ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILE

The National Small Industries Corporation Limited (NSIC) was established in

1955 by the Government of India with a view to promote, aid and foster the growth of Small

Industries in the country. NSIC continues to remain at the forefront, with it's various programs

and projects, to assist the small-scale sector in the country.

Over a period of four decades of this rescission, growth and development of

small-scale sector, it has proved its strength within the country and abroad dynamically, showing

its progressive attitude towards modernization, up gradation of technology, quality

consciousness, strengthening linkages with large and medium scale enterprises and boosting

exports of products from Small Enterprises. The small-scale sector continues to remain an

important instrument for enterprise-building, dispersal of industries for even regional economic

development and employment generation. NSIC has been successfully able to plan its assigned

role in this endeavor.

Due to changed industrial scenario and gradual globalization of the economy, small-scale

sector has to face stiff competition as the insulated and protected market conditions are no more

going to be available to it. To enable the small-scale industry to meet this challenge, NSIC has

already initiated various steps so that SSI's can play their due role, even during polarization of

various economic forces.

A SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITIES

NSIC provides diversified support through its wide spectrum of programs to TSC to cater

to their different needs related to multi-products and multi-locations markets. It has adopted a

multi-pronged approach to effectively serve the various needs of TSC. Assistance by NISC to

Small Scale Units to sell their goods and services to government departments and agencies,

through 'Single Point Registration Scheme', provides a vast marketing opportunity.

The corporation also arranges indigenous as well as imported raw materials and parts

to ensure that the production cycle of SSI's continues without break and they are able to produce

1

high quality products. But that's not all. There is a lot more to NSIC. The organization operates

Hire purchase and Equipment Leasing Schemes for providing machinery and equipment at

doorsteps of the entrepreneurs. These schemes not only have been able to generate a class of

First Generation Entrepreneurs to set up enterprises with minimum investment, the schemes have

also acted as stimulants to the existing entrepreneur for expansion, diversification, modernization

and technology up gradation.

Though a chain of five NSIC Technical Service Centers are located at different parts of

the country, NSIC offers workshops, testing laboratories and common facilities to the

entrepreneurs and their workmen are provided with avenues for skill up gradation through

training in various technical trades. To encourage exports, NSIC has set up Software Technology

Parks providing complete infrastructure to enable small entrepreneurs to undertake Software

exports.

ACTIVITIES

Common facilities

Prototype development

Technology Transfer

Human Resource Development

Placements

Seminars and Workshops

ASSISSTING COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE

NSIC is committed to accelerate the growth of the small-scale sector not only in

India but also in similar countries worldwide NSIC’s efforts in assisting other countries with

infrastructure facilities and support service has been worthy.

2

.

CHAPTER-1

GENERAL OVERVIEW

3

GENERAL OVERVIEW

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Technology is the word coined for the practical application of scientific knowledge in the industry.

The advancement in technology cannot be justified unless it is used for leveraging the user’s

purpose. Technology, is today, imbibed for accomplishment of several tasks of varied complexity,

in almost all walks of life.

The society as a whole is exquisitely dependent on science and technology.

Technology has played a very significant role in improving the quality of life. One way through

which this is done is by automating several tasks using complex logic to simplify the work.

1.2 AIM:

The aim of our project is to pick the object from the place and place the

object at the destination. This sort of robot is very much useful in the case of

industries like where the pick and place job is carried on continuously for

example in biscuit company, dairy form etc., this project is also helpful in

minimizing the man power and complete the job automatically and accurately.

4

1.3 METHODOLOGY:

The above figure gives the pictorial representation of the procedure followed in the project

development.

In the specifications stage, the requirements of the model were identified. In order to

identify the requirements, literature survey was carried out.

The identified requirements and the specifications of the model were then analyzed to

identify whether or not they were viable. If any of the specifications seemed impracticable, the

specifications were reviewed.

5

Specifications AnalysisProduct Design

Test Cases

High-levelDesign

Low-level Design

Coding &Unit

Testing

IntegrationSystem

TestDocumentation

Test Design

Successful

Failure

Once the viable specifications were identified, the design of the product was developed.

A set of all possible test cases was also prepared simultaneously.

The high level design document gives an overview of the design details.

The low level design document contains the intricate details of the product design.

The project was then divided into separate modules and each module was individually

soldered, coded and tested.

All the tested modules were then integrated. The integrated module was then tested for

the set of all possible test cases. In case the integrated module didn’t work for a certain test case, the

specifications were reviewed accordingly.

In general, after every stage in project development, the specifications were reviewed.

After the integrated module satisfied all the test cases, different stages of the project were

documented.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT WORK:

During the course of our project we developed a multi system controller that is capable of

controlling devices that work on both ac and dc power supplies satisfactorily. We have developed a

model that gives a demo of industrial automation.

1.5 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT:

In the report, the second chapter deals with the introduction to the embedded systems, multi system

controllers and its basic details. The third chapter gives the details about the microcontroller

AT89C51.The chapters four and five, contain the details of the encoder and decoder respectively.

The sixth chapter deals with the driver L293D that forms a major component of one of our

application circuits. The specifications of the RF modules used for communication between the

6

controller and the controlled devices are discussed in the seventh chapter. The eighth chapter

contains information about the remote controlled car which is one of our application devices.

The power supply and relay circuits are discussed in chapter nine. The tenth chapter consists of the

details of the µvision software that has been used to code our circuits. The eleventh chapter gives

the details about the procedure followed for testing the model developed in our project.

CHAPTER-2INTRODUCTION

7

INTRODUCTION

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

2.1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

An embedded system is a specialized computer system that is housed in a large system in order to

carry out certain specific applications. Some embedded systems include operating systems and most

are so specialized such that the entire logic can be implemented as a single program.

2.1.2 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

Industrial machines

Automobiles

Medical equipment

Cameras

Household appliances

Airplanes

Vending machines

Toys etc

Are among the myriad possible hosts of an embedded system.

2.2 INTRODUCTION TO ROBOT

8

A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an electro-mechanical

system which, by its appearance or movements, conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its

own. The word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are

usually referred to as Robots There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots, but there is

general agreement among experts and the public that robots tend to do some or all of the following:

move around, operate a mechanical arm, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit

intelligent behavior, especially behavior which mimics humans or animals.

3

4 With the future production scheme already taken into consideration, operation to return to

the origin is no more necessary. Adoption of the completely absolute system for all models

enables quick return for production. There robots are now indispensable at the production site

for higher speed production and reduction of loss time. As these models have a very rigid frame

and highly accurate positioning function, they can cope with higher level applications.

9

CHAPTER-3

MICROCONTROLLER

10

MICROCONTROLLER

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

A microcontroller is a computer on a chip. It is an integrated chip that is usually a part of an

embedded system. It is a microprocessor that is meant to be more self contained, independent and

yet function as a tiny, dedicated computer. It lays emphasis on high integration, low power

consumption, self sufficiency and cost effectiveness.

It is typically designed using the CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology

and has the following features:

a central processing unit

discrete input and output pins

serial input/output ports(UARTs)

peripherals such as timers, counters

RAM,ROM,EPROM,Flash Memory(EEPROM)

Clock generator

May include analog to digital converters

In-circuit programming and debugging support

11

3.2 ADVANTAGES:

Design with microcontrollers has the following advantages:

It has low overall system cost as all the peripherals are integrated onto a single chip.

The product size is small, therefore the product is handy.

System design and troubleshooting is simple.

Since the peripherals are integrated on the same chip, the system is reliable.

Additional RAM and ROM can be easily interfaced as and when required.

Microcontrollers with on-chip ROM provides a software security feature.

3.3 ATMEL 89S52:

ATMEL 89C51 is a low power, high performance CMOS 8 bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of

flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM).The device is manufactured using

Atmel’s high density, non volatile memory technology and is compatible with industry standard

MCS-51 instruction set. It provides highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded

control applications.

3.4 FEATURES OF ATMEL 89S52:

It has 4K bytes of in-system reprogrammable flash memory (1000 write/erase cycles).

Fully static operation: 0-24 MHz

Three level program memory lock

12

Micro controller

Memory(RAM/ROM)

I/O ports

Peripherals

128 bytes internal RAM

32 programmable I/O lines(4 ports)

Two 16 bit timers/counters

Six interrupt sources

Programmable serial channel

Low power idle and Power down modes

8 bit CPU optimized for controlled applications

64 K of external program memory

Full duplex UART

3.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE MICROCONTROLLER:

13

3.6 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:

14

3.6.1 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):

The microcontroller consists of 8 bit ALU with associated registers like register A,

register B,Program status word(PSW),Stack pointer(SP) ,a 16 bit program counter(PC) and a 16 bit

data pointer register(DTPR).

3.6.2 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT(ALU):

The ALU performs arithmetic and logic functions on 8 bit variables. An important and unique

feature of the microcontroller architecture is that the ALU can manipulate 1 bit as well as 8 bit data

types. It performs the Operations over the operands held by the temporary registers TMP1 and

TMP2.The temporary registers cannot be accessed by the user.

3.6.3 ACCUMULATOR (ACC):

It is referred to as register A or Acc.It is an 8 bit register. It holds the source

operand and stores the result of arithmetic operations. It is used as the source or destination register

for logical operations. It is either explicitly or implicitly specified in the instructions.

3.6.4 B REGISTER:

It is a special function register. It can be used to store one of the operands in multiply

and divide instructions. For all other instructions it is used as a scratch pad.

3.6.5 PROGRAM STATUS WORD (PSW):

It is one of the special function registers .It is an 8 bit register. It is a set of

Flags that indicate the status of the microcontroller.

CARRY BIT (CY):

This bit holds the carry bit in case of arithmetic operations. It also serves the purpose of

accumulator in case of Boolean operations. It is set to one when there is a carry out from the D7 bit.

It can also be rest or cleared through instructions.

AUXILLARY CARRY (AC):

It is used in BCD operations usually. This bit is raised when a carry occurs from lower nibble to the

higher nibble during arithmetic operations on BCD numbers.

FLAG 0 (F0):

Flag 0 is available to the user for general purpose.

15

CY AC FO RS1 RS0 OV -- P

REGISTER SELECT BITS (RS1 AND RS0):

The two bits RS1 and RS0 are used to select one of the four available register banks

As below:

OVERFLOW FLAG (OF):

The overflow flag was created specifically for the purpose of informing the programmer that the

result of the signed number operation is erroneous. If the result of an operation on signed numbers

is too big for a register, an overflow has occurred and the programmer must be notified.

PARITY (P):

The parity bit reflects the number of 1s in the accumulator.

P=0 implies that accumulator contains an even number of 1s.

P=1 implies that the accumulator contains odd number of 1s.

D1 bit is a user definable flag and is reserved for future use.

3.5.6 SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER BANK (SFR):

It is a set of special function registers that can be addressed using their respective addresses

allotted to them. The addresses lie in the range 80H-FFH.

3.5.7 INPUT-OUTPUT (I/O) PORTS (P0-P3):

These four latches-drivers pairs have been allotted to the four parallel I/O ports. These latches have

been allotted addresses in the special function register bank. Using these allotted addresses, the user

can communicate with the ports.

3.5.8 BUFFER:

16

RS1 RS0 REGISTER BANKS ADDRESS

0 0 0 00H-07H

0 1 1 08H-0FH 1 0 2 10H-17H

1 1 3 18H-1FH

It is a special function register and consists of two registers namely transmit buffer and the

receive buffer. The transmit buffer receives data parallely and transmits serially. The receive buffer

on the other hand is serial in parallel out register.

3.5.9 TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT:

It derives the timing and control information required for the internal operation of the circuit

and the control information required for controlling the external bus.

3.5.10 OSCILLATOR:

It generates the basic timing clock signal required for the operation of the circuit using a

crystal oscillator connected externally.

3.5.11 EPROM AND PROGRAM ADDRESS REGISTER:

These blocks provide on chip EPROM and a mechanism to internally address the EPROM.

3.5.12 RAM AND RAM ADDRESS REGISTER:

They provide 128 bytes of RAM and a mechanism to internally address the RAM

3.6 PIN DESCRIPTION OF AT89S52:

3.7 Pin Description

3.7.1VCC (PIN 40)

17

Supply voltage.

3.7.2 GND (PIN 20)

Ground.

3.7.3 Port 0 (PIN 32-39)

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight

TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port

0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to

external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the

code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes dur-ing program verification.

External pull-ups are required during program verification.

3.7.4 Port 1 (PIN 1-8)

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can

sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-

nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low

will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be

configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger

input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order

address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

3.7.5 Port 2 (PIN 21-28)

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can

sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal

pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will

source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during

fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit

addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting

1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits

the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits

and some control signals during Flash program-ming and verification. Port Pin Alternate Functions

P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2

18

capture/reload trigger and direction control) P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming) P1.6

MISO (used for In-System Programming) P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)

3.7.6 Port 3 (PIN 10-17)

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can

sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal

pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will

source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash

programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the

AT89S52, as shown in the following table.

3.7.7 RST (PIN 9)

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the

device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit

in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO,

the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

3.7.8 ALE/PROG (PIN 30)

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during

accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash

programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency

and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. If desired, ALE operation can be

disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX

or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no

effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. Port Pin Alternate Functions P3.0 RXD

(serial input port) P3.1 TXD (serial output port) P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 INT1

(external interrupt 1) P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input) P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 WR

(external data memory write strobe) P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

3.7.9 PSEN (PIN 29)

19

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52

is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle,

except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to exter-nal data memory.

3.7.10 EA/VPP (PIN 31)

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code

from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if

lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for

internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP)

during Flash programming.

3.7.11 XTAL1 (PIN 19)

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

3.7.12 XTAL2 (PIN 18)

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

20

CHAPTER-4 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

LIST OF COMPONENTS

21

4.1 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

. Power supply circuit supplies +5V DC to all the passive components like resistors, capacitors,

IC and Microcontrollers.

22

MICROCONTROLLER

PORERSUPPLY

4.2. CAPACITORS

(a) INTRODUCTION

Fig4.2:Examples of capacitor package Fig4.3: Electrolytic capacitors

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of

conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the

conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a

mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly

separated conductors. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct

current while allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output

of power supplies, and for many other purposes.

(i)Unpolarised

Unpolarised capacitors don't mind which direction they are charged up from, the potential

difference across them can be in either direction.

Fig 4.4: Unpolarised capacitor

23

(ii) Polarised capacitor:

Polarised capacitors have a positive and a negative connection, if connected the wrong way

round they will leak and often go pop! While not a huge disaster, it does make a mess you will

have to clear up and the fluids inside them can be quite nasty so be careful when using them.

Fig 4.5: polarised capacitor

(iv) Capacitors in Parallel

Fig 4.7- Capacitors in Parallel

When capacitors are connected in parallel (fig 4) their combined capacitance is equal to the

individual capacitance added together. For eg: if capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in series

their combined resistance, C is given by:

C=C1+C2

24

(v) Capacitors in Series

Fig 4.8: Capacitors in series

When capacitors are connected in series (figure 5) their combined resistance is less than any of

the individual capacitances. There is a special equation for the combined capacitance of two

capacitors C1 and C2:

C = (C1×C2)/(C1+C2)

4.1.4. RESISTORS

Fig 4.10: Resistors

Type : passive

Electronic symbol : (Europe)

(US)

25

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its

terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's law:

V = IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits. The primary

characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working voltage and the

power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance.

26

CHAPTER-5

POWER SUPPLY

27

POWER SUPPLY

5.1 1N4007:

5.1.1 FEATURES:

Low forward voltage drop

High surge current capability

5.1.2 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS:

S Symbol Parameter Value Unit

IO Average Rectified Current 0.375” lead length

@ TA=750C

1.0 A

If(surge) Peak forward surge current

8.3ms single half-sine-wave

Superimposed on rated load

30 A

PD Total Device Dissipation

Derate above 250C

2.5

20

W

mW/°C

RөJA Thermal Resistance, Junction to Ambient 50 ° C/W

Tstg Storage Temperature Range -55 to +175 °C

TJ Operating Junction Temperature -55 to +150 °C

28

5.1.3 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Parameter 1N4007 Units

Peak repetitive reverse voltage 1000 V

Max. RMS Voltage 700 V

DC Reverse Voltage(Rated VR) 1000 V

Max. Forward @ 1.0A 1.1 V

Max. Reverse Current @ rated VR TA=250C

TA=1000C

5.0

500

µA

Max. Full Load Reverse Current,

Full cycle TA=750C

30 µA

Typical Junction Capacitance VR=4.0V,f=1.0MHz 15 Pf

5.1.4 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

29

5.2 3-TERMINAL 500mA VOLTAGE REGULATOR:(KA7805, KA7812)

5.2.1 FEATURES:

Output current of 500mA

Output Voltages of 5V,12V

Thermal overload protection

Short circuit protection

Output transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

5.2.2 DESCRIPTION:

30

The 3-Terminal Regulator is available in TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output

voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current

limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible.

If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver 1A output current. Although it is designed as

a fixed voltage regulator primarily, the device can be used with external components to obtain

adjustable voltages and currents.

5.2.3. INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM:

31

SERIES PASSELEMENT

CurrentGenerator

SOA protection

Starting circuit

Reference voltage

Error Amplifier

Thermal protection

Input Output

Gnd

5.2.4 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS:

PARAMETER SYMBOL VALUE UNIT

Input voltage (for V0=5V,12V) I 5

Thermal resistance junction- Cases (T0-220) JC C/W

Thermal resistance junction- Air (T0-220) JA 5 C/W

Operating Temperature Range OPR ~ + 125 C

Storage TemperatureRange STG 55 ~ +125 C

5.2.5 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 7805 REGULATOR:

Parameter Y Symbol C Conditions

. Min

T yp. Max. U Unit

Output voltage V 0 T J=+250C 4. 8 5. 0 5. 2 V

5mA≤I0≤1A,

P 0≤15W,V1=7V to 20V

4. 75 5. 0 5. 25

L Line Regulation R Regline T J =250CV0=7V to 25V- 4. 0 1 00

mVV I=8V to 12V

2

- 1. 6 50

L Load Regulation Regload T J=250C I0 =5mA to

1.5mA

- 9 1 00

MV

I0=250mA t

o 750mA

- 4 5 0

Quiescent Current Q T J=+250C - 5. 0 8. 0 MA

QuiescentCurrent

Change

Δ IQ D =5mA to 1A - 0. 03 0. 5 Ma

V I=7V to 25V - 0. 3 1. 3

O Output voltage drift Δ VO/δT I 0=5Ma - - 0.8 - MV/°C

O Output noise voltage V N F NO=10Hz to 10kHz - 4 2 - µ V/V0

R Ripple Rejection R R F R=120Hz 6 2 7 3 - D B

32

V 0=8V to 18V

Dropout voltage VDrop I 0=1A,TJ=+25°C - 2 - V

Short Circuit Current ISC V I=35V,TA=25°C - 2 30 - M A

Peak current I PK T J=25°C - 2. 2 - A

5.2.6 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 7812 REGULATOR:

Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. T Typ. Max Unit

Output voltage V0 T J=+25°C 11.5 1 2.0 12.5 V

5mA≤I0≤1A,

P 0≤15W,V1=7V to 20V

11.4 1 2.0 12.6

Line Regulation Regline TJ=25°CVO=14.5V

to 30V

- 10.0 2 40

MV

V I=16V

o2V

- 3 .0 120

Load Regulation Regload TJ=25°C

I0=5mA

to 1. 5mA

- 11 240

MV

I 0=250mA

to 750mA

- 5. 0 120

Quiescent Current I 0 TJ=+25°C - 5 .1 8 .0 mA

Quiescent Current Change δIQ I0=5mA to 1A - 0. 1 0. 5 mA

V I=14.5V to 30V - 0 . 5 1. 0

Output voltage drift δV0/δT I0=5mA - -1 - mV/°C

Output noise voltage VN F=10Hz to 10kHz - 7 6 - µ V/V0

Ripple Rejection RR F=120Hz

V0=15V to 25V

5 5 71 - DB

Dropout voltage VDrop I0=1A,TJ=+25°C - 2 - V

Short Circuit Current ISC VI=35V,TA=25°C ← 2 30 - mA

Peak current IPK T J=25°C - 2.2 - A

33

5.2.7 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS:

fig. peak output current

Fig: output voltage

34

5.3 BC 547 TRANSISTOR:

5.3.1 GENERAL DIAGRAM:

35

Collector 1

Base 2

3Emitter

5.3.2 MAXIMUM RATINGS:

Rating Symbol BC547 Unit

Collector-Emitter voltage VCE0 45 Vdc

Collector-Base voltage VCB0 50 Vdc

Emitter-Base voltage VEB0 6.0 Vdc

Collector current continuous Ic 100 MAdc

Total device Dissipation @TA=25°C

Derate above 25°C

PD 625

50

mW

mW/°C

5.3.3 THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Characteristics Symbol Max. Unit

Thermal resistance, junction to ambient R_JA

2 00 °C/W

Thermal resistance, junction to case R_JC 8 3.3 ° C/W

5.3.4 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

1. OFF CHARACTERISTICS:

Characteristic Symbol Min. Typ. Max. Unit

Collector-emitter breakdown voltage

( IC=1.0mA,IB=0)

V(BR)CE0 45 - - V

Collector-base breakdown voltage

( IC=100µA dc)

V(BR)CB0 50 - - V

Emitter-base breakdown voltage

( IE=10µA,IC=0)

V(BR)EB0 6.0 - - V

Collector cutoff current

(VCE=50V,VBE=0)

(VCE=30V,TA=125°C)

ICES -

-

0.2

-

15

4.0

nA

µA

36

2. ON CHARACTERISTICS:

Characteristic Symbol Min. Typ. Max. Unit

D current gain

( IC=2.0mA,VCE=5.0V)

hFE 1 10 - 800 -

Collector-emitter saturation voltage

( IC=10mA,IB=0.5mA)

( IC=100mA,IB=5.0mA)

( IC=10mA)

VCE(sat)

-

-

-

0.09

0.2

0.3

0.25

0.6

0.6

V

Base-emitter On voltage

( IC=2.0mA,VCE=5.0V)

( IC=10mA,VCE=5.0V)

IBE(on)

0.55

-

-

-

0.7

0.77

V

Base-emitter saturation voltage VBE(sat)- 0 0.7- V

3. SMALL CHARACTERISTICS:

Characteristic Symbol Min. Typ. Max. Unit

Current gain Band Width Product

( IC=10mA,VCE=5.0,f=100Mhz)

fT 150 300 - MHz

Output capacitance

(VEB=0.5V,IC=0,f=1.0Mhz)

Cobo - 1. 7 4.5 pF

Input capacitance

(VEB=0.5V,IC=0,f=1.0Mhz)

Cibo - 10 - pF

Small signal current gain

( IC=2.0mA,VCE=5.0V,f=1.0khz)

Hfe 125- 900-

Noise Figure

(IC=0.2mA,VCE=5.0V,Rs=2KΩ,

F =1.0khz,δf=200hz)

NF - 2 .0 10 dB

37

5.4 POWER SUPPLY

5.4.1 OPERATION:

. The input voltage to the diodes 1 and 2 is supplied from a transformer and is equal to the peak

AC voltage of the secondary winding of the transformer as shown in graph 1.

. The circuit consisting of the combination of the two diodes is called full wave rectifier and the

output of this is graph 2 which contains high ripple.

. These diodes combined with a capacitor are known as full wave rectifier with a capacitor.

. This capacitor is known as filtering capacitor improves the output of the rectifier considerably and

the output of this stage is shown in graph 3.

. The efficiency of this rectifier is 81.2%.

. The resistor is used to limit the voltage and current those are supplied to the regulator in order to

avoid the regulator from getting damaged.

. The diode 3 is used to protect the diodes 1 and 2 from the back current discharged by the

capacitor.

38

VIN (ac)

VIN (ac)

Vout (dc)1 2 3

Regulator|||||||

2|||||||

3|||||||

4

. The output at this point is not completely regulated since there is still some amount of ripple

present in the rectified voltage.

. Therefore a regulator is used to ensure low voltage ripple and excellent load and line voltage

regulation.

. The graph 4 gives the output of the regulator and this voltage is 99.9% regulated.

. The resistor after the regulator is used to limit the current supplied to the LED.

.When the voltage supplied is greater than 3.8V, the LED will glow.

. The regulated DC voltage output is taken across the capacitor and is further supplied to other

applications.

5.4.2 OUTPUT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE POWER SUPPLY:

39

Voltage

T

T

T

T

1

2

3

4

CHAPTER-6

KEIL µVISION3

SOFTWARE

40

6. KEIL µVISION3 SOFTWARE

6.1 µVISION3 OVERVIEW :

The µVision3 IDE is a windows based software development platform that combines a

robust editor, project manager, and integrated make facility. µVision3 integrates all tools

including the C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and HEX file generator. µVision3

helps expedite the development process of our embedded applications by providing the

following:

Full-featured source code editor

Device database for configuring the development tool setting

Project manager for creating and maintaining our projects

Integrated make facility for assembling, compiling, and linking our embedded

applications

Dialogs for all development tool settings

True integrated source level Debugger with high-speed CPU and peripheral simulator

Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware and for

connection to Keil ULINK

Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into Flash ROM

Links to development tools manuals, device datasheets and user’s guides

.In the Build Mode, we maintain the project files and generate the

application. In the Debug Mode, we verify our program either with a powerful CPU and

peripheral simulator or with the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter (or other AGDI drivers) that

connect the debugger to the target system. The ULINK allows us also to download our

application into Flash ROM of our target system.

41

6.2 FEATURES and BENEFITS:

Feature Benefit

The µVision3 Simulator is the only

Debugger that completely simulates all

on-chip peripherals.

Write and test the application code before production

hardware is available. Investigate different hardware

configurations to optimize the hardware design.

Simulation capabilities may be expanded

using the Advanced Simulation Interface

(AGSI).

Sophisticated systems can be accurately simulated

by adding our own peripheral drivers.

The Code Coverage feature of the

µVision3 Simulator provides analysis of

our program’s execution.

Safety-critical systems can be thoroughly tested and

validated. Execution analysis reports can be viewed

and printed for certification requirements.

The µVision3 Device Database

automatically configures the

development tools for the target micro

controller.

Mistakes in tool settings are practically eliminated

and tool configuration time is minimized.

The µVision3 IDE integrates additional

third-party tools like VCS, CASE, and

FLASH/Device Programming.

Quickly access development tools and third-party

tools. All configuration details are saved in the

µVision3 project.

Identical Target Debugger and Simulator

User Interface.

Shortens our learning curve.

µVision3 incorporates project manager,

editor, and debugger in a single

environment.

Accelerates application development. While editing,

we may configure debugger features. While

debugging, we may make source code modifications.

42

6.3 ENVIRONMENT:

The µVision3 screen provides us with a menu bar for command entry, a tool bar where we

can rapidly select command buttons, and windows for source files, dialog boxes, and information

displays. µVision3 lets us simultaneously open and view multiple source files.

µVision3 has two operating modes:

6.3.1 BUILD MODE:

Allows us to translate all the application files and to generate executable programs.

The features of the Build Mode are described under Creating Applications.

6.3.2 DEBUG MODE:

Provides us with a powerful debugger for testing our application. The Debug Mode is

described in Testing Programs.

In both operating modes we may use the source editor of µVision3 to modify our source

code. The Debug mode adds additional windows and stores an own screen layout. The

following picture shows a typical configuration of µVision3 in the Debug Mode.

43

The tabs of the Project Workspace give us access to:

Files and Groups of the project.

CPU Registers during debugging.

Tool and project specific on-line Books.

Text Templates for often used text blocks.

Function in the project for quick editor navigation.

The tabs of the Output Window provides: Build messages and fast error access;

Debug Command input/output console; Find in Files results with quick file access.

The Memory Window gives access to the memory areas in display various formats.

The Watch and Call Stack Window allows us to review and modify program variables and

displays the current function call tree.

The Workspace is used for the file editing, disassembly output, and other debug

information.

44

The Peripheral Dialogs help us to review the status of the on-chip peripherals in the

microcontroller.

6.4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE:

When you use the Keil µVision3, the project development cycle is

roughly the same as it is for any other software development project.

1. Create a project, select the target chip from the device database, and configure the tool

settings.

2. Create source files in C or assembly.

3. Build our application with the project manager.

4. Correct errors in source files.

5. Test the linked application.

The following block diagram illustrates the complete µVision3 software development cycle.

Each component is described below.

45

6.4.1 µVISION3 IDE:

The µVision3 IDE combines project management, a rich-featured editor with interactive

error correction, option setup, make facility, and on-line help. Use µVision3 to create our source

files and organize them into a project that defines our target application. µVision3 automatically

46

C Compiler

Macro Assembler

Library Manager

CLibrary

User Library

Library/ Locator

CPU and peripheral interfacing

Keil ULINK JTAG Adapter

AGDI Target Interface

Third party Emulator

µVision3 IDE with editor and make

µVision3 Debugger

compiles, assembles, and links our embedded application and provides a single focal point for

our development efforts.

6.4.2 C COMPILER & MACRO ASSEMBLER:

Source files are created by the µVision3 IDE and are passed to the C or EC++ Compiler

or Macro Assembler. The compiler and assembler process source files and create re-locatable

object files. 

6.4.3 LIBRARY MANAGER:

The library manager allows us to create object library from the object files created by the

compiler and assembler. Libraries are specially formatted, ordered program collections of object

modules that may be used by the linker at a later time. When the linker processes a library, only

those object modules in the library that are necessary to create the program are used.

6.4.4 LINKER/LOCATOR:

The Linker/Locator creates an executable program file using the object modules extracted

from libraries and those created by the compiler and assembler. An executable program file (also

called absolute object module) contains no re-locatable code or data. All code and data reside at

fixed memory locations. This executable program file may be used:

To program an Flash ROM or other memory devices,

With the µVision3 Debugger for simulation and target debugging,

With an in-circuit emulator for the program testing.

6.4.5 µVISION3 DEBUGGER:

The µVision3 symbolic, source-level debugger is ideally suited for fast, reliable program

debugging. The debugger includes a high-speed simulator that let us simulate a microcontroller

system including on-chip peripherals and external hardware. The attributes of the chip you use

are automatically configured when we select the device from the Device Database.

47

The µVision3 Debugger provides several ways for us to test our programs on real target

hardware. Use the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG adapter for Flash downloading and software

test of our program via on-chip debugging system like the Embedded ICE macro cell that

is integrated in many ARM devices.

Use the AGDI interface to attach use the µVision3 Debugger front end with our target

system using other debuggers like Monitor, In-System Debugger, or Emulator.

6.5 USER INTERFACE:

The µVision3 User Interface consists of menus, toolbar buttons, keyboard shortcuts,

dialog boxes, and windows that you use as you interact with and manage the various aspects of

your embedded project.

The menu bar provides menus for editor operations, project maintenance, development

tool option settings, program debugging, external tool control, window selection and

manipulation, and on-line help. 

The toolbar buttons allow you to rapidly execute µVision3 commands. A Status Bar

provides editor and debugger information. The various toolbars and the status bar can be

enabled or disabled from the View Menu commands.

Keyboard shortcuts offer quick access to µVision3 commands and may be configured via

the menu command Edit-Configuration-Shortcut key.

The following sections list the µVision3 commands that can be reached by menu

commands, toolbar buttons, and keyboard shortcuts. The µVision3 commands are grouped

mainly based on the appearance in the menu bar:

File Menu and File Commands

Edit Menu and Edit Commands

View Menu

Project Menu and Project Commands

Debug Menu and Debug Commands

Peripherals Menu

48

6.5.1. FILE MENU AND COMMANDS:

File Menu

Tool

bar

Short

cut Description

New... Ctrl+N Create a new source or text file

Open Ctrl+O Open an existing file

Close     Close the active file

Save Ctrl+S Save the active file

Save as...     Save and rename the active file

Save All   Save all open source and text files including project

and the active file

Device Database     Maintain the µVision3 device database

License

Management

    Maintain and review the installed software

components

Print Setup...     Setup the printer

Print Ctrl+P Print the active file

Print Preview     Display pages in print view

1 .. 10     Open the most recent used source or text files

Exit     Quit µVision3 and prompt for saving files

6.5.2 PERIPHERALS MENU:

49

Menu Item

Reset CPU

Sets CPU to reset state.

 Interrupts

Opens dialog for the interrupt controller.

 I/O Ports

Opens dialogs for the on-chip I/O Ports.

 Serial

Opens dialogs for the on-chip Serial Port.

 Timer

Opens dialogs for the on-chip Timers/Counters.

 Watchdog

Opens dialogs for the on-chip Watchdog Timer.

 A/D Converter

Opens dialogs for the on-chip Analog to Digital Converter.

 D/A Converter

Opens dialogs for the on-chip Digital to Analog Converter.

  I²C Controller

Opens dialogs for the on-chip I²C Controller.

 CAN Controller

Opens dialogs for the on-chip CAN Controller.

6.6 CREATING APPLICATIONS:

50

Create a Project: explains the steps required to setup a simple application and to

generate HEX output.

Project Target and File Groups: shows how to create application variants and

organized the files that belong to a project.

Tips and Tricks: provides information about the advanced features of the

µVision3 Project Manager.

6.6.1 CREATE A PROJECT:

µVision3 includes a project manager which makes it easy to design applications for an

ARM based microcontroller. We need to perform the following steps to create a new project:

Create Project file and Select CPU

Project Workspace-Books

Create New Source Files

Add Source Files to the Project

Create Files Groups

Set tool Options for Target Hardware

Configure the CPU Start-up Code

Build Project and Generate Application Program Code

Create a HEX File for PROM Programming

6.6.2 Description:

Create Project file and Select CPU:

To create a new project file, go to the µVision3 menu and select Project — New —

µVision Project. The Create New Project dialog asks us for the new project file name. At this

time navigate to the folder where our new project will reside. It's a good idea to use a separate

folder for each project. Use the icon Create New Folder in this dialog to create a new empty

folder. Select this folder and enter the file name for the new project, i.e. Project1. µVision3

51

creates a new project file with the name PROJECT1.UV2 which contains a default target and file

group name. We can see these names in the Project Workspace — Files.

Select Microcontroller from Device Database:

When we create a new project µVision3 asks us to select a CPU for our project. The

Select Device dialog box shows the µVision3 device database. Just select the microcontroller

you use. For the example in this chapter we are using the Philips LPC2106 controller. This

selection sets necessary tool options for the LPC2106 device and simplifies the tool

configuration.

Copy and Add the CPU Start-up Code:

An embedded program requires CPU initialization code that needs to match the

configuration of our hardware design. This Start-up Code depends also on the tool chain that we

are using. Since we might need to modify that file to match our target hardware, the file should

be copied to our project folder.

For most devices, µVision3 asks us to copy the CPU specific Start-up Code to your

project. This is required on almost all projects (exceptions are library projects and add-on

52

projects). The Start-up Code performs configuration of the microcontroller device and

initialization of the compiler run-time system.

Therefore we should answer with YES to this question.

Add Source Files to Project:

Once we have created our source file we can add this file to our project. µVision3 offers several

ways to add source files to a project. For example, we can select the file group in the Project

Workspace — Files page and click with the right mouse key to open a local menu. The option

Add Files opens the standard files dialog. Select the file MAIN.C we have just created.

Setting Tool Options:

µVision3 lets us set options for your target hardware. The dialog Options for Target opens

via the toolbar icon or via the Project — Options for Target menu item. In the Target tab you

specify all relevant parameters of your target hardware and the on-chip components of the device

we have selected. The following dialog shows the settings for our example.

53

Configure Start-up Code:

The CPU Start-up Code (on most ARM targets the file name is Startup.S) may be open

from the Project Workspace — Files Tab. Most start-up files have embedded comments for the

µVision3 Configure Wizard which provides menu driven selections.

54

The default settings of the Start-up Code give a good starting point on most single chip

applications. However you need to adapt the configuration for your target hardware. CPU/PLL

clock and BUS system is target specific and cannot be automatically configured. Some devices

provide options to enable or disable on-chip components (for example on-chip xdata RAM on

8051 variants).We must ensure that the settings in the start-up file match the other settings in

your project. The button Edit as Text opens the Start-up Code in a standard editor window and

allows us to review the source code of this file.

Build a Project:

Typically, the tool settings under Options — Target are all we need to start a new application.

We may translate all source files and link the application by clicking on the Build Target toolbar

button.

55

When we build an application, µVision3 displays errors, warnings, and any other messages in the

Output Window — Build page. Double-click on a message to open the corresponding source

file.

After building the project, may:

Modify existing source code or add new source files to the project. The Build Target

toolbar button translates only modified or new source files and generates the executable

file. µVision3 maintains a file dependency list and knows all include files used within a

source file. Even the tool options are saved in the file dependency list, so that µVision3

rebuilds files only when needed. With the Rebuild Target command, all source files are

translated, regardless of modifications.

Test Programs with µVision3 Debugger: The µVision3 Debugger offers two operating

modes: simulator that allows you to verify your application on our PC, or Target

Debugging with an Evaluation Board or our hardware platform

Program your application into Flash ROM. µVision3 integrates command-line driven

Flash Utilities or can use the ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter for Flash programming. We

may need to create a HEX file to use Flash programming utilities.

Create HEX File:

Once we have successfully generated our application we can start debugging. After we have

tested our application, it is required to create an Intel HEX file to download the software into an

EPROM programmer or simulator. µVision3 creates HEX files with each build process when

Create HEX file under Options for Target — Output is enabled. The FLASH Fill Byte, Start and

End values direct the OH166 utility to generate a sorted HEX files; sorted files are required for

some Flash programming utilities.

56

We may start our PROM programming utility after the make process when us specify the

program under the option User — Run User Program #1 as explained under Start ExternalTools

6.7 PROJECT TARGETS AND FILE GROUPS:

By using different Project Targets µVision3 lets us create several programs from a

single project. We may need one target for testing and another target for a release version of your

application. Each target allows individual tool settings within the same project file. Files Groups

let us group associated files together in a project. This is useful for grouping files into functional

blocks or for identifying engineers in our software team. We have already used file groups in our

example to separate the CPU related files from other source files. With these techniques it is

easily possible to maintain complex projects with several 100 files in µVision3.

The dialog Project-Components, Environment, Books…-Project Components allows us

to create project targets and file groups. We have already used this dialog to add system

configuration files in a file group. An example project structure is shown below.

57

The Project Workspace shows all groups and the related files. Files are built and linked in the

same order as shown in this window. You can move file positions with Drag & Drop. We may

select a target or group name and Click to rename it. The local menu opens with a right mouse

Click and allows you for each item:

to set tool options

to remove the item

to add files to a group

to open the file.

In the build toolbar you can quickly change the current project target to build.

6.7.1 TIPS AND TRICKS:

The following section discusses advanced techniques we may use with the µVision3 Project

Manager.

58

Start External Tools after Build Process shows how to execute programs after a

successful build command which is useful for post-processing as required for symbol

information by some emulators or programmers.

Specify a Separate Folder for Listing and Object Files lets us direct the object and

listing files of your project to specific folders.

Use a CPU that is not in the µVision Device Database explains how to define new

Devices that can be selected from the Device Database™.

Create a Library File gives us the tool setup that is required for creating library files.

File Extensions allows us to set the file extension for the various file types of a project.

Import Project Files from µVision Version 1 explains you how to import existing

µVision Version 1 *.PRJ files.

Version and Serial Number Information allows you to view project specific tool

version information.

File and Group Specific Options are set via Options for ... in context menu that opens via a

right mouse click on an item in the Project Workspace.

Options for ... provides the following configuration options:

Properties Dialog allows us to set file and group specific options.

Include Always specific Library Modules specify library modules that should be always

included in a project.

Use a Custom Translator shows how to pre-process files with a custom specific

translator.

59

Different Compiler and Assembler Settings allows us to change tool options for a file

group or even a single file.

6.8 DEBUG FUNCTIONS:

We use Debug Functions to:

Extend the capabilities of the µVision3 Debugger.

Generate external interrupts,

Log memory contents to a file,

Update analog input values periodically,

Input serial data to an on-chip serial port,

6.9 SIMULATION:

The µVision3 Debugger incorporates a C script language you can use to create Signal

Functions. Signal functions let us simulate analog and digital input to the microcontroller. Signal

functions run in the background while µVision3 simulates our target program.

The µVision3 simulator simulates the timing and logical behaviour of serial

communication protocols like UART, I²C, SPI, and CAN. But µVision3 does not simulate the

I/O port toggling of the physical communication pins on the I/O port.To provide fast simulation

speed and optimum access to communication peripherals, the logic behaviour of communication

peripherals is reflected in virtual registers that are listed with the DIR VTREG command. This

has the benefit that we can easily write debug functions that stimulate complex peripherals.

60

CHAPTER-7CODE

61

CODE

11.1 CODE FOR THE TRANSMITTER:

$MOD51

ORG 00H

MOV P1,#0FFH

MOV P2,#00H

MOV P3,#0FFH

MOV P0,#00H

BACK:MOV A,P1

MOV P0,A

JNB P3^0,L1

JNB P3^1,L2

JNB P3^2,L3

JNB P3^3,L4

JNB P3^4,L5

JNB P3^5,L6

JNB P3^6,L7

JNB P3^7,L8

SJMP BACK

L1:MOV P2,#10H

SJMP BACK

L2:MOV P2,#20H

SJMP BACK

L3:MOV P2,#30H

SJMP BACK

62

L4:MOV P2,#40H

SJMP BACK

L5:MOV P2,#50H

SJMP BACK

L6:MOV P2,#60H

SJMP BACK

L7:MOV P2,#70H

SJMP BACK

L8:MOV P2,#80H

SJMP BACK

END

LCD code

63

CHAPTER-8TESTING

64

TESTING THE CIRCUIT

8.1 BASIC TESTS:

It is essential to conduct certain preliminary tests prior to testing the software to prevent the damage

of the electronic components.

8.1.1 CHECKING THE POWER SUPPLY:

The power supply circuit is expected to produce a constant dc power supply of 5V (or 12V).The

magnitude of the dc voltage given by the circuit depends upon the voltage regulator used.

To test the circuit, a 9-0-9 step down transformer (12-0-12V) is used. The primary is connected

to 230V AC and the secondary is connected to the full wave rectifier part of the circuit. Upon

switching on of the mains, the LED must glow and the voltage across the output terminals must

show 5V (or 12V).

8.1.2 CHECKING THE ICs:

The pins of various ICs used are to be checked properly for their default status in order to ensure

smooth functioning.

The power supply is connected to the chips and voltages across corresponding pins are

checked using a digital multimeter.By default, the input ports of the microcontroller are configured

to 1 and the output ports are configured to 0.

When the microcontrollers haven’t been connected, the address and data pins of the

encoder and decoders default to 0.

8.1.3 CHECKING THE WORKING OF APPLICATION DEVICES:

65

After all the previously mentioned tests have been successful and the code has been

developed, the application specific codes are dumped into the transmitter and receiver

microcontrollers respectively.

The power supply is switched on and the application is tested for several test cases.

8.1.4 TROUBLESHOOTING:

1) If the circuit doesn’t function as expected, check the Vcc and Ground connections. Also

check for short connections if any.

2) While designing the circuit, take into account the specifications of all the components used.

3) Use limiting resistors, capacitors, protection diodes etc wherever possible to avoid damage

of the other components.

4) Check if the code has been dumped in the microcontroller properly or not, by checking the

buffer in the “SUPER-PRO” software.

66

CHAPTER-9CONCLUSION

67

CONCLUSION

In this prototype project we designed in such a way that, with

the help of robot we pick the object from the place and place the object at the

destination. This sort of robot is very much useful in the case of industries like

where the pick and place job is carried on continuously for example in biscuit

company, dairy form etc., this project is also helpful in minimizing the man

power and complete the job automatically and accurately.

13.1 FUTURE SCOPE:

With increased complexity, this device can be successfully used in any environment where

automation is desired. With the future production scheme already taken into

consideration, operation to return to the origin is no more necessary. Adoption

of the completely absolute system for all models enables quick return for

production. There robots are now indispensable at the production site for higher

speed production and reduction of loss time. As these models have a very rigid

frame and highly accurate positioning function, they can cope with higher level

applications.

68

APPENDIX

69

APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCE BOOKS:

8051 MICROCONTROLLERS AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS- MAZIDI & MAZIDI

ADVANCED MICROPROCESSORS AND PERIPHERALS- RAY AND BHURCHANDI

REFERENCE SITES:

www.keil.com

www.wisegeek/microcontroller.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.mytutorialcafe.com

www.avrfreaks.com

www.softpedia.com

www.rfsolutions.co.uk

www.freewebs.com

70

www.tpub.com

www.electronics4u.com

www.ipic.co.jp

www.electronics.howstuffworks.com

www.consumer.phillips.com

www.amazon.co.uk

www.directron.com

www.remotecontroltechnology.com

www.zilog.com

www.atmel.com

71