife and youth might suffer as Belgian on Verdun. Along the Verdun-Toulcities had suffered, or that the nationfortifications the enemy was completelywhose spirit it embodied might be forced checked, while at Nancy the French army,to yield to the invading foe. that had been driven ignominiously from For six days, from August 22 to Aug- Lorraine, was retrieving its honor by aust 28, the fate of the allied armieshungin the balance.The Germans had an- magnificent and stubborn defense.other opportunity to win a Sedan. TheThewing of the retreating Anglo- leftcrisis was reached on August 26, whenFrench armies came under the protectionthe British met the full force of Vonof the guns of the Paris forts on Septem-K lucks offensive -- five army corpsber 3. It had won the race. Von Klucksagainst two. The British were standing efforts to outflank and envelope hadon the line of Cambrai-LeCateau-Landre- failed.cies, and preparing to retire, when theblow fell. ^It was met with supremeThe allied armies were now buttressedcourage. between the great entrenched camp of Re-enforcements had been asked from Paris and the fortified line of Verdun-the French, but no help was sent, andToul. In the center they bent crescenti-the British were compelled to fight alone. cally south of theMarne.Had they failed Paris would have beenlost, because Von Kluck would have The supreme moment for which Gen-driven between Paris and the Frencheral Joffrehad waited silently and imper-right wing, rolling back the French ar-turbably was now at hand.He had yieldedall of northern France to reachmies and compelling them to fight at a this position, and here he elected to makeserious disadvantage for their very exis- his stand and risk conclusive battle withtence. The capital city would have been without other the enemy.leftprotection thanitsfortifications and garrisonutterlyin-sufficient fordefense under thenew con-ditions of warfare. But the British repulsed the enemy on-slaught, and General French retired ingood order upon St. Quentin. Here heobtained the help he had asked, and thussupported he again faced the enemy andfought a vigorous delaying battle withhim in which was inflicted heavy losses. By September1 the allied armies hadfallenback to within 40 miles of Paris,and the second line of French defenseshad been taken by the enemy. There wasas yetno sign from General Joffre, com- Immense Ammunition Dumps Captured by Allies. 60. 62 THK AUM1ES AKE UNLEASHED3pqbe_c*c ~"aW1bec2 61. Prussian PlansGo Astray (HA IT KK IV(.1 UMAX XKI.NS - JOF1RL STOPS (.1 UMAX ADVANCE AT DIUVIIVKKDUN1MNCU RKSKRVES FROM PARIS HOLSTER LINK -- BEL- - IGIANS cult K ;I:RMAS risi.wnKRKGREAT BRITAIN HOLDS -LINK AT YPRKS.The whole carefully elahorated plan ofHank of thearmies was gone.alliedcampaignlor a quickand crushing tri- Von Kluck could not storm Parisumph of Prussia over her enemies andHe could not go around it ondirectly.rivals requiredthe occupation of Paristhe west without breaking thecontinuityand the paralysis of the French and Brit-() f the German line and exposing himselfisharmies in not more than six weeksan d comrades to certain disaster. his^ me- There was only one thing left for him toEvery days delay increased the menace do to swing across in front of Paris andon the German eastern front where com- assume positionsinwhich he couldassistparatively few troops had been left to the German armies to the east of him inwatch the Russians.attacking the allied center.General Joffre, of course, realizedthis VonKluck violatedaNapoleonicfact.He also realized that the further aphorisminventuring to swing across German armies pursued him intotheParis and turn his flank toward his oppo-France the longer the distance over whichnent, but he was convinced the allies werethey must maintain communications anda beaten foe, lacking either the spirit or the resourcefulness tobring transport.accept the opportu-The region of theMaine was known "^ his movemen* might offer.in every topographical detail to Joffre Hereckoned without Joffre.Theand his subordinates. The French armysilent, unworried and unhurried Frenchhad often held maneuvers along the river strategist had foreseen what Von Kluckvalley and on the heights that border it.would be compelled do at the time whentoThe opportunities for employingtacticstheGerman general saw nothing but theand developing strategy had all been care- possibility of outflanking Joffre and thefully studied. British.The from Paris to Verdun battle lineThe longer- visioned Frenchman hadwas some 180 miles in length. Paris hadambushed an army, under Maunoury, inirased to be the French capital, and be- tne region of Amiens. This army hadcome merely a great camp, ready to no part in the retreat. It was a surprise they were shell- Ypres thru which the enemy was nevering the outer forts of the city. On Oct.able to drive a path of victory in spite ofJ the allies had readied Arras, where theythe most desperate efforts.met a check. Two days later a detach- A battlefrontnow extended fromment of British marines entered Antwerp Xieuport. on the Belgian coast,thru 65. 68PRUSSIAN PLANS GO ASTRAY f^m*mm.wmmi*aKJ^^:~>^-~---7immBa*>*i**,ttaiJr+ w^t.*^ ?.*--JMS> ^m i ~ -W~>-^^WL A stricken city What was left of Ypres, utterly devastated by Germans. A remarkable panoramic view of Ypresat the end of the war.Ypres and Arras to the junction of the possible,and the frontal attack was theOise and the Aisne, and thence eastwardonlymeans of open warfare, so bothalong the Aisne, thru Soissons and sides intrenched and prepared for theRheims, across the Champagne and the greatest siege in history.Argonneto the north ofVerdun. From During the period of the race for thethe region of Verdun it ran southeasterly coast,however, there had been violentto Belfort and into Alsace. It was near- fighting along the Aisne, in the Argonne,ly 400 miles in length.around Verdun and along the Lorraine Since one end rested on the seacoastand Alsace borders. The Frenchfor-and the other was against the Swiss fron-tunes in Alsace had fluctuated. Mulhau-tier, flanking movements had become im-sen had been taken, lost and retaken and lost again. The Germans had crossed the Meuse at St. Mihiel and occupied the town. They helditas the point of a wedge driveninto the Verdun-Toul forti- fied front.Belgians check (Jhlans from behind barricaded street- Belgians camping in a church at Camptich. A churchFiring over barricades in Willebrook Station nearat Camptich converted into a camping place. Malines. 66. ^VnA-Jlu^^A^ihnr K r5 Ch/" y{ /j !Nfurtid^T^p^lCTfe-aJ ^*&p*J}Ji AsuufJ r-^ ,-. X r^lrr^^aZ-JV k&JZTE 7 / t .._X6 ^^N^^^Q 69. VICTORIA CROSS(Army)(Navy, Blue Ribbon)The Victoria Cross was DistinguishedServiceNaval Distinguished Serv-The Military Cross. In-Instituted during theOrder. Instituted for theice Cross. Instituted bystituted in 1914. Adecora-Crimean War for the pur- purpose of recognizing dis-King Edward in 1901 as the tion conferred on captainspose of rewarding- indi- tinguished services of Offi- Conspicuous Service Cross andofficers of lowerviduals of the Army andcers of the Army and Navy, toreward "distinguished grades, and warrant offi-Navy "for valor."recommended In despatches. service before the enemy."cers of the Army.The Military Medal. In-Distinguished ConductNaval Distinguished Serv- The Royal Red Cross.stituted by King George in Medal. Replaced that "ForiceMedal. Instituted in Institutedby Queen Vic-1916, as a reward to non-Meritorious Service," for- October, 1914.Awarded toria in 1883.Awarded tocommissioned officers andmerly issued as a reward toPetty Officers and Menladies or nursing sistersmenfor bravery in thefor distinguished gallantry, of His Majestys Navy, andfor specialattention tofield.toN.-C.Officers of thesick or wounded sailors orRoyal Marines.soldiers in peace or war. 70. IHISSIANPLANS(,()ASTKAYTo recount alltheincidents ofthe French gains in the Champagne intrench siegethat followedwinningtheMarch and the French offensive againstol the coastwould be an almost endlessthe St. Mihiel salient in April. The outstandingfeaturesofit Ontask. April 22 the second battle of Ypresalone need be related. Of these the twobegan with the German surprise attack infirst were the battle of the Yser and thewhich gas wasfirst used. It was in thisbattle ofYpres. The former was an at-battle that theCanadians saved the daytempt of the Germans to drive in the leftafter the French line had been driven in.in!1"C_c3 72. The Eraof Gigantic Battles CHAPTER VNEW FIGHTING METHODS USED -- TRENCHlsHARBKI) WIREENTANse Highlanders composedof the brawny sonsof Scotland. 79. 82 THE ERA OF GIGANTIC BATTLESopened the Verdun campaign, came aattack was repulsed by the French, but,charge of their infantry on a front ofinch by inch, they gave ground on bothtwenty miles. The first day they gained sides of the Meuse, drawing ever a nar-ground to a depth of two miles, acquiring rowercirclearound Verdun.In Junepositions of advantage from which to con- theGermans drove up the valley and thetinue the attack. hillside leading to Fort Vaux, and, in aOn the last day ofFebruary the Ger- bitter fight, captured it.Douaumont andmans entered Fort Douaumont, northeastVaux were nowboth in the enemysof Verdun, and one of the most importanthands; a fe days later Thiaumont fell,of the outer ring of fortresses.It hadalmost due north of Verdun, and on JuneA German Zeppelin flight over British fleet, which the fleet destroyed with three well placed shots.been reduced to a ruin before the enemy 24 the Germans entered Fleury, pene-occupied it. During March they cap- trating the inner circle of Verduns de-tured Forges, on the west bank of the fenses. It was a critical hour for France.Meuse, and occupied Vaux, southwest ofFor a week the fate of Verdun hung inDouaumont. The long struggle for Dead the balance.Mans hill began, the bloodiest struggle Then on July1 almost without warn-and the ghastliest battlefield on the whole ing British and French smashed theVerdun front. hard against the German lines on a frontThruout April and May the fightingof ten miles, north and south of thecontinued incessantly.Manya terrificSomme river. 80. 11 IK KKA OF (,!(,. T1CBATTLESThe second greatbattle of the war wasbeginning a battle worthy to stand sideMy side with Verdun.Tlu- success of the allied attack on theSinline,altho not measuring up in its ear-lystages to the hopes of the British and1rench commanders, was enough toalarm the Germans and to relieve thepressure on Verdun. The Meuse cityu as never again in peril. Germany, firstand last, spent 500,000 men in a futileeffort. France came out of the great testof strength and spirit her confidence for-tified,and forever certain of the worldsadmiration. The battle of theSomme was, for the what Verdun had been for the Ger-allies,mans an attempt to put into effectivepractise the lessons of warfare learnedduring the first year and a half or twocars of war. The massing of artillery,the employment of the barrage, the useof the limited objective, and the develop-ment of the tactical nibble into the big, Gen. Vassitch Commanded Serbia Second Army.strategic bite, were all phases of thisbattle. the victory home, the open season for When began the British and French it fighting ended and the rainy season setbelieved they could smash thru and breakin.The Somme became an almost im-the enemy line and the theory was gen-passable mire. Infantry movements wereerally held that if the line could be brokenexceedingly difficult, and the transport ofon a considerable front a decisive victorybig guns impracticable. Operations hadmight be gained by pressing the advan-to be abandoned, and the enemy, who wastage with unfaltering vigor. On this theory and with this hope heavygetting exceedingly uneasy about thesacrifices were made in the storming of security of his lines, obtained a respite Thethat allowed him to revise his plans andenemy positions.enemy was madeto suffer heavy losses, and his tenaciousprepare for a new programin the spring.defense indicated that he regarded seri-When the drive halted inNovemberously the possible consequences of the1916 the British had conquered the ridgeFranco-British drive.overlooking Bapaume, and the FrenchBut the Somme battle had been begun had pushed forward to the outskirts oftoo late in the summer. No timemarginPeronne. It was estimated the Germanshad been left for the possible failure ofthe original schedule, and when the had lost 700,000 men, of whom 95,000 hadBritishwere held up for weeks at Thiep- been taken prisoner. The allies countedvaland north of the Ancre, the schedule among their gains 135 heavy guns, 180was thrown out of gear. field and 1,438 machine pieces guns. Before the full value of the Somme From standpoint the Somme battle thissuccesses could be realized by pressing had been the most successful battle. 81. THE ERA OF GIGANTIC BATTLESuoK &-ifI 82. Hindenburg RetreatsCHAPTER VILLOYD GEORGE FORMSNEWBRITISH CABINET - GERMAN PEACEI|{|ettercither controlled or held, they advancedgreat ally theywere able to make appre-to the Donajec river, that crosses Galiciaciable progress.from north to south, and, by the end ofThe Russians were driven from thethe month, had pushed their vanguards Uzsok pass in the Carpathians and com-For this "military purpose" the Germans dropped bombs on England. The end of a perfect air raid bythe German air men on England. The baby victims and women are being buried.to withincannon range of Cracow.pelled to abandon Przemysl.The cap- Here they were content to rest for the ture of Jaroslavfollowed and the Rus-time, while they spread out along the Car-sian armies fell back in eastern Galiciapathians, that separate Galicia frombeyond the San.Hungary, in an attempt to get posses-A great battle developed along the Sansion of the chief mountain passes de- in middle of October. It lasted for tlibouching on the Hungarian plains. Heredayswhich fortunes varied. Gradual- inand there they actually penetrated thely the Russians gained the upper hand.harrier range and reached the plains, oc- The Austrians attempted a flank attack( asioning consternation in Buda Pest, thru Bukowina, but before it couldcapital of Hungary. threaten seriously the Slav line the Aus- 107. 110 RUSSIAS TRAGIC STORYtrians collapsed on the San, and the Rus- established a strong line across Galicia,sians re-entered Jaroslav. Six days later protecting the rear of their forces in thePrzemysl was again besieged, and re-Carpathians.Along series of operationsmained surrounded by the Russian forces then began in the mountains battles inuntil its capture in the following March, deep snows and zero temperatures inBy the middle of November the Rus-which the Russians gradually forced theirsians were once more on the outskirts ofway into the passes. On March 22 theyCracow. captured Przemysl, and under the im- London air raid. Mother and son inspecting their home. A mother and her little son have returned home from a visit and this mass of debris greets their eyes.Hungary was againraided thru thepulse of this success swept forward onmountain passes, and the Austrians were Hungary with Buda Pest as its goal.driven from Bukowina. The alarmed Austrians rallied againGermany wasforced to send additionaland again to defend their frontier, fight-aid to her ally. With this help the siege ing stubbornly for every yard of ground,of Cracow was lifted, and the Russiansand then, with the coming of May ap-retired to theDonajec river, where they peared Mackensen on the Donajec. 108. RUSSIAS TRAGIC STORY 111The German offensive against Russiawas marked by three great efforts to con-quer Poland, sieze the Vistula defensesand crush the armies of the Czar. Thefirst of these began in theopeningdays of October, 1914, with Von Hinden-burg in command, fresh from his victoryover the Russians at Tannenberg, in EastPrussia. The German armies, admirablyequipped, swept across Poland to theVistula.They reached the outskirts ofWarsaw and Ivangorod by October 17.Aviators dropped proclamations in War-saw calling for the surrender of the city.The big guns began to shell its fortifica-tions.Then re-enforcements suddenlyattacked the left flank of the Teutons,it back anddrivingcompelling a retreatall along the line. In perfect order VonIlindenburgs armies withdrew, movingtoo swiftly for the pursuing Russians,who followed to the German frontier andactually crossed into Posen at one point. First picture of the actual surrender of Jerusalem This Russian success was brief.Vonon December9th, 1917.The only photo taken onHindenburg struck again. Early in No-the morning of December9th, when Jerusalem sur-vember he began a movement against rendered.both flanks of the Russian army. Onecame down the south bank of the Vistulain serious peril of being outflanked andfrom the East Russian fortress of Thorn; cut off from Warsaw and the Vistula.the other advanced northeast from Czen- They fell back toward Lodz. Here, atstochowa, whither it had retired after its themoment that threatened their destruc-failure at Ivangorod. The Russians were tion, re-enforcements fromWarsawsud- denly attacked the flank and rear ofVon Hindenburgs encircling movement, and the battle of Lodz began. The tables were turned.The Germans were in peril of extinction.Anentire army corpssur- rendered. But aid was rushedto them and they cut their wayout of the Slav net. The Russians fellback from Lodz, and ultimately tookpositions along theup Bzurariver, twenty miles west of War- saw. Thus began a long trenchsiege paralleling the Vistula from west of War- saw to the Galician boundary. The Maharaja of Patiala visited the Western frontThis photo shows the Maharaja of Patiala inspectingFor monthsthere was bitter fightingone of the big camouflaged British guns on the Westernfront. along the entrenched front in Poland, and 109. 112 RUSSIAS TRAGIC STORYcampaign and counter campaign in the Theycrossed the San, abandoned Prze-Baltic provinces and East Prussia. The mysl, after an effort to rally and hold it,Russians met disaster at the Mazurianand back on Lemberg. They lostfelllakes, but carried out a sweeping offensiveLemberg on June 22, and a week laterin Galicia and the Carpathians, alreadyMackensen turned his attack north, be-described, and it was this success thathind the fortified line of the Vistula.brought upon them the third and greatest Meantime Von Hindenburg was press-German drive. ing the battle hard in the Baltic provinces.General Von Mackensen came uponBy the middle of July a tremendousthe scene as the leader of this final attack struggle was in progress on a 900 mileA busy scene on a road just behind thelines. The company at the right are resting prior to taking up their march again.uponthe armies of the czar. Hemassed front, with Warsaw and Ivangorodas thethegreatest concentration ofartillerymain objectives of the Austro-Germanthat had been seen up to that time on theforces. They fell on August 5 and 6.eastern front against the Russian DonajecBy the end of August the Germans hadline. On May 3, 1916, he opened fire withreached Brest Litovsk.all his guns. Theczar suddenly came from Petro-The Russianfrontwasshattered.grad to the battle front, removed theMackensen captured 30,000 prisoners andGrand Duke Nicholas from command ofdrove his enemy in hasty retreat eastward. the armies,and placed himselfat their 110. RUSSIAS TRAGIC STORY 113head. Hut it did not stay the retreat. Inthe hands of men entrusted with militarythe middle of September Von Hinden-administration.burg drove tin- HUSM.MUS across the Dvina,But worse than graft was the treacheryand Von Mackensen occupied Pinsk, on of officials, in some cases generals andsamethe edge of the marshes that bear thelesser officials, who sold secrets to the foe.name.The knowledge of these things began toThen only was the Austro-German ad-reach the men in the trenches. They hadvance halted.It succeeded in gaining been forced at times to fight with nail-vast territory, and penetrating far into studded clubs instead of rifles. WhenRussia, but it failed to destroy the Rus-they learned that they were being robbedsian armies. They had escaped thru the and betrayed sedition spread thru theirmasterly leadership of theGrand Duke.ranks.Advancing over newly conqueredterritory held its djfficulties. As many as thirty Tommies were needed to move this big gun.They had escaped the enemy; but they Desertions were numerous during thehad not escaped the corruption, misman- winter of 1916-1917. The armies heldagement and betrayal that obtained be-their positions, but chiefly because Ger-hind their lines in the Russianbu-many did not care to press her advancereaucracy.further. She was busy fomenting troubleThe Russian rank and file was hungry, in the Russian empire. Her agents dis-wearied, and ill-supplied with arms and covering the increasing dissatisfaction inmunitions. Graft reeked in Russia. Of-the army, were promoting it.Mutinyficials enriched themselves at the expensewould serve equally as well as a victoryof their armies. Supplies often failed to won by direct attack.reach the soldiers, finding their way into A plot to induce Russia tomake a sepa- 111. fafaOUMQJi iffiUWSOnnktOQQhH I (dHH-IT.PwHwKH 112. Kissi s Tiru;i(STOKYllorat- peace was being engineeredfromBerlin with tin- aid of disloyal membersof llu- go eminent at lYtrograd. It issaid tin- e/arina was not wholly innocentof participation in tins conspiracy againstthe empire and its allies. Tlu- winter passed with muchsufferingon the- front for the rank andfileof theRussian armi-Therewas some activityineasternGalicia. Komnania had hecn invaded,and the Russians were looked upon as hernatural helpers, but intrigue preventedaid coining in effective form until it wastoo late, and the little country went theway of others that had felt the crushingheel of German militarism. First Tommiescrossing the Somme over a roughlyWith spring then- came increasing un- constructed bridge intotnrt-d by the British. Peronne, which was cap-rest in Russia. The world heard onlyrumors of it, but persons in Petrogradfrom the Petrograd garrison joined thesaw signs of a coming storm.workers. The following day the DumaThefirst lightning flash from the gath- met in defiance of the czars orders, andering clouds was the killing of the Monka message was sent to the czar, who wasRasputin, a mysterious and notorious in-then on the front with his armies, de-dividual who had for long been a courtfavorite, exercising a strange influencemanding his abdication.over the czarina and, at times, over the Meantime the capital city was in tur-czar.It was believed that Rasputin wasmoil. The workers were fighting theintriguing for Prussia, and giving his aidpolice, who, armed with machine guns,to what were known as the "Darkheld houses and on roofs, positionsinForces," an unscrupulous cabal of court-iers and officials whose chief concern wasfrom which they attempted to slay theto profit at the empires expense, and to clamoring mob in the streets. Cossackskeep themselvesin advantageous posi-were called in to ride down the people astions for the purpose. They representedthey had in many another such emer-the extreme of reaction, and opposedgency: but this time the Cossacks refusedevery movement of a liberalizing char-to do the murderous workacter. assigned them,and treated the crowd with smiling con-The newsthat the body of Rasputin sideration.had been thrown into the Xeva arousedThe czar is said to have been servedimmense enthusiasm among those wholooked for the day when Russia wouldwith the demandfor his abdication whileaboardtrain en route for Petrograd, aescape the clutches of its exploiters. Itwhither he was hastening to face the revo-seemed to be the spark in thepowder, andthe explosion followedlutionary crisis that had arisen so sudden- quickly.He accepted the destiny prescribedly.On March 11,1917, a revolutionary for him without argument, and asked onlyMiovement startedin Petrograd. Soldiers that he be allowed to go to his palace in 113. 116 RUSSIAS TRAGIC STORYthe Crimea and spend his days among hisflowers. This request was denied. Hewas taken to Petrograd and there placedin confinement.A new cabinet was formed with PrinceLvoff, a Russian patriot of democraticspirit, as its leader.It was a coalitioncabinet, including the cadet party, a con-servative democratic element, and thesocialists of the less radical type, repre-sented by Kerensky.Its lifewas comparatively brief. Itmade waymore thorolyfor a cabinet so-under Kerensky.cialistic For a time the world hoped much fromthis extraordinary little man, who, in apuny frame, combined a fiery spirit andkeen intelligence. But the extreme social-ist element was not satisfied with theFabian tactics of- Kerensky, who at-tempted to hold Russia true to the allies,continue the war, and readjust internalconditions on a basis of representativeSir John French, former Commander of Victoriousgovernment similar to that of the UnitedBritish Expeditionary Forces in 1914.States.The extremists, known as bolsheviki, aword that means simply majority, main-ernment; they did know the soviet, orlocal council, and the shrewd bolshevikitaineda constant agitation, harassingKerenskys government at every step.appealed to this knowledge with theTheir attitude lent itself most conveni-promise of administration thruSoviets.ently to German plans, and Germany A returned expatriate,a Russian Jew,flooded Russia with agents who joinedwith the bolsheviki in an effort to pullwhocalled himself Trotzky, was one ofdown what might have developed into a the most aggressive and influential bol-stable andefficient government. shevik leaders. He, like Kerensky, pos-The peasants and the soldiers weresessed great powers of eloquence. Asso-urged to demand peace and an immediateciated with him was a man name Lenine,distribution of the land and other prop-a fanatic, whose only aim in life was toerty.Kerensky used all his eloquence to overthrow the capitalist systems of theimpelthe armies to maintain the fight world. In this effort he was willing toagainst Germany, and to encourage the take help from any quarter. It is not nec-people in support of the war; but itmadItessary to question hissincerity.proved unavailing.was quite compatible with honesty of con-Hisconvene a constituent as-effort toviction that he should accept help fromsemblyfor the purpose of drafting a newGermany inmoneyor men, and there isconstitution was defeated by the bolshevikThe ignorant peasantryoflittle doubt that he did. It was traitorousagitation.Russia knew nothing of constituentas- to Russia and freedom, but it was loyalsemblies and constitutional forms of gov- enough to his own lunatic dream. 114. KTSSIAS TRAGIC STORY 117 Between these men succeededin over-United States, the latter by now a bellig-throwing Kerensky, and seizing the gov- erent, looked with alarmon the situation.ernment. Anarchy followed, marked byThe possibility of German control in Rus-bloodshed and destruction of property.sia constituted a new menace. AlreadyThe Russian armies, now reduced to aGerman troops released from service onhelpless strength by desertions, were or- the east front were appearing on the west-dered demobilized, and the bolshevikern front, and Germany was replenishingregime openednegotiations withthe her depleted stores from Russian gran-enemy for peace.aries.Some day, if the extension of herThere followed a series of conferencespower was not checked, she might even British Torpedo Boat Destroyer "Viking.at Brest Litovsk between the bolshevikrecruit new armies from among the Rus-and the German, Austrianrepresentatives sian people.Plans were formulated toand Bulgarian delegates. They ended bystay her progress. Commissioners werethe enemy imposing terms upon Russia8ent to help the Russian people.Theythat stripped her of the Baltic provinces,were able to do little. Finally it was de-Poland, the Ukraine, and the region oftermined to send allied forces into Russia,the Caucasus. and troops representing the western allies,Russia lay open toGerman exploita-Japan and the United States landed attion, and itwas carried on with pitilessVladivostok, while others were landed atenergy. The western allies and theArchangel and on the Murman coast. 115. 118 RUSSIAS TRAGIC STORYInspection of a destroyed tunnel entrance on the Western Front at Cambrai. 116. Italy and The Little NationsCHAPTER VIII ITALY ENTERS THE WAR ITALY ENTERS AUSTRIA ITALIAN SUCCESSES AUSTRIA REINFORCED BY (.KKMANY HECKS ITALIAN DRIVE ITALIAN i ARMY DEMORALIZED STAND MADE AT PIAVE RIVER SERBIA ENTIRELY ()ER RUN MONTENEGRO CAPITULATES ROUMANIA SIGNSPEACE TERMS BRITISH FAILURE IN GALL1POLI CAMPAIGN GENERAL ALLENBY StvcESSFUL IN HOLY LAND CONSTANTINE OF GREECE FLEES GREECE JOINS ALLIES. Before the war began Italy was theAustria-Hungary, altho for years anally of Germany and Austria-Hungary.ally, was not loved.In the days of herThe was of a defensive kind.alliancevictory over Italy, when the former Ital-Kaeh of the three nations was pledged toian provinces were seized, she had delim-ited a boundary which gave her possessioni-o to thehelp of either or both of theothers in the event of an attack. of all the advantageous heights and im-portant passes thru the Alps. Thus she Immediately after the declarations ofhad been a menacing neighbor, and thewar made by Germany against Russiaand France, Italy declared her neutral-from Italys side, had been con-alliance, She took the ground that the centralsummated largely in order to safeguardity.the possibility of another attack and in-empires had been the aggressors, and thatvasion.she was under no obligation to join theminanything but a defensive war. This The demand forwar becameso insis-prompt action destroyed the triple alli-tent in Italy that the government wasance, andin its place there gradually de-forced to yield. Xo doubt existed thatveloped the quadruple alliance of Ger-Italy went to war on the motion of hermany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and people rather than at the behest of herBulgariathe three latter countries be-king, or of her military leaders. On Mayin^, in fact, the vassal allies ofGermany,22, 1915, she declared war on Austria.executing her will and cooperating in her Herdeclaration ofwar on Germany didplans for a Pan-German empire of Mid- not come untilmore than a year later,dleEurope with an Asiatic annex inAugust27, 1916.Syria, Mesopotamia andthe remoter east.Italys plan of campaign was to holdItaly maintained her neutrality until the mountain frontier along the TrentinoMay 1JH.~>. In the interval the country region and the Carnic Alps, and to makewas disturbed by continual agitation.Aher offensive against the Isonzo riverstrong and popular war party came intofront of the enemy, with Goritz andexistence. It was provoked by the factTrieste as her chief objectives.that Italy in earlier wars had been de- She had vast difficulties to overcome.prived of territory in the Trentino, in the The workof the Italian engineers in mak-region of the Isonzo river, Trieste andI stria. This territory, in which a popu- ing possible a warfare largely conductedin snow clad and cloudlation of Italian birth or ancestry capped mountainsprepon- is one of the marvels of thegreat. struggle.derated, Mas known as Italia Irredenta,or Italy unredeemed, and there was loud The Isonzo river front presented greatelan ioi- fur Its recovery. . obstacles to successful campaigning. The 117. 120 ITALY AND THE LITTLE NATIONS Latin retirement from the positions that threatened Goritz and Trieste. It began on May 16, 1916, and was checked by June 3. In that short space, however, the Austrians pushed through the moun- tains, captured the Arsiero region and reached the edge of the Italian plains. They were within twenty-five miles of their objective when the Latins brought them to a halt, and began a counter offen- sive that gradually reconquered all the lost territory. The Italians were aided in bringing this serious menace to a sharp conclusion by the sudden drive of General Brussiloff into Bukowina and Galicia. Austrian troops had to be withdrawn from the Trentino front to meet the new Rus- sian advance. There followed a period of more or less desultoryfighting,and then Italy launched another great drive on the Ison- zo front. It began in early August, 1916. The Goritz bridgehead and the Carso plateau were the objectives.Edith Cavell, whose execution by the Germansshocked the world.The attack came as a surprise to the Austrians, who hadtheir hands prettyAustrians held the commanding positionswell occupied with keeping the Russiansand were strongly fortified. They hadout of Lemberg. It opened on Augustto divert strength from the Russian front6, the Latin guns concentrating their firein order to meet the new assault, but they on Sabatino, San Michele and the bridgewere able to maintain a defense that de- across the Isonzo that was protected bymanded supreme these mountain positions. On August 8,efforts on the part of in a great chargeItaly.they stormed and crossed the bridge, took the mountain for- The campaign went slowly. Italian tifications and reached Goritz.The cityforces reached Austrian soil on the west fellthe following day, while the Italiansbank of the Isonzo, and nibbled at the drove forward routing the Carso posi-edges of the Carso plateau, over which tions of the enemy.lay the road to Trieste.A small advanceAcross the Carso plateau, south of Go-was made into the Trentino, but was soonhalted.ritz, lies the road to Trieste. On August 11, the advance continued along a twelve-Then Austria summoned its strength mile front. The whole Doberdo plateaufor a counter offensive.Agreat effort was .occupied, and further gains made onwas planned to destroy the Italian armies, the Carso. Oppacchiasella was taken theand end the menace that was interferingnext day. The advanced line of the Latinwith the operations against Russia. The army reached positions within thirteenAustrian offensive in the Trentino was a miles of Trieste. The offensive restedwell conceived plan to reach the Italian with this for a few weeks, to be resumedplains and cut the rail communications in September, when morewith the Isonzo front, thusground wascompelling a gained on the Carso plateau. 118. ITALY AM) TIIK LITTLE NATIONS121 In October and November the fightingshifted to the Trentino and other sectorsof the Italian front, but the wedge hadbeen driven far in toward Trieste, and theItalians were well placed for further suc-cessful operations.They resumedtheir attacks in May,1917, after a winterand spring that wasmarked by no significant events on eitherside.Under the leadership of GeneralCadorna they made amazing progress,sweeping over the Bainsizza plateau,northeast of Goritz, and taking practical-ly the whole of the Carso plateau.Trieste and Laibach were both men-aced by these victories. Austrian collapseseemed a not improbable result of thegreat defeats suffered by the Hapsburgarmies.Then came a sudden reversal of affairs.Victoryhad thrown Cadornaoff hisguard. On the northern end of his Isonzofront enemy agents had been surreptiti- Lieut. H. T. C. Walker, of the British Royal Navy,ously corrupting and demoralizing his troops. hero of the British naval attack on Zeebrugge.Like lightning from a sky uncloudedthe boltthe region of Caporetto. fell in enormous numbers of guns and quantitiesThe enemy struck with large forces and of ammunition. Cadorna /ell back fight-important elements of the Italian second ing delaying actions until he had crossedarmy, instead of resisting, threw down the Piave.Here he made his stand untiltheir arms and allowed the foe to advance he was disposed of and succeeded by Gen-unhindered. eral Diaz. This disaster threatened to overwhelm Then followed a long siege and a stub-the Italian forces, whose greater numbersand most effective troops were on the east- born defense.The allies sent aid to Italy. British and French troops left the west-ern front, holding the two plateaus and ern front, and later some American unitsthe intervening valley beyond the Isonzo.The enemy was on their flank and headedjoined them, and took up positions in the Italian line.with little to check him toward the mainlines of communication upon which theFor a long timethe situation was peri-Italian armies were absolutely dependent lous.Atplaces the Austrians crossed thefor safe retreat.Piave.They attempted to drive down from the Asiago plateau, and repeat theirThesituation developed into a race be-tween the enemy and the Italians for earlier success. German aid was freely extended to them. They had indeed beenUdine, the main railroad center.TheItalians won in sufficient numbers to save helped by the Germans in the original drive that compelled Italys retreat.a large part of their great force. But atragic part was lost. The enemy cut offBut repeated offensives failed to shakeand captured some 250,000 prisoners andthe Italian line, and in the summer of 119. 122 ITALY AND THE LITTLE NATIONS 120. ITALY AND THE LITTLE NATION * 123 c (4 u Votto.>_7King of Belgium and Ptafl".ference of Brest Litovsk and thru its bol- March Harsh terms were imposed 4.shevik agentsmade terms with the enemy,upon Roumania by the enemy.TheHoumania was forced to follow in a likelittlecountry could only pray that alliedhumiliating surrender.The Brestvictory in the west front would bring herLitovsk treaty was signed on March 2,deliverance.1918, and the armistice of Bucharest on The little nations of Europe were not 125. 128The Magnificent Cathedral at Reims, France. 126. ITALY AND THE LITTLE NATIONSthe only ones affected by the war. The{u-ople ofArmenia and Syria and Meso-potamia pressure under thefelt its tragiccampaigns of the Turks. Turkey, as an ally of the central em-pires, served the important end to themof keeping the Dardanelles and Constan-tinople out of the hands of Russia andthe allies, and thus preserving the bridgefrom Europe to Asia over which Ger-many planned to construct hergreatHamburg to Bagdad highway.Great Britain was vitally interested inthis phase of the struggle. Her posses-sions in India and hersuzerainty inEgyptwere menaced by the Prussian am-bition, and by the vassal aid that Turkeywas giving to Berlin. Hence, early inthe war, she made two efforts to checkthe Turk and his German master.Oneof these Was the Gallipoli cam-Photograph of M. Raymond Poincaire electedpresident of the French Republic, January 17, 1913.His term of office is seven years.paign, in which France joined her.Itwas a daring but disastrous adventure.Ithad for its object originally the forcingof the Dardanelles by a naval attack.Theand French warships pene-Britishtrated the Narrows for some miles, butunder the fire from the shore batteries,and facing the subtle perils of mines andsubmarines, they were compelled to de-. .sistafter several great vessels includingthe Bouvet, the Ocean and the Irresistiblehad been sunk.Then it was decidedto land troopsonthe Gallipoli peninsula, constituting thenorthern side of thestraits. The planwasto take the shore batteries,occupy thepeninsula,menace Constantinople fromthe land, and, with the straits freed fromenemy control, to enter the Black SeaMadam Poincaire, wife of the President of France. with the navy.Hadthe plan succeeded 127. 130 ITALY AND THE LITTLE NATIONS fighting qualities and great daring earned f